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绝密★启用前
2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of
Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great
traditions:the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can
2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 should be
renderedyetanotherguiltypleasure 4 todamageourhealth.
TheFood Standards Authority(FSA) has 5 apublicwarningabouttherisks
of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high
temperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould 7 crisping theirroast potatoes, reject
thin- crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the evidence to
support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can
cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes
cancer inhumans.
Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific
proof 12 theprecautionary principle, itcould beargued that itis 13 to follow
the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before
theevidencewasfound toprovea 15 .
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday
alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But
would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it isnot telling people to cut out roast
foods 18 ,but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their 19 risks coming
a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20 with
onelistening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]On [D]Till
2. [A]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence
3. [A] patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concern
4. [A]intensified [B]privileged [C]compelled [D]guaranteed
5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled
6. [A]under [B]at [C]for [D]by
7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D]avoid
8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C]easily [D]initially
9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While
10.[A]secondary [B]external [C]conclusive [D]negative
11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow
12.[A]Onthebasisof [B]Atthecostof [C]In additionto [D]In contrastto
13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate
14.[A]Asusual [B]In particular [C]Bydefinition [D]Afterall
15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C]connection [D]pattern
16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used
17.[A]Tobefair [B]Forinstance [C]Tobebrief [D]In general
18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C]gradually [D]carefully
19.[A]promise [B]experience [C]campaign [D]competition
20.[A]followup [B]pickup [C]openup [D]endup
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
Text 1
A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new
ear with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it
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should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held b Hull in 2017,
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and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the
success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in位20m of investment and an
avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain's towns, it is true, are not
prevented from appl ing, but the generall lack the resources to put together a bid to
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beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an
annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boob prize for the fact that Britain 1s no
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longer able to appl for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,
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a sought-after award bagged b Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A c nic
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might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after
town of culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture?
Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badl run " ear of
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culture" washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a
spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The reall successful holders
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of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in
high-profile arts events and good press for a ear. The transform the aspirations of
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the people who live there; the nudge the self-image of the cit into a bolder and
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more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of
vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, communit
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groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's ear as European
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capital of culture can certainl be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have
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turned the cit into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains toda .
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A "town ofculture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's
peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all
celebrating its people. Jerem Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this
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positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could
[A] consolidate the town-cit ties in Britain.
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[BJ promote cooperation-among Britain's towns.
[CJ increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.
[DJ focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded b some as
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[A] a sensible compromise.
[BJ a self-deceiving attempt.
[CJ an e e-catching bonus.
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[DJ an inaccessible target.
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful onl if it
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[A] endeavours to maintain its image.
[B] meets the aspiration of its people.
[C] brings its local arts to prominence.
[DJ commits to its long-term growth.
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case.
[B] a supporting example.
[C] a background story.
[D] a related topic.
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?
[A] Skeptical.
[B] Objective.
[C] Favourable.
[D] Critical.微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
Text2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print mone . Scientists need
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journals in which to publish their research, so the will suppl the articles without
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monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also
for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production
of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs onl find a market
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for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.
Scientific publishers routinel report profit margins approaching 40% on their
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operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers
produced in the world, made profits of more than砂OOm last ear, while UK
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universities alone spent more than£210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access
their own publicl funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppabl despite
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increasingl desperate efforts to change them.
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The most drastic, an thoroughl illegal, reaction has been the emergence of
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Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now
claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of
Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies the have themselves legall
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accessed, shows the legal ecos stem has lost legitimac among its users and must be
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transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven b funding
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bodies. In some wa s it has been very successful. More than half of all British
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scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freel available
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from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a ear or more so that the
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publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new s stem has not et worked out an cheaper for the universities.
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Publishers have responded to the demand that the make their product free to readers
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b charging their w门ters fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range
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from around眨00 to $5,000, and apparentl the work gets more expensive the more
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that publishers do it. A report last ear pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions
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and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadil rising at a rate above inflation.
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In some wa s the scientific publishing model resembles the econom of the
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social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge
profits are made b a few big 伍ms who run the market places. In both cases, we need
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a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing industry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned.
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
[A] allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled.
[D] The few feed on the many.微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
Text3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a wa to level
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the pla ing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling
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that benefits onl the most privileged and does little to help average people.
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A pair of bills sponsored b Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House
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Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and
commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government
boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more
such opportunities, the have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills
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become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of
board seats for women b 2022.
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The bills are similar to a measure recentl adopted in Califomia, which last ear
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became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the
measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressl
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classifies people on the basis of sex, is probabl unconstitutional.
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The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless the are
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designed to address an "important" polic interest, Because the California law applies
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to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likel to
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rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on
corporate boards ma not currentl mirror the percentage of women in the general
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population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadil increasing without
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government interference. According to a study b Catal st, between 2010 and 2015 the
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share of women on the boards of global corporations increased b 54 percent.
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Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board
membership will inevitabl lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactl
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what happened when Norwa adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
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Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of
opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to
serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite
women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebod pushes corporate quotas as a wa to promote gender equity,
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remember that such policies are largel self-serving measures that make their sponsors
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feelgood but do little to help average women.31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
[A] help little to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women's position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
[C] It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the i ortance of constitutional guarantees.
mp
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B] the objection to female participation on boards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
Text4
Last Thursda , the French Senate passed a di ital services tax, which would
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impose an entirel new tax on lar e multinationals that provide di ital services to
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consumers or users in France. Di ital services include everythin from providin a
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platform for sellin oods and services online to tar etin advertisin based on user
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data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Man French politicians
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and media outlets have referred to this as a " GAF A tax," meanin
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that it is desi gned
to appl primaril to companies such as Goo le, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in
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other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The di
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ital services tax now awaits the si gnature of President Emmanuel Macron,
who has expressed support for the measure, and it could o into effect within the next
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few weeks. But it has already sparked si gnificant controvers
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, with the United States
trade representative openin an investi ation into whether the tax discriminates a ainst
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American companies, which in tum could lead to trade sanctions a ainst France.
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The French tax is not just a unilateral move b one countr in need of revenue.
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Instead, the di ital services tax is part of a much lar er trend, with countries over the
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past few ears proposin or puttin in place an alphabet soup of new international tax
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provisions. The have included Britain's DPT. (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL
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(multmat1onal anti-avoidance law), and India's SEP (si gnificant economic
presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain
and several other countries have all seriousl contemplated di ital services taxes.
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These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but the
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are all desi gned
to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe the should have a
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ri ht to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that ri ht. In other words,
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the all share a view that the international tax s stem has failed to keep up with the
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current econom .
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In response to these man unilateral measures, the Or anization for Economic
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Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currentl workin with 131 countries to
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reach a consensus b the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and
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the United States are involved in the or anization's work, but France's di ital services
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tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the
international tax s stem.
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France's planned tax is a clear warnin : Unless a broad consensus can be
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reached on reformin the international tax s stem, other nations are likel to follow
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suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of
nations that will prove burdensome and costl .
y36.The French Senate has passed a bill to
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies" interests.
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease mtemat10nal trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
[A] redistribution of tech giants'revenue must be ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[C] tech multinationals'monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD's current work
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to in involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says " NO" to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions b choosing the most suitable
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subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings. Mark our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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[A] E e fixations are brief
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[B] Too much e e contact is instinctivel felt to be rude
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[C] E e contact can be a friendl social signal
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[D] Personalit can affect how a person reacts to e e contact
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[E] Biological factors behind e e contact are being investigated
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[F] Most people are not comfortable holding e e contact with strangers
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[G] E e contact can also be aggressive.
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In a social situation, e e contact with another person can show that ou are
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pa ing attention in a friendl wa . But it can also be antagonistic such as when a
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political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes e e
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contact that signals hostilit .Here's what hard science reveals about e e contact:
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巳
We know that a typical infant will instinctivel gaze into its mother's e es, and
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she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between
mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant wa can be a
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complimentary sign of pa ing attention. It can catch someone's attention in a
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crowded room, "E e contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a
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common-sense notion supported in studies b ps chologist Monica Moore.
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尸
Neuroscientist Bonnie Au eung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the
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amount of e e contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when
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the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men
with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who ma tend to avoid e e contact. Specific
y ybrain re ions that respond durin direct aze are bein explored b other researches,
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usin advanced methods of brain scannin .
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巳
With the use of e e-trackin technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kenned
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School of Government concluded that e e contact can signal very different kinds of
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messa es, dependin on the situation. While e e contact may be a sign of connection
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or trust in friendl situations, it's more likel to be associated with dominance or
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intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether ou're a politician or a parent, it
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mi ht be helpful to keep in mind that tryin to maintain e e contact ma backfire if
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ou're tryin to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than ou,"said
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Minson.
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When we look at a face or a picture, our e es pause on one spot at a time, often
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on the e es or mouth. These pauses typicall occur at about three per second, and the
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e es then jump to another spot, until several important points in the ima e are
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re istered like a series of snapshots. How the whole ima e is then assembled and
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perceived is still a m stery althou h it is the subject of current research.
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巳
In people who score hi h in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension
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associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, e e contact tri ered more activity
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associated with avoidance,accordin to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and
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colleagues "Our findin s indicate that people do not onl feel different when the are
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the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct findin
g
is that people who scored hi hl for ne ative emotions like anxiet looked at others
g y g y
for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelin s when others did
g
not look directl at them.
y微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费更新各类考研干货笔记
Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefull and then translate the underlined segments into
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Chinese. Your translation should be written neatl on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
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points)
Following the explosion of creativit in Florence during the 14th century known
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as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.
It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead
favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread
throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing
extraordinaril among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's
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teachin s and wa s of thinkin ecli sed b the Renaissance the a between the
Medieval and modern eriods had been brid ed leadin to new and unex lored
intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler
and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.
(4 7) Before each of their revelations man thinkers at the time had sustained more
ancient wa s of thinkin includin the eocentric view that the Earth was at the
centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew
of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a s stem that was later upheld b Galileo
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at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between
scientific and religious minds was branded as heres and an such heretics that
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continued to spread these lies were to be punished b imprisonment or even death.
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(48) Des ite attem ts b the Church to su ress. this new eneration of lo icians
and rationalists more ex lanations for how the universe functioned were bein made
at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a
new kind of philosoph founded in reason was born.
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The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to
rationalists and scientists. This ver fact embodied the new wa s of thinking that
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swept through Europe during most of 17th centur . (49) As many took on the duty
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of t ·n to inte ate reasonin and scientific hiloso hies into the world the
Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the A e of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosit , Scientific
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method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were
ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to
understand what information we alread knew were ca tured b the Latin hrase'sa ere
aude' or'dare to know' after Immanuel Kant used it in his essa An Answer to the
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Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds
to go forth and seek out the truth, which the believed to be founded in knowledge.
ySection III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
The Students Union of our university has assi ed ou to inform the international
y gn y
students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essa of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In our essa , ou
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should
1) describe the picture briefl ,
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2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give our comments.
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You should write neatl on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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.
I
I
习惯
