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:zis:Xfil § The Telegraph((!/ij: 8 ~ifU'fU 2017 ~ 1 ~ 23 13-~~jJ Hands off our roast potatoes(JJIJ
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~ ~ the food police are determined that ... ( determined *" tA ~ , tk: g ") $i. it ft :Ji":(£ ~O,t ~ B , ~ £ ~ff$
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*, rm¾"x~ ,ffi tt ~ ."$~", [;51 rrff X'f!~ pleasure% $:x;f $i.i! 51... [CJ surprise ,flj ffl ~ ff] ?!tilt a{J "What a
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[ffiH@:,~,JmJ __ to damage our health f'FJ§"::!:JEi!,i~~ guilty pleasure sC~ ~11 tJ l*J'lf ~-@,~
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scrutiny( g iJ 1t :bo si) ; tl:l J]. r be____, to do sth ~ tt.J, Ji!Ll it i'iiJ ft-~~ ft 7'.1 % ?iI-i'iiJ ft ffl , rm¾ :tit~ i-B-~
( intensify J& J1 !Im ~ iP] "1JD si, si 1-t" Z 5&:.) , ftD Efforts *we re intensified to converse and improve the
ecological environment. (~~PF ~ 1* t? #1 ;! ~ jJ )Jt JJD ufil JE 1if ff~ be privileged to do sth, feel
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compelled to do sth :5tJJUlVR"~$f~~*" ,"(jjtq~~$iE-o.f@)~iU&,®H~~*" ,:!1J~ih-B-5!...~$iL
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CD nonetheless [n.t>.noa11es] ad. ?kfm ,{fl¾; ~~:tm.ut. . ~ @determined [ct1'tc::mrnctJ a. tk:,t,; tk:JE; tk:~
@roast [raust] v. ~ n. ~ ~; (-il)#t~~ ~ ®render ['rendar] v. j£j:.tf'Fili c~u~~) ,g;fp (JE!Jl~)
®culinary ['k.t.lrnari] a. ~y\!]l'r-J ;~~I¥] ~) @guilty pleasure il.A1nri~~l'r-J'~-*
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a cold winter's day ... few ... can match* it. )ffiUf}tg~:try: :l(*Jlg~ZEI-J ,-*.AOO.k rmti, T [m~;gf~ q:t*i,%
~}ff pleasure fer"~ Am )E, $ ti Ef"J $", t2. culinary( connected with cooking or food) ~~ 5E, Wt 1~ ~ t=1 ( i?t
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C7-Js:JfdiHt~~M-~:l1HUfH1H1t) ,~imfef$i~ the food police, yet anotherC5UJJ Vi:~ 1¥;!~ JJo) l¥J &.~ fa mi
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~Z't1i, ~ SBlRfF-~ 1L'~: sl ,1~ to deliver or pronounce formally"iES::tW;:(JJ(JEJJi!/f) ,;J':Utk:" ,X~ be rendered ... guilty pleasure~
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II OThe Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a CD* !Al-t"tfo{;f;;f!A, (FSA)~~ 7 -~1~
public warning about the risks of a compoundCD called -]f-.f-¾:~~~~ ~ iii ;t -iji1] al.J-t-~ tf' 4-#.-#
acrylamide@ that forms in some foods cooked 6 high 11~ 11= ~ ~ ~ 1£ ff.] 1t ¼ 4h ' ~ ½ if *- J'A. ~ 0
temperatures®. 8 This means that people should 7 ®.i!. -;t11 ~~A.1fJ JlL iiiH~.:te..±..a ~ Jlt, .te. t~
crisping® their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and {.f. Ji:.-it it? ' .:te, di, ~ ~ ~ jtJ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ® ii[ .i!.
only _8_ toast their bread. 8 But where is the. evidence to
~~~~~al.J~R~·~~?@M~~~
support such alarmist® advice? 0_9_ studies have shown ~ 1l .:k aA ~ ~ntl:. Jt£-½ it A ,J , !t -lf ~ .tM 1% , 1!!
that acrylamide can cause neurological® damage in mice, ~*~~~M~~-.:k~~½~•A.4&•o
there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
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[ fflUm .~. le& J EE The Food Standards Authority(@] }3.\Z__t)( food police), warning about the risks of. .. (:kT
~!lo/J]xl~B"JW% )Jljl1fj-,*¥.VJt_t 51 tf1 'gjr"JUJE:/$ ~ ~~" Jlfii.#.%¥, issue sth about ... lVR"'ftX1~'~l7C,
'Ji:. ili , .. ···", @Im_t)( be rendered ... guilty. .. C~iE:i:\JEttJJ ··· ···) ,{t:fJi.1.~~~ifX~5J-15}, i'i'Jc[A]iE-li.f@o
[ffi!Pi~~~J "~*1J~£~~"¾ the food police m:ttAl. + m ~ iffl JiUJr o
[ftR~ .~, ffi J :£ti~ff;~ill]ftt1n evidence, rrff "1iH~* S}j ~ ~ nx;" C I!P 1'J" !is~ 'Ii a{] /iffi iMf a{] iIE ffl) .!:5 "19:
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c f fi rm: m ~ J "7X ~ 15'~ w a '-J iIE m ":l:5J ~ §~ 110 ~Ia is it 8'-J Pl"$ 'ti , JA rm o m tJt ~§~*~ft~ 2 tE st iJJ 8'-J xi,~
"~ ~ ~ ~ml!H:f M", f-l~~[AJ ,[BJ o negative evidence ~jg" Jx ffi itffl" ,'tS .!:5 X.~t§'r+, f-l~~[DJ o
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CD compQund [ 1k ompaund] n. 1-t-fr !Im ; fl-fr !Im ~ ®crisp [kr1sp] v. 1-t······~NB a. NB!¥J
@acrylamide [ .)1krrl.)mard] n. W# iHIJiti: ~ @.alarmist [ d I lu:mrst] a. fit~~ Q}r 8'9
®temperature [ 1ternpratJdr J n. ¥.i!J.t dn 00 ~ ®neurological [injuddlod31kl] a. 1E/l~-*~!'J{J
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called
acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.
about the risks of a compound
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r------------------1..---~
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning called acrylamide
that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures
lJJfi~jiff ::zis:1D.:E-=f~ The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning;about the
risks of a compound fl=]§ ~Jti! , iif!l3 a public warning s"* 51... s"1%~iAJ, be likely
to ~Jg"~AJrm" ,[C]iE-uffl o *
[fflr»i~~ ~] be insufficient to ~Jg"(~-~~~ );:;f..@ ~", ";:;f..@ ~ ~~"iJ?. ~ "f4$ Ej ~*xJil,~
-~",.!::j-1JJpg but-f*:E_mt¥J$Hfr~~;:;ff1,ii.H=Ht-[AJo be boun*d t o *-ffi"-JE,&H·&~c~~)",rm"~~
~'ti" 1n rt-w JET"~~ t¥J &, rt 'ti,, , :f-!g Ei x r:p "ri ~ • m B l"~-~r!t¥Ji5¥ilJ (the FSA advice @I 1~ffi=~tt-1JJ"it£~J_lfl/Jitxtrtir!!~itlit!imm:
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[fflr»i~~IJ,t-J [B]At the cost ofC=at the expense of doing sth)*.ffi"~$WJ~JJ\1~11H1~#*1~ ,fi r" ,~Q
She saved him from the fire but at the cost of her own life ( = she died). ( ruh ~ .:k r:p feHIB if T ili $ ffi tt
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W] 33-•", ~Q In addition to these arrangements·, extra am*bu lances will be on duty until midnight.
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that students are by definition idealistic and impatient. ( A 1l'J i~~ ~ &, JE ¾ 3:1.1~ ± 5l El"1, il ~~!Ji.~ o) ,
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N ODoubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be
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just 20 with no one listening.
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ttX:~"~ RP ".itA ff] ·~J!ttX: m ~" , ii"~ [A], [ CJ WJ:r.m ~ti~ X ~ o ")G ¾il:A 1111J\ ,t:,, fflt ~" ~ iR "x~ X:iiili
't:fi" ,~"'§1Ji~£W~";f ,t-11:~[DJo
19. [AJ promise ffdilh ;m-:m [BJ experience f£~; ~JE
[CJ campaign jgigj; t:Mi [DJ competition ~$; t~~
[~~--JL~xm~+~~Mmo
[~~,'[l»J @1uff(fi_txt~ ili: ?'&rm, {1!?.1fJ B'9 c t heir m1~"1t£tif\1tJtu ff9") __D J~~~ A-#
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s£~8'9 ,i1:JJt1*tf' al~) "8'9~ iP], [CJ campaign 1/;r 1-JU~, ~~~~¥~ § B'9 rm mfr 8'9-* * jt l~i-txtl ff9ffiigj, iEiffi o
[ ffi l]i m ~ J f& ffl ~ x DJ ffi , ~£ti 1-l Pu fr fit~ 1$ ili 1t ¼ ff( it , -t/1. ~ 1k t§ !k. t:2 ~ , -tl1 fr* rlv 1k ~ $
720. [AJ follow up ( with) ll.ifif§"1M( ... ••• [BJ pick up Mt~
[CJ open up 3f:h"!{ [DJ end up (with)~ ...... rm ~s5R
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[M1m,~-~J @'lJJiltR B'1f~i5lJl.~-5E,g-J_1,r1 ,@kiJ~rmt~ l±l ~ i'PJ ~: il.A'.%1~t!aJI.}, ~1l
@ki)Constant health scares x;ji£)(~~ 8'91tti1J x;j~ "'gjjx;j~ £ fit ~W~"ftt l±l £1-if.&Y3 ~ JE 'ti-&~'
~Wi-8'-J"Pf!Wt" ,jf:~ "XAlifrf~(no one listening)"45C~i£X 'rm"JcA11Jr1§°"1~~ i!Q.¾ft~"x;j'§'1ff~1*H9
!i£1-~:{*"a{Ji,S{Z1fr, end up ( with) J§-1itti"ing,%?/J.i~, 11'-i~~iftJ, J!h-JI_ .i:;f!"~, *-.JJ-11 "!i£1-, JU~* ( '&.l,W,
%~*i£ftW EI e, a{]f]JJ&)"Zlt, ti-J([DJ~,g-*xr t
o
[m r.orn~ ~ J no one listening ¾tEiJt-~~ 'rm~,H~irf *f~B~* ,~p l~[A] follow UPo [B]pick up,
[C]open up Fo~t! with ~;f:tJ, Ri~t! sth,JlW;i~±{g~r,4,g-x2
o
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CDsteam [\31i:m] v. ~ ~ ®come across ~A~·· .. :· Ep ~ A,. _ ,
@cut out 1'lt~ ;~~ dlflHf ~ ®pushy [puJi] a. ~ -=f*,6JUt9, tA:Usi* l¥J Ca 9lt50
®intake [1interk] n. tlJl:il.lt ~) ®scare [ske8r] n. 't*Pf ,~·vii,~·~
························· :1
: • ffi•1Hfi • : ~ -
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ffi ll9~x1~n ~ i>l. ff& ti:!,~,~* •t i i~ ffl': 5t; A~ fi/~ ~ ~~o (D@-t) ~ "ilzt-~ifr-CDoubtless .. .
But .. . ) "~ ~ 8 ilQ. ft :ii-~~ : jj!{ ~ ~ a{] ~ tis ~~ 15e: -¥.f. {fr!~ -t!1 t!st ~ ft 5C can al ways be served up ... ,
without ... and no ... i.*$:~ B -f*J_m ft~~ ,t}l: A Dz: 1t ¾. ~ 5E l~ ~~ ~ 1¥; ti'J( But B'-1 l±l l,W, ~~ft~~, would
life be worth living~"~~ m~"t!Ht ~A~ 11Hii, s.!iH-tit1t~tEA 1fH,, i:p ±-t!!1iL ®@kiJtUt ~ "iltt-
~tFr-c To be fair .. . However ... ) "~$.ij, ff@] *-.:t5ft:ii-%i1,B, Jf:tE@-tJ 11m tll !i£1~i-B @ki) il!Ht"it is not
o
telling people to cut out. .. but to reduce ... ":il! iv*~ 'g jj ft~~"* i£ 3c li", EE !1:t 5 I tll @ kiJ :rtt ~ ' come
*~
across(= come over) -Jg~~ ffl ~, ~-Jg" M!i A~ ...... fp ~; -f5e: ~ ~ ... •·· fp ~", ?it~ as 5I ili i! 1t ,~, o
@ki]Constant health scares @J $i. 11 ~ JK yet another guilty pleasure, -¥.f. EE 'If~-@. *J iftf r& 8~ just end up
with ... (just=only,~-Jg",R~it,9.¾") 51 i±li~JM'ti~ffi.j :X.ANPJr
o
Part A
*
X1l § The Guardian (( 1! ;ffO 2018 ~ 12 A 30 B X :if The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper's
'town of culture' proposal: a fine ideaC«.J!11f»if#l-lHt • $JSB'-J"x1-t.zm"t£~ :~1*~ffi) i£X00
o
~" I 1t i5l 1n m i5 l -la: iL ' X 1-t Z il ' ~ I& ft ii?~ 5t 11'-~ I 1t i' 1n sl,_] J]! EE Cf fi - ~ ) , -¥.f-1~ tll IW: ~ :ii-sl,_J ~ 1*
c~=~> ,ISJaJ§",B~fF~xW.,B' Jb,~ ~ 'x1-tz.~ PJ ~ ,i ~ ±tl?.~*"!fl-~ ,JE.w:txif!l~r_mmi5lff:~Jt:11ii
~}Jffi:"(~=,lm~ )o
I O A group of Labour P , amo g t em Y e e ~-# · 4M~£-~i~«l~~3
*
Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to
*'r 4 -t Fif-' 11f !?f ~ l!l ~ j[. ".:t.1t -t ~" ~
instituteCD a UK "town of culture" award. 8 The 0
ii .tl j)(._ ~~ tB " .:t.1t -t ~" E. -ii .1=j JJl!. ~ {f.J "j: 1t
8proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city *Z'M*~l"# -t-#-4, Jg-=t 2017 4 Tb# ,t rr 41i,
of culture title, which w'as held by Hull in 2017, and
has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. 8 Cooper and iJ... Ji , i# 2 m 02 r 1 r J 4j f j - : 1 / -¥ t - # ~ . ~ ~ . fo : ) i f : g ¼ J[ 0 1 -¥- ,4 {I- J ; t A J J ~ .l.Jl: - . Ji i i] ¾ i
her colleagues argue that the success of the crown® for *
Hull, where it brought in £ 220m of investment and an # -t Ji # t rr ,f T 2. 2 1l JHt {I-; ~ 1t-~ "t
*{r-J*~~~&-~a~k~~~rro~
. ,*
avalanche® of arts, ought not to be confined© to cities.
0 Britain's towns, it is true, are not prevented from ~ ~ {I-; 1 j, 1A -#-~~ ,1f it Ftl -lM tf7 -it " )t 1t z
Ml"i!.-#½ ,1£.'e1fJ{f--:i&_!,k;~ 1f v.f- i,:J,7_f-±#i_
applying, but they generally lack the resources to put
together a bid~ to beat their bigger competitors. 0 A z JJ ¾ a ~ 11 k {I-; J1: -t-.tj- + 0 1li!. 111 iJ... 59 , " .:t.
1tziA-"~ iiJ"i,,~ ;}J.~-4-J!{I-J ~½, y~ '*-~I
town of culture award could, it is argued, become an
annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
--------------------------------------·-·········--------- ---------·········-------------------········--····-·· ...................................................... .
ii
:::~ :: {~)tfiij~ij~:ftJ)f :~:::
e
CD institute [11nstittju:t] v. ~.:s'l., ~17, Jf ~f:i ~) t~~j~ iffit'.
@crown [kraun] n. £%1;; ftmf ~ CD a group of. .. (-ff ...... )
®avalanche [1revala:ntJ] n. ~M ;MJI {~ @sit alongside (Jtff ;JH°U)
©confine [k,m1fain] v. ~&~, ~&mtJ ~~ ®an avalanche of ... (~~::k:ii:iU*1¥7;\it!/'m)
® bid [ bid] n. ~ i:a: d,} .:fJ ~ ll}( ~ ® be confined to ( mi ~ll T )
The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in
2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
~f~i;JJ,t:
The proposal that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title
i31~WJ .:ti! imii ~ii
- whi - ch was held by Hull - in - 20 - 17, - an - d has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
5l~WJ i!tz;JJ~i~i-B-1 ~ill Jf:ftliiirfJ tltz;fJ~i~i-B-2 ~ill
I)J ti~ ii~: 'PJT .:E f ¾ The proposal- is that. .. , Jt 9=1 that -51 ~~i-B-}A 1iJ o ~ffl' }A 1iJ .:ET j;J it should
sit alongside the existing city of culture titleo !illlJ§'¾ which 5l~B'9~n&1irHiJEiE-kAkiJ ,f~tfff7'61fi~ city
of culture title:Jt1:EMkiJ9=1f'F.:Ei!,was held. .. fO has been awarded. .. ¾JEi-B-M'PJ1¥.Jfr3TLli~i!o
::I
:::~ :: j~iiHi::~ :::
*
~¥lf.J ~-~B:B-, 1rtB*1!f="~OOI'.R:i>l~fii>l i§tiL' x-f.tzil' ~", #Mff~t~i>l ~ J§tfJil~o
m·rn] 7-J: CD * a lJK "town of culture" award;@ attracting funding and creating jobso
CD 15:1 n mw , 5 I lli ?JJr t~ it = - fJ-.. I }tit m. ii i>'l i9: iL" x 1t z ii" ~ o it 'PJ u .:i: i~ * ~ ttJ m IJ tJr ~ IJ\1 a1
fsJ~A~~$14:ffilr':1¥=Z~i,I1ti5lff.J.%11N·fL"j(1,tzu;"~o A group of Labour MPs, among them
Yvette Cooper -:1rffit~ tf:l mi5l2t~,A.j;J-~I1ti5lff.J., ~ ~JHtmi5l1l iU ~$i5lff.J. tfflt?, tliL~-1i jJ, ~ -
Jrffi :iBLuffi A i!tt:J]rHU*JJ A1-t~A~ Yvette CooperC.tltA~r 2020 ~~!ij I1t1t,\M;~~), j;J Fo XwBI
mm
A xJ\1,B 1j M- o a call ~ it 1¾ i5l 1¥.J 'Ii EJ: 1X 7'1 - r.:vr "% :g , Wf Pf" , fil 1:!f: i5l ~ ill! :i:1 o in the new year fO
institute a UK "town of culture" award(institute1£.j;J to introduce a system, policy, etc. "Jlfl,~fr,:tf
~ff') ft~ *8 ~ itt-JH5l ffi ~ ffilr'~itlfLffilr'~J_y! 1¥.J"ffiJi-1£."; a UK "town of culture" award ¾f¾i5l 1¥.J tff< JL' pg ?ii-,
rm ~fr x xr Jt Jl 1* iJr. ~
0
@@@® 1:iJ 1r t~ I.Hi i>l ~ J§ a{] It~ , i.iE aA ~ ft 11 ·Ii o
@1:i]{rtgtii>l ~ J§(f] II$: "x 1-t zti" ~~x-t ~ fii")t 1-t zifil"~ a{]*~ 1f., =:g@# ~ ; by Glasgow in ~ ~ " W:. ~J~I ~ 1-t.. z ~ " # -t T o " W:. ~Jtl ~ 1-t.. z
~")t-,t-~~ -k~~ ~ J:Ji, iJt.~~)l.Jj-~;fp;;ji1J
1990 and Liverpool in 2008. @A cynic© might speculate®
that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an
#} iift ~ h1] -t 19 9 0
' *
Jf -;fo 2 00 8 Jf-~ A f: tf o •11'
~¼iiJ"~t½#iiN J!l i@. +»~~,tf.JOC~lf:; {1-J -tit
endless fever of self-celebration® in its desperationd) to
~ I&. 1~ ~ -Hj ~ , f!f ~ it. i.t -t Jt #-.tl:. {1-J t A fl i1i
reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of
V-Jif-Mz tf:' ~1t.z#i.zlf:;, ift~i!.J£½~1t
=
culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture?
~#½~- ~~zj?~~z~?~~z#?
Suburb of culture? Hamlet® of culture?
,t/
:ijffi}Htr: :~::~
:{~)~jjij;
1: :~:
(Dprestigious [pre 1 stid3as] a. lr~ms"J ,Ja=t!r~s"J !~) (Z)desperation [1despa 1 rerJan] n. f.&J.tf~ m; #t-ifu
@sought-after ['s;:,:tafta] a. $-;J-§lH~s"J .~xj(;if!!g{J ®hamlet [1hremlat] n. Jj\ff }_j:
®bag [breg] v. 1ft d=i, d=i~ ~~~)' • ~Am@c
~\ Q)booby prize (~!t!~D
@speculate [ 1spekjulert] v. ti WU, 5-tf~ij ~ @on the verge of ( !!Ji T ······,RP ,j/f)
®self-celebration n. § :Jtltc*JL, § :Jt~~ ~) Q)reinvent oneself (12,(ff?r:*~~A)
Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the
much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990
and Liverpool in 2008.
taftJtJHt:
· 1 Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact I
.±$ i~i! . ~i! ~f~ W-~~i!J~
I
I
that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much m~ore* p restigious title of European capital of cul)t~u re
5l~WJ ±$ *jgji,li]
European capital of cultures<] IP.]1.ftm-
I
bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool m. 2008. II }§-.i':JEi! , ,,._ II a sought-after award
1
r
lJJ ft~ it~: 'PJ .:E -=f ¾ Some might see the proposal as a booby prize, for the fact that ... ft®: lz;I ~
ift,that 5l-~8'91PJ1.fiift.hJ...1iJfllU.f fact 8'9J!..f*r*J~o ~1iziB-.hJ...1iJ8'9.:ET.7'1 Britain is no longer able to apply
for the much more prestigious title of European capital of cultureo jt)§-8'9 a sought-after award. .. 2008
¾ European capital of culture l't9~1.flift,:i:i¾:%i~mift bagged by Glasgow·in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008
fl::)§-.ii JE ift 1~ t(p a ward o
r:~::~jijffii::~::: .:/
•=-~,i
M"=ffll* .~1.mm~=t-x-tllfH!i1a{]~it =~~n#.~J§, ~ xi~~ Efl it"~Y,H :x 1-tz.tB", mr m
;Jt1t>xW:li.0JC-f.tz.tl"~ ,~1:1:~ ~ntmAl¥.J ~~~m~ 7 o *Riff.l :CDbooby prize;@cynico
(D1i] sl t:fj ml~ 11' ~ ~: "JC 1-t z. U{" fl~ 1" :tc it ~o Some might see np. m 1 §" ~ Cooper and her
colleagues argue,fi;ilJ.ff~IPJJls1ti¥J tlHJ\L booby prize(a prize that is given as a joke to the person who is
11last in a competition[ f'F 7'1m~JHt iif§"-f61¥1]* ~~ ,*!t~)1*1J\1 T J.oHit~x1"X 1-tz ffi"~ 0"JiJxtJM ~
;r-m o for the fact ... -ffftff11t1It;§&l¥J~l2sl :~OOB~~~:Gf*ir$ffJ!Jl.lE~l¥1"~13+1X1-tzif!S"~%
TC, Yr DJ ::tm rm:>RJt.VZ.i&:3'r. T ~t-t--t-1j\~) o no longer able to Bi ~4-trxHt, {;:tn~~ 00 B 4-;r-~a tr Efl ~
~; the much more prestigiousCJ!Jl.lE~ 13'-]) tfm !;J !PJ {fti! sought-afterC~Ji-;t§ JJi$ 1¥1) ;!:t !PJ fttffi European capital
mz~
of culture, 6iIQ."©zrfl'lx1-tzif!S"~* JE!@:m1¥J±mfft, ~Jl"©zrfi'lx1-tzf~"~, ~ OO"x1tz ffi"~, Bf~
it~~ T:E ~_y-Sf ;j\ ~ '1~ ;r-J:E. ~ bagged by Glasgow in 19 90 and Liverpool in 2008 ( bag ffl fl=~ i.A.J , *- ~ "~
0
... ···~)d~-=f") ,- jrffi ~ no longer %~xt l:t '~-Jrffi7'Jm>C$1Ju**ru:Wr-lf1q"fdmm
0
®~ff<1iCD~ ,itl:-i!7~~19i~~3t-t"3t-ftztli"~tt-JJ9i~~Jjt :-im ~ ~~~:5?.tt-JHt~ ,tr-;:;t;~~~
ag ji ~ A cynic might speculate ... (cynic~ Jg a person who does not believe that sth good will happen
0
or that sth is important"~x!,ll~, ·tf WUr", USf mLt 1iJ 4i some,¾IvHit~ 4i ~Jl!J!WH&~) Jti:-tv-si 1-tl.W: ~
~~& o on the verge of Cmi f , ep ~) ~ disappearing into ... 0~ ~ T ...... , t1Ul-r ·" ... )t§ ~ % , ;!:t ~ ~
~~ 00 ~ ±v ~ [DJ:&~ EfJ ~~; an endless fever(:3c1*ll: l¥J ff.~) , self-celebration( § ft EK 1JL) 1* :E.m~ 00 ;r-Jft
~JJ:l&im:ct § ~~AEflJr:c\-liE~ § B cii3'r."x1-tzm"~ff¾--t-1Jur), Ei:l llt19J:M~xt"x1-tzm"~
!Jlz~ -.Efl~&1*:E~1ijr,tfflfJ~ iL in its desperation to reinvent itself. .. fnUf~00":3c1*ll: § ftitcm"Efl
§ 1¥1¾7'1 T fDJ JI£©(!§" 0'-Jttt!!f.~~~%~, desperationC1RJ.ltl ~; 1'Jtiit) Bf ~~~:fr 7'J JLili:~-* JI~ o I
%15VJ& f6J+:J:ll:tt1iJS:\(village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture? USffilZ an endless fever of
self-celebration)~ JWJ;t~vxtw~, .&t M 1¥1 ~&tt rtJ T T9i ~ o
(~ ffi M~l 1. ~I-'*~ii&itl:i~Hf! CDli:iJ m ili J.llt M~ Efl ~~ :X~,i~ Cs ome might see), W' >C 1-tz m"
0
~~~ 00 ~-*$if " ~VHx 1tz%'~":8t*ir J§-Efl § ft:tc~t c booby prize) ;@li:iJ :itf:-tv ~~;§&!Em 111~ Efl :x~
-~ cA cynic might speculate ... ) , ep "y: 1-t z m" ~ ¾ - :i:m § AA AA A 1¥1 § ft EK 1Jr., *- ~ ~ 00 IE T:E & ~ o
@1iJ !tCD1iJffl-!1f, i!4. ~ lfil.±~si ,1*1J\1Ji:iif~tt o
2. ~~~~A-~~o * ~~ffl.&tM~xtffim~Efl~~,~--~-~~®A~~~A•f~-t-
1!$ ~ ( Cooper and her colleagues VS some, a cynic) o * *
3. m ff itl i'F ~~fl JU* ~ -:tJ 11:: ' fl=~ -:tJ ft 1fJ :¥: JJ\l T ~ 1J :x~ -~ ' § B B"J -JI :i:m im ' f§_ ft ff]* pt P]"
O J~
l2-l)).fflW* 9=1~~f'F~~& o T:E~m.&t~ ~x_m,~ st ,fl=~ ffl T cynic -i.A.l, speculate J!¾t~"f9:~ T M~$
~IB -=p fflt fi 5f ~u" ' ;r-xt ffi 1~Uf'F ~ x1 ,&t M ~ 13'-] X.Yl -~ ~ ;§ J3t ¾ ~ EJr 1* 00 1¥1
0
i::~::~:ijij~::~::ii/
mm~=~, ~:rm:mti
22. According to Paragraph 2 , the proposal might be 22. Fil"fi~~~-~A
regarded by some as .i'F£
-- 0
[AJ a sensible compromise [AJ ~JI~~ 13'-l*W
[BJ a self-deceiving attempt [BJ § AA AAA 1¥1 ~it
[ CJ an eye-catching bonus [CJ 51 Att § Efl~JJw
[DJ an inaccessible target [DJ :3c~~J~B'~ § 1i
[;ffi,l:@{iz:] *m:CD1iJ3'~ ili ,- @A V.-7'Ji$:m:W~~OO~¾ $ w "lRXrfMx-ftzf~"1ii*irJ§-B'-J § l~$:.lt;
@~ffiili~OOfr~AX1*~~§ft*mzr:po _ITT~¾xtmM*;§J3t~~~ffig o
[$~IP.¥}] fr:ii.fijJffi[B]¾x-t booby prize, self-celebration, desperation to reinvent itself ... EfJ.iE1iftl~itL
[AJ~~Xiff:l&o ;z\s:~* q:i~~ T mtM~ t~:i:91m:-r Efl~~ ~ li M. booby prize,self-celebration,
z* 1-tz
endless fever,despera ion ~tt:nt r:p PJ" ~ ili ( ffl.:zjs:~' 7'13:K¾~ ti o C ~ m~*xt" ~ t}HX
if!S"~El"1:tr~ijf3fl=x1"x 1tzm '~ · ~oco 1 p r:p e uch more prestigious,sought-after t~f:fi#"©(
zm
tfMx1tzif!S"~§IAtt§ ,l2-l81fil.' >C ~~ Jt 1t ,l::j e e-catching fr:!lt-ffl&o ~:9~,X.:Pi:l1*:t¾
JU bonus ~ - 1*1-~L [D]~(V/pJ~ ~~~x,t~~ § ftBc · 1¥JW-f1l' 79:%79:T"Cendless/desperation)i*~
fl= ft fl'1 xt" Wr m i5l" Efl ;§ & xt f ffi :t¾i 5l , m ~ * .R ¾iA -:tJ A~ u(oJ JJ ~ ;r-JE. ill , ¾ ~ oo -:tJ T ~ ~ ~ % ~ Efl
0
§ AAAAAfi-:tJ 'Jt19:~ m¥Uit mi5lx~~3:J\10
[:tt~ .~~] A•j!Q.,~ +f.2:~± ~~o ~ "A ~X~-~"Z% ,~1!txt~~.:E §' Eflffim o -~llt~BtM:
121. rt~ re~ A~ st~*~ JJt , ~ tt m ~ 1* tiE t-1~ ~i-~ ?J\. ~ ,iw ~ *3 ~ 11 ~ m r.m ; 2. 1zs1 JJ A~~ x~ ,~ -rn £ *
~ B.1t .W1 r ""f .>Co the much more prestigious title of European
capital of culture f*J,m tf:l ~~AM" ©.:rfH x 1-tzf~" a<; fPJ B: 5ffi 3'_ ~, & N tf:l 1t1fJ xtm t£tx. a<; m ~ ~ JJt @
O
~l!¾*ffi~ 00 ~ff{ij:£" § ~Jx*JL ~fftA", t1Ht W;j ~;f~?G$HJiJE~~[BJ
o
ill O It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a ~ 111 ~ JiL -i-~ 5t M J.t!!, -iJ-. -iY-f1J , :i!. ~ ~ ~
cure-allC~ 00
~w.:~~~ii~~#§~1xm~~~~ffi%a,xfflffi"""Fx~xt~~a•*~:i£0
@@©1:iJM~&~nW~filCD1:iJ,~~R£~ffl:x:1-t~~~zz~$o
@1:i]J..J..&Wi~PJ3m11=?F~aC1-t!ifq;1'1ix~, IP] B,f X~ £JL'1t1± but Z~, af ffijjf BC1-t!if $J.tt§~~w-*t~!A E"J Mtlt
o
@©1:iJ J.J..~ Wl ~ ~A f.oc lJJ aC.di1:E~::tfrzJ§, 8 llif'F~xif":im
:i:i~ jJ ~ :l:J\1MW" ITT 5JdW.~JJVftl §. ::k 1t 1t:,, o requires ... as well as ... ~ti :~lH1t 1'~ Jft W f,}rfffi ITT ~14=, ilE ~ A
xt~ ::k ( it is hard), Glasgow Jft=9J B"J 'W"tl r JJ!Ll .x iIE f!l3 J!-tJ] 7t~ PI V,J. ~J_ffi Cit can be done) IT Glasgow B"J
o
'W"Url=f:t ,turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre Uif m_t)(,5,x;JjJEl"J$%~1Jif B"Jtf,sZ
nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light; it remains today 5£-j)WJ Jtt#~ S,f !'BJ
Z -K, Pf J.ili: __t X lasting benefits
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'5* ffi M~] *¥.G: 7f Mt~ jc] f1= ~ :X.W.,ra I ilHl~W:m $\:~£!]Iii)<. m:,C,,1£"ffi" 0 t'r 7'6:im:ii not a cure-all t§'
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N O A "town of culture" could be not just about "j:_ 1t ~ 4A" -jf-~ .R Jl f- !: ;f( , ~ a,t ~
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:5t-Wu, lV. .&.*-~ Et9 ~i5l c w elcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action) t~P T lV.1J~ f'F
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§ The Guardian~ (( J*l t!O 2019. 3. 4 -*~ !l1!, 7') The Guardian view on academic publishing:
disastrous capitalism(Jl1!i i-f /:11 AA: ffl~ ITT :&:f .± 51...) ITT)(¥ fF ~ ii :i:1~ lJJl fil] N,fil" ;f4 ?!ft /:11 AA~*~
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!!l!J '~*xi¥fft1fl'~~ ,xtt~!l&."3t-~Afftl{)rJ_m~ $j_xf 1J,r! El'9 JWJ ~i'ti, :i'«£!f ~ :PiaxJJl,g: &,@rn~f4~ ili H&
~ Y ~ e ~ ~ lfj-El'91.§. ~ , JA **...tr~~ :xtf41iff El'9 ~ ~
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;~~ iii i ~ffi Al iitllffM
I OScientific publishing has long been a licence to
Hi:ifriliJt.&..:lk.*J}lv:1,At.- jL-.*-"Ji:f1Jo H
print money. 8 Scientists need journals in which to i:ifr ~ -.w;-~ J}l f1J At. ~ ~ mc . 1€-J hJf Jt A *-, rEJ Jr.
publish their research, so they will supply the articles
~~~~½~~-~m~½~-o~~#i:ifr
without monetary:dJ n. ~ JJifJ, @J 1fl
16i
@perform [pa1fo:m] v. ~fi ,tt(,fi ~)
n
@ Specialised [ I speJ alaizd] a. 1f ~ l'l"J 1 1f l'l"J CDa licence to p,int money(T,!JM/JJ'l'::lc.i. ,~,js:]f;frj)
®central [1sentral] a. !i£~1'1"1 .~{,,l'l"J I @peer review( [P]fiiSJZiSO
@acquisition [1rekw11z1Jn] n. t1rni ,1i¥Ll ®for free(Sl.~:ttl! ;X1~:ttl!)
(Z)status [1stertas] n. ~iUR1il ,f±~:ttl!1.fz
i::~::~jjft}i::~::i:_/
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m- ~ -= ~ :tJ m- i~ !ff IJi! fcJ ~ = H ~ l±l Jt& ~ ~ llJ!Jf ~4 ~ ~ ~ , H ~* I 11= ~ ~ * l ~ f :x: ~ l'.t-1 tt m 11r 1-& ~ 0
ffi - ii i3 I l±l ~ ~" H ~ l±l Jt& ~ fl • flj ~ ~ " I # ).). 'F ~ ( X ~ ) l'.t-J fix 1fi ~ ?t mt ~ 0 1: iR] :tJ : CD a
licence to print money;@without monetary reward;@for free
0
(1)1:i]fflffi ,~~: H~ l±l Jt&~-*JJ f1J Scientific publishing iJli;E ~)(f!f_ ,l2-. "flj.~ ili #&(ill(.)";~ Jilt;,(
O
E8 J3 i! a license to print money ( ]f, Jg used to describe a business or an activity which allows people to
make a lot of money with little effort or responsibility "[~fr~/m~]:iGJ.f~}J/:iGfll~~*4& ;m}4&ifx:t"))/4f
~~ili~IB~~~~ey~.~~~~~ili~fi~~$~~~%ao
x ~) z
CZ>@1:iJ J.J.."F ~ ( l'.t-1 ~ 'F .'&mt~ iJjj°-J=j i'ffi i.Jt a.13 H ~ l±l Jt& ~fix* fff without monetary reward/
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also for free,so/be * ca use *l~JrW;I/p]fs]Jt-JU * :k- * 0 *
z - :
CZ> 1:iJ ft~~" .nx: fff "l'.t-J mt ~ H ~ 1e 1~ 1~ ~ o so .. . ~ {W, ff~ fl!-1iJf 1~ rt: a~~ 129 , ~ Ji!U ~~fl!
~ lli H& 1'.8 ~Wrtl:~: fll-1Vf *JJIJ:7ejzHf j!: *1u RJH~ffl ~~-=f M~ l'.8~f1J"X needs y to do sth" 8 *~ " § l'.8 /
O
~ 11t ti:" , fPJ S,j JZ. ~ ~iJH71 iJl ~ journals ffi their research Z fa] ~ :k ~ : 1iJf ~ ( £ lU T:E AA fl J _t , iiJI: J& T in
which to do sth ~#:iG,g-3f-1it1UE-1*~%A(~~~~Z1'1"~miA5Eii.M.'PJ" ,IE1it%Aj] in which they
publish their research) o ~ ~O: This was thought to be the only area in which to do business. ~.¾A ff]-iA.jg B'-1
Pi - g~ ( 1± jt 9=I ) §. 1ffi" l'.8 IR :l!!jl 0 =: *
@1:i] ft~~" PX* fff" l'.t-J mt~ Z H ~ 7c f~ 'iji' ffi Other scientists ~ _t 'P] Scientists ;f:1;; ,fix; rJ;j ~ f41i]f
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Atff,Jt~~* VSJt~fF~'.>7r~;w/'i¥'ffi~o the acquisition of statusCstatus -Jiff_j] high rank or social
pos*iti on"r,Wi~Im1ft, fi~±-&1ft"HUl the production of scientific knowledge ?t!iJrH~ IP] "fl" ..!:j"-0", sUftJf4
r r
1iJf 0 flt~ ,R ti~ X f~ jg Z
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n*~M~l ~ri3f~19!~ a licence to print money ;ErxHll-~ili#&ill(.*$•;t1Jl'.8~m~1JJ ,Jf:imu
®®1iJ need ... to publish their research,a central element ... 1~~Jiw:1*_7gfPJ''Jiw", T#Jmxt lt'l:i pg~ supply
VS without monetary reward,specialised work VS for free t'Plfffli-*I~~")/4f § B-$i!H~** ~~*~.&
~r '~* ' "~
4z ~ ·~ ~ ~ X1~ X :ff: , si 1t T ~ ,wfll-~ ili ~~ ~ ~ ~ ,g-JJH, EE J1:t fJJ iP" ffl !ifll- ili ~ ~ 9=*1 ,
fll-~IfF*~r~~'!fi1-±-m1iz, jgr"XMM ~,w B'-Jfll-~ ili lt&~A1$1ffm~, w~,g- has long beenC -Lt!A ~
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- 1I) X 11 iffi~;$ : x ~ ~ 1t. ±t-r " MM~ 1f ~ l'oJ ~",rm¾~~ nJ ti~~~ r "Jr 121t/?i 1fi ~ 3f ~ ii
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II O With the content of papers securedCD for free, the ~1urn Jt f -ti *- {r-J i{; ~ , tB tui1 1v.w;
publisher needs only find a market for its journal. @Until this ~hM~h*tt4fy~o ~~~~~'
century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.
k~ffi~~~~~*~~~-~o ~~
@)Scientific publishers routinely® report profit margins . ~ ill Ji&. 3L%'1Ht -t 1.. ~ 4 i: i:.. f.F , # t ti:: ~
approaching® 40 % on their operations®, at a time when the .t;t,.#J ,!Rt ra ic-trot-~ ~;f1J i11J .!f:.-ti:-ili 40 %
0
rest of the publishing industry is in an existential® crisis. ~it.Cit~ tl! Jf&..) e. 3* ~ -~·"1t
III The Dutch giant® Elsevier, which claims to publish ~ -- ro ;ft- tB ~ ± 1¥- 2 s % {r-J # ~ i{;
25 % of the scientific papers produced in the world, made j:_--¾-+~t1]:it!:d 9 1G*~' ilii )\:,Jl
profits of more than £ 900m last year, while UK universities *~€r-Jk~ 2016 .f;t,t~f T~ii 2.1
alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to 1i*it *-1t~ 1r. ~ 1it ~ R~~1n ro c..
accessJt1::., 't~~{§.:::f ~
~o[n] ,.& wm~ rs~m~~, 81Ilf4¥~flt~B( , !11 ~ ~ 4HHPJ ~ iJOft :.rx
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@'RJ##r Sci-Hub JilJjJ (fJifil~~ ffi: .iE ~ .g-51 (fJ 3'l: ifti;~ l& ~ i!! 2 ~ ~ .iEt!c 1 1'1, ~' ~Dl ;IJQ tl. ~ 1li o The
success ff(_tfg!l;g Sci-Hub ~131Js!~}J 89~~~~, which ~i-g-,M_ 1iJi'~fili>l ~ :i!-X. fWc::B-*f~:r-\'.;1~ flj "*-1tt
c a r*fzf
MJ?:Affl ~iA. PJ 1m1n § iffi:ct-@-r!~:iH~Jf>(J§-.:1. ~ _.t 1t:5ift]$**),~ ~JJl\~IHxt ~ 11tritx~*i& Jt i@j
tfJ , t:f:1 It&~* 45( ~ frj *B'-J ~ WiJ ~&.:tic shows 5[ ili Sci-Hub nit ls~ ; has lost legitimacy 11 t~ iE tJl'. )( fAA
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~Jf>( 1*-* f'aJ~F:m, ffif-@-r!, ~ JilU~if J~, B tlik$ ffl? 1NJ.1f. ;must be transformed ,li!U$TriJlUJdi 1'1, ~fil
1*¥1~HJn.:st E!P ,1tJJ~i:!Jr1k: ff~/pJ 9=l ili l_ffi$~!:ij"r!~";H)~B'9~~ ,legally assessed .E§ legal ecosystem -MU:I:
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-=f"r!~ft ilf nJll. 5:E 89, if r! i'.l'9 cl egal)", rm has lost legitimacy ,V!Ll 1lilU :m -=f ".IE ~ 89, -ff 'Hf if J~ B'!J, .IE~ 1¥.J
(legitimate)", .=if~ 9:liJt~ ~11trfl/-1i1f tfj Jt&1*-*liiff!{§.BtEffl? 9=l *.¾~--@-JllHi, ~1~BJr1fi o
(~~MW: l ::$: 3: ~ -=f ..t )( " i'aJ ~" i:} [ tfj ":l:Jl\ ~ f.Hk: xif ~ (reaction)" , _§_ ~ t:p drastic, off er access to
every paywalled article, the success, the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy {IV--1-ilJ t~ fP]'' Sci-Hub ~ St 1-t
IJl~, rm:;foJ~Jl~~i'aJ ;Ill-]" ,{.§.3:1:r thoroughly illegal, claims to(_tj(ffl -=f-~iJxl.1t~ tfj Ji& ifff, .!lt~Xffl r Sci
Hub), v.J ,&3:?/Z B'!J (legal ecosystem) must be transformed !I] 1tit:t& Bl. ~fl::~ ~m 1C,, ~: Sci-Hub fl} )ft:;'] tlL
~ JE 7F it r! , :iG ~~ -f* ~• m ~ A it,X llJ a'-J i! , ~mt~ PJ ~~ & rm~ m: f!iL , ~ IH m t t 1~ a~ 7F ~ ~w.1¥- :1:.m ~ 1*-* , rm¾
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28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? 28. 11= ~ :X,t Sci-Hub l¥-J fix: lJJi1= filJ ~ ~ ?
[A] Relieved. [A] ~O ~£ in
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[BJ Puzzled. [BJ IE~7FWL
[ CJ Concerned. [ CJ 'tit L' ,t,p ·I*
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[DJ Encouraged. [DJ tx~A 1C.'
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[ ~ tl ~ 1.U: J ~ 12] 3: CD 1iJ thoroughly illegal ( 7t ~ 7F if r!) 1)] :Wai JR fF if M Sci-Hub 1¥-J ~ ~ ~ J.t ; ® 1iJ
i-5¥~ Sci-Hub 1¥-Jnx;:WfW* B'-Jls ~ :fl/-~ ili Jt&~1itr!s"J~~1*~;(£Jtffl? 9=1 B ~¾-@-~/iE~Hi Ct he legal
ecosystem has lost legitimacy) , ~ ,g-r! 1*-* &H»HtiJ m; ?J( 1e ( must be transformed) , v.J £ ~ itX ,OOt I%~ 'f~:L
EE JttAJ .fil ,f'Fif illi:ti~Fr! Cxlt&1X 1*1l!s"J) ~ftiS 1¥-J*-t-Jtnx;:;'J N. rf:iJ 8 ~§$fl/-$ ili Ji&~~ a~ ln:JW z:m, ~1fi
,Z,!! tJj (~Q~Jtl:fj § ~j:!Jr1fi, $=~-aJ~~~Jt!:-tp-JfK-1-t, ,{,l~£$fcr:'JJt..*1f--@-r!itX~lj 1¥-J ~1=1-t:$=~), PJ". filf'F
ifxt Sci-Hub ~~pr!!ijft~~Jft:ifJJt~¾~JU1.fHJt~ ,[C]IE~
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[A], [D]5tJJiJ1~:it" 1'6:1 ~ t~tJUWHk/', "~ T 1"8 it,,$~" ~ 7'1 iE lif ~)jt, 1=i X 4t thoroughly illegaL
lost legitimacy 1=.i must be transformed m1~ii s"Jf'F~'lf ~" &,®fxt' iE~ ':bo ~ i!Jc1jli:, ~ M'.9'2.' ~~ ':@:r1!:@:1-!f'
if§* Jffi" o [B {*J_m"~fll!fm"zjff, ,1fi$~J: ft~x~- Sci-hub B~~®I!f(~ ~R~®ITT]g~:1f~if§ ~~To
[~~AM] ~fl::~ITT~~~jjt~~~-~ili~,~mffifp~~ffl~~R*:itITTffl~~~~~~~
,~ ~jjt o ~ rm ,@:(D/p] thoroughly illegal r1iEBfl::~ xt Sci-Hub ITT ttti-f~)jt, @/p] .=: 1-"-fri'!'li"if§ ~ ITT tmJ£
legally accessed, the legal ecosystem 1=.i has lost legitimacy :ii ffl , .:jI} rJz :im :u "-fr·~ ft* ITT iE ~ '11: &, ®r q~ JU
!1Hf7"*5Ed~ Sci-Hub s"J~F~tL:ilt-zvl~JHiftlf'F*x,f Sci-Hub s"J~m~JJt ,must be transformed 12Jl$r?.ts"J
i!E(5!WJJtiE s"JM~?JJ,f1-lillm;i!J[1jli:J_m~f4~ ili Jt& 1** C~ ~~ff EB ~F~ ~ ft~t~~'Ji.mk), fAJ Bt-tl11=i X
*fl::~ mJ£~it"niP!fr~~®r~~ ,ilt£:tJ :m:~f~"t§i10
V O In Britain the movetftt•,
that the publishers can make a profit before being placed ~~tll~~~--tf-~~¾-Jf-L.~&~o
on general release© .
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CDmove [mu:vJ n. fi;JJ dirAf[ ~) ® release [rr'li:s] n. ~fi ;~:;{jj
®drive [drarv J v. i@ur; 1-lut ~ • t~~m1~
@body ['bodi] n. m#J; i]j,,q ~ CD either. .. or ... ( [:x,tM~!f-m 1¥]~~ ]~¾ ··· ···~¾)
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ffi Ji , "ft.~ ( ~ 1¥1 $t iaJ 00 }1 )-iB 9~ ff tt :X.f Jfil fi fc] !li JiJr M ~ ~ - ~ ~ )t;; ~ " & m" : 7f tt ~ ~ l:B It& *I it
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~ 3i fi ti. ~ 00 '1 f§1J , 1t i13 "1f 'Jh. ~ lCi t±i .It&" IY-J i! f& ~ll Iii .It& m' it o ~ it ffiJ '1 : CD In some ways. •. very
successful; @so that the publishers can make a profit
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CD -Eu 1HlHHHl 1m l:B JtfHI it tt-J JJi : 83 ~ ItfJ tJt ~ 11U1J m.6 l o has been driven by funding bodies cb ody
t/ir a group of people who work or act together, often for an official purpose) 1=j J:j(xrj-Sci-hub ITT"~*:c\"
JE 'Ii ca kind of global photocopier) t§ t~ , ~ Jfil." :ff -JJ!J. ~ l& ili Jt&" ITT F 1*r kl lk-fr m 'I i : ~ iE t.m '.6t '.fri: 5l: t~ ; 1fi J3.
--Jfrm ,J!*fljjtttl:rtJt~~ El3 ili Jt&Vlf~C § ~?Jc1jli:J§") .3:.z;JJ*ffl, ~iFA'ii.~xtiR.1¥1±~lifJ
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@@1ij 1t ili 1f '!h. ~ lCi Iii_J t/Hf 'it 1Y-J i! Ji : 1± ~ ~ iffi ~~ /oc l)J o (2) /p] very successful ~ JE A 'ii. Wk )l!Ji!
flj ,$;f;ft§e~ ,{§_ In some ways !J1Ll1~f * fi! tfll]j]Jl.~~%~t!:, ffi~{&f.&1¥-1:E l'PJ~ o (3)/p] 1rffi "}JJ;Jj]" ITT Jl.
ft*J_m More than half *~it: fl :c\ $; lfil. i=, B $; 7'1 f-4 "#-X itft 8'9 .:E ~ ili }t& % :c\; under open access
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termsC under tlir"tlc P.~[~~~fM JJtJ", te*rm s tl§'"t11'i-5l ~ B"1~14 ,~~"> 1ti: $ yt-fr~·t't, Jf:JLl mt1;J either .. .
or. .. mr m fm ff 1R ~ Bi.J ~ 1* elf =lli CflJ-iM {J[ :r;r WIT fiF :izt ~) : a. ili Jt& .z st :giJt iR. Jr :tH.!x: Cf reely available from
the moment of publication) , b. tfj Ji&!§" ~-~ 8,t fa] ~!§"%~ff -}iy_ ( pa walled for a year or more); so
that publishers can make a profit i*J4 ,:J ~ffi~@(= B }=fL~: il ili J * tlfi tl-lf 5flfPJ !IL ff : paywalled 7'1%~iW],
m m *
rn 1s i'b1 paywall C1 t ~ ±m ) ~ rm ~ iri!i J: ~Ji 1.t ffl P tT :ff ~ :W #-~ ffl P 1t ~ ITT 1'-l ffi , ~ !i:t
paywalled Wfl= "11 fl ITT"
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"Mm" CSci-hub) :ctWf ~ it:i£~ 00* ± sl,_J "xHJL", funding bodies, very successful~*~ ;;It-fr JJI! ~ lkJiJ.'JJJ
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'ti , 11:t at m E I 1BJ =fl=~¾~ iJt 11:t *-~ ce n 3f ii gJt ~ t±l ft& ;tl .it iJt ¾ 1BJ ~ Et-J tm ?R: z m) ? 1EI ~ c ; fz ~ m J U~
•tit~z = * s1J , i*J ~~>so that ... can make a profit before ... x 1~JLi. rfrifll®Jifxt: ~ JJ # ::Jdi~~¾~ ~ ili ft& * ~
*~mJ£"
~~ PJ" .!ll , & m "t&rt ~¾fl=~ iA PJ" 8'911' ~ ~ j,f-~ff~ 8'9 ¾ , ~ t1fl ~ tt 9=1 filj ~ ~ ~
0
¾Jll3!E}Iflj.1iff1JHfs:iJF* B1J ( freely available from the moment of publication), ffff f41iff ~ ~]t~ PJ LV, ~1-¥1HiJJ -
f* , Bf ffi mr -f* ~~*"Bf~ ~ m c ~ <£15c 1~ gJt 1~)" , ~ ~ x 11 ffi Jt: 1'63 ~ ~ tJc
0
YI O Yet the new system has not yet worked out any
~mX-r*-,i1fr~ ittJt.&.#-i~*-*
cheaper for the universities. 8 Publishers have respondedQ) to mi 1: *iJ.J ~ 1t. jt'. ~ -t: jJ ~ J(. Jt f' fc;J it
0
the demand that they make their product free to readers by :;t-,il j:_ Irk. ~ t; ;J<. ' it1 Jf.&. ~Jt. ~ ii ii fa] ft
charging their writers fees to cover® the costs of preparing an ¼ J!t f *- ~ .t!1 -it-1 1! ~ ~ j:_ ft-J f JtL JJt
article. 8 These range from around £500 to $5,000, and f ½-ffi -R 500 * ~ .i. 5,000 :l JG ;f: ~,
apparently the work gets more expensive the more that
£mi Jb.Yl,, ittJt.i..:f]L~~;ft~.:c.ft~j'
publishers do it. 0 A report last year pointed out that the
j:_ Irk. :b.. ~ 1t. ~ ~ ~ ¾ 4-~ - 171" .tll ¾
costs both of subscriptions® and of these "article preparation .ti it1 '.,#Jj frj -ir JJ!] f' f). 0 J .l." k )t. ;ft¼ t " -
costs" had been steadily rising at a rate® above inflation®. :R{f.. y:,{ ~ i" ii-'*-*~ it-*#~~* O
CDrespond [dspnnd] v. 1~tf::l&lilZ,nffillilZ ~ @inflation [rn'flerfn] n. :im~IHiEC.$)
@cover [1kAvd] v. )EV)5l1t ~ • t~~mffl
@subscription [sdb1skrrpfn] n. iT I~~ ~ Q)work out -tt~r*
@rate [rert] n. Jilt, J!.$ ~ ®range from ... to ... C[iE-5E !'M~ [Il p;j ]~1-t, ~z;JJ)
~1'
~jjjf~ft::~ ::!
1::~ ::
* *
m
1' ~ ffl ~ 7f 'Iii ~ ~ I±! Xi~ jt; ff 1£ tf.J fa) ~ : 181: ¥11 ~ 1B 7ii ~ , & iE ~ :±i Xi ;@f o it iffl :ti : CD not
yet ... any cheaper; ®steadily rising at a rate above inflation
0
r
© 1iJ ~ ;J. J: 3t 1i ~ 1f "ht R 1N WIt &~ it#* tt ft~ l4 ~ WIt & 11 it ff 1f # f: o 1K jj1J 1iJ it"*.~ rt l'sJ
$#1lr**" a1Ji!ifiJ Yet, kiJ ~ B1J yet~ iU ifiJ C~~" fbJ /~ C*) "), ffl r~ jE 5fl:I ~ loJ 1iJ, ffl ri1i~ fbJ *~1:.1.§.
PJ" §~ist1:. 8'9 ~, .!lt6ti:..!:g h~s not worked out 5fQ any cheaper ~ffl, ;!=t-!l1j 5.¥_ iflu ff jfJc~muf:\ Jt&m Jt)i € ~ at ,:itt,li €
~~, {§_.¥::PJUJJi1;(£t~~r5t~JJi!"~J!t" § B1J o ff: work out Cat· sth) 1:1 ~ 5Effl~, • 1:J"it•, it• t±l", ~o
works out at $ 3U;Ht~ 3 ~jc) ,Fo-tl11ttl%$ifi] ,;/i_ffi"•®*CXUJ?-~j;:~~)"
o
®®©iiJMff/ffi ~ :7f'liiR~ Wn &~lftJlj.f~ m"~~"~'1"11=~" ,#=*~~l&Jl*Mio
®1iJ1HB:Jf1nc~~W.lt&tr-Jl&Jlffiit::jc]11=~®:~ have responded to the demand(@Jfifj_/~JE······l¥J
0
rlfi*> iJt~ JF:ifJI.:~* t±l Jt&R¾ t±l Jt&m:MJx1j~!f.mi5l** a1J i&'. igJ@ mz, w ~ ~ .:i: igj a91Rt& 121'£, ~ ffi PJ §~x
r!~iEfWHk:I'~~; by charging their writers fees :itEffff ~ 1i.ffiJt"t!*k:¥ :m::f¥0fr"~Jm: ~ l& ~{&IS, R ¾:tE T ~
~ '1* T ~ ~ x,t ~ --t±l JUz ~»."~*A~"~~"~~ 3/i.1~ t'i I fF" 'f41iff ~ § fj-~ ,tj ~ 1i i-t mi:%-
0
@1:iJ ~j. Jlf* Ii* i~ PJHf 'Iii R lUl WJ t& tf.J 181: ,i Im it : ffl ~ Z ~ o range from £ 500 to $ 5 , 000 :~HJ\! ~ $_m
lt~139!l1ja,ftl1fffii~~~,iJ?,~Jttf:wHio iUifiJ apparently (~?.t):fJD1*T the work get more expensive the
more that publishers do it 9=18'9"7-!-'(.*.Jtlit"Z.~-i~X1-ttt~~WfJl~·1t ili ,j!;~~ ili Jt& iffj 1-i1lr If'F,
ffiJ i-t I ft X ~ ~o 1PJ jE 'l:i , ~ ~ ili ft&~ § B iJl T.?
@iiJ ~~ i}!JWflHr1~ 3t i~P,ij 7f ttRJUi W,I t& tr-J 181: Ji~ !1.J-: t.¥ ~ ~ ~ o )jjcig- at a rate above inflation~~
z~ ,
1iJ ,~ Ht x1 t~ ~2-~'If&.* iixt JfiU t±l ft& }lk.: __t i5ic Ji It 1[; ~~ CB ~ ty$ ~ Et-J) ii file$~ ~ both of. .. and
o
of. .. c: :f 1:Z · •• • · · ffff ll ······)~A.,;(£ Fo : W3 f!JiT 1#.1 ~ ~ ffl iJl ~ jE ¾ 'tj( J! ~ i1H11 , ITTf "i~ 301-iit ~ "~ 5fl:I 't -
¥-P , iJl ~ ff=JT s'-J tJLr.t; Jc~~§~ fm = t , k : JJ\! ~ fiiJ Im o
[ 5~ Iii: Mil 1 7-!-'( ~ ..!:g ~ .= ~ ~ {QJ., ~ ~ t±l JJ\! "~ fm, 11r ~" ~ 1~ ,I&, Cn ot any cheaper, range from
£ 500 to $ 5,000,more expensive,steadily rising at a rate above inflation) ,;tt:~1/if!PJffefrB1Jtll#lHl.:i:txt!
23*
M tk: :zls: j'Ei] ~ , ili AA~ 11x rt$ fil ~ !lwJ iii IM fl#& , fil 45l t~ ~ z;tlj , ft~ Ji rm J! JJD Jc 7f41iff ~ Et9 ?'~ iE in. t§. , !J6, ~
yg ';&_*i'tX:R N~-*~~ Et9 '1 ffl
o
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that
2 9. J-.A. ffi .n jd~ AJ ffHo , tf 1N ~ li.U~ ~ __ o
open access terms
~-r
[A] allow publishers some room to make money [A] 7 ili AAtJLtt-:@~5t1J ~ !'BJ
x
[BJ render publishing much easier for scientists [BJ ~ iB ';&_ ~ xH4 $ ;~olHJt§! ?G £
[CJ reduce the cost of publication substanti_ally [ CJ :fdi ~ 1~ 7 ';&_ * Et9 Ji ffl
[DJ free universities from financial burdens [DJ fm~7:*~EB~t~~t§.
*
[ ~ ,t ~ i:v: J ~ n '/\ ~ ~ ~" 3f 1J!x. ili AA~ mX" ~ :ff iB ~ '1t r:f:t ~ n ~ @{iJ t~ ili "~ ff: 3f jf!J:. ~ ili AA "iii
Jl1JU'-JJ:fAz=.-1i~-!¥~£~,ZJ§'~j;;:§2.JH:10&(paywalled for a year or more) ,Jf-1§'1±\~#~
A 1!1! I±, Ji!Hll f1J ~ -.@ S-j" fa] :it!: fr~ flj ( so that the publishers can make a profit) o ~ Jl:t [ A].ifli}L
[ 'tri~~WJ :zls:~7'1$~ ~ffi-=p ~' "JMFf + iE. 1iffi J_g! "¾ :X;f ~Di.®:® "r:i] paywalled for a year. .. general
release El~ fPJ 51_ i:!Jc EiJ
o
* [BJ ,[C_& iPJ HEM~ 1\ ~@~@-tJ":ff1f!J:.~* ili AA iPJ *4$X!Wt Et9 ft1r C ~Pf4$~) ~ LJ5*(Jlk* ~f f e p Et9i't>C ri
~ m '_§_ - :a:(£ 'fR: Ji t~ ~±~to" ; [DJ Jj_ IP] BE M ~/,~CD 15) "3f n!x. gJt Ilk 1±\ AA xt T **- ffif '.ft ?t~"
0
[~!'5,~-~J .hl*d2! PJI[B],[C],[D]~~f~JHifi1¥JjJ!PJfi(much easier for ... ,reduce the cost,free
universities from ... ~ ft1fiA AJ i-f;1frffi.) AJ ~, :zls:R21~1/t :x1 tffi-=p f~ ,~, Et9 JJJ!fm Z?'~, Bi ~~ft 1'f ~lit,~
11:t ~JE 11l1iffi JE~ ~zt~, BiJ.w:tt -~~ft~ xif T ":ff 1J!x. :rt;~ llk~~/tl :rt:" Et9 ;t ~, ITTf p,;;J m: r:f:t so that ... can
make a profit,not ... any cheaper,rising at a rate above ... :f:411t:izs:ft1'f~m"~5flJJiITTfAA7.±~1f*,~ffl
- ,~r.9:~, ~m!-*m!~", AJ~ .R1f [A]iEfd@1*3:J\1ft~~JJt: 3fn!x.~llkffl:rt:~J.W:J::11i¾ ili AA~ 1¥J~5f!JIJ;l.
o
VIl O In some ways the scientific publishing model
,tt ;t # 11 Jt J:. , # ~ tl:l Jt.t it A ~ ~.±.
resembles the market places. 8 In both
~~~·-~~-*~~o ~~~~#
cases® , we need a rebalancing of power. [ 44 7 words]
• 1 tt ,)L ' ~ 1f1 ~ ~ ~ ·il ~~ :h y ii.Jr 1-1" j1J -t ,m- 0
······························································································································ ·····················································
..... -~.. -~.. ........................ --.... ··, ',I
:__ ~--~_;I_j$~~~~-1H!f ____
~ :,i,;
CD resemble [dzembl] v. ~ ..... ,;H!{IU I ~ • ~~~:t~~c
@run [r11.n] v. r£. l!, 1£11iU CD in exchange for ( fe :;\) 5c l*)
®case [kers] n. Jl.1*'1W ~, ~{71j
C~ jjj i ~(~:::_; /
~*Mt
ffi --t W: .~,ta~ x_ tt mfc l ~ fl M~ ,~ : f4 ~ tH Xi ..t £ ~ mr tt mt ~ fl ~ ~j_ n ~ ~ lffi fqj iffi
I 1 ~\ O
~ fl i.iij JJ : CD labour is provided free; @need a rebalancin~ of power
0
CD1:iJ I§] i~~~ lli it&~*~ I ffi tt.i ltffi* fc] ~ : 1,,~ tt.i it& e ~ ~ ffifi ~ 0 resembles~, ili ~ tt, D,,( ~P.Jr
x m m xiii* ,
~ ~ s~ "u ~ ;tr t2 iff ~:rt:" ~ ill Jf& ~ 119 ffi ~ ~ 1ffi' : 11. ~ rxJ e ~ 1£ w;-T , A.1n yg JE. ~ ti*± tt
it~a § ~ ~ir~rnp: x~m:1~~fl~ffi), rm~ ftlr1rfi itt9ffitllH=i tJi~tJ M; fPJ JJE, t4$ ili AA t11,¾=1t" § ~~
®r~~,f41itf1fffl~~llH-tl!.11Z",h\mf~ .ffl1-&11 893cffi%';:!JJU¥1
o
ree in exchange for ... , *w hile huge
profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places @J illZ 1W X" - jJ JG 1t 1~ ~ , - jJ ®: ~ 5flj" ,
ill - $ fY3 rd@ ti ffi *1V1~ Jffi ~ : j;-~ ill Jt& e ~ ~ M~ -1' 1-r ~ , ~ JHX .1J ~ IJ
o
24®1:iliiitt Im w '1 ,~d1'5ii:x -tf-r ~~Wr~~ili:fHi-JJ ¥i.iJI.fjf O I n both cases ~iP]1!ifut~ ,I,B'!k~im-=f
*::t~,~"f4~ ili Ji&~" _t ,siil~**imtk:z~: EjJi.~Jc lxxJ 1£~ JWJ ffi llfxo/tfiHli!t-~ ,f4* ili mi~-mo/tfi~H
n
lilt 1£ ~ , il: f5C1J li* iJr f 1ir , IV-~ iflfi iJI: 1iff 1=. ye jJ
o =
c ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1m m; !fr¥* f'F ~ it~ z" i~,, 1lli ~ mk :E,m rr:iJ ~ z:x~ , ffi im ~ /\ ~ ~ 1J2J. * ~~ 1r-mr r:iJ@ a{J
=
J.i\Zxt 1Hi, {.§.*£fr l'sJ t/111; tff ft~ a~"~ iA ~ "~~, 1I~*~ ~ we need a rebalancing of power f!J:J :ti!M: ~
'1k m1f41iJf x ~ B'-J 1f. M: tt ¥ , gf3 ~,mt&# '1i i rt s"J gf3 xt 1tc. 111" , -t11 ~ ~~ mi ~t ti~ , ~ iffil ~ ~ oo fl :ct . rm£~ xt
n
fr~ u1: fr 1W ltf 121ti , lilt 1£ ~ , ~o .ll:t ~~~._IE tt ;iJ t4 ~ 'ix M
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30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific *
30. 7' 91J PJ1PYi f4 ~ tH #JHI it ft-J ¥.HiE?
publishing model?
m{ ~
[AJ Trial subscription is offered. [ A J ii\ ffl iT IJL€
[BJ Labour triumphs over status. [BJ JJZ9J ttJtt 7 H~tif!{iL
*
[ CJ Costs are well controlled. [ c J nx; 1~ JU 7 1tUH"J t:t tL
[DJ The few feed on the many. [DJ Y~f&#~~rm 'fe:.Mttjc
[ffi;l:@'.f.rr] *~CD~t~ tl1, (f;x. * ~ f4~*)1i tl192.Jf JJ * ~J , fmWil!ke~5t!JM s'-JtP¾~tufr~B'-JYtt*
0 PJ ' EB .lit P]" ~ 'f4$ ili mi~ 9=1 'y tt ( 0 PJ) IV-~~ ( f-4 $ B'-J ~ ~ ~ qJ) 71 it 'M. rm Ji:_ }Wk tr* [DJ iE ~m
0 0
[ ~ ~ ~ ~ J 7-fs: ~ ~ ~ Mriiitm ~ " f4 ~ tl1 mi fj A" B"J ~ ,~ 'iE ~ J]n ¾ xt ~-t ~CD~ B'-J ,g-JJI! * 1l;t fi5
* lt-* * 0
c A J ~ x :x.. ~ r1 , x 3f ~ en t~ i±l n ~ i±l Jt& lf l!J ,t & # ¥ oo ~ 'it s"J ~ Pri iT r~ ~ ~ ~ *'J , ~
Ji51rffi ~fij !±lJJlis~-@*fiw i±l Jt&ffi::ct ,~¾~~~ ,~¾~rll~~Fi ,& rm£1Jnif4~g,_t1rff.! m ,#-*mEt.
"itffliTlnJ(Trial subscription)";[B]~-=fffi-1::;~1§~ labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of
status,f§.tt1iJiJl~f4$*~ r~~YJ,, 9. §~ffi JJZ9J*~1lkf±~t-t!?,{ir, im~~;lt:~qJ ~~Jtt TU~±fu{il; [CJ AA 1N
~/,~@~, tt:~t~ ili "iBXll~Jt c& P nx;:;zfs:)";(:Et#J:~tt:ho, fm~~" nx;:;zfs:1~ilJ T1iM-B"Jt:ttiJ"
o
[~~~MJ *M%~~~M,'!k~$§'*~M,~~xtx•~m~reWoJ.i\Z1±ffiWx•~§'~~um
i--,£t15-Jl.ft P-J ?iI-:tif§JEiEiJ§~~ 83 x•fij /, ~PJ ~, *x §' ;(:Ettt11Jn~ ili Jt&~~5tiJfJA~15-J~, ffi-t
0
~§ 'ti]~ J3t ,@,te '1[ % f-4 $ ili ,If&~ labour is provided free ... while huge profits are made by a few big
firms, 129 Jlt[D]~X-3:: §'-~, _§_ 7-J xtffi-t ~CD~ a'-J ll1iiff tifi * 5 o [AJ Ht! ift¥X 5l; [BJ~ [CJ~ 71 iE ffiil
1ft , ~ 1115-x •" tit if f-4 ~ ili AA~ 83 Y ~ § '3k ~ ~ , 5tiJ ffl f4 ?iJf nx; ill t& ~ llJ" s'-J ·~ ~ ~ N o
*Xm; § The Boston GLobe«rlt±4l.Y!li1'3*:tlD2019. 08. 05 x• Corporate gender quotas reinforce
privilegeC:ii$~·tiJJ'JWc~iMs!i1t~tx) ~J!-~ ~ffi! El"Jttt~ffi!x•, f'F ~t~ JL' xm,~ 71, ~ 00 ~ 1+1 ~~
o
mi5l~"ii$~·t1:J3iJWct:mtiJ"1i1i¾-¥Pmtha~m1i1~% :ilt!~1t®A @I~~'.% ~M-, ilill~t~tx~51:
~-=~
m
~, iflxWJ.-=f-iftim.Y:'11 xft~f*ML ~ ~~ 1.1£
itt .IJ1. ~ , & rm~ si 1-t !f.3: But all too oft en Call too of ten i! ffl ~ rm 7'J used to say that something sad or
annoying happens too muc 0 h) ~, ili "1it fir El"1 ( ~ B!.) 'ti*"'_§_ @l m _ t kiJ often' ft~~ _t *~ff fiu z. ~
~m rm*s-tE~ O
insincere(~~ iffe: s{J, Em1JJ B"J), virtue-signalingCmtlfi%, ili-=f"i!§.>Jtf±~:1:-tl!1iz~ El JE." § El"1
"Jil1~ ili Et9mtifr7'J~fo ~) ~ ~£ rot51..1t:ii fl=:1'rxt" ~¥F·t1:m~ cs uch policies= diversity mandates) "si
?.!~ Et9 ~ iA IP] : ff ff .R ¾ m: fh s'-J , ~ ~ ~ ~ fff'J 5i: 1'r fl l!J Et9 ill tl 1i % o 5i: itf M.1D :it! rm V.J xt t~ benefits only the
most privileged Vs does little to help average people)i:E,W.Jlt~~~Et9Em1JJ,7C51~,~~~1~1-t&o
( ~ &. M il] 1§ ~ ~ Progressives often support diversity mandates ... But all too often such
policies ... :*nx;"tJ1"ffi- ttt~"~t1J, i! 51..£,~ 1£Fo c~ x::t I§'), rm if atflfi 1* ~-=* c~ ffi~ *° ;;$:X fl=:
1'r ) x_m -~ Etft".$ 1+1 ") ~ ix. Ji ~ A ·
state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro
~~~~~iil~~~R*~#XX·~~~
Tempore® Patricia Haddad, to en ure 'gender parity®"
f}f J * J. .~at.i pfJ~ ~ 1±-~~1%.~~ .Vl ½" 1 ti1J1J-t•"
on boards and commi sions, provide a case in point.
~ ~ 1t.k - /i'-•t¼ ii1f -fftl
III O Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more 0
r,¼J!1.t::fp~1j $;$Jr?Jr*·~ ~ )',;J ~~ ,~ii
than half the state-government boards are less than 40
percent female. 8 In orcler to ensure that elite women - } =¥- < ~ ] :J+ 4 l ~ * Jt - t ~ 4- * J ~ i½ fi ' l t ~ * ~ ·~ L ±A J ~ Ji ~ 1$J ~ ~ ½ .ftl , ~ 40 m % • o
have more such opportunities, they ha e proposed iil~~~Jtt£•~o~~~~~*•~ca*
* ~,
imposing government quotas . @) If the bills become
~ii) A}<] JJ~ ~ Jtl 2022 Jf-, ii ,·I·]~~ Ji
law, state boards and co ·11 be required to
½~;i&:,l-* ~ l;t! 50% ~ }$1,i~-k•fio
set aside 50 percent of board seat ror women by 2022.
26C~::¥ ):t~~ff ~ij~}Htf :~::i .:/
CDsponsor [1spnnsaJ v. {liH>l,tJH:C1!~~) ~) e ~~m~c
@Speaker Pro Tempore 11fuati-5l-K ~ CDa case in pointCmf9tl ,f9tliiD
®parity ['prerati] n. OJUUJr~~:i&{.ll)f~ ,x,f~ ~ @set aside( \j ili)
@quota [1kwauta] n. Wet§! ,JE.Wf ~)
:~::i,:/
1::~::jjijffif
*
=, =
ffi ¥i {§lj i*. ~Jj II~~ '1'1 f~ ~ fl , # ~J] iv~~ lt II f* ~?~~*¥ti~ fl a{] l~ ~ O
m = tst sl 1'.~1*~19 1 1: m~ l'I §1 tE~f*®:Jr.f fJH! ~"·~§JIJ-¥~"atl jijjlvif!~ o ~ ~i.ffi: A pair of bi11s
~* 1iJ-=f~1*~ A pair of bills ... provide a case in point mt±:M _t~l¥]ftliiE;sponsored by. .. iJt.~r! 0 ~ ~
.&Yr ffGi 1'M; to ensure" gender parity" on boards and commissions iJt. ~ r! ~ ~ JL' pg'$,~ ,li}B diversity
mandates/ such policies Efr1~:* ~ )>(] ("~ ffi.-® :tfm tJ] 'l:i J.lU {,Im Ji!,, ,lifij-f* tHU f-~" 1¥J "1Jff 1?-/~ ~ ( l\!P: diversity 1~
"'tt J.!Ll '~ ~ ~ l¥J $ ~ ·tt" ' {_§_ 1~ PJ §~*-ff" ti JJLl $ ~ ·tt")
= 0
ffi $s!A1* * 1)- tg ~ !Jil'li! ~ o ~ tiliffi: imposing government quotas 0
CD 1:iJ ft tl:J 51 tf :X.f (fJ TR* : J.tl !1'1'1 ~ ~ ®: ~ ~ ~ ~ i:p -J;r: 'Ii i!i' tt flt T 40 % ~ f x;f more than h*alf , less
r r 0
than 40 percent 8 ~~ff! fi ~ frJ t!l-i@ 'If ID "-!x ti: y ~ tt" o }! ; EE l1t &11¥1 concerned $1 J11Yf tt ~
insincere form of virtue-signaling 1¥J "m{~"~~, ii"Jc~:mz~ 1/r fil5l. worried about sth"t1Hft 1¥J, 1*~ 1¥1" ( tel
$ '/f ~), n'ff ¾:mz:!Jj-S(J_w believing that sth is important"*-.{,, 1¥J, :Jeff El'9 " ( ,J;B xf i:f:1 'tt)
o
~1iJ1riBfi*~§atJbZ.ifttl:iatJffl-nfil In order to ... they have proposed ... ~-li.fij"§fi-- -=f~"*
-* 0
:ensure that elite women have more such opportunities @1$__t~ ensure "gender parity" on boards and
commissions, :llt-tf; ~ -li}B r!~ § 1¥J: -lifff 1*£ $-!;('ti:iltA ~ 1n.-® o imposing government quotas( impose ~
jg"slil. tJ 1/;;fr") :m t±l Jlf**m:: slil. tJ 1/;;fr ~F&Wc~ 1M
o
® 1il aJ1 iiJl! it*~ ,µt;: i~ ~ 5 o percent, by 2 o 2 2 l~HJHJH Er9 We tffi .& Ji 1* Er9 st l'aJ {;~OJ,\lJEdM ·tt :1;JQ. JE : JU 2 o2 2
0
~ .~~~ ff-t ~~~1f 50 % El'9 frt{iz \¥l ~:Y:tL If the bills become law iJl~1*~ ~fiI~~: rbJ *~:fijjmjj:m;
'11*tJQ.
0 ~-=,=~~
[~ffiM~l A pair of bills ... provide a case in point 'JI ilixiftt~1¥JJl1*1ff!H.iE,$tE1.i.AJ1U~
M1 * l,!\l -Wtl iiE *-.*:CD ensure "gender parity", ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, impose
government quotas i3t.~1t ~ diversity mandates($1$'ti:J'~4r") P-JYi: 5.¥. 1fflj (~ ff-t ~)1/;;fi·ti§J1Jffctfff 1fflj El'9 i!&J&1~
4r";@ boards and commissions, the state-government boards, state boards and commissions ~ .& elite women A'f
M§~ benefits only the most privileged,iJt.~$~'1:H~1?-1*1frx;f~:ffl~A±/:&llHHX~ o
>)jil-:;ef(~}:/
31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis 31. f'I= ~ iA ;J:; :x1J ~ Wr 1=i ~ ~ ~~ tfi ill atJ jijj Ivi it
and Haddad will ~~~
-- --
[AJ help little to reduce gender bias c A J xt ~ Y 't1: JJIJ 1ma .m x mr J:
[BJ pose a threat to the state government [BJ xHM ~JM¾J $:.WZH!JJ
[CJ raise women's position in politics [ C] tlt ~ 31: 'tt :(£ i!& JI\!-El'9 :ttg 1iz
[DJ greatly broaden career options [ D] :k ::fdfi ~ !fR ~ ~ ~
[ffiti~ffz:J :zls:¾fil~:m=t$~xtWJr.w~fM#i~Er9~1!, PJJE{v.~~= ,.=~, '&.lJn~r.w7*~~1£-u.fH1*~
~ ffi. fi 9=11¥J "'tt J.11J-+ ~" c~ P : ~ Y ,11: JJI*J 1Jiiu, m ) rm WIT r_m r! ~ jg x1 tt ~ @-iiJ 1t ~* x l ,~ " 11t ~ ~ ~ tl: tt ¾-#
0
~ fh 1¥1 it! ti f~ % , {5l ~ ;f!J r ii~ ti tX tJJ 3G ~ r tfl-Jil A" s~ f§tl i.iE i:iJ" Ji!, 1t iA jg , r! ~ Jt-~ r.i~ ~o 'it~ A
o
§r1f~:J;'·ti§JLlffi.!7l, [A]iE-li.i
o
[~~MW] i£-lifijr_w[AJ~ittt~t$~x1Jlt~i!&~a'-JW11r:&1f~QJ~J,mf~,1fE:itt0f~'@I-Ca path
to equality and a way to level the playing field) ,1J;;JJ!IJ1.£1HIJ-=f::&i~ft,tX~ ,¾!JXWJ-=fif:ij_A(benefits only
27the most pri,-ileged and does little to help average people) o
[B]JAffi=~"1!~ l§':t£iiifl1*t:i:JJ!J+~"~offi =: fJtCD1iJ"v-M ~Jff ~ ffJ. ¾ 9=3-!x'ti}JlffJ. 8Jl lffi.:Y r ~'ti".±
x.mttili "?!~xtv'M i&mtiJnx:~n!lJ" ,{fix~ **1Jf£El.ut 12s1 **lli o ccJ£r'mtt,~,tt, Ei3 ffi =: N@1iJYrJ£
¥!~ rJ;J ~"~:1tv-M rJ;J~~~ in~ \¥l ili 50 % ~Jft1iz~-Jxtl:":i:1octt®r ili-Jxti:t±i&!fl. ~ :tt!?.{iI.*1-~il!~ [DJ
0
*1-ffi =: N @1iJ ensure that elite women have more such opportunitiesC:uifl1*ffi~-Jx'ti~£$ifJL¾:itLA~WJ
~ ffJ. ¾) HEfilit~"jcjcffi% TA 1fJ s"Jlf_g~mtf" o
[~~~~J *B~~~~f'F~~~,~~~¼~~*-*om@!lc9:t£r•*~ffi= ,=:N$~¾~
~-~~,12-~19uiiE,Jt.N1¥1~-&~~f'F~x_m,12-::5'crn~-=~ A pair of bills ... provide a case in point PI
*lj
~ 19tliiE!R*, t!fr IE iiifl r_m ~ f*:£.W.ffi-~f'F ~ .:E !£0.½1.iL -W-1!Hf ffi-N Progressives often support ... But
all too often such policies ... *1-f~L!l )t~"CD1iJ 11'-~ 1-tBAxYl,1~ ,@1iJ ft~f VJ&~", ur-tHJn 5E .iE iiifl r,m m
~ @1iJt§Z~L ~J§"~%-:m;Jffi-~@1iJt§$3t:[A]h(;ip little to reduce gender bias~ does little to help average
people ill S(, ~ iE iiJPffi-; [BJ, [CJ, [D]H:; f;tn.W.t!~ B"J 5£ ::kft ffl, ~ 1l~x-9l,~ ~ !§, "i:iJ t-1~~ o
N O The bills are similar · to a measure recently J:.j!_ *~~/JP ~·J•j ~ jl[ i! :ii_ a'-J - ~ ;}tr
adopted in California, which last year became the first state
~~~o ~~.~fflA~T~~~+~~
to require gender quotas for private companies. @In signing ~¼iff~M~-~~m o 4·~~~
* ,~
the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted at , }Jri fl·] 1-1·] -2. • ;;ffi" tJJ 1J-<. -i-A , :it ~ ik ~
that the law, which expresslyCD classifies people on the basis a}] ,p_ffl ;J:tt -i%-,t1. ~1J 4 * ?f A . 1i1 ~ ~ , ,1ll Pf ~E. ii %. o
of sex, is probably unconstitutionaI0 . ~ ~ ~ ~ FJt ~ ~ A £--t-,t± ~1J #J ~
V O The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based •~ o, ~ ~P ~ ~ 1 M- t:k: " -t" *-" Ji Jit_ ;t1J A 1oJ
classifications unless they are designed to address an "important"
~~~ffl~:it~*~~rn~~~~
policy interest. 8 Because the California law applies to all
~•½.~½~~~~~~~~~~m~
boards, even where there is no history of priorCD
a'-J~·½,ftJr YA *»Ull PJ"1it½~.it. j~*~
discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law
i!_&__ 1"-'t-1f1*-.;ff"~-%.*1*-Ffo
violates@ the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
:::~::{$jti~t~i~if~i1Hif :~::: ,:/
CDexpressly [1k1spresli] ad. fJJHftl:l:ih, i'iJc~±-th ~ @violate [1var8ilert] v. :G'!Bz.
@unconstitutional [ 11\l1kanst1 1 tju:f, m8l] a. ffi W% 1¼ E8 ~ e i£~!1Wc
® prior [ 1p ra18] a. 16 ITTi 139 , $x -'f!-139 ~) (Dfrown on(:f:~ ml)
I- --•- --i-i--~--1--H---·-J--r-- -•-- -: ,~ -
-----. ------------. ----. -; ..
~ ~ , Ji~ ti. no PM 51AA11J 1§1J , 1m ~lit~ i& ffi a{] .g-~ ·Ii o
ffi [9 ¥i 51 lli 1Jll 9~115tdJHHIHf:l ~5! iJ\! Rf ft~~~ o *iii~: CD a measure;@probably unconstitutionalo
CD~ 5 I lli iJll tM ii iJ\! a The bills are similar to ... 5 I ili _!::j Jff v+I 1! ~ ~ 11;.1, Er-1 ffi nfil I Jj - r_w $ ~ tt t~ ~ :1JO
1'M~ilr:ti:i18'-J- r.mm,nfii:Ca measure recently adopted in California) o require gender quotas i,Jl13Jl:1JD1'Mffinfft
~ ,!f,fU'M M: ~*J.mt§ IP]: ~>Jt~nlff 'Ii Jllj W~i]L for private companies ;fl] 1W X *sta te-government boards xt !:t,
-f;,to.m-=~tt xt .xt~~ IP]: Md+!¥!~ tt .xti&m ~in~;: iJo flHl!-nMt xtfb¾Ji ~ o adopted, which last year
became the first tate ... ,~a,ij-=~35- ~ '*i~*: ~IJ~ 'p *:f[f* J§~E ~Jilj;Jifi-t}td!e.
0
@~1i~H;~Z r:l ffit±U!~Af~):i[~ 1Ur~ n ·gning the mea ure ... admitted that ... l-2H¥~
1 0
~ ft f/r ili : ffi nlff li 1~ l2J, ~ ~, f§_ A~ 1~ "i:iJ ~~:ii% ( uncon titutional :ffi: 7J ":ii & ~ M: ITT, :ii & ~~ITT")
0
which,M.1i],~~W.:!29 :'E~~±tg~) fl11!H@ttJ}IJ)t~ (expre 1., clas ifie: people on th*e b asis of sex)o
~ Ji fi i1r - iv a.F.1 iiifl no PM 51 i.m A 1* :ffi ~ z ~ : : ffi & ".!fl-~ f* ~p II i& - ~ i=Ji: f* ~ 0 it lffl : violates the
constitutional guarantee of "equal protection"
0
CD~ tff_j t; a.F.1 iifo ~~ii~$~ ( ~ f=! a{] Ni ff~) "!Iii 1.u:: ~ ~ px; ~ T 'Ii ~IJ a{]~ ~o sex-based
28classifications ~ 3:Jll,~ [Q ~ CZ) 1D expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, 1§' fPl ":fJD :J+I t! ;;] (IV.,& Jt 1fil ~
1W,~*)"; frowns onCx.J-· .. ·*··§ 1}*§ , ~~ Ji\t) ~fiffJ~~ * t !~xifJt~N; unless. .. t~ Jttfffeu, iJl~ ~~t! ~:#
~r-- JJ tJJ , ~ ¾ 7'1 T ffi ~ £ ®: f1J ~ laJ £fil , -tl1 ft iq: tt 351J 5t ~
o
@1:iJ ~ -=f(})1:iJ, ti tl:i 51Ji! ~I~~~~ '.iE no ~N 51 iJ\! ~ & 7 "1¥-~ ~ tP ":iZ - 3t 51 ~~lo because JA kiJ VJ
applies to all boards, even where. .. 5_¥-iJ~l j]Q :HI iL rt iffi *(riJ Yr~ ii$~ , _fl :::f ~ ~ ii~ ·11: Jjlj 11:i t,W. B'-J JJj !£
(discrimination ~ 1l ~ t~ "tUtJ .tl:i t.W.") , ~p : fU.$-J] tJ] 'Ii §Jtj 5t ?R , _fl.# ~r- ¾ jJ T fffHk.: :I: --Jc®:* ftj ~ la]
£fil courts are likely to rule that ... c r ule ;~ jJ"~~, iu ~") ~r __t~":&i ~rt ~t~1iz" iv, 1k "1Jo 1+1r t i1 ·11:
o
11ft" ,fijffi-~ttR!PJ·i~1~ili B'-J#=tH:JL violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection". jif~~JHJtfJD:HI
¥t; tt PJ iE :ii&. s'-J Jf it 1k § : .. 1¥-~ 1Jt?= 1? "J! - Jc: tt 1* ll! o
[ i~ ffi: fl~ l~ 1211 , n ~ EE fir X s<:1 •• !ff HI rt~"~ A~ z ti 11ft t§ 1gJ, s'-J ·· 1Jo :NI it t]" , .ffi ,R 1t ti*. ~ JJo 1J-M rt
t]PJ~~:ii%, ~JJ!UittiE.tlt~~r'l1:JJU5t~B'-Jt!r~/t!~t~:ii&. T 5¥-~~1?~-%t!~rst N~* it 3:PJ
o
z~
~.tlt~if&:*:::f PJfi :]JJ(*~ffl-ftii (ri}f~ ,05f ,1.§.~~i__t § ~t~ti PJi~:iiN T"JJZ-~~1?" ]JJ(JJ!tJ ,~
#=IJ :ii%
0
32. Which of the following is true of the California measure? 32. ~.1 7' PJW I.w * -r JJa ~N m 0 0! ag iR. i!: .IE~?
[AJ It has irritated private business owners. c A J -tit~ T fkg 1bit m ~ ire
[BJ It is welcomed by the Supreme Court. [BJ ~ 1i JU T ~ ~ r¾ ~ 1¥1 .3t t~L
[CJ It may go against the Constitution. [ CJ ~"fiJ ~~:ii& T %rt
o
[DJ It will settle the prior controversies. [DJ 't fifliHk: 1c fir~ i5L
*miiiJ
[ffi ii '.iE fu:] EE £fil-=f the California measure 5:£ 1iz~~ 1211, n~ ~ 1211 ~(Z)kiJt~ lli , 1+1-ff ifd)dJD
o
v-Mtf:rtitff.q~ PJ-j~Ji% ffin~t~ te:flt~tt;~"fiJj~~JEB:iili."-¥~1*t?":i!-%r¾~~l ~lllt[CJIE~
o o o
[ "tr;~ - W] [ CJ It may go against the Constitution fl~ ffi 12Y 3: CZ) 11] the law. .. is probably
unconstitutional .&ffi n3:@1D likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of. ..
o
[Mxtffi~mCD1DM~m~=~*Rffiili~fflffi~xt~11::-iliTI$fi~~~~El'-J~*'**ffiili~
r~ ~ T fL 11:: m ~ ~ [BJ :ii~ ffi n 3: CD1D "~ ~ t! ~~~Ht c: ho 1+1 t! tl ~ #) ~ r ,11 ~ 1 1 a ~ 5t ~" rv. »..@ kiJ "rt
0
Mq~P]'fi~~#=IJ~1JD1+1t!t..fil:ii%" [DJ#Jffin.~@11] California law applies to all boards ... prior discrimination
o
cta1+1 r¾J;..mmm r-e1~r9:~ 11_H: lffi 1:1:E pg 8'-Jm~li$~) BE~ 1J"to:J+1 r¾J;.m#t~fnH:k:16rru m~ i=i-i5l" *
o
[ :ti !5 ,~, ~ J * £fil g)t ffi l2Y ' 1i ~ iti B ITT "1JD fl-I }! rJ\1 "iP 1M $ ~ fffi -=p-£fil ~ £fil I[J ~ jJ : ~ ftj ffl R1f -=p- m w J
O
liffJ.JE*ffi 1JJ ,NflJffl ~Jff!!:R:.ttiiiJ5tJJIJ.JE 1iz, ttxt: it J'ct!Rffl~-=f :t:.ttiiu the California law JE 1iz~ffi [Q, n
~; lliFo ¥-J-[Q-1':izPff! )tjjlj JE 1iz ttxf: [AJprivate business owners ~ffi 1211 ~ (1)15] private companies XiJ ~, 1.§.
m»..,
irritated xM1~~; [BJ the Supreme Court ffi n~CD(Z)kiJ :HJ 1:§. is welcomed~ JJ¥-x frowns on, rule
that the law violates ... 1*:i:.W.1¥1 N:x-t~JJt1!H1; [ CJ the Constitution xt mffi l2Y ~®kiJ unconstitutional .&ffi
n~@rp] constitutional,_§_ may go against ~ unconstitutional, violates the constitutional guarantee ... 1~
m
)@,-~;[DJ prior ,':fj JJ\1 rffi n~CV kiJ , 1.§. JJ¥-x jJ prior discrimination,#* 1k prior controversies t!HiffJ
o
~[CJiEliffJ
o
::11m1R :xtr$~fm-=p-R.filiJ1.r.0rilic" ± ~ 1J £" ,~~ ± l§'fF1J1U ~~rJ IEi~ s{JtiR, IE:uf@rm*$'1f%
~**~-iJJ
"F ~~~1t± ,~~1Hii~jJ~1t± ~ jo*~iEiJorJ[cJ~1Jffi im ,n~± g?
o
........................ -........ -.......... --. -............... -............ ----. -. -... --......... -. -.. -.... -...................... ~ . -.. ---. -. -....... -.... -----..... --. -.. --.. --*. -. - -
V[ 0 But are such government mandates even 1 !li!~.fa.fi11111"~~4'-y{_~Jl-~,Jl-.l-?
necessary? 8 Female participation on corporate boards may ,ti~/~ ,;J ~ 'f ½ o/ a-f] ~~ 1ft ~ #r Pf 1iE. ~.&.
not currently mirror(i) the percentage of women in the general ~-:k-•ti~ ,t,A. o/ al.] J; tt., 1.!HJ~ 5l ,'t.t..f?
0 *
population, but so what? )~~a )11--f-fffi '/~a]~*½ o/ {1-J
W OThe number of women on corporate boards has been
29steadily increasing without government interference®.
~A-~-~~#~-~~~ o ~
8According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the Cata*ly st ~/~ - ;i:gi liJf 1r., 2010 ~ 2015 Jf-
share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by fal , ~ aJ -f: -:f ¾ Tf ~ ½ •t± J;:t. 1f1J ~
54 percent. j;rij 54% 0
::I
~::~: )~:{(jij~ijiifHH :~::j
S) @interference [1mta 1 f1arans] n. T~, -=fr.ITT
1::~::{~ijfH~::~::j,J
ffi /, ,-t,E9:ttii tB ®:R'f tt-.J ~~·11t~~tf 7C ~11@~,~
0
ffi ~ ,E9:fJ]~* ~JH'f:~5l.m,~: ~ ~·11t~~tf 7C ~ 11@~,~ o *ihru :tJ: CDeven necessary; ~so whato
(D-ti] ]Hi i~ ~: ~ *-$ l¥J ®: Rt i,m ~*jg~ Jt ~' ~? such government mandates Pf JE. § ~ diversity
mandates ,~ffi~=, =: ~8"1JfffM ~~ IV-lk~ Im, E.~ B"*11JD , fM ~:1;.*W.o But, even( even lit~~ 1J ";l! ~ QJ !V
ii , !l iii@ tJJ ITT ii") 5 I 1jj:_ ii JW i1 iP' : 1r £L iNJ. ~ii-% l'oJ ~ ~ ~ 1fJ ~ m -1-£-Jg~ 21s: ITT l'oJ ~ -B ffJ ¾
B Jl:1f &:,~ ?
~'A] & icJ f'I=~: #~ ~'~ o 1J] pg IV- but% jj_x;i,ltp-~tfi, 1W *1JJ :$'cif( ~®.:Jfiiff!J JE~*.ff B'9 $ ~: fr.'li
I*~ r )(
::(:E,0p_J 9:1 B'9 ~* E j $ ( Female participation Ej the percentage of women Iii] 51.. , 1§' [P] less than
40 % ) "i:iJ fm ~ fi.i 1iJfl ~ & 1!1k: ,ti, A Cl 9:113'-J -!x ti:~ 1-t ct he percentage of women in the general population 1§'-!x
s~ *1:iJ
'Ii::(£ ,ti, A Cl 9=11lili 1/2 i5 tt.), &P: §film$~ 9:1-!xtl:r!H~ i5 ¥0 1/2 J§" ft~ IV- but so what? sii!~
o
&l'oJ :{.Ell3~Y-..~¥-f? * *•
ffi -t ,E9: ill rm m s I~ Jf 9t'. ~ ti tt=i l:i:I : ~P it 5i ~ ®: Kf .,: ffi , ii$~ 9:J l¥.l ·11 ~t f§1J ttz i'f ~ ~ m :t Jn o iru :
steadily increasing without government interference 0 *
CD*-tiJ tJ. IJ\! ~'Ii% i.~ ~JJ :fJ iPI ®: !ff T ffi ~ ~' ~ o has been steadily increasing CJ .ffi ;(£ jc nx; ut fr st ssl iffiJ "q~
B1 fa] L2..l 1}j:_ ~ ITT$~"; steadily &;t {# :E.W. tf ;JO ~ii JJt B'9 ~ IE '11, X 1* :E_!M B1 l'aJ ITT }is~ 'Ii) , without government
r
interference ~ ~1*:E,IB ~fiJ~~"1i$~ 4i fr.'liA~:(:Et9:1f ®.:Jff-=ffm ITT'ti6l B 1±1#tJOU10", ftl3 iif@..t~ but
so what? m:t~: £Mf.m::(:EYr!J!J'l1,f.§j~-'1f%qi QJ§~~ § P&?13tC ep: ®.:Jff-=ffmjc~::f &,~)
o
@-ti]f15l~J,@3!i:~(D-tiJ0 the share of women on the boards 1§'{'tCD'i:iJB'-J The number of women on
cor*po rate bo*ard, s ; between *201 0 and 2015,increased by 54 percent @lf.i)Z has been steadily increasing,~l:_ffi
tf ~ii JJt z M= ~ at faJ z
o
[ ~ m M ~ 1 ffi 1\ , -t ~ 11-1-~ ~ 1f3c-* ITT m1 *, Fz¾ Fz¾ Ji u.l: *- ftl3 fF ~ %\1. -~ "®.: Jff B"J $ ¥-f '!11~ ~ Jf: 3G ~
* n& &,~" :ffi1\~CD1iJ~l'PJ-ffi1\~@1JJ L2..l & l'oJ ~ ili-NJE@l ~ - ffi-t ~u.l: rmii~ B 1f -~, ~JHfflffi
~@ 1iJ xW. ,i~L
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to
33. i'l=~r.Ui. Catalyst a{Jijf 9E~;f;.Jt*.PJ3 __ o
illustrate
--
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision - A m $ -~ mJtr tk: Ifi 13'-J te: ~
[BJ the importance of constitutional guarantees BJ %~1*1!!13'-J:ffi:~'11:
[CJ the pressure on women in global corporations [CJ ~ 00 0 P.} 4i jz:,11: ff(~ ITT ffi .1J
[DJ the needlessness of government interventions [DJ ~ Jff ffms/,J::f &,~ 'Ii
[ffi ti~ ill] iflHUlFF.:kmffeJ the study by Catalyst 5E 1il ¥ ffi-t ~ it~ CD-tJ m t i:\ : 1)ttf i!&Jff-=f rm,
o
11::~ii*-~ ~ B"1-!x'i1:A~-ti1-1i::(:Et~~:it:~no * c ~P ~m-=f ffl:Jt~&,~) o @-'i:iJt§' t1:11iJfJ?:~m1: ~ oo 0P.J-!x
I$A ~ r 2010 ~ 2015 !cf !'a] Jm.~t~* WIT 1:i]PJ ~ '(2)1:i] ~1:E IV-~fflitiiECD-tJx.IB,~ '[DJj:£ iiifl
0 0
30[ lfri JU¥ WJ ~ T + iE ."fifB JN [D] iE-1ifHtlJ.li~ -I:; ~CD®-1:iJ 8'9 "it, g -itffl" * -* , g overnment interventions IA]
5(~~ government interferenceo
[A]~§ ffi J\.~CD1U less experienced private sector boards,{_§_§ 5ti~1:i] Jf~~ Catalyst 1i}f Jl ~ JJ\1 a'~ iB
iiEM~, ~ fJZ :if$~~ 1Ji ~ )E -=I= Ii$~ it~ tR= ~ o [BJ~ § ffi Ji~@ 1:iJ violates the constitutional
guarantee,1El 1t5'6~¾:t£-ill.~":iJO fr! 'ttJJtlWciJif/itlt!t_m A]"j~*%"mf~~"%7*~ IIf 8'9 £ ~,tt", ~ J'/-.llt1:iJ H-~~
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Catalyst 8'9 Wf J-Em ~ f.$ 8'9 it ,g; [ CJ .ftl ffl ~ /\ , -I:;~ q::i 8'9 women, global corporations ~ if lJn ~ fi5 ~
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·--·--------------------·-····························· -----·························----------------······-----------········--------···-------··----·-·-----·---·------·--··-···-
VIII ORequiring companies to make gender the primary
~ .,j-l¾ a] 4f•ri jj1J tf: jJ :IJl1 A •• ½ a'-]
qualification~
~ ------------------------- ,
···-·····················; .
m
34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender 34 .. IB~tf ~ IE IE l*J ~ fi!i:~ ~ 'ti}}U
quota has led to ffic~tu c-@3&
- - 0
[AJ the underestimation of elite women's role [ A J xt ffi ~ 3l:" tt ft ffl s'-J 11:£1"i!i
[BJ the objection to female participation on boards [BJ xt-JJ:.'11:1JDA1i$%B"J ffe.xt
[CJ the entry of unqualified candidates into the board [CJ 7fit:t~ B'911*mA1Jo AI$ ~
a ~tomu
[DJ the growing tension between labour and management [DJ ,J.jI.1=j~i.1~faJ* ~
[*wtl~{U:] EEllFf:*miA] 1orway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota JEfft~ffiA~o
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I O Last Thursday, the French Senate
tax on large multinationals® that provide digital services to
•~•~a~~*~~~~~~~-~
consumers or users in France. f) Digital services include ¼~«fot~a~~-~~J:.-&~
everything from providing a platform for selling goods and •~••~~~~~mrt•&~tt*
serv.ices online to targeting advertising based on user data, r
% Jt Hr -1' ~ , .1l:l:. ~ Jll ~ a'-J ,it,~ ji ~ ~tJl*i
and the tax applies to gross revenue© from such services.
A«~~~o*f*&;l4~A±~4~
8 Many French politicians and media outlets have referred J:Ji.
;ft-i!_ ~ Jll~« )9 "GAFA «"'~I~
to this as a "GAF A tax," meaning that it is designed to
.,t,ie{r-J-tl~ mi t1--l-¾~~,JF*-,~~
apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, ~ 3Q. 11i i& ~ ¾ ~ , #c 1,- z, ,t. ~ 1± r ~ ~
Face book and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech
companies based in the United States. ~ ~ 00 # ~VA'-~ o
--···-·-······-------········----------------- -----··------·--·---------············----------------------------------······---------·········------ ----------------· .. ······------
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CDSenate ['senat] n. (~l!U!OO~OOi-~~B'-J) ~i,~~ ~ e t~!!!J:tiillit'.
® impose [rm1pauz] v. rlfi, 5.i iti ~fi ~ CD media outlet :4tf*; :4t1r-.ill.1. %-
®multinational [,m.i\lti1meJna1J n. ~000r-¥J ~~ ®refer to :mtU d~.¥U
@revenue [1revanju:] n. 4)(.A ~)
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:tJ ffi-$*, 51 t±i "i!OO~*nll~~ i!~"#fl-~~ X f*1 ~ ,j.f ~ ,ittfi».~P!al o
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~ ft~~ ~ 1¥.J .Ji,f::.$: pg 3 .& ~ tft o ~ fm iil1 A : CD an entirely new tax; (Z)apply primarily to 0
CD1ilsl lli;!00l!r*~i$~ ;!~o 1JJ pg~ JJ ~~Bl.,i!~
~)'\impose"ttfi ,*ffl cm~tJ/t) ,sU}jkfi 'ttltm a ciigi a1 ervices tax jk~mrtJ"~*~oc%mi!~" ;=,;t&ffl
entirely new ITTHIX~"}!OOz*ffiHiEi&~*~oc*{5t5tfPJ"JIJE19r~~~ µi]mj( 'BlJFJ§)(¥,f~~:i£ft~U[A]; ='
"* ».
;t& i@ on Fo x1 ~ large multinationals Jlj ltfi- f5t t! tt x,t ,x;j ~ 7.1 "-Jc ffi! ~ 00 ~ RJ " ; Im , ;t& ffl that .XE i! 'PJ ~
provide sth to sb ~sf1;J**IJ © r1iEmx.f~"x~~000R *'' . l"l¥J1t~'l1:mi: 1. m ~1 #~fRIHf ;2. H!HJ-x;f~:;ttH!-000~ o
(Z) 'A]~ ji'ij ff,lj flffi ~ ~ll $1¥.J Ji 1* pg fiig ' 1J{ J§ "Jf. ii< ffl 5! 1¥.J ~ bZ. [E include everything from ... to ... "~
~ 1# ~ .r. i~ ~:+El' iU ;ffi l'i ~ -Jj!f_, ~ 5c Yr 7G 1Q" ~ ~ ~ * ~ll ~ii~ 00 O , , ~ Y!U ~ 7R it m J i Uµi] m; ~ *-; g ross
34revenue(gross 1£1-J being the total amount of sth before anything is taken away" ,g, E8; =t EB") 1¼§1Ritm1iEL&¥
~ *5t iWi , PJ ff~~~ JY} 00 0 Pl w * m£ :v'HlL
@1iJiir-zvP,ijifft~~ fta9±~ttx-tx.f~o 1i]-=f1611 refer to A as B ~#J~"~*Hfl%&"~1*j;
"GAFA&" ,fr511 meaning that ~#J~:Pjfj"GAFA&".±~1iE4)(xt*¾~i:t"~,3F*,~-=f:5;fQSI[l:b~7J.±8'9-jc
ID!JY}OOf4tt0Pl ,m:fr5-M111ilUfr%fr5 in other words (used to introduce an explanation of sth "¥R:1iJ~iJkd1ff)t¾
iJt ;¥R: 1f z.").:/~HiEmx-t~Jtt-zv~BfJrj;~ OOJY§-OOf4tt 0Pl ,ffJtJJt~ oo~*Hfl%-fJt~ B'9 ;r-~m roJ "~ oo t-ttt e
~"Wcf&tft. .L is designed *to" §' ;(:£'\apply primarily to" ±~~J=Wf-"8 I& tt&~itxt'l1BsL § .tif.&71 ~ :tiifl o
[ 1 * ~ M ~ l - , ~ *. f4= 7f ~ , ffi ~ ~ x ± ~ ~ ~ : 1 f :I" 1i:J x 1--t st [BJ , ± f* , $14 , 71 • rut sl 3.m.itt: a
digital services tax-an entirely new tax-the tax-GAF A tax£ ?.~ fPHIHJl, 1s 5l. iJ] ~ ~:@Jtt, .bU&* Hoc%
m moor- :mm~
miU"GAFA" ,JAsiiftJtims)ftiff#ijf~}i/
36. The French Senate has passed a biH to __. 36. 5!~~i>l~iffii:17-19i" "a95i~o
- -
[AJ regulate digital services platforms [ AJ t] m ~ * Hfl %-¥-i:i'
[BJ protect French companies' interests [BJ 1* 1? #i: 00 0 ffi fU ~
[CJ impose a levy on tech multinationals c c J xt JY§-oo f4 tt 0 Pl 1iE m
[DJ curb the influence of advertising [DJ ~1ttlJ-'a-~U[A]jJ
*
c f fi ,1 ~ 11t J x tt 1iJ 1~ ili , ¥li; oo ~ i5l ~ ill! N-:c_m ~ * Boc % m ¥li; ~ . , ~4f roJ :tJ ¥li; oo ri!=i ~ ~ 1m P m: ~ ~
Bfl%8'9-jc~Il_i;f 000P] 1iE4)(-:CJft ~ffi/r& I/t, iif.[CJIE:fiifl o
· [$~M~J1HJP.W[CJimpose a levy,tech multinationals ::B-J11JfPJ5l.i;J[~j(gt1i)q:i impose an entirely
new tax,multinationals that provide digital serviceso
rm* ,
[ AJ 5flj ffi ® 1iJ ffi-::B-1i:J q:t W )t {~ ,~, Digital services, platform ?fe :ri f.§. ti$ 71 ~ tf ~ff~ 5¥ JJ!l :%-,m
~~* 4t"~*Hfl%-"aJi;fjf,;:i:-Jl~~;fJil* ~ ¼~ ,ilr~ iif ~~~
*
the tax discriminates® against American companies, which
~ 1k ~ ~ 00 ~ ;#1 ~ ~ 1/itJ ~
i~_~ l1~_1: _~ ?_11;?. }_e~?. __ t ~ Y~?.~ _ ~a 11~t_i_?°..~@. .~ ~-~~!1-~t--~~~-1:~-~'.._ ______________._ ______ ._ __________ ._ __ ._ __ ._ ____________________ 0 _ ______.. _.
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@discriminate [d1'skrimrne1t] v. 1RJJ1Jx,J-1~; Jj:HJQ.
@signature ['signatfar] n. ~'-¥ ;~~ ~\ ®sanction ['sceQkfn] 11. 1M~
CD spark [spu:k] v. 5 I':&.; .fM!':&. • ~~i*fflic
®controversy [1knntrav3:si] n. $i5l Q)go into effect 1:~~
But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an
investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to
trade sanctions against France.
~~tJJ5t:
/p]r.:£-=f: But ~ has already sparked significant controversy,
:i!iiiJ .:Eifr i~i-g- ~in-
with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether...companies
JEm-».-1iJx;fwhether1€i'fl·WaJYf3£~~*~ 3'EiJlfJJ3
which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
----
.:Eifr tftit ·~~?#]iii] i~i-fi ~i~ f§itJEi-fi
l}J~~53:ff:0JT±T7'J it has already sparked significant controversyo with.Fo§r~p;j~7-J~Bl.31.±t!
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0
[j*~~~] But ~4~¥9:i!f '>I..Ji,~ ~ =f(Z)'i:iJ, ~ 1:i] i!f >I.. fl~,~ ff tlH frM., ii: II.ni-2~: /pJ -=f fMf
.AA~ {,, ~ iPJ/igj lPJ 11§" ,~, parked ignificant controver y, opening an investigation, discriminates against
American companie , rade anctio again~t France % ~JaH~ ili-IU "~ rt: Wi 001t M :ft 1£: .illd.iE m, :flUvt xt
*)
1t~:fifil'J.i.~ mlJ~"B"J~~' :%~ ;N-1! © [9-'j'-llSJ**~WJ parked, with(%{g,l1f llif[, Bff.!2S] ,in turn(as
a result of sth in a eries of e enr."it§rlsiitl!,~ffiJ"),lea*d to &:\IfJc,g~,t-*~'fe:.~El"JIEl*M~5R""t!OOim:i:1
c ~ 1£ tt xt ~ oo it .tlk-_ ~ ) ~ ~ m~ 93- m-~ oo r§' , I .( tgJ_ £ 1-t ~ ;gf itri ~ ~ ~ J!{ i¥J !l 1£ n xt ~ oo {t .tlk-_-· im ~
1i ~ ~ , ~ oo ¥t tst Z9J xt ~ m @ m1.1 ~ ' o
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the ~*mi~,~
37. titmm =tii:iJ~, 51 ®J
digital services tax --0
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France A J -ar ~~ 5I 'ft. n :xr ¥! oo s'-J &. iM m M i.
36[BJ is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad [BJ ~ ~ 5 IL t 00 r-*J 3'Htti--¥
[ CJ aims to ease international trade tensions [CJ ~ tE ij fQ 00 ~jj 1fJJ.. ~ ~ 5iE mi 'ti}
[DJ will prompt the tech giants to quit France [DJ #f1JE1!f4tt e ~ :UHl:1 t! 00
*
c f fl ,t ~ 1u: J ~* = ~ @1D r~ tll = ~ oo 1fJJ.. ~ 1-t *- B ~ts it xr" ? ! oo ~ ¥ ~~ % m ¾ ~ ¾ xr ~* oo it~ s"J ll:1
*t "Nik* 1Js1 ¼ • c:f to iJJ 1t 'ii. t.m !ii ~ , ) ~ oo #f ct i ) PJ.F J~ xt rt oo ~ nm 1fJJ.. ~ 1M ~ o PJ .fil , ~ ¥ n~ m ~ PJ FJ~ 51
,'& c~ oo )ttxrr! oo s9 &. f#tlntnw:, tJl[AJiE iii
0
[ fri'~ ~ if J iE iiJ@ Jffi ¾xi"@ 1iJ could lead to trade sanctions against France 13'9 [PJ 51-. ~ 1£, A i:f=t
countermeasures" xtvtt(oii, .& mu tltufli" ¾ trade sanctions" CXHt ~ 1¥1) 1fJJ.. ~mu~" 13'9 _t 51-.*.:it o
[B].fIJ ffl (2)1!] has already sparked significant controversy iizjlf ,{_§_ ffiiR~ .=: - ,i~ f;,t~ $~" B ~ ~[
=,
Lt ( has already)" ftu 1* -Jg 1lt t1.1tlI[ IP] "~ T ··· ... ( is apt to)", #f "$-i5l (controversy)" ftu 1* -Jg "ttt if
(criticism)",= ,i~m IE EB" 00 5tH from America)" ftu1* 7'J" 00 r-*J J~ ( at home and abroad)"; [ CHU ffl@1i]
trade san~tions m1~~ B"J 1fJJ.. ~ ~ 5iEmi 'ti}-~ ~l, 1.§. itiiiJ 1~ fPJ rt 00 ~¥ n~ % l5t B"J "PJ Fi~ ·l±Fo *: 5 [ Jt~ 00 xr ?!
0013'9 'JfJ. ~ mu~" rm~~" § 13'9: ii fQ 00 ~jj 1fJJ.. ~ ~ ~If mi 'ti;"; [DJ EB @ 1BJ discriminates against American
*)
companies."~C~?!* 0 0*~¥ ~~%fJl)x.f~000i§'J C:ft1~~00f4tte l'l"Jll:ifl"W~mf-* ,f.§.l§Jt"ll:ifl~~ f#J ~
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1±1 r! 00 ' " , rm H x i:f=t El fr.ft~ tt # * t ¾ ». ~ 00 ¾ ~ 139 PJ Fi~ fi )')
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[tt:r5 ,~ ~J r-Kxt1D~xt t~~tfr~ilzN2, !m~*-ilttEf/ir J:JJJ *-itWJ ,~ iiiJ ciffliiU:5J'--1t ,~t) iJJiJE 1D
~ ~ ,g , w # f ~ r_m t~ 1PJ ~ 1u ~ r~ 1PJ t:t x-t , it :f.i t~ Hi iE ~Jg~ r_m [91-~ r_m q:i c A J , c D J :t~ rPJ PJ im ·ti ~t ;J,J , c B J
O
=1'~ fP] ~ tt/ ~~, [ C]r~ fP] § 1¥1; mf ffl EE Ip) i:*J ft,[., i~ i's-11§" ,~,"has already sparked significant controversy-
opening an* in vestigation*-d :i scriminates against-could lead to trade sanctions against France"PJ 9:Qi.-g-5l £
,B 1~ fPJ "J§- I PJ §~ 'ti ~t B ~ 5 I' jj:_ ~ *- ~ i5l , S J§-PJ" §~ ~ ¥3{ xt r! 00 139 1jJJ_ £ mu ~" , EB llt t-11: ~ 1~ fPJ ~ - 3&
13'9 [BJ, [CJ~ Ji 1~ fPJ £ [PJ, {§. pq $;j;§ :¥f. El~ [DJ
o
III OThe French tax is not just a unilateralCD move~ by lt .'.f-Jlll ~ :fJL :-Hx.1x. JU¼ gi - gi 1-J :t-w
one country in need of revenue. 8 Instead, the digital
~~·~A~*~~~~ff~o ~~. ~
services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries 1\!.~-,t ~ :k.. ~ ~~ .~ riJ ,t±.ii-i-JLlf
over the past few years proposing® or putting in place an Y~ ili ~ ~ ~ r - i ~ ~ ~ .'.f-~ tt¼.
alphabet soup of new international tax provisions©. @They ~~fiJ~~~-~o ~ffi~#~gj~#
have included Britain's DPT ( diverted profits tax), ;fy ;fr] il:il :.f}L (DPT), j~ k. ;fr] .:JR~~ gj *,i;'-- ~ ~
Australia's MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and ~,tit,* CM AAL) :fP fp lf._ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,If ,tf_
India's SEP ( significant economic presence) test, to name CS EP) ~11-iR,, ~ ~ o .Ei .il:t fiiJ at, rgx_ NL ifu Jjl
but a few. OAt the same time, the European Union, !1" , ~ 00 ,fP Jl:-1<1!. JL ,t 00 ~ ~ ~ 1-A $.-,~-'ft ii
Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously 4:-t .'.f-J!ll ~ :fJL
contemplated® digital services taxes.
CD unilateral [ iju:ni'lretral] a. -!f!-JJ B~, -!f!-:ill B~ ~)
@move [mu:v] n. ¥ttr, fi'qj ~ CDan alphabet soup of f-iJJ:im ;[~J::k~'..l:i
@propose [prarpauz] v. ;J¾i-)l; ~i>l I~\ @put in place ~:of[
@provision [pdvr3n] n. (~~>Cf48-i 00 ~ ~ ~ ft ftl! 00 ~ a,ij ~ 00 ~f-fJt ®: ~ 41 iiil :ti : a much larger trend
I O 0
37*
m
CD@ 1:iJ aJHffi 00 13i, rH1.} 1m 'PJ fl EE A is not just. .. Instead ... is ... ":::f fJ. fJ. ¾ .. ····rm¾_.. ····" %
0
~ a{] i& %-tsftJ ~ :1:_m 1JJ 1sJ 1tr~* o
CD1:iJ m~ t~ tB: ~iE®:~ ~ Fo m x t ~ ~ ~ f )l#-~I: i! 00-00 :Jg ±i nom®:®: 1'. ffi *~a{] ~ in. fi"M o not ju st t~ ili .lit
* 3t ~~ 1t-00 - 00 m -J.; , rvi 3itl * Jt ft 00 ~ ~ {~ * ¥rr ; a unilateral move cu nilateral ~-J.; done by one
member of a group or an organization without the agreement of the other members "1jijJa{J")J)llJ*~~OO.lit
*3t*~#xtx1*C~OO)tfJ-fflf-~,~Jt1jijJffif~OO ;in need of revenue :itl:rm~-lif@Jt~OO ::imu[P]~OO;f-.l
tt e ~ 1.iE i&~* m~-~l~, ~ 5$::t~ oo l*J mti§t41<:A~ flifc
o
@m itt-tvMff: i!OO~*mt~m .R ~i:1~ 0011,if)l®:* ~-!lm Instead"tEI&, rm, tf1"¥1'-CD®'PJm
5l :m: ,~ ~ r a much larger trend, ~JHJHt~ 00 ~ '.:j2: R!Hf ri Jf:: ~~ -t-1Ju , rm0 ¾ @Hi ::k ~ m I PJ ; over the past few
years 5_1ai%}B-;ff§Jz.m ,an alphabet soup"1f*-BH@~:k~ti(a hodgepodge especially of initials)"(~i:rr;X~
Fow~~im
¥0 B'-J DPT ,MAAL, :1:5)-j_;fJtt&jk@\a{]§*-Bt~~) *~ 00 ~ifJt.41<:*Jr~~:tmffi :E_m ,%}~~~ ,**?R
A~, Wil*~[P)5jiJJ 00 ~i-j(~'!fd,tlf~}J ,~00 Cf4tt e ~ )fJti&ffiJ §7( o
*
@©1iJ 191] i.iE i,~ aR ~ ~i ~ ~ "1§'1ti.P] (They)+ 3itl *i,P] Ci ncluded)"~ :1:_m 'PJ tf Z. fs] 19U iiE3clf3c; At the
0
same time ~*:EJ \!/1:iJ!fr*J$Jf::;9tl3cl3L
@1:i] 91J 00 ~if\ Fzl: iffi liP ~4f l±i ~ ~ ~ B ~ fiW. a{] ~ ffi 00 11,i ffl. ®: f.fi i_w. They @J 1§' fil 'PJ new international
0
tax provisions; to name but a few"6** JL{W'ii~ tEI3cf5t.41<:*Jr~~:::f Jtt~$, .lit~m$ JJ ut LLI-fel, ~:f,m®
'P] a much larger trend"OO~i::k'!iJ,EfrftJ"Z.~o Cffi~ff:DPT § 2015 !r:j:: 4 _fj IE5:-\'.:~~,¾~ Jl5f!JM~~
oo~~BL , 11!!, 111 - ft. -i-A ;h , 00 fiF i;L
*
view that the international tax sy tern ha failed to keep up ~t~ $. ii~ J:_ ~ Wl ~ %_;& -tv 1:\
0
with the current economy.
CD differ [ 1d rfar J v. ffl H-· ~ l2S:: JJIJ CT)grant [ gra:nt] v. (jt:j'/'r iE:B'.;±-t!L~X:~~__t) ft iq=
@specifics [spa1s1f1ks] (~tn n. ':'.effl; §ffi-=p
•1
..............................................................................
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on
income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do
not grant them that right.
387-t'ti] 1 : These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,
but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries ... tax
aiP.! :1:m- *1¼:isfJ~¾l § B:,diEm El'9 sUf!~
•:u1m ~im
2J! ,33-:1rmf2:t±1t"~oo~nm oo ~imi&jk-Wtl1t-*~*x m1sifrtt ili i&iJTt.m"* Btrffi ~ 1w' oo
l&jk~:t£~oom~El'9~~,~T~ffiili~OOm~s{JOO~&t&1*~~-mo
®1:iJJl.'fti,_A.~: @J iii,>!i&'f* *~fa, ,cj=!Jl~ ~ fi.l'~~~fi:~ ~, ~ a!(izr In other words;&~ *IP]
O *.3L
2:t±fffUHJl~ _t 1iJiJ-J~o cs hare a view ~ Sl ~~ believe) o all sUJJ Yr~ :i! ~*Ilk•:u1 $Wt s{J 00 .tm f,gi
J.t-~; has failed to keep up with ~ J,W.:(£:fcflltat~ ~ :iifff ~ 1W 00 ~i& 1&1* ltl Ei ~ i?r= ~~z:/5-1:itz. fsJ-&! B Jm
~ '1*~ Btrffi 00 ~i&r&1*$1J ~1~7f~~1-t
U*~ M~lfi WJ-rtHiiij], ii.><. !H.!R. iij] a 0 ~ -li1fl ~ ffi:i! .><. :mA.,: *~1611 In other words~®~ 1i:iJ z. l'sJ tJi:
~, IJHftl ~ -'6J rsJ i-B-5(Jt3ftl 3clf3c (@1i:i]fm~CD10); .W:11 believe Ei share a view 8'9 i-'8-5l j[ lJi! ~ :Pftl ~ 10 i-'8-5l Ii
-~ ~r**•iil*-n'ts{J oo *a9 #iR c1)~ 00~tzxt~000Pl a~ c,g,) i&~lJ5ef5l; cz) ~mi-oo ~ifJt r&1*ttl mr
= tf:l. *
mz ; m
,f§-12. i?r= ~ }t € '~ BJ( ifi k,{ :@,@-~ 00 fo] ~ 00 0 P] 1iE ~ ~ BJ( ifi JnU Pl~ 7G ti 't 'tt JZ1 fJl i&
1::~::j:ijiji::~::1.:/ 0
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share 38. *=!Ul!t1itlffi~a{] ~ *-1.H.A. ~" "
--
the opinion that ~-x!A!,~o
[AJ redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured [A] ®Hifff ~f4tt § ~ lJ5CA.f!J5HJi~
[BJ the current international tax system needs upgrading [ B] ~ frJ 00 ~i f3l !& 1t Jfo ~ fr~
[CJ tech multinationals' monopoly. sh'ould be prevented [CJ J3t:IW Jr.le% 00f4tt0P.]~l!Jr
[DJ all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights [DJ Yr~ 00 *l3t:.$~ ¥-~1iEfJl1X
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.......... .......... ··················-·· ·--····················· . ------ ----------- ---------· ------·· ----------·-· -····-- --- ---- .... ···- ---
V O In response to these many unilateral measures, the I; @1 E. it ~ if-lZl. ~ ;#z, ' ~ $} ¼ +t
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .Ei .£./lill~Y-(OECD) gi 1l1f iE.Ei 131 -t-
(OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a 1!1 ~ ¼ 1t, VA Jt}] ,,ff. 2020 -ff-ffi. 1l1f it A
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consensusQ) by the end of 2020 on an international solution. - + !!I f';F ~ »t ~* ~
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American response raise questions about what the future holds ~ *- foJ ~r J: 1 Jo] ·0 'L
for the international tax system.
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VI France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a ~~~-!f::tJtlk..-1-aJJ ;;~
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international tax system, other nations are likely to follow
~~~~~~~-*~~~#.~*~¼
suit, and Ameriean companies will face a cascade of
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40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text? 40. 7' 91J PJ]~ - lpfA°Hi~ £ X: ff)~ 11 ~ ~?
[AJ France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions [A] ~ 00 ffii lltli '.00'. ~ ittl ~
[BJ France Leads the Charge on Digital Tax [BJ ~ 00 ff -BUtiE i&~ f fJUt,J 5t ¥AI
[CJ France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals [cJ t! ooxt~ oot4tt 0Pl ill"~ "
[DJ France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy [DJ t!OO~>lt1:E~ftirlf r:f=i 6~ -frtz:lfil
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z *" ,
clear warning ... other nations are likely to follow suit" A {tl?. 00 * ~ ~ ~j 1JJ 1! 00 ~ ff 5t ¥"6J iiJc iE ~ o
[A],[C] ,[D] .fil~ .:Ef*M~f~¾~OO ,{_§.Efr~.:',HJt{t,@, Confronted with Trade Sanctions,Says "No" to
Tech Multinationals,Demands a Role in the Digital Economy ±{gffi~1-ls:Xit:i£1*,~-1.iE451:~¥ni:%-&o
*Xm § www. psychologytoday. com lX,XJ izi!i 2016 1f. 9 .B 11 BX. How Eye Contact Brings You
Together (or Pulls You Apart) C § :Yt~~:tliJ{5J-fil!11'{fHJ<:"il-"WG"'.5t") 0 x•.:t~Jt-~ T :*r" § :Yttife!lt"
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[A] Eye fixations are brief [AJ mJ c. ;t.~ at fa]~ i.i {§"
[BJ Too much eye contact · instinctive! e to be rude -BJ mj \:Ai~i:t J, ½i.lA.,f-.~tJt~ '.tJtAL
[CJ Eye contact can be a friendl ocial -·gnal [C ~ j\:Ai-~'f v;J,Jl-#a M'{f.J;f±x.1°t"5"
[DJ Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye [ D] -t-•ti. i~ *-; "~ - -t-A _tj- gJ JG -ti-~ tr-]
contact ,&_Jil
42[EJ Biological factors behind eye contact are [EJ A 1n iL(I. ~ Jt m }cAi ~ 14' J;€ {r-J .1.
being investigated 4hq=~f-
[FJ Most people are not comfortable holding eye [FJ :k. j ~ A 1:j fij .1. A m} cAi-~ at ~
contact with strangers ½~ j,J ;r,: ro ;fJ:.
[ G] Eye contact can also be aggressive<2l [ G] ~ Jc. 4 ~ ~ of te:. Jl ..:tJt im-'H1. {r-J
:::~::~tJi~(tiijjiifi-JJ(~}:/ .
CD instinctively [rn1stI']ktivli] ad. :zis: ~~:tlf!. (B l_Vl) ~) ® aggressive [a1 gresrv] a. M-4 tf9, f:)~- tf9 ( G J.fff)
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(brief)"
o
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~=tr*~
(reacts)", H:mtE3&
o
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[F] fY3 ~ ~ 11 '.i: it A {fJ !:5 "ffl ~AC strangers)" Hr fr § :Ye fl fM! at~"~ § tE ~ Cn ot
comfortable)", pJ~~~~,.&~1t1,.~laa{PJ~ § tl:o
[G] -~ *:i1f~.±~it:i£ § :Ye. fo!k PJ v.) "Jl.ff **'tt/f:J~•·tt (aggressive)"~ - ,B, 11 also -ii¥] Bfr
~~~BiAR,.&§:Yt1tM~~~--wno
I O In a social situation, eye contact with another ,fl.;f±3t.Jh¼, 1:j 1tAi!-1t m. JG.fl-~ ,r
person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly Jr.:l. Al. aJJ 1~ ,{!..~ff~*-ii. tj--jj" -1!!. 't ~ of
0
way. @But it can also be antagonisticCD , such as when a !~Jl,fl.#i!.it~,-WH!o--ti.iOCAfd'*-~A;/i.
+,
political candidate turns toward their competitor during a # ~ lf ½ # foJ tj- foJ -1--~¾it~ {r,J m
debate and makes eye contact that signals® hostility®. j\:, Jr.Ar ¾Jt.# q= ;jj"" *- m j \:,.j.i ~ {r,J ~J~:
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@Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
···········---------- -·-········-------------·---------------···········-··-·······-----................................................................................................... .
CD antagonistic [renitrega1nrstrk] a. U[x;f tl'9; ,.&_x;j" tl'9 ~ • t~ !lt!m ~c
®signal [1srgnal] v. jtf~f .liy, lUis, ~~ ~ CDin a social situation iEf±x:%--@
®hostility [ho1st11ati] n. Ei~ ;j~i_x;j" ~ @make eye contact uHr § Jttt fMt
.:I
:::~ ::)jijffif: ~:::
m-~!~ :±i El ":lc~fMtJfl.~50l icJ J.:}J ti~:~~~~ vs~ :i6 &-~ o CD1i:iJ~JE·l * f~ "U~tmir Cina social
situation)",~ ili :kB:X'J~" § :Ye 1i ffl!l1 ( eye contact)", Jt ffi ili ~ft• W i~" IPJ x;f 1r jE;lj: :tff :k 8: C paying
atten,tion in a friendly way)" o ® 1D {f But it can also ... 51 ili § :Ye fl fu!k J1 - W ~~"ft :kS ~ ~
(antagonistic)" ,]f:~{jtJJl.1*t±xJmif(such as when. . . )ittfriJl~ (signals hostility~ be a~tagonistic lli
;,O ®1i:iJi31 ili rX: ~.!.f4~?frti 7R a{]§ J't~ffl!h~ *'If~ Here's ... ¾1J"f~~X ~ jt!-~ a{]'' 51 A iE X"
o o
t~ic ;reveal •-jj"mJR ,~~", l!flRrX~~~~{fJ-@~-jj .A~~ a{] ~i-fi-m- a{] 'jj:_:1:_mo 51: ®!f4~ Chard
43science)¾§ ~t4$1:=jtt#f4$3'.tX s'-J&Ef$ ,-fil,:ttli~$ ,1=_ !fmt4$~, l:=j ~f4$ Cs oft science, I.ffi1t § f,-H4
$~tt~~$3'.tX£~W%~~A~~g~~tt~ffi~$#$)ffi~
0
...... ·························· ·································································· ....... ··························· ······· ································ ...
(41) (41) _________
- - -------
II OWe know that a typical infant will instinctively -i\ 1f1 j;µ it , ~ JL - :fflt ;if~½,,$.. ~t M:, ).i :tYl -ft
gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. ffe a'-J BR ~ , ft ffe ,ru,J ½ @J iYl o it # xt iYl Jl -Et -=f
@This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachmentCD *~*i~~~ttA~~oA~~,k*M:,
between mother and child. 8 In adulthood, looking at
~~~A~~~~~~~~~M:,*~~-jjo
someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary0 ~ ;t-f a'-J fr ;J;; ~t ~ .tff i~ A. ~ & faJ t 5 J ~ ~ A.
sign of paying attention. 0 It can catch someone's ).i -;t o " BR ;f+ X. ½ :f\:1 ,ftt ~" ~ VA *ii" ,It *-;t X.
attention in a crowded room. 0 "Eye contact and smile" iiL" :fP "1t 1£ xt -jj " ~ 1t ½ , ·~ J£ ~ ~ -M.
can signal availability® and confidence, a common-sense -t • ~ ~ ~ ~ 1UiE i T it - 't -if-•tiiJ.. -if-
o
notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
~::~:J~}(jij~ij~i~J,r::~::~.:t
t
CD attachment [<11tretJm<1nt] n. 1«@; ~~ @availability [;:we1l<11bildti] n. PJ JtHi:
JL _____,,
@complimentary [1kompl11mentri] a. ~~8'9 ,-------·-· ___ ,I
: ,_ _ • __ __ i _ ~ ,_ ~ , _ 5 __ . _ r _ ; _ f _ : _ f _ f __ , • .,_ • : , -~f(l,W~f"
G)@~Hij 1±1 ~ JLl:j H;*a{Jx,Hfil:IB~T~ ~~~a{]~ !I fflpx; ~Ht o W,J 1iJ j's] illLi:1 This mutual gaze @l
*
1~1iHi ct ~1~CD1iJ s~ "-BJ:~xHJlt:1:mJc") o ~ 4t CD'PJ typicalC J.tt!.ID! s~), instinctively(*~~ ±tt!.) st iffil" tt. 1.!lt -B3:
B o ma · end
~~~~~~¼~to~*~ ,~ ~·~~
to avoid eye contact. 8 Specific brain region t a re-pond f-1] )fJ Jc. m f /.J *.. RjgJ J3 :t~ tt :t~ 'Jr, j[ .:ti ).i
during direct gaze are being explored b o er e earcher , ~Yl 1-t!!. A. 1ft r .1.. &... &-f/.J # ;t, *- Rit IR J~
o
using advanced method of brain scann· g.
-·- ·········· - -···· .. .......... ···············------ ---········-····
:
-.. --~ -. -~ ...... ~ ---.. ----. --. -... --... ---- . ~
--~--~}~-~~§~~.5-H!f .. ~ .. ~
CD hormone [1ho:m;=mn] n. {aj'~~ © spectrum [ 1spektram] n. (1100 dbl
® oxytocin [1nks1 1 tausrn] n. ~tzc:~ @ symptom ['srmptam] n. fu:)jjc diE~IS
CT) autistic [::>:1trstrk] a. § I~ :1lE B'9
44r:~::j~i~)ti::i:_/
CD® 'AJ if-tB ~ijl ~ ~ ~ ~ Bonnie Auyeung tfJ ~ iJ\1. di F ~ ~~ ~ jJQ ~ :,le ti ffi!I! rJ11D IV. ... found that ...
0
This was also found in. .. 1ir~,:t~ilixit~x,J-r"ffifit~B'-JiE#!!HiCmen. .. during a brief interview)"~
~xt-=f "jffi 1¥f ~~ § :Ytfi.ffl!i! El'9 r§'J ~ §~ § f;;fj ff£,~ ~:it-lH-*ff 1* ( high-functioning men with ... ) ", 1-mF #
tfS §~:I:~ ;JO§ J'ct.i.ffl!i! (This= that the hormone oxytocin increased t*he amount of eye contact) o ®'AJ 1 ~ tf:j Jt
ti£ fiJf Jt ~ .iE 1± ~ ~ tfJ x'1 ~ : ]I ti ii ~Ji! ft!! A fM' F ~ & fii. tt-J ~ ~ ~ I& ~ are being explored by other
0
researchers @] mlWrJJ la] Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that ... , 'JI ili if B'-J ,qJf .Jlxif ~; Specific brain
regions that respond during direct gaze iJt~JHJf.Jl~JcY£,~ :)dfHHIB1filAEl•Hl1~@:kB~!R:h.ij~itrfrm$J,
t!OfiITi!?J!J~ o ~ ~ .=. ~ "j:jJ~Q :ijs:fipff i£~Jf ~ ag # fEj :*= j_t xi~: § :J'tfifo!i! (gaze,eye contact,direct gaze)~ J§
8'91:~~~#(hormone oxytocin,brain regions that respond ~1:_~~ffi~) o
(43)
---------- (43)
N O With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia fir JlJJ - ottJ - ;t *- 1 - ft a - ,,I - ( , ~ - 1 - ~ * - - ':i - fa tt it..~ J1.t
Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government M ':if F.t a'-J *- ~ ~ · a}] A 1.ff- ti:! tt *°: ;r;: ~ ·,t -JfJ
concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds
-t T , m; ~Ai-kk 1½ :t!. tl! a'-J 1t ,t of ~t ;tgJ ft -&-.itL
of messages, depending on the situation. 8 While eye ~ if ,fi.. Ji..* a'-J +t ~ tf7 , m) t .Jt kk of ~~ :ll "*
contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly '* "A" 1t 1£" a'-J if- t: , 1-12 ,fi.. ~ xi-&!i ·,t ot r , 't
situations, it's more likely to be associated with
J?.. of ~t 1j " # * : 1/1 ,1J " A " ~ ""f " ;fgJ it o " Jt, it 1t ll
dominance© or. intimidation® in adversariafD situations. §k$-if. ll ~ ~ ie, v:1- r i!. .~, A -it~½~ ~
@)"Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be
Jl}J: ~o *-1t Jl,fj.. it,',. 00 iJLR!l-,t ~ ~ -~ lj 1t
helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact
;f: ~ fl-] 1t j;-&!; A, 11~ -ii* 1*-# ffftif 4.i-kk of ~t
½*
may backfire® if you're trying to convince® someone who
1j 1'1i!, "a}] 4-~o:ll iJLi!
has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson. 0
,-----~- --~- ----~-----------------------------, ,I
: • iii:I; c> x ~ -3 xl 1:ij ~Hfi · : ;:,~
--------------------------------------------,,
x
(I)dominance [ 1domm;ms] n. ~Ui€ , W~ ~ @convince [k,:m1vrns] v. iJtHll di 1~ H~
@intimidation [rn1trmr1derJn] n. ;filQf .~HJJ ~ • t~~Jl~c
@adversarial [ 1redva 1 sNrial] a. XiJ :st a{;; zij[x;fs{j ~\ (I) be likely to do ~ PJ' ti~ , {tM JP] T
~ (Z)be associated with ~······~~/1**:(:E-~
"Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye
contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
Whether you're a politician or a parent, that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire
1i)-=f it might be helpful if you're trying to convince someone
±T %:rt±i! ,~~~im ¥~im ~i! ~$l±i!
who has a different set of beliefs than you
l}Jfi~j_i:ff:1Hl5l~W:B-:1Dr±-=fj/g it might be helpful to ... ,mMJdfJa:~,;Ki:f=t itf'F%:a'.:±i-B-,
1liEB'93:.i!¾ to keep in mind that ... o Whether ... or. .. 5l~i,_tt/:;t';:i,!~'tl] ,iJilYH!i5l~J=!D1~ o that
5l~~ift,b},_1iji,Ji~J!.1*Jli,5lp;J$,;!=t.:i:-=f~ trying to maintain eye contact may backfire,if 5l~~14M
la] ,who 5l~~i-!}~-1:ij ,1tt1ff someoneo
45i.~ ·. .i ii~·~fi··~ --~_,~ ,
.........................
*-=f ~Im =~ r,
(D~}tHiHJf ~:l Julia Minson § ~~U(f.J fPHf%Z § J't~~!llf#:i2s ili B~{~ -~, PTf:i~ffl
~~:lit very different s.¥. iJJ *-~1HiJJl (Z)1i] ~ff (D1i] '# ~t-~ i.t I~~ ~lj " & x-t ·~ ~" While eye contact
O * O 0
may. .. it's more likely to ... 1*xt It ( in friendly situations vs. in adversarial situations ~ connection or
trust vs. dominance or intimidation>iJilY=l~#~ !P] ·ijni, ~~CDkiJ; IP] st% fvtil:tNHJr, iB-Jlffl:,i~Ua • f:E
=
~xt~·lf& r, § -Yf:,~~!l!]!AJfm¾~"t£iffU (dominance)"~"~Af ( intimidation)"ffl:itf (3)1:ij ~Jf ~~ill: ffij
o
~ "~.x-tffi,Jt"mtiHtiSl/~iJ& Cit might be helpful to keep in mind that ... 1-J#.!-~~~iSl':JI tf1f;}d2.)o if
you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you @I JE. in adversarial
situations, t~ rt] "~x,Hf&"; Whether you're a politician or a parent W. ,~ 1W ffi, rz. t~ M-1'f ~Xt't1!%; trying
to maintain eye cont act may backfire ft :13 ft 1'r ~ iSl I W~ : iii xt rtJ {$ 1E n¥1 lft ~ ~ xt 1.f , ~ ~ iJt ~ -1[ ~ xt
1.f :lt!:fiH~:f$~~!1l, ~ !i!tlPT1J~!J~ 1!:ii c P Tfm~iJ:xt1.Iit1-J~~ID$, JA rm {tlftxtft~) ~1* ~ *f9: , CD-1iJ 1-J
o
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(44)
--------- (44) ---------
v O When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes ~Am• - *•A•~~, Am~~~½
~
*
pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or - ik 1,f ii -t- + .~. JL, i! 't }l fftl ~ ,,f o i! 1,f ~Pr
mouth. 8 These pauses typically occur at about three ~L±M.i!'tJf..•~~3~,A*8-t-A~
per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot,
-~-~,~~½~A-~-#~~-A~,~A~~*~0-~~~~+~t~~4~+A
until several important points in the image are registered
like a series of snapshotsli 1ili AB'9 at !'BJ£ m C looked at others for shorter periods of time ) , ll § c ~ :Ml fit!. A
Jl[tw,Elt]! § tf (more comfortable when others did not look directly at them) o
~ft.=. 1:iJ AJ ~*ti~,€ : ~ IP] 1--'ti 8'9 A (personality, self-consciousness, anxiety, negative emotions)
:Xt § J'c~fg!R(-§mfff>li1'li?.A*1~1ti?.AffiW.) Eft]j_Jil~IP] (triggered more activity associated with avoidance,
feel different, their brain reactions also differ, look~d at others for shorter periods of time, reported more
comfortable feelings)
o
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o
42. [ ~ ~] E [ ffi M] ~ ~J ~ ~ .= N , ~ t! Neuroscientist, the hormone oxytocin, Specific brain
regions( :i!@t~~ "~ ~$"TE: B!tJ) ~* _t PJ W-~ :itP]! 1JJ1 JE ¥U [E] Biological factors behind eye contact are
being investigated o lllHFo1HJritN i*J ?iJ.: CD®kiJ 1tm- fir1$~rll-$~8"J '&_:fJl',: xi~¾M-r"ffi i:rt !fl 13"1 iE 1t ~
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=
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aggressive t!JH~ ~ !fl dominance or intimidationo
[ =f #tlllli!i:~] [B]Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude !fl, too much eye contact 5¥0
rude PJ Jj-j]IJ xt @*~ !fl trying to maintain eye contact may backfire 5flJ dominance or intimidation,~ J.ltjt.
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(46)With the Church's teachings and way of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, (0. 5
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upcoming singing contest4 &. 5 • Write a 5. jllJ,j~tt-J:-'a-~00~~ '¥: cS 1 i'sJ , t-m ,¢,\ , ~ :rt , ~ >"it
notice3 in about 100 words.
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singing/vocal contest/ competition ~P~ l:t~; solo/ group singing ~£a P~ / if P~ ;judge [n. J ~tU; submit
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CD There is wonderful news! @ The annual Chinese Songs CD~fJ!i}~l! @-~-JtEJ{Ji~~
Singing Competition for overseas students will kick off at 7 p. m. "$ift1Jx litJuiiP~ l:t~"~-=f 1'° WJ /\ (12
next Saturday, December 28th • ~ 28 B ) a_t 7 ,1~~ tL :Jf rl1fUL
(DThis year's competition, which is to be held in the CD~!ifs"J t:t•#J-tEWc~~!Jr:trft
auditorium boasting brand-new lighting and sound equipment, -:g-n!PJ~~B"J-j(;t:L~$1i, 5X#i-¾1t~
will be a marvelous opportunity to showcase your passion for J,m if"* *~ ' N'i , M t! ~ P~ tt r5 EJ{J ~fg 1! m
music and hone your performance skills. @ The contest, ~ ® ?X tt • ?t ,i .=:: ~ , 1J. ~& at P~
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consisting of three rounds, is for solo performances only. @ To ®~~~J]Q tt.,1t!f1fi~~~-{3} §
enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you' cl like to B ~ ~ ~ P/g\ B"J $ i! ~. , if~ #I-)A i:p
perform, from which the judges will choose the song you will sing mili1t~~ tt~~p~ a{J~ittJ @frJ-t
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in each round. @Handsome prizes await the top 10 winners! ~$ttt~~~f¥U$JJEJ{J~iflt !
CDThose who want to participate can find our desk by the CD tl ~ :tJa B"1 IA]~
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dining hall around 12 a. m. every day this week. @We look 4=- 12 ,B tr_ ti tE ~ ff ~ u1 tt iU ~ 1fJ 13{]
forward to your participation. ~mlfL @WH~1t6'9~.Ei
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The Student Union $~~
December 16th , 2019 2019 ~ 12 J1 16 S
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3. boast [v._ ~ C{U~J.§~8")*@") 7. handsome [a.] (~J:fb)~:'i:ITT ,ffi:fjkEJ"J
4. showcase [v.] ~JF(;zfs:~JL:.;t$~) 8. await sb #f-.bt~1£/~llfu iU Oit.A.~ _t)
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But it can also be a grea oppor u i ~o ea he nuts and bolts of your chosen career, to hone your
networking kill , and to pro e that yo are an amb· ious, creative, and competent professional.
--The Guardian
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58AJw~-m-
#..Ut :hone ffi~"fECJJ >~·l'k"zJt; hone one's skills ~-:h"~MJi!II ~ ··· ···ttfl~", ffl ~i2S
improve/ sharpen oiie' s skills
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1. This year's competition, which is to be held in the auditorium boasting brand-new lighting
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and sound equipment, will be a marvelous opportunity to showcase your passion for music and hone
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your performance skills.
1>}1$ opportunity
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This year's competition is to be held in the auditorium.
The auditorium has lighting and sound equipment.
The competition will be an opportunity to show your passion for music.
The competition will be an opportunity to improve your performance skills
@ tu JfL* ~ 1-t-iiO , 1rii0 , aw~ rm 11! 1D ~ ,g.
This year's competition, which is to be held in the auditorium equipped with lighting and sound equipment,
will be an opportunity .to show your passion for music and improve your performance skills.
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This year's competition, which is to be held in the auditorium boasting brand-new lighting and sound
equipment, will be a marvelous opportunity to. showcase your passion for music and hone your
performance skills.
2. To enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you'd like to perform,
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~~~LHEft~iif~/p] :from which the judges will choose the song you will sing in each round.
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'Al -=r Jil ~ iv ffl :
CD~ ili ffi ijr 1D
To enter the competition, you need to hand in a list of Chinese songs.
You'd like to perform a list of Chinese songs.
The judges will choose the song from your song list.
You will s*in g the song chosen by the judges in each round.
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To enter the competition, you need to hand in a list of Chinese songs (that) you'd like to perform,
from which the judges will choose the song Ct hat) you will sing in each round.
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To enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you'd like to perform, from which the judges
will choose the song you will sing in each round.
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59Notice
There is wonderful news! ts i;JJ .1Hf1, will kick off on frs i;JJ El AA at ts $J :tfil ,¢,\
The event, which features/boasts tsi;JJtt~ , will be a marvelous opportunity to ~JJOfrsi;JJ B"1
§ B"J/J.[5( . It will involve Jl.-f*tsi;JJl*J?G . To enter/attend it, you need to fi5$J~)jt
Those who want to participate can find our desk by the dining hall ~ i:aJ /ffl. ~ Bt i's] . We look
forward to your participation.
The Student Union
December 16'h 2019
,
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4Please pay close attention to this announcement. if~t7J.:kti:.I.l:t:im~
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4 To celebrate the forthcoming ... /To enrich students' campus life/To facilitate students' academic
learning and cultivate *th eir practical skills, our university has decided to organize ...
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4 The event, scheduled for ( date) in ( place), will involve a variety of activities ranging
from ... to . ...
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4More appealingly, our beloved professor, Dr. XXX, will be invited to ... , so it's definitely a
fantastic opportunity for you to ...
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4 To attend this event/During this event, you are required to first ... and then ...
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4 Those who intend to participate should inform our monitor/ submit your request form to our staff
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4For further information, please feel free to contact us via (e-mail address).
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4 Every*bo dy is welcome to be present.
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Directions :
The Student Union of your department is going to hold a lecture on "Mental Health". Write a notice
in about 100 words for the Student Union to inform students of the lecture and call on students to attend.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your name in the notice. (10 points)
60Part B )] 1 /m:
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This in turn ensures quality and productivity. @Those who lack ufiffi ftlHJfJ 1* 193: ii ffi ~ $ o ® ~ § 1*
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61CDin summary, self-discipline brings us lifelong benefits. CD,~,Z, 13 $4'i4-~1f1~M~~o
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1. Of course, consumers may be waiting until the last minute to buy some smaller-ticket items
(including beer). --The Economist
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2. This in turn has affected companies, putting cost pressures on everyone from refiners to
transportation companies. --Forbes
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They will end up *e ither rushing through their assignments * or missing the deadlines,
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They will have to finish their work very quickly.
62They will not finish their work in time.
They will not make progress in their studies or career.
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They will have to finish their work very quickly, or they will not finish it in time, so they will not
make progress in their studies or career.
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They will end up either rushing through their assignments or missing the deadlines, which is
detrimental to their academic progress and career advancement.
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II CD The pictures show us two distinct ways of
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one in the right picture obviously does not have such a @~ xfE !~ ~, ~ M: ~ 4? ~ f!l! i! ~
personal quality. @It is not hard to imagine that a lack of A
__ will ultimately lead people of this kind to __.
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III CD To sum up, it is advisable for everyone, CD ,g, xt 1f A--::ft Jt !:€'. 13G 111 :;fc ~
especially us college students, to develop . ® ~·--7'HJ2., ~ ~ !¥J 1~ r:Ji: ~ :!:if ~
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"9 Lack of self-discipline in time management leads people to procrastinate continually on their top
tasks, leading them to spend more and more time on tasks of low-value or no-value.
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Directions:
Write an essay. of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
J
[~mi 1A] j[
complacent [a.] §rwJEt9;@a thirst for knowledge m>Jt~i9';
, ®intellectual curiosity *~ffX ;@lifelong learning f!f~~ :53
64
