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绝密★启用前
2012 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
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考生编号
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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important
issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of
law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in
ways that 3 the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of
activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be 4 as impartial
judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code.
At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct
that_7_ to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there 1s still
a _9_ between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart
from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free
to ___lL those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal
system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so
closely_H__ .
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in
fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with
social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political - which is why
decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.
The justices must 18 doubts about the court's legitimacy by making
themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to
be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.
- 1 -1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize
2. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless
3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated
4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [ C] suspected [D] accepted
5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded
6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone
7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies
8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle
9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict
10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards
11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though
12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace
13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer
14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied
15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] conventions
16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls
17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted
18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore
19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable
20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
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Text 1
Come on - Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and
half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It
usually leads to no good -drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join
the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force
through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the
power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the
world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the
social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program
called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an
HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe
sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique
of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize
peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed
understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one
billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers - teenagers, who
desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health
advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of
the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most
glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well
for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that
the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.
An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative
ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle
form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select
our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher
who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved
classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure
engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our
own friends.
- 3 -21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure.
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics.
[C] an obstacle to social progress.
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors.
22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers.
[B] learn from advertisers' experience.
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers.
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements.
23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors.
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding.
[D] produce a long-lasting social effect.
24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends.
[B] will mislead behavioral studies.
[C] occurs without our realizing it.
[D] can produce negative health habits.
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful.
[B] desirable.
[C] profound.
[D] questionable.
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Text2
A deal is a deal -except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a
major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last
week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by
the state's strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:
challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a
desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a
stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought
Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of
receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from
state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring
that any extension of the plant's license be subject to the Vermont legislature's
approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply
didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial
collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system
leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's
management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the
pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year
against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid
because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory
power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the
Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear
power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how
far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork
regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its
word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already
so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there
should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy
runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in
Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal
permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep in mind what
promises from Entergy are worth.
- 5 -26. The phrase "reneging on" (Line 3, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning.
[B] reaffirming.
[C] dishonoring.
[D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.
[C] acquire an extension of its business license.
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision.
29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.
[B] the nature of states' patchwork regulations.
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues.
[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.
30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy' s business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.
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Text3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting
to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method
to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently
follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot
escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests
influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the
subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self
deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to
newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny
and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the
credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes
the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the
starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual
credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens
next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers
make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the
publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;
and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and
possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the
community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs
about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery
claim into the community's credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work
tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete
or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is
already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly,
newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be
important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification
or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes
disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described
discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has
thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they
have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly
novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim - a process that
corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the
mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning
and each other's conceptions ofreason."
- 7 -31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection.
[B] shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D] persistent innovation.
33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B] has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
[B] discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.
35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
- 8 -36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
3 7. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D] fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A] often run against the current political system.
[B] can change people's political attitudes.
[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
[D] are dominant in the government.
40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A] disapproval.
[B] appreciation.
[C] tolerance.
[D] indifference.
- 10 -[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and
ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires
great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a
defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and
other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add
stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the tum of the millennium
they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions
of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between
downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active
creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can
only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to
one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being
replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past
half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single
medium -television -and television is defined by downloading.
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow,
to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful
uploading.
- 12 -Section ill Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in
the name of the Students' Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not si your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
gn
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
- 14 -
