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绝密★启用前
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a
global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic _1_ by the
World Health Organization in 41 years.
The heightened alert _2_ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva
that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising 3 in Britain,
Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
But the epidemic is "_4_" m severity, according to Margaret Chan, the
organization's director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients
experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _6_ of any
medical treatment.
The outbreak came to global _7_ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities
noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults.
As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_9_ in
New York City, the southwestem United States and around the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather
arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was 11 flu
activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested are the new
swine flu, also known as (A) HlNl, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has 13 more
than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.
Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile
and began 15 orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new
vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is_�16�_ ahead of
expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early
October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray
type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with
breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still
possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers,
people 20 infants and healthy young people.
英语（二）试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C] commented [D] designated
2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted
3. [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums
4. [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme
5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by
6. [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor
7. [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice
8. [A] over [B] for [C] among [D] to
9. [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up
10. [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until
11. [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D] magnificent
12. [A] categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples
13. [A] imparted [B] immersed [C] injected [D] infected
14. [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained
15. [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving
16. [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable
17. [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial
18. [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced
19. [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings
20. [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
英语（二）试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Text 1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at
Sotheby's in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more
than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the
auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,
Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons
Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm double the figure five
years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market
generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy m a way matched by few other
industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst's sale, spending of any sort
became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from
galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most
overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.
Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses, Sotheby's and Christie's, had
to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped
buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are
about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant.
But Edward Dolman, Christie's chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at
the bottom."
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still
buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report
said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of
good work to sell. The three Ds death, debt and divorce still deliver works of art
to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for
confidence to return.
英语（二）试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as "a last victory"
because
---
[A] the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
[B] the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
[C] Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
[D] it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
22. By saying "spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable" (Line 1-2, Para. 3),
the author suggests that_ __
[A] collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
[B] people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
[C] art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
[D] works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
[B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
[C] The art market generally went downward in various ways.
[D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are_ __
[A] auction houses' favorites
[B] contemporary trends
[C] factors promoting artwork circulation
[D] styles representing Impressionists
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be_ __
[A] Fluctuation of Art Prices
[B] Up-to-date Art Auctions
[C] Art Market in Decline
[D] Shifted Interest in Arts
英语（二）试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room a
women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man
had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I
commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.
This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's
the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and
hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say.
If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more
than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is
wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that
most of the women she interviewed but only a few of the men gave lack of
communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of
nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year
a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often
focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to
accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support
work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on
communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found, as
Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and
foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical
cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front
of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
英语（二）试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?
[A] Talking to them.
[B] Trusting them.
[C] Supporting their careers.
[D] Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase "wreaking havoc" (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probably means _ __
[A] generating motivation
[B] exerting influence
[C] causing damage
[D] creating pressure
28. All of the following are true EXCEPT _ __
[A] men tend to talk more in public than women
[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
[C] women attach much importance to communication between couples
[D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
[A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
[D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focus on_ __
[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
[D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
英语（二）试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Text3
Over the past decade, many compames had perfected the art of creating
automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped
companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost
without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
"There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a
soap habit, that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change
people's habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. "We wanted to learn from private industry
how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to Procter & Gamble, Colgate- Palmolive
and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in
consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you'll find that many of the products we use every day
chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers,
health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins are results of manufactured
habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans
habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with
Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal. Then
beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office
workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought
primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener
and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of
morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
"Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said
Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
"Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's
essential to making new products commercially viable."
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have
learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless
advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted
when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
英语（二）试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap_ __
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deeply rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5
so as to
---
[A] reveal their impact on people's habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C] indicate their effect on people's buying power
[D] manifest the significant role of good habits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's
habits?
[A] Tide.
[B] Crest.
[C] Colgate.
[D] Unilever.
34. From the text we know that some of consumers' habits are developed due to_ __
[A] perfected art of products
[B] automatic behavior creation
[C] commercial promotions
[D] scientific experiments
35. The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is
[A] indifferent
[B] negative
[C] positive
[D] biased
英语（二）试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete express10n of crucial
democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal
qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;
that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and
that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter
of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than
representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing
themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of
supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the
Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in
jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of
selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this
and other antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th
century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until
the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then
several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally
asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the
claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service
Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished
special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at
random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision
T lor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
ay
representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision
also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered
states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
英语（二）试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ___
[A] both literate and illiterate people can serve onjuries
[B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public
37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed ___
[A] the inadequacy of anti discrimination laws
[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C] the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
[A] they were automatically banned by state laws
[B] they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D] they tended to evade public engagement
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,_, __
[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors
[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on ___
[A] its nature and problems
[B] its characteristics and tradition
[C] its problems and their solutions
[D] its tradition and development
英语（二）试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.
Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,
the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites
certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by
Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to
cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known
that birds flying in formation a V-shape expend less energy. The air flowing over a
bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash.
Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy
propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at
Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of
25 birds might enjoy a range increase of71 %.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo
and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an
inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a tum in the most
favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed
as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).
Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a
quarter.
There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at
least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion?
Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and
would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows.
A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether
the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is
another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation
Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new
operational guidelines.
英语（二）试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make
formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes
will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the
areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate
the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow
them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to
reschedule, as might routine military flights.
As it happens, America's armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year
the country's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay
Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There
are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel
during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. "My
father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"
he adds. So he should know.
41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new
Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as wellas reducing resistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other
planes.
44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
45. It has been documented that during World War II, America's armed forces once
tried formation flight to save fuel.
英语（二）试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Section III Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
"Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the
concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of
unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values
must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He'd
been through the dot-corn boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a
Boulder agency.
It didn't go well. "It was a really bad move because that's not my passion," says
Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. "I was
miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and
stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, 'Just wait,
you'll turn the comer, give it some time."'
英语（二）试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section IV Writing
PartA
47. Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural
exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2)welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)+
PartB
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In
your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Mobile-phone subscriptions
(2000-2008) subscription number
4 billion
D Developi countries
?
仁:a Develope countries
3 billion
2 billion
I billion
。
rO
2000 200 I 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (year)
英语（二）试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
绝密★启用前
2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise
precious to health." But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has
little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in
the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen
consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is
unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
6 instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
apparently accomplishes the_7_ . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that
laughter _8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh
dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological
stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback
that improve an individual's emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,
our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end
of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad
when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can
flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published m 1988, social
psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wilrzburg in Germany asked volunteers
to ___lQ_ a pen either with their teeth - thereby creating an artificial smile - or with
their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise
their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those
whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence
emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter
could improve mood.
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1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like
2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce
3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [ C] impairing [D] determining
4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe
5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable
6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief
7. [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected
8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes
9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [ C] moderate [D] enhance
10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal
11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for
12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at
13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because
14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [ C] precedes [D] suppresses
15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond
16. [A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold
17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent
18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted
19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing
20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
- 2 -Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next
music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden
announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been
favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober
sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is
that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated
Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air
of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of
an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre
Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good
one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it
is not necessary for me to visit Av ery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear
interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my
computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live
performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art
loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,
dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded
performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings
are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than
today's live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of
the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus
brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new
music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music has been
widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is
capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant
organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the
orchestra's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to
succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra
and the new audience it hopes to attract.
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21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert's appointment has
[A] incurred criticism.
[B] raised suspicion.
[C] received acclaim.
[D] aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A] influential.
[B] modest.
[C] respectable.
[D] talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A] ignore the expenses of live performances.
[B] reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C] exaggerate the variety oflive performances.
[D] overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true ofrecordings?
[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C] They help improve the quality of music.
[D] They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
[A] doubtful.
[B] enthusiastic.
[C] confident.
[D] puzzled.
- 4 -Text2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his
explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual
vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of
running a company." Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my decision,"
McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of
Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on
September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what
kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world
about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at
Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a
CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,
executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business
environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements
cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more
willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down
23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to
Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring
leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.
For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive
CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner
Dennis Carey: "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not
instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."
Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly.
Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.
It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.
Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took
that post at a major financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial
crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The
traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally
inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those
who've stayed too long."
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26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being
[A] arrogant.
[B] frank.
[C] self-centered.
[D] impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred by
[A] their expectation of better financial status.
[B] their need to reflect on their private life.
[C] their strained relations with the boards.
[D] their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word "poached" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means
[A] approved of.
[B] attended to.
[C] hunted for.
[D] guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] top performers used to cling to their posts.
[B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.
[C] top performers care more about reputations.
[D] it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A] CEOs: Where to Go?
[B] CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C] Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D] The Only Way Out for Top Performers
- 6 -Text3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.
No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print
advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative
forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by
willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned" media by
sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web
site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions
means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond
conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.
For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some
cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for
instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such
sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place
their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we
believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such
as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example,
has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary
and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other
marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn
valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help
expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with
more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that
passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much
more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset
or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who
make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for
instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses
that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott
products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the
company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning
curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from
its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social
media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly
on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg .
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31. Consumers may create "earned" media when they are
[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature
[A] a safe business environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.
[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.
[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.
34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
- 8 -Text4
It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story,
"I love My Children, I Hate My Life, " is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people
talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely
fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make
parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:
instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,
we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to
day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very
things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense
gratification and delight."
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly
the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories
about newly adoptive - and newly single - morn Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual
"Jennifer Aniston is pregnant" news. Practically every week features at least one
celebrity morn, or morn-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that
admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten
killing? It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets
of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't
have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children
are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a
direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and
People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers
like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than
childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there,
considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to
hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their "own" (read: with round-the
clock help) is a piece of cake.
It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just
because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a
baby is not a haircut. But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week
of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious
way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same
way that a small part of us hoped getting "the Rachel" might make us look just a little
bit like Jennifer Aniston.
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36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring
[A] temporary delight.
[B] enjoyment in progress.
[C] happiness in retrospect.
[D] lasting reward.
3 7. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A] celebrity morns are a permanent source for gossip.
[B] single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
[C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
[D] having children is highly valued by the public.
38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks
[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B] are largely ignored by the media.
[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is
[A] soothing.
[B] ambiguous.
[C] compensatory.
[D] misleading.
40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity morns.
[B] Celebrity morns have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
[C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing .
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list
A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been
correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the
humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years
and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree
in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral
students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[BJ His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and
so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American
college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and
4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their
undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every
educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a
"general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, "the
great books are read because they have been read" - they form a sort of social
glue.
[q Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which
they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly
because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students
want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's
degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer
teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students
leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across
the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and
professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.
Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard
undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers
must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional
qualification.
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[EJ Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American
universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money
for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose
fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as
research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral
degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a
third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind
professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills
needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable." So
disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but
also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the
way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced". Otherwise,
academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached
from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. "Academic inquiry,
at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more
holistic." Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
[GJ The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and
Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking
of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere.
For something curious has been happening in American universities, and
Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
1-141. 1-142. 1-1 1-143. 1-144. 1-14� _.5 �
G E
- 12 -PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that "Mind is the master weaver," creating our inner character and
outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth
exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share - that because
we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts - and reveal its erroneous nature.
Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts
can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another.
However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the
conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control
through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question:
"Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?"
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord
with desire, Allen concluded: "We do not attract what we want, but what we are."
Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you
don't "get" success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that "Circumstances do not
make a person, they reveal him." ( 48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in
need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and
the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of
circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances
always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have
progressed. In fact, ( 49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us,
and if we feel that we have been "wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious
effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person's
early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our
present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in
knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of
limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible .
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Section III Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2012 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important
issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of
law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in
ways that 3 the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of
activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be 4 as impartial
judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code.
At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct
that_7_ to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there 1s still
a _9_ between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart
from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free
to ___lL those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal
system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so
closely_H__ .
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in
fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with
social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political - which is why
decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.
The justices must 18 doubts about the court's legitimacy by making
themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to
be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.
- 1 -1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize
2. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless
3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated
4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [ C] suspected [D] accepted
5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded
6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone
7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies
8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle
9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict
10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards
11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though
12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace
13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer
14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied
15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] conventions
16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls
17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted
18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore
19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable
20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
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Text 1
Come on - Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and
half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It
usually leads to no good -drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join
the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force
through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the
power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the
world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the
social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program
called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an
HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe
sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique
of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize
peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed
understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one
billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers - teenagers, who
desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health
advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of
the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most
glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well
for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that
the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.
An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative
ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle
form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select
our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher
who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved
classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure
engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our
own friends.
- 3 -21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure.
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics.
[C] an obstacle to social progress.
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors.
22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers.
[B] learn from advertisers' experience.
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers.
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements.
23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors.
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding.
[D] produce a long-lasting social effect.
24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends.
[B] will mislead behavioral studies.
[C] occurs without our realizing it.
[D] can produce negative health habits.
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful.
[B] desirable.
[C] profound.
[D] questionable.
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Text2
A deal is a deal -except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a
major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last
week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by
the state's strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:
challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a
desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a
stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought
Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of
receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from
state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring
that any extension of the plant's license be subject to the Vermont legislature's
approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply
didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial
collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system
leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's
management - especially after the company made misleading statements about the
pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year
against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid
because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory
power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the
Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear
power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how
far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork
regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its
word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already
so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there
should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy
runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in
Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal
permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep in mind what
promises from Entergy are worth.
- 5 -26. The phrase "reneging on" (Line 3, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning.
[B] reaffirming.
[C] dishonoring.
[D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.
[C] acquire an extension of its business license.
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision.
29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.
[B] the nature of states' patchwork regulations.
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues.
[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.
30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy' s business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.
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Text3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting
to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method
to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently
follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot
escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests
influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the
subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self
deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to
newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny
and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the
credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes
the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the
starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual
credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens
next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers
make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the
publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;
and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and
possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the
community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs
about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery
claim into the community's credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work
tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete
or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is
already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly,
newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be
important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification
or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes
disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described
discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has
thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they
have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly
novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim - a process that
corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the
mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning
and each other's conceptions ofreason."
- 7 -31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection.
[B] shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D] persistent innovation.
33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B] has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
[B] discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.
35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
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Text4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive tod , he would probably represent
ay
civil servants. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten
American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the
number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in
the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about
15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut
things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are
mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a
university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties
go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been
associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to
votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of
the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is
patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on
prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the
private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have
repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest
but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education,
where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even
though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most
important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and
promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp
down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott
Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer
under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture
in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.
The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are
university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay
packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward
high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
- 9 -36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
3 7. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D] fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A] often run against the current political system.
[B] can change people's political attitudes.
[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
[D] are dominant in the government.
40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A] disapproval.
[B] appreciation.
[C] tolerance.
[D] indifference.
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PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 - 45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and
realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a
brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or
two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors,
entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function
as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and
radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (4 1) _______________
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that
serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place
of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with
caution. ( 42)_ ______________ 1 call it a secret war for two
reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at
work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who
use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what
they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds
make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world
downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then
tum around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture
and architecture -and superfluous experiences -music, literature, religion and philosopy.
(43) __________
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck
in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of
production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly
larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage
remaining content to just consume. ( 44) _______________
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that
television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. ( 45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the
concept of "stickiness" -creations and experiences to which others adhere.
- 11 -[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and
ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires
great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a
defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and
other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add
stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the tum of the millennium
they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions
of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between
downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active
creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can
only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to
one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being
replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past
half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single
medium -television -and television is defined by downloading.
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow,
to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful
uploading.
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PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the
scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.
Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different
phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
( 46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,
and seeks a theory of everything - a single generative equation for all we see. It is
becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the
dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts
remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences
too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share
common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be
traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human
courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the
world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed
by universal features. ( 48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might
enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in
evolutionary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published
online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and
his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous
attempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who
suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that
dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the
entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so
quickly.
( 49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to
universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages,
which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees
that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky's grammar
should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or
the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co
dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these
patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages
are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
- 13 -Section ill Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in
the name of the Students' Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not si your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
gn
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
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绝密★启用前
2013 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when
making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that
_1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr
Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big -�3�_ was leading
decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working
with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 cnme
might be more likely to send someone to prison _7_ he had already sentenced five
or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory,
the _9_ of an applicant should not depend on the few others_lQ_ randomly for
interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions
officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This
scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in
conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or
GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision
on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of
interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then
the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This
might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would
need 30 more GMATpoints than would otherwise have been 20
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1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers
2. [A] minor [B] external [C] crucial [D] objective
3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment
4. [A] Above all [B] On average [C] In principle [D] For example
5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless
6. [A] in [B] for [C] to [D] on
7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless
8. [A] test [B] emphasize [C] share [D] promote
9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10. [A] found [B] studied [C] chosen [D] identified
11. [A] otherwise [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] exceptional
12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C ] conducted [D] secured
13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14. [A] put [B] got [C] took [D] gave
15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather
16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced
17. [A] below [B] after [C] above [D] before
18. [A] jump [B] float [C] fluctuate [D] drop
19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard
20. [A] necessary [B] possible [C ] promising [D] helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
- 2 -Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by
Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't
affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater
descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain
bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of
date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's
three-year indictment of "fast fashion". In the last decade or so, advances in
technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react
to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds
mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels
encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable - meant to last only
a wash or two, although they don't advertise that -and to renew their wardrobe every
few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands
have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M
to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely
on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use
massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like
Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma. "Mass-produced clothing, like fast food,
fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful," Cline argues. Americans,
she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year - about 64 items per person - and
no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman
named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes - and
beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her
craft; her example can't be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on
labor and the environment - including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection
line -Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits
the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.
Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't
afford not to.
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21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] insensitivity to fashion.
[B] obsession with high fashion.
[ C] poor bargaining skill.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shop for their garments more frequently.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shut out the feverish fashion world.
23. The word "indictment" (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C] enthusiasm.
[D] accusation.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
- 4 -Text2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted - the
trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction
can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online,
companies can aim "behavioural" ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of
such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be
tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding
a "do not track" (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers
that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's
Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the
FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get
cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31s t Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the
version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with
default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob
Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says
consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their
preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. "They'll get less meaningful, less
targeted ads."
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not
oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.
Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are
sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on
anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business
too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.
If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has
chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the
norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8 - though
the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that
count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "We believe
consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?
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26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that "behavioural" ads help advertisers to
[A] provide better online services.
[B] ease competition among themselves.
[C] avoid complaints from consumers.
[D] lower their operational costs.
27. "the industry" (Line 5, Para.3) refers to
[A] internet browser developers.
[B] digital information analysts.
[C] e-commerce conductors.
[D] online advertisers.
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] may cut the number of junk ads.
[B] fails to affect the ad industry.
[C] will not benefit consumers.
[D] goes against human nature.
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
[A] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.
[B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of
[A] indulgence.
[B] understanding.
[C] appreciation.
[D] skepticism.
- 6 -Text3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely -though by no
means uniformly -glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills
of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation
of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate
change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look
forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species
have endured for millions of years -so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our
species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance
of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens
in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the
species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no
major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and
organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long
Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still
be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than
about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and
its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science
fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.
That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near
future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with
considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now
identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our
species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our
descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more
likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now
knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of
earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
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31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.
[B] our faith in science and technology.
[C] our awareness of potential risks.
[D] our belief in equal opportunity.
32. The IUCN's "Red List" suggests that human beings are
[A] a sustained species.
[B] the world's dominant power.
[C] a threat to the environment.
[D] a misplaced race.
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[C] Technology offers solutions to social problems.
[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] adopt an optimistic view of the world.
[B] draw on our experience from the past.
[C] explore our planet's abundant resources.
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.
[B] Science, Technology and Humanity.
[C] Evolution of the Human Species.
[D] Uncertainty about Our Future.
- 8 -Text4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's
immi ation law Monday - a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.
gr
But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat
for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal
government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested
provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce
federal immi ation law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the
gr
power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede
state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that
ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's
liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned
provisions the majority held Con ess had deliberately "occupied the field" and
gr
Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the
legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because
Con ess has always envisioned joint federal-state immi ation enforcement and
gr gr
explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal
colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justices - Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas -
a eed with this Constitutional logic but disa eed about which Arizona rules
gr gr
conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice
Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going
back to the Alien and SeditionActs.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito
describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The
White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,
even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White
House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it
disa ees with.
gr
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of
citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Con ess wanted to prevent states
gr
from using their own resources to check immi ation status, it could. It never did so.
gr
The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out
Con ess's immi ation wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every
gr gr
Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
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36. Three provisions of Arizona's plan were overturned because they
[A] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[B] overstepped the authority of federal immi ation law.
gr
[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices a ee, according to Para aph4?
gr gr
[A] Con ess's intervention in immi ation enforcement.
gr gr
[B] Federal officers' duty to withhold immi ants'information.
gr
[C] States' legitimate role in immi ation enforcement.
gr
[D] States' independence from federal immi ation law.
gr
38. It can be inferred from Para aph 5 that the Alien and SeditionActs
gr
[A] stood in favor of the states.
[B] supported the federal statute.
[C] undermined the states' interests.
[D] violated the Constitution.
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A] is dependent on the states' support.
[B] is established by federal statutes.
[C] outweighs that held by the states.
[D] rarely goes against state laws.
40. What can be learned from the last para aph?
gr
[A] Immi ation issues are usually decided by Con ess.
gr gr
[B] The Administration is dominant over immi ation issues.
gr
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Con ess.
gr
[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million
professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and
outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of
social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11 % every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today's global
challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.
(4 1) ______________. Humanity has the necessary agro-technolo-
gical tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.
Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth
and prosperity.
(4 2)_ _____________ This is a shame - the community
should be graspmg the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To
paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation
without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and
internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal
that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental change" or "climate
change" have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) ______________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local:
Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And
whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of
knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (4 4) _____
This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the
right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not
expect more in today's economic climate.
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The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding
programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year,
it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be
enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from
social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete
opposite. ( 45) ______________T hat should create more
collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global
problems.
[A] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories,
including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the
bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure
societies.
[B] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it
considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to
receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[CJ It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that 1s
discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is
problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[D] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social
sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
[EJ These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral
change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming
climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns
and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such
problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific
funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross
cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities
as a percentage of all research and development funds - including government,
higher education, non-profit and corporate - varied from around 4% to 25%;
in most European nations, it is about 15%.
- 12 -PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals
who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens
evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self
expression is a basic human urge; ( 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the
gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,
these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration
and creative expression.
One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of
turbulence, a "still point of the turning world," to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.
(47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as
opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so
that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former
becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the
structuring of one's relation to one's environment. (4 8) The gardens of the homeless,
which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment
where it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give
composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is
so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are
deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (4 9) most of us give in to a demoralization of
spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we
find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of
the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible,
yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit
of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of
materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of
petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy
elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) !t
is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word
garden, though in a "liberated" sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In
them we can see biophilia - a yearning for contact with nonhuman life - assuming
uncanny representational forms.
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ill
Section Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting
him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2014 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory
and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember
1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the
name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these
occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental
focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and
personal 5
Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly
showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain
needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental
_7_ can significantly improve our basic cognitive _8_ . Thinking is
essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our
ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.
11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice,
scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental
effort.
Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed
the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain
their mental 14
The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your
memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and
provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most
importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on
the strengths you are developing - much like a(n) 20 exercise routine
requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
- 1 -1. [A] that [B] when [C] why [D] where
2. [A] fades [B] improves [C] collapses [D] recovers
3. [A] Unless [B] While [C] Once [D] If
4. [A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure
5. [A] relationship [B] environment [C] wellbeing [D] outlook
6. [A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns
7. [A] responses [B] associations [C] workouts [D] roundabouts
8. [A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions
9. [A] channel [B] process [C] condition [D] sequence
10. [A] persist [B] feature [C] excel [D] believe
11. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] Therefore
12. [A] according to [B] regardless of [C] apart from [D] instead of
13. [A] back [B] further [C] aside [D] around
14. [A] framework [B] stability [C] flexibility [D] sharpness
15. [A] hurries [B] reminds [C] allows [D] forces
16. [A] order [B] track [C] pace [D] hold
17. [A] on [B] to [C] for [D] with
18. [A] habitually [B] constantly [C] irregularly [D] unusually
19. [A] carry [B] put [C] build [D] take
20. [A] idle [B] risky [C ] familiar [D] effective
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
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Text 1
In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency", George
Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search"
scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job
search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they
should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?
More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait
for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for
work, not looking to sign on," he claimed. "We're doing these things because we
know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work
faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor,
trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously
indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find
work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his
zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and
ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your
heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is
financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is
minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now
excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.
Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has
disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is
always: a job.
But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency - permanent
dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your
falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and
benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare
is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and
receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase
"jobseeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who
had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making
national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited
"allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no
insurance, at £71. 70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.
- 3 -21. George Osborne's scheme was intended to
[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefts.
[B] encourage jobseekers' active engagement in job seeking.
[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.
[D] guarantee jobseekers' legitimate right to benefts.
22. The phrase "to si on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means
gn
[A] to check on the availability ofj obs at thejobcentre.
[B] to accept the government's restrictions on the allowance.
[C] to register for an allowance from the government.
[D] to attend a governmentaljob-trainingprogram.
23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.
[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.
[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.
[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel
[A] uneasy.
[B] insulted.
[ C] enraged.
[D] guilty.
25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.
[B] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness.
[C] The jobseekers' allowance has met their actual needs.
[D] Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.
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Text2
All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of
any other profession - with the possible exception of journalism. But there are
few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in
America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of
money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law
graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of
nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate
degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law
schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation
for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $100,000 of
debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work
fearsomely hard.
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible
ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the
profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people
to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after
only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would
be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not
need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership
structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not
own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is
pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the
regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the
pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs
and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology
and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency. After
all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal
professions. America should follow.
- 5 -26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A] the growing demand from clients.
[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.
[C] the prospect of working in big firms.
[D] the attraction of financial rewards.
27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American
states?
[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
[B] Receiving training by professional associations.
[C] Admissions approval from the bar association.
[D] Pursuing a bachelor's degree in another major.
28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A] the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[B] lawyers' and clients' strongresistance.
[C] the stem exam for would-be lawyers.
[D] non-professionals' sharp criticism.
29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive" partly because it
[A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
[B] bans outsiders' involvement in the profession.
[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
[D] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
30. In this text, the author mainly discusses
[A] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.
[B] a problem in America's legal profession and solutions toit.
[C] the role of undergraduate studies in America's legal education.
[D] flawed ownership of America's law firms and its causes.
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Text3
The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting
experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in
March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in
Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the
Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded
from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These
benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use
their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted m the
News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart
entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards
are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could
distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement
the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research.
They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to
shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have
made their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about
how science prizes - both new and old - are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize
in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the
life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize,
each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative
nature of modem research - as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over
who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.
The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had
decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has
given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things
seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were
offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to
science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the
mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all -but it is the prize-givers' money
to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
- 7 -31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as
[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth.
[B] a handsome reward for researchers.
[C] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.
[D] an example of bankers' investments.
32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit
[A] the profit-oriented scientists.
[B] the achievement-based system.
[C] the founders of the new awards.
[D] peer-review-led research.
33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves
[A] legitimate concerns over the new prizes.
[B] controversies over the recipients' status.
[C] the joint effort of modern researchers.
[D] the demonstration of research findings.
34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?
[A] History has never cast doubt on them.
[B] Their endurance has done justice to them.
[C] They are the most representative honor.
[D] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.
35. The author believes that the new awards are
[A] unworthy of public attention.
[B] subject to undesirable changes.
[C] harmful to the culture ofresearch.
[D] acceptable despite the criticism.
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Text4
"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the
humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy
in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of
the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the
AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local
governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others"
to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship
and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission
on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members are
top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives,
as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because
representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports
full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American
history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.
To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment
in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve
problems and communicate effectively in the 21 st century, increased funding for
teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great
challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,
international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter"
never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our
leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades
America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the
content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly,
the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the
humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left
liberal propaganda.
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and
progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative
or classical liberal ideas - such as free markets and self-reliance - as falling
outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may
well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that
Congress asked it to illuminate.
- 9 -36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author's attitude toward the AAAS's report?
[A] Critical.
[B] Appreciative.
[C] Contemptuous.
[D] Tolerant.
37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to
[A] define the government's role in education.
[B] safeguard individuals' rights to education.
[C] retain people's interest in liberal education.
[D] keep a leading position in liberal education.
38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests
[A] an exclusive study of American history.
[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.
[C] the application of emerging technologies.
[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.
39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are
[A] supportive of free markets.
[B] conservative about public policy.
[C] biased against classical liberal ideas.
[D] cautious about intellectual investigation.
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"
[B] Illiberal Education and "The Heart of the Matter"
[C] The AAAS's Contribution to Liberal Education
[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
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PartB
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given m a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you
are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from
the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have
been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable - for example,
the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the
megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions
to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful
searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge,
an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally
fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light
during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill
spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the
Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600,
this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The
researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but
also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when
there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey
and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine
where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have
also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain
archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case,
many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras,
have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by
using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting
settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population
around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan
collapsed.
- 11 -[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey
methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne
technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment
carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what
lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas
of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who
have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British
archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh
Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted
through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located
the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans
combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny
engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated
Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these
engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knos6s ),
on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be
successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface
clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount
of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.
Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as
ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists
commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two
and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,
illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
[CJ-I
A 1-1 42. 1-1 E 1-1 43. 1-144. 1�4� 5_. �
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PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even
different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic,
philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have
something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the
means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is
precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical
means that is the strength of music. (4 6) It is also the reason why when we try to
describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not
grasp music itself.
Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the
revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing
conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to
break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as
in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight
of convention. (4 7) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous
one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the
performance, of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of
Beethoven's music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for
example in the use of dynamics. (48) Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume
with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft
passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was
not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior
and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.
( 49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated
with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought
and of personal expression.
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an
imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or
ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an
i rovement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by
mp
chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony,
but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) One could
interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the
courage to fight it renders life worth living.
- 13 -Section ill Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university,
suggesting how to improve students' physical condition.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not si your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
gn
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your
essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
-
..
-- --
... -
,..
-
-
..,
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绝密★启用前
2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousms,
sharing about 1 % of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University
of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, has 2
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects
which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people
were used in both_5_
While 1 % may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler,
professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even
7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people
who 8 our kin."
The study_9_ found that the genes for smell were something shared in
friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is
difficult to explain, for now. 10 as the team suggests, it draws us to similar
environments but there 1s more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms
working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends _D
"functional kinship" of being friends with 14
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem
to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why
human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment
being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people's -�1�8� to befriend those of
similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were
drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that
all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
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1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4. [A] compared [B] sought [C ] separated [D] connected
5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C ] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like
12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits
15. [A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express
17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
- 2 -Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don't abdicate, they die in
their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in
the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So,
does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that
mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent
uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When
public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco
regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national
unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing
popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most
monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican city
and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most
royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search
for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of
national unity as they claim to be, their very history - and sometimes the way they
behave today -embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a
time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality
and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic
families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic
ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses ( or
helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international
1 %, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right
image.
While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some
time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her
rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles,
who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the
world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because
they provide a service -as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.
Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans,
who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
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21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain
[A] eased his relationship with his rivals.
[B] used to enjoy high public support.
[C] was unpopular among European royals.
[D] ended his reign in embarrassment.
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] to give voters more public figures to look up to.
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
[C] owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment.
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[B] The role of the nobility in modem democracies.
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles
[A] fails to adapt himself to his future role.
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies.
[D] takes a tough line on political issues.
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
- 4 -Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme
Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone
without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly
one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the
possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for
judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice.
Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can
and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the
contents of a smartphone - a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,
say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate
the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an
arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering
his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial
history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The
development of "cloud computing", meanwhile, has made that exploration so
much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping
sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.
Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and
protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line
drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain
a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth
Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could
take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while
waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite
situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New,
disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's
protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility
of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use
as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for
the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the
Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now .
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26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[B] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.
[C] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of
[A] disapproval.
[B] indifference.
[C] tolerance.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to
[A] going through one's wallet.
[B] handling one's historical records.
[C] scanning one's correspondences.
[D] getting into one's residence.
29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B] the court is giving police less room for action.
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens' privacy is not effectively protected.
30. Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[B] principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
[C] California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.
[D] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution .
- 6 -Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy
follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic
mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published
research findings.
"Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,"
writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the
journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).
Manuscripts will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal
editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.
The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:
"The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the
application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,
a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily an
advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the
establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.
This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully
through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their
approach after Science."
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the
policy is "a most welcome step forward" and "long overdue". "Most journals are
weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I
think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is
more essential than expert review," he says, but he noted that biomedical journals
such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical
Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyse data, but
statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to
David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote
in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, "engaging reviewers who are
statistically literate and editors who can verify the process". Vaux says that
Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a
weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify 'the papers
that need scrutiny' in the first place".
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31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
32. The phrase "flagged up" (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
[A] found.
[B] revised.
[C] marked.
[D] stored.
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoREmay
[A] pose a threat to all its peers.
[B] meet with strong opposition.
[C] increase Science's circulation.
[D] set an example for other journals.
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
[A] adds to researchers' workload.
[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.
[C] has room for further improvement.
[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future.
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks
[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
- 8 -Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the
"unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had
collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting
mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it's us, human beings,
we the people who create the society we want, not profit."
Driving her point home, she continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the
absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business
could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This
same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News
International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it
had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes -finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the
World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor,
Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge -the wider issue of dearth of integrity
still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.
This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,
the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone
hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such
widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the
astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in
her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired
how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew
nothing.
In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not
be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we
should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that
the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered
are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation,
sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have
been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader
understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.
It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may
not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked
no questions, gave no instructions -nor received traceable, recorded answers .
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36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.
[B] companies' financial loss due to immoral practices.
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
37 . It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.
[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
[ C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence
[A] was hardly convincing.
[B] centered on trivial issues.
[C] revealed a cunning personality.
[D] was part of a conspiracy.
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
[A] a marginalized lifestyle.
[B] unfair wealth distribution.
[C] generally distorted values.
[D] a rigid moral code.
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A] The quality of writings is of primary importance.
[B] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
[C] Common humanity is central to news reporting.
[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations .
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark
your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the
sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out
relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English
grammar. (41)_ ______________Y ou begin to infer a context
for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is
involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.
But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of
active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you
feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence
and clues. (42) ______________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track
for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or
"true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless
relation of the text to the world. (43) _______________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) ______
This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely
relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods,
places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the
same words on the page - including for texts that engage with fundamental human
concerns - debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of
beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular
interest in reading it. (4 5) _______________ Such dimensions
of reading suggest - as others introduced later in the book will also do - that we
bring an implicit ( often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn't
then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more
worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and
act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together,
they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to
your surrounding textual environment.
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[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the
requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it
for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ
considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[BJ Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender,
ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations
but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[q If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using
clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become
relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible
links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given
sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the
author intended.
[EJ You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be
significant to you, or about its validity - inferences that form the basis of a
personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[_F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by
the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.
[GJ Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what
we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization
or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its
language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge,
belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
- 12 -PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries, a tide of emigration - one of the great folk wanderings of history -
swept from Europe to America. (4 6) This movement, driven by powerful and
diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped
the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces - the
immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national
characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of
necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came
successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen,
Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to
the new world. (4 8) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America,
the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty
of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new
social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a
character that was distinctly American.
( 49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the
United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the l 5th-and-
16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish
colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These
travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During
their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to
them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and
infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off
their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost
inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues'
distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." The colonists' first glimpse of
the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness
and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the
way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw
material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores .
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Section III Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100
words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not si your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming " instead.
gn
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may
involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman,
but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and
then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man's
parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the
selection. 4 a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a
spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is
marrymg 6 a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted
three days, _7_ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist
priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony
9
involve ritual hair cutting, cotton threads soaked in holy water around
the bride's and groom's wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily
married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move
in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they
can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to 14 but not common. Divorced persons are
.Ll__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she
17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally.
Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced
male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman
must wait ten months.
- 1 -1. [A] as well as [B] byway of [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to
2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] decide on
3. [A] renew [B] close [C] arrange [D] postpone
4. [A] In theory [B] In time [C ] Above all [D] For example
5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless
6. [A] within [B] into [C] from [D] through
7. [A] since [B] or [C] so [D] but
8. [A] test [B] recite [C] copy [D] create
9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying
10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving
11. [A] association [B] meeting [C] collection [D] union
12. [A] grow [B] part [C] live [D] deal
13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if
14. [A] follow [B] obtain [C] challenge [D] avoid
15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed
16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever
17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed
18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided
19. [A] clears [B] shows [C] warms [D] breaks
20. [A] while [B] once [C] so that [D] in that
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
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Text 1
France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its
fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its
lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime
to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites
that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty
should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And
the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving
themselves to death - as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must
take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the
social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that
they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint
that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather
than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to
change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep - and bone-showing. Under
the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of
body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material
adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few
other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images
that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.
In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month
on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models.
The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of
and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,
especially on young people." The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny
access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW),
which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and
shame method of compliance.
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body
ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty
beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
- 3 -21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?
[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.
[B] New runways would be constructed.
[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.
[D] The fashion industry would decline.
22. The phrase "impinging on" (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] indicating the state of.
[B] heightening the value of.
[C] losing faith in.
[D] doing harm to.
23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?
[A] The French measures have already failed.
[B] Its inherent problems are getting worse.
[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure.
[D] New standards are being set in Denmark.
24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
[A] pursuing perfect physical conditions.
[B] caring too much about models' character.
[C] showing little concern for health factors.
[D] setting a high age threshold for models.
25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry
[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty
[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France
[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals
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Text2
For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In
Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate "the countryside"
alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as
what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish
houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever." It was
specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could
experience "a refreshing air." Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national
parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year
concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this
sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development
priority over conservation, even authorising "off-plan" building where local
people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as
profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils
oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its
chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using
green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local
Conservative parties.
The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where
people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents
Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the
London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even
truer of the provinces.
The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk.
The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under
lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation
and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is
not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will
always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects
their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is
Europe's most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has
enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density
urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative - the corrupted landscapes of
southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should
unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
- 5 -26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside
[A] is not well reflected in politics.
[B] is fully backed by the royal family.
[C] didn't start till the Shakespearean age.
[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS.
27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being
[A] largely overshadowed.
[B] properly protected.
[C] effectively reinforced.
[D] gradually destroyed.
28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.
[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building.
[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
29. The author holds that George Osborne's preference
[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.
[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.
[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of
[A] the size of population in Britain.
[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain.
[D] the political life in today's Britain.
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Text3
"There is one and only one social responsibility of business," wrote Milton
Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, "That is, to use its resources and
engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept
Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a
waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research
suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies - at least when they
are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion
a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could
add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR
spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second,
customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to
donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect,"
whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because
consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them
by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
(FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part
of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most
comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their
analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than
their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more
to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a
case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in
CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,
such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines
that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign
officials," says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much
businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are
banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they
decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when
companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them
a less costly punishment.
- 7 -31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with
[A] tolerance.
[B] skepticism.
[ C] approval.
[D] uncertainty.
32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by
[A] guarding it against malpractices.
[B] protecting it from being defamed.
[C] winning trust from consumers.
[D] raising the quality of its products.
33. The expression "more lenient" (Para.4) is closest in meaning to
[A] less controversial.
[B] more effective.
[C] more lasting.
[D] less severe.
34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record
[A] has an i act on their decision.
mp
[B] comes across as reliable evidence.
[C] increases the chance of being penalized.
[D] constitutes part of the investigation.
35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
[B] The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.
[C] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
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Text4
There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish
stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime
in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of
incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical
newspaper- printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a
time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.
Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf
their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.
Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print
edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but
only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that
transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're
going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."
Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example
of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was
seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti
were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said. "I
would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."
The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes,
and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they
believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,"
Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to
generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product,
make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the
Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500
a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.
"It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't
have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like
that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market
changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive
than less aggressive."
- 9 -36. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to
[A] the high cost of operation.
[B] the increasing online ad sales.
[C] the pressure from its investors.
[D] the complaints from its readers.
3 7. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should
[A] end the print edition for good.
[B] make strategic adjustments.
[C] seek new sources ofreadership.
[D] aim for efficient management.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a "legacy product"
[A] helps restore the glory of former times.
[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.
[ C] will have the cost of printing reduced.
[D] expands the popularity of the paper.
39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,
[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.
[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.
[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.
[D] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.
40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once
[B] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good
[C] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion
[D] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand
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PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Create a new image of yourself
[B] Have confidence in yourself
[C] Decide if the time is right
[D] Understand the context
[E] Work with professionals
[F] Know your goals
[G] Make it efficient
No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present
yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to
research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness,
and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is
that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented.
In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so
much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like
Linkedln. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a
decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least
formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be
confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?
And what's the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:
41.
1
As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during
transitions - when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role,
or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck
and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback
from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others
perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK.
- 11 -Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your
image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and
enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more
approachable, or more modem and stylish. For someone moving from finance to
advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations
like that.)
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of
your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences?
How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you
understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context.
Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a
hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of
your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.
The point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time
fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.
Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once
with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.
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PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don't have to learn how to be
mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to
heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened.
It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of
nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't
understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it,
mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't really go
anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it
is fully capable of being restored in an instant.
Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem - confidence in ourselves
and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on
our lives - the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to
see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or
unlearned optimism. (4 8) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if
they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional
love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving
problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our
home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives
easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience
while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to
see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our
daily lives.
( 49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly
ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your
difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations
to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has
commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner
voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)
As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and
knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.
- 13 -Section III Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words,
providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about
the library.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not si your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Li Ming" instead.
gn
Do not write the address. ( 10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your
essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
ID
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绝密★启用前
2017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding
"yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it
turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind.
Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this
winter.
In a recent study -�5- over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie
Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social
support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to
developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who
perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and
the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about
32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones
who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less
severe 12 .
"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for
colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of
psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the
feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."
Some experts 17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging
to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it
promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their
newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,
and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it ___12_ in the brain,
where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
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1. [A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout
2. [A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior
[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host
3.
4. [A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep
5. [A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting
6. [A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on
7. [A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted
8. [A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out
9. [A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined
[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained
10.
11. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus
12. [A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors
[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased
13.
14. [A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] compared
15. [A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record
16. [A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of
17. [A] transfer [B] commit [C ] attribute [D] return
18. [A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until
19. [A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases
20. [A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D] influences
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
- 2 -Text 1
First two hours, now three hours - this is how far in advance authorities are
recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S.
ai orts with increasingly massive security lines.
rp
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return
for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have
downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But
demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return
undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on
Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret
check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons - both fake and
real - past ai ort security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security
rp
measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving
economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major ai orts such as
rp
Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline
security has become -but the lines are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in
airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the
issue is that ai orts have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor
rp
may be that more people are trying to ove ack their carry-on bags to avoid checked
rp
baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling ai orts
rp
or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is
supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a
background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA
to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. The
TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock:
Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks.
Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming
reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should
look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut
costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes
while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to
make the program work.
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21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to
[A] explain American's tolerance of current security checks.
[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.
[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.
[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.
22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?
[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.
[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.
[C] An increase in the number oftravelers.
[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.
23. The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to
[A] quieter.
[B] cheaper.
[C] wider.
[D] faster.
24. One problem with the PreCheck program is
[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.
[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.
[C] the government's reluctance to back it.
[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Less Screening for More Safety
[B] PreCheck -a Belated Solution
[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines
[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes
- 4 -Text2
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani,
Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most
esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in
Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter
Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's
view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano
worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to
the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful
telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of
our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain
images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal
group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as
disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was
once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their
eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way
of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of
Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian
culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of
civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first
brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to
explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban
future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture
both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and
where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if
answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of
Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility
around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To
limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of
their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why
everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and
to study the stars.
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26. Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
[A] her conservative view on the historical role ofastronomy.
[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.
[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.
[D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.
27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
[A] its geographical features.
[B] its protective surroundings.
[C] its religious implications.
[D] its existing infrastructure.
28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.
[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.
[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.
[D] they fear losing control ofMauna Kea.
29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy
[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.
30. The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of
[A] severe criticism.
[B] passive acceptance.
[C] slight hesitancy.
[D] full approval.
- 6 -Text3
Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything
except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the
European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely
moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over
half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do
not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has
been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high
growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million
people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their
country's economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into
well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured,
the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is
translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just
focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil
society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of
how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of
consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008
global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major
economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some
relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures
including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer
regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most
common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it
is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental
quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of
well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead
to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for
growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather
than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and
may even see progress.
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31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he
[A] praised the UK for its GDP.
[B] identified GDP with happiness.
[C] misinterpreted the role of GDP.
[D] had a low opinion of GDP.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that
[A] the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.
[B] GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.
[C] the UK will contribute less to the world economy.
[D] policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.
33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?
[A] It is sponsored by 163 countries.
[B] It excludes GDP as an indicator.
[C] Its criteria are questionable.
[D] Its results are enlightening.
34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that
[A] the UK is preparing for an economic boom.
[B] high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.
[C] it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.
[D] it requires caution to handle economic issues.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A] High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
[B] GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
[D] Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-being
- 8 -Text4
In a rare unammous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the
corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did
so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting
gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking
access to government.
The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell
a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions
on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.
Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with
clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is
"distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of
concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a
meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".
The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not
criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with
bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. "The basic compact
underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the
court, "assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on
their concerns."
But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,
not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be
allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings
simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal
gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency,
such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about
each elected leader's source of wealth.
Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is
not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different
types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be
bought, a basic premise of democratic society - that all are equal in treatment by
government - is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the
inherent worth of each individual.
The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and
official favoritism.
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36. The underlined sentence (Para.I) most probably shows that the court
[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.
[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.
[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.
[D] refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.
3 7. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves
[A] leaking secrets intentionally.
[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.
[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.
[D] breaking contracts officially.
38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are
[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.
[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.
[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.
[D] exempt from conviction on the charge offavoritism.
39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to
[A] awaken the conscience of officials.
[B] guarantee fair play in official access.
[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.
[D] inspire hopes in average people.
40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is
[A] sarcastic.
[B] tolerant.
[C] skeptical.
[D] supportive.
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41 -45, you
are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from
the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs B and D have
been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to
Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine.
From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The
Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.
[BJ The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today,
secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and
the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
[q Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to
write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts
by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the
story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that
Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment,
Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt
was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his
backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and
his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837
and was first published in book form in 1837.
[D] Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest
English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer,
Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama
of English society.
[EJ Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand
boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as
a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens,
who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything
comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
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[_F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was
a clerk in the British Navy pay office - a respectable position, but with little
social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper,
possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed
their background.Dickens's mother supposedly came from a more respectable
family. Yet two years before Dickens's birth, his mother's father was caught
stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty
forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,
a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young
gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his
father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's
greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even
to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
[GJ After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he
traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of
London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver
Twis t with th e sunlig ht of Pickwick. Th e popu lar ity of th ese novels
consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
1- 1- 1- I 1- I 1- I 1- I
D 41. 42. 43. 44. B 45.
- 12 -PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for
international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.
(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs
that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start
to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and
UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would
consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the
study presented by David Graddol. (4 7) His analysis should therefore end any self
contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so
stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional
language capabilities.
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak
economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving
to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies
and organisations. Alongside that, (4 8) many countries are introducing English into
the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not
appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the
English language in international education markets as the demand for educational
resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and
international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese,
French and German, spreads.
(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major
challenges to the UK's providers of English language teaching to people of other
countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language
teaching sector directly earns nearly £ 1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports
and our other education related exports earn up to £ 10 billion a year more. As the
international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of
international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to
continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:
(50) It gives a basis to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and
use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a
very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical
approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must
prepare for it.
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Section III Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly-arrived Australian professor,
recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reasons for your
recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not si your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead.
gn
Do not write the address. ( 10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your
essay, you should
1 ) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _1_ many
worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your_2_ in
the wrong place often carries a high 3
4 why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _5_ people place
their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone
that _6_ pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts
humans to �7- with one another. Scientists have found that exposure _8_ this
hormone puts us in a trusting____2_: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into
the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher
amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.
_1_1_ for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may ___lL us. A
Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a
credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult
tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, "What's in here?" before
looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, "Wow!" Each subject was then
invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the
container was empty -and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to
cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his
leadership. 19 only five of the 30 children paired with the " 20 " tester
participated in a follow-up activity.
- 1 -1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A] Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C] of [D] to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10. [A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D] supporters
11. [A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12. [A] monitor [B] protect [C ] surprise [D] delight
13. [A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14. [A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15. [A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16. [A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered
17. [A] betrayed [B] wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18. [A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19. [A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20. [A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
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Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably
go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots
come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of
being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class
disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't
appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations - trucking, financial advice,
software engineering - have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the
robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has
benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites
whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living
standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should
eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free
workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may
need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second
Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums - from
grammar school to college - should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and
more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a
better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside
robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra
training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be
able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to
revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In
previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition
by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers
and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that
will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income
and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low
wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit
should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies
for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,
yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by
automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But
policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
- 3 -21. Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B] Low-wage laborers.
[C] Robot owners.
[D] Middle-class workers.
22. Which of the following best represents the author's view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.
[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.
23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential.
[B] job-hunting skills.
[C] individual needs.
[D] cooperative spirit.
24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A] encouraging the development of automation.
[B] increasing the return on capital investment.
[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D] preventing the income gap from widening.
25. In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it.
[B] possible solutions to it.
[C] its alarming impacts.
[D] its major variations.
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Text2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young
Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that
Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources,
not a president's social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has
risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.
Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter
of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was
fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for
BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from
the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at
separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey
of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use "distributed trust" to verify
stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives -
especially those that are open about any bias. "Many young people assume a great
deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out
opposing viewpoints," the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in
Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison
found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and
immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their
values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing
along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by
Americans for the fake news phenomenon is "reader error," more so than made-up
stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news
lies in "misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news" via social media. In other
words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. "This
indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem," says
Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a
mental discipline in thinking skills - and in their choices on when to share on social
media.
- 5 -26. According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people's preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administration's ability to handle information.
[D] social media as a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase "beef up" (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen.
[B] define.
[C] boast.
[D] share.
28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse sources.
[C] have a strong sense ofresponsibility.
[D] like to exchange views on "distributed trust".
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers' outdated values.
[B] j oumalists' biased reporting.
[C] readers' misinterpretation.
[D] journalists' made-up stories.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend.
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on SocialMedia.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
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Text3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's
National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both
sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI)
companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,
but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against
that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her
damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed
over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague
agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their
expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further
arrangements - and there may be many - between the NHS and DeepMind will be
carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of
patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed
patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the
most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since
under existing law it "controlled" the data and DeepMind merely "processed" it. But
this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere
possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our
lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual
from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance
economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is
compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly
maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that
the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters
is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public
resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data
may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done. We are still at the beginning of
this revolution and small choices now may tum out to have gigantic consequences
later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms
Denham's report is a welcome start.
- 7 -31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients' rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations.
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it.
34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous.
[B] cautious.
[C] appreciative.
[D] contemptuous.
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Text4
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss
of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded
revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for
employee health and retirement costs. There are many reasons this formerly stable
federal institution finds itself at the brink of bankruptcy. Fundamentally, the USPS is
in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased
demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure
that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert
self-interested pressure on the USPS's ultimate overseer - Congress - insisting that
whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on
get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent
years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital
modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved - Democrats, Republicans, the Postal
Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users - has finally agreed on a plan to
fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an
estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles,
among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per
letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The
latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree
health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate -
where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum
necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There's no
change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that
personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency's costs. Also missing is any
discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys
wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special
interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus
around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically
embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they're
getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21stcentury.
- 9 -36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A] its unbalanced budget.
[B] its rigid management.
[C] the cost for technical upgrading.
[D] the withdrawal of bank support.
3 7. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A] the interference from interest groups.
[B] the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] the shrinking demand for postal service.
[D] the incompetence of postal unions.
38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.
[B] making more investment in new vehicles.
[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D] attracting more first-class mail users.
39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect.
[B] tolerance.
[C] discontent.
[D] gratitude.
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days.
[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese.
[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure.
[D] The Postal Service Needs More Than a Band-Aid.
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PartB
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the
list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been
correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and
prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The
commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy
Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the
Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the
elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and
construction of a building to house all three departments began in June ofl 871.
[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wmg was the first to be
occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic
Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental
rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing
in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors
decorated the office of the Secretary.
[C] The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three
Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and
conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century
and the first quarter of the twentieth century - the period when the United States
emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's
most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many
historic events.
[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events
that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D.
Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson,
Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before
- 11 -becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of
War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and
Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the
bombing of Pearl Harbor.
[E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position
in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.
Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built
from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy
Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second
Empire architecture in the country.
[F] Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the
EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly
2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of
cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight
monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze
balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.
[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first
executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires
(including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the
construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the
North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State
Department building.
1-1 1-1 1- 1 I- I 1- 1
41. C 42. 43. [I]- 44. 45.
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PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and
achievement in the drama. ( 46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the
passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of
classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by
scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western
Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the
drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or
farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all
rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy
who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of
literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in
London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at
literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St.Paul's
and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. ( 48) But
the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men
with literary ambitions were quick to tum to these theaters as offering a means of
livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene
had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy
that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the
common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. ( 49) A
native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses
established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of
exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace
the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many
great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as
by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred
thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must
remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no
author of note whose entire work has survived.
- 13 -Section ill Writing
Part A
5 1. Directions:
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the
graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant
information about the ceremony.
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead.
(10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you
should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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绝密★启用前
2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s ) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation
apps are available on our smartphones. __1_ of us just walk straight into the woods
without a phone. But phones _2_ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we
realize. _3_ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_ can't find
north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate_5_ to civilization, one of which is
to follow the land.
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area,
you have to answer two questions: Which _8_ is downhill, in this particular area?
And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and
on supplies of fresh water. __9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find,
you should __lQ_ see signs of people.
If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights -you may
be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13
even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads,
train tracks, and other paths people carve ___lL the woods. Head toward these
16__ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires
and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for
the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features
can _1Q_ you to civilization.
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1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All
2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come
3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until
4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally
5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away
6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone
7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar
8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place
9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides
10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C ] unexpectedly [D] eventually
11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused
12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result
13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example
14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate
15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under
16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks
17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally
19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings
20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
- 2 -Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses
of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be
delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main
purpose of this "clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking
and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much
larger benefit: more long-term decisionmaking, not only by banks but by all
corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
"Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded
companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a
giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience
as acting like "children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once"
rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he
notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient
investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's
efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been
dubbed "quarterly capitalism."
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,
quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets.
"There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long
term investing," said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and
Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 20 02h as pushed most public companies to
defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping
reduce "short-termism." In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds
that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism," such as changes in the
tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who
hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more
voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for
executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all
stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in
their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
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21. According to Paragraph 1 , one motive in imposing the new rule is to
[A] enhance bankers' sense ofresponsibility.
[B] help corporations achieve larger profits.
[q build a new system of financial regulation.
[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
[A] the conditions for generating quick profits.
[B] governments' impatience in decision-making.
[q the solid structure of publicly traded companies.
[D] "short-termism" in economic activities.
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
[A] indirect.
[B] adverse.
[q minimal.
[D] temporary.
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate
[A] the obstacles to preventing "short-termism".
[B] the significance of long-term thinking.
[q the approaches to promoting "long-termism".
[D] the prevalence of short-term thinking.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
[B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue
[q Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
[D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
- 4 -Text2
Grade inflation - the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages)
over the past few decades - is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher
education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another,
related force - a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade
forgiveness" -is helping raise GPA s.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a
low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts
in calculating a student's overall GPA .
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges
continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and
improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was
usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first
year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most
colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even
graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less
about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical
to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Ultimately,"
said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, "we see students achieve more
success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master
the content that allows them to graduate on time."
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as
well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics
such as graduation rates and student retention - so better grades can, by boosting figures
like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPA s will likely make
students - who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill - feel they've gotten a better value
for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to
consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a
college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out
graduates who are as qualified as possible - or at least appear to be. On this, students'
and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.
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26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
[A] The change of course catalogs.
[B] Students' indifference to GPA s.
[q Colleges' neglect ofGPAs.
[D] The influence of consumer culture.
2 .7 What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
[A] To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
[B] To maintain colleges' graduation rates.
[q To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
[D] To increase universities' income from tuition.
2 8. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to
[A] obtain more financial support.
[B] boost their student enrollments.
[q improve their teaching quality.
[D] meet local governments' needs.
29. What does the phrase "to be aligned" (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
[A] To counterbalance each other.
[B] To complement each other.
[q To be identical with each other.
[D] To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
[A] assessing its feasibility.
[B] analyzing the causes behind it.
[q comparing different views on it.
[D] listing its long-run effects.
- 6 -Text3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of "Frankenstein; or,
The Modern Prometheus," by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric
light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would
foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:
"What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? "
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate
the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by
the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those
recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "Westworld" and "Humans."
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone
reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. "We are just
in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually
is and how you could ever build a machine to get there."
But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. The
coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.
Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be
a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and
what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision" today is not nearly as
sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation
is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, "you quickly get into a lot of
ethical questions," notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency
that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.
Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to
establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released
its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to "design or deploy AI" that would cause "overall
harm," or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would
violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate
international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea
that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent
machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants
and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster .
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31. Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world.
[B] has remained popular for as long as 20 0 years.
[q involves some concerns raised by AI today.
[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies.
32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
[A] helps explain artificial intelligence.
[B] can be misleading to robot making.
[q inspires popular sci-fi TV series.
[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it.
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
[A] can hardly ever be found.
[B] is still beyond our capacity.
[q causes little public concern.
[D] has aroused much curiosity.
34. The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of
[A] affirmation.
[B] skepticism.
[q contempt.
[D] respect.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] AI's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age ofA I
[q The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
- 8 -Text4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online
purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with
lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that
states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more
difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's
purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a
warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state.
Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves
if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and fewpaid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. "Each year
the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in
si ificant revenue losses to the States," he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.
gn
Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has
prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field."
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they
usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging
sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax
nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is
being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax
in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a
few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses
outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for
smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling
Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales
tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local
and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only
retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with
various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council
advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are
not well served at all by this decision."
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36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
[A] better businesses' relations with states.
[B] put most online businesses in a dilemma.
[q make more online shoppers pay sales tax.
[D] force some states to cut sales tax.
3 7. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce.
[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years.
[q were widely criticized by online purchasers.
[D] were considered unfavorable by states.
3 8. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has
[A] hindered economic development.
[B] brought prosperity to the country.
[q harmed fair market competition.
[D] boosted growth in states' revenue.
3 9. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
[A] Internet entrepreneurs.
[B] Big-chain owners.
[q Third-party sellers.
[D] Small retailers.
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author
[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.
[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making.
[q presents its main points with conflicting views on them.
[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications .
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4 1-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list
A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been
correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] These tools can help you win every argument - not in the unhelpful sense of
beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that
divide people. Leaming why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work
together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments - from a verbal fight or
tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and
understanding - then we change the very nature of what it means to ''win" an
argument.
[BJ Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not
to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to
evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,
but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same
critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in
your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
[q None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time
you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly
ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with
someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell
out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise
objections and listen carefully to their replies.
[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of
them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even
when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as
dismal if arguments were even just competitions -like, say, tennis games. Pairs
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of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who
entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to
avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
[EJ In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote:
"There is only one way ...t o get the best of an argument - and that is to avoid it."
This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of
arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives - and
in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
[_F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a
fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught.
You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their
views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help
you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can
help you win -in one way.
[GJ There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the
minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell, "No,"
neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and
we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a
reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.
Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage
will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can
understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both
care about needy workers.
1-1 1-CIJ-1 1-1 1-1 1-1
4 1 . 42. 43. 44. C 45 .
- 12 -PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,
and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad
much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a
bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one
kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer
late in life from pernicious anaemia. ( 46) There is a great deal of this kind of
nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay
press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled "The Natural
Selection of Bad Science", published on the Royal Society's open science website,
attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is
not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career
advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication,
which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary
process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have
published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post
only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
( 48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to
incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an
applicant's papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a
paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an
important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (4 9) This would be
reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in
their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of
publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and
ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to
assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about
ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that
our institutions encourage that kind of science.
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Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Suppose you are working for the "Aiding Rural Prima School" project of your
ry
university. Write an email to answer the inqui from an international student
ry
volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you
should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
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Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of
Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great
traditions:the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can
2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 should be
renderedyetanotherguiltypleasure 4 todamageourhealth.
TheFood Standards Authority(FSA) has 5 apublicwarningabouttherisks
of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high
temperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould 7 crisping theirroast potatoes, reject
thin- crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the evidence to
support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can
cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes
cancer inhumans.
Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific
proof 12 theprecautionary principle, itcould beargued that itis 13 to follow
the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before
theevidencewasfound toprovea 15 .
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday
alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But
would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it isnot telling people to cut out roast
foods 18 ,but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their 19 risks coming
a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20 with
onelistening.
- 1 -1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]On [D]Till
2. [A]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence
3. [A] patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concern
4. [A]intensified [B]privileged [C]compelled [D]guaranteed
5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled
6. [A]under [B]at [C]for [D]by
7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D]avoid
8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C]easily [D]initially
9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While
10.[A]secondary [B]external [C]conclusive [D]negative
11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow
12.[A]Onthebasisof [B]Atthecostof [C]In additionto [D]In contrastto
13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate
14.[A]Asusual [B]In particular [C]Bydefinition [D]Afterall
15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C]connection [D]pattern
16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used
17.[A]Tobefair [B]Forinstance [C]Tobebrief [D]In general
18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C]gradually [D]carefully
19.[A]promise [B]experience [C]campaign [D]competition
20.[A]followup [B]pickup [C]openup [D]endup
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
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Text 1
A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new
ear with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it
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should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held b Hull in 2017,
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and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the
success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in位20m of investment and an
avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain's towns, it is true, are not
prevented from appl ing, but the generall lack the resources to put together a bid to
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beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an
annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boob prize for the fact that Britain 1s no
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longer able to appl for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,
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a sought-after award bagged b Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A c nic
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might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after
town of culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture?
Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badl run " ear of
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culture" washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a
spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The reall successful holders
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of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in
high-profile arts events and good press for a ear. The transform the aspirations of
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the people who live there; the nudge the self-image of the cit into a bolder and
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more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of
vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, communit
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groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's ear as European
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capital of culture can certainl be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have
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turned the cit into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains toda .
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A "town ofculture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's
peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all
celebrating its people. Jerem Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this
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positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.
- 3 -21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could
[A] consolidate the town-cit ties in Britain.
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[BJ promote cooperation-among Britain's towns.
[CJ increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.
[DJ focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded b some as
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[A] a sensible compromise.
[BJ a self-deceiving attempt.
[CJ an e e-catching bonus.
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[DJ an inaccessible target.
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful onl if it
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[A] endeavours to maintain its image.
[B] meets the aspiration of its people.
[C] brings its local arts to prominence.
[DJ commits to its long-term growth.
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case.
[B] a supporting example.
[C] a background story.
[D] a related topic.
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?
[A] Skeptical.
[B] Objective.
[C] Favourable.
[D] Critical.
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Text2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print mone . Scientists need
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journals in which to publish their research, so the will suppl the articles without
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monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also
for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production
of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs onl find a market
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for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.
Scientific publishers routinel report profit margins approaching 40% on their
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operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers
produced in the world, made profits of more than砂OOm last ear, while UK
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universities alone spent more than£210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access
their own publicl funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppabl despite
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increasingl desperate efforts to change them.
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The most drastic, an thoroughl illegal, reaction has been the emergence of
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Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now
claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of
Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies the have themselves legall
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accessed, shows the legal ecos stem has lost legitimac among its users and must be
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transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven b funding
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bodies. In some wa s it has been very successful. More than half of all British
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scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freel available
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from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a ear or more so that the
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publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new s stem has not et worked out an cheaper for the universities.
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Publishers have responded to the demand that the make their product free to readers
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b charging their w门ters fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range
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from around眨00 to $5,000, and apparentl the work gets more expensive the more
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that publishers do it. A report last ear pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions
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and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadil rising at a rate above inflation.
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In some wa s the scientific publishing model resembles the econom of the
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social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge
profits are made b a few big 伍ms who run the market places. In both cases, we need
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a rebalancing of power.
- 5 -26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing industry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned.
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
[A] allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled.
[D] The few feed on the many.
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Text3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a wa to level
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the pla ing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling
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that benefits onl the most privileged and does little to help average people.
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A pair of bills sponsored b Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House
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Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and
commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government
boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more
such opportunities, the have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills
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become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of
board seats for women b 2022.
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The bills are similar to a measure recentl adopted in Califomia, which last ear
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became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the
measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressl
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classifies people on the basis of sex, is probabl unconstitutional.
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The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless the are
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designed to address an "important" polic interest, Because the California law applies
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to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likel to
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rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on
corporate boards ma not currentl mirror the percentage of women in the general
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population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadil increasing without
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government interference. According to a study b Catal st, between 2010 and 2015 the
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share of women on the boards of global corporations increased b 54 percent.
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Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board
membership will inevitabl lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactl
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what happened when Norwa adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
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Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of
opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to
serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite
women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebod pushes corporate quotas as a wa to promote gender equity,
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remember that such policies are largel self-serving measures that make their sponsors
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feelgood but do little to help average women.
- 7 -31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will
[A] help little to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women's position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
[C] It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the i ortance of constitutional guarantees.
mp
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to
[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B] the objection to female participation on boards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
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Text4
Last Thursda , the French Senate passed a di ital services tax, which would
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impose an entirel new tax on lar e multinationals that provide di ital services to
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consumers or users in France. Di ital services include everythin from providin a
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platform for sellin oods and services online to tar etin advertisin based on user
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data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Man French politicians
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and media outlets have referred to this as a " GAF A tax," meanin
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that it is desi gned
to appl primaril to companies such as Goo le, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in
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other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The di
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ital services tax now awaits the si gnature of President Emmanuel Macron,
who has expressed support for the measure, and it could o into effect within the next
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few weeks. But it has already sparked si gnificant controvers
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, with the United States
trade representative openin an investi ation into whether the tax discriminates a ainst
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American companies, which in tum could lead to trade sanctions a ainst France.
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The French tax is not just a unilateral move b one countr in need of revenue.
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Instead, the di ital services tax is part of a much lar er trend, with countries over the
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past few ears proposin or puttin in place an alphabet soup of new international tax
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provisions. The have included Britain's DPT. (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL
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(multmat1onal anti-avoidance law), and India's SEP (si gnificant economic
presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain
and several other countries have all seriousl contemplated di ital services taxes.
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These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but the
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are all desi gned
to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe the should have a
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ri ht to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that ri ht. In other words,
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the all share a view that the international tax s stem has failed to keep up with the
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current econom .
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In response to these man unilateral measures, the Or anization for Economic
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Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currentl workin with 131 countries to
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reach a consensus b the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and
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the United States are involved in the or anization's work, but France's di ital services
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tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the
international tax s stem.
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France's planned tax is a clear warnin : Unless a broad consensus can be
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reached on reformin the international tax s stem, other nations are likel to follow
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suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of
nations that will prove burdensome and costl .
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- 9 -36.The French Senate has passed a bill to
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies" interests.
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease mtemat10nal trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that
[A] redistribution of tech giants'revenue must be ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[C] tech multinationals'monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD's current work
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to in involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says " NO" to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
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PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions b choosing the most suitable
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subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings. Mark our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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[A] E e fixations are brief
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[B] Too much e e contact is instinctivel felt to be rude
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[C] E e contact can be a friendl social signal
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[D] Personalit can affect how a person reacts to e e contact
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[E] Biological factors behind e e contact are being investigated
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[F] Most people are not comfortable holding e e contact with strangers
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[G] E e contact can also be aggressive.
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In a social situation, e e contact with another person can show that ou are
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pa ing attention in a friendl wa . But it can also be antagonistic such as when a
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political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes e e
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contact that signals hostilit .Here's what hard science reveals about e e contact:
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巳
We know that a typical infant will instinctivel gaze into its mother's e es, and
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she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between
mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant wa can be a
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complimentary sign of pa ing attention. It can catch someone's attention in a
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crowded room, "E e contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a
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common-sense notion supported in studies b ps chologist Monica Moore.
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尸
Neuroscientist Bonnie Au eung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the
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amount of e e contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when
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the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men
with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who ma tend to avoid e e contact. Specific
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- 11 -brain re ions that respond durin direct aze are bein explored b other researches,
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usin advanced methods of brain scannin .
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With the use of e e-trackin technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kenned
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School of Government concluded that e e contact can signal very different kinds of
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messa es, dependin on the situation. While e e contact may be a sign of connection
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or trust in friendl situations, it's more likel to be associated with dominance or
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intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether ou're a politician or a parent, it
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mi ht be helpful to keep in mind that tryin to maintain e e contact ma backfire if
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ou're tryin to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than ou,"said
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Minson.
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When we look at a face or a picture, our e es pause on one spot at a time, often
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on the e es or mouth. These pauses typicall occur at about three per second, and the
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e es then jump to another spot, until several important points in the ima e are
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re istered like a series of snapshots. How the whole ima e is then assembled and
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perceived is still a m stery althou h it is the subject of current research.
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In people who score hi h in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension
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associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, e e contact tri ered more activity
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associated with avoidance,accordin to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and
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colleagues "Our findin s indicate that people do not onl feel different when the are
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the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct findin
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is that people who scored hi hl for ne ative emotions like anxiet looked at others
g y g y
for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelin s when others did
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not look directl at them.
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Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefull and then translate the underlined segments into
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Chinese. Your translation should be written neatl on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
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points)
Following the explosion of creativit in Florence during the 14th century known
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as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.
It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead
favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread
throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing
extraordinaril among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's
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teachin s and wa s of thinkin ecli sed b the Renaissance the a between the
Medieval and modern eriods had been brid ed leadin to new and unex lored
intellectual territories.
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler
and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.
(4 7) Before each of their revelations man thinkers at the time had sustained more
ancient wa s of thinkin includin the eocentric view that the Earth was at the
centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew
of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a s stem that was later upheld b Galileo
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at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between
scientific and religious minds was branded as heres and an such heretics that
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continued to spread these lies were to be punished b imprisonment or even death.
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(48) Des ite attem ts b the Church to su ress. this new eneration of lo icians
and rationalists more ex lanations for how the universe functioned were bein made
at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a
new kind of philosoph founded in reason was born.
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The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to
rationalists and scientists. This ver fact embodied the new wa s of thinking that
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swept through Europe during most of 17th centur . (49) As many took on the duty
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of t ·n to inte ate reasonin and scientific hiloso hies into the world the
Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the A e of Reason.
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosit , Scientific
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method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were
ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to
understand what information we alread knew were ca tured b the Latin hrase'sa ere
aude' or'dare to know' after Immanuel Kant used it in his essa An Answer to the
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Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds
to go forth and seek out the truth, which the believed to be founded in knowledge.
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- 13 -Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
The Students Union of our university has assi ed ou to inform the international
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students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essa of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In our essa , ou
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should
1) describe the picture briefl ,
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2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give our comments.
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You should write neatl on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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.
I
I
习惯
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。点息信号编生考写涂并，号编生考和名姓生考、位单考报写填上置位定指
卷试"的卡题答在贴粘，下取条贴粘"码形条卷试"的上册题试把须生考.2
由任责，的果结卷评响影而码形条贴粘定规按不。中框"置位贴粘码形条
。负自生考
须必案答的题择选非，上项选的号题应相卡题答在写涂须必案答的题择选．3
在∶效无案答的写书域区题答出超。内域区框边的置位定指卡题答在写书
。效无题答上册题试、纸稿草
涂;楚清迹笔、整工迹字，写书笔字签迹字色黑用使须必分部写）书（填.4
。涂填笔铅 B2 用使须必分部写
。回交定规按册题试和卡题答将，束结试考.5
）写填真认须必生考息信下以（
号编生考
名姓生考hsilgnE fo esU I noitceS
;snoitceriD
,A kram dna knalb derebmun hcae rof )s(drow tseb eht esoohC .txet gniwolof eht daeR
)stniop 01( .TEEHS REWSNA eht no D ro C ,B
yromem mret-trohs htiw od ot sah taht ecnegilletni fo epyt eht si ecnegilletni diuF
.smelborp wen evlos ot redro ni yltcartsba dna,ylcigol ,ylkciuq kniht ot ytiliba eht dna
ot strats _2_ neht dna,emit fo doirep a rof tuo skevel,doohtluda gnuoy ni L tI
taht tuo gnidnif era stsitneics,elbativeni si gniga _3 tuB.ega ew sa enilced ylwols
.eb ton yam noitcnuf niarb ni segnahc niatrec
nemodba eht dnuora taf ydob fo 4 eht dna ssol elcsum taht dnuof yduts enO
elytsefil taht _5 eht stseggus sihT.ecnegilletni diulf ni enilced a htiw detaicossa era
.enilced fo epyt siht _6 ro tneverp pleh thgim srotcaf
dna elcsum nael fo stnemerusaem 7 taht atad ta dekool srehcraeser ehT
8 dna nemow dna nem dega-redlo-ot-elddim 000,4 naht erom morf taf lanimodba
taht dnuof yehT.doirep raey-xisa revo ecnegiletni diuf n segnahc detroper ot atad taht
no esrow 01_ taf lanimodba fo serusaem rehgih__9 elpoep dega-elddim
,__11__ sraey eht sa ecnegilletni diulf fo serusaem
detluser taht ytinummi ni segnahc ot _21 eb yam noitaicossa eht,nemow roF
tI. 31_ eb ot raeppa ton did metsys enumni eht,nem ni ;taf lanimodba ssecxe morf
tnereffid ot dael spahrep dna secnereffid eseht 41 dluoc seiduts ertuf taht depoh si
.nemow dna nem rof 51
niatniam dna taf lanimodba ecuder pleh ot 71 nac uoy spets era ereht 61
·81 latnem dna lacisyhp ruoy htob tcetorp ot redro ni ega uoy sassam elcsum nael
ruoy gnisaercni ro gniniatniam era sehcaorppa elytsefil dednemmoce ylhgih owt ehT
ni hgih si taht02 elyts-naenaretideM gniwollof dna esicrexe ciborea fo 91
.sdof dessecorp ylhgih setanimile dna rebif
）页 41 共（.1. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
sesuap ]A[.1 sruter ]B[ skaep ]C[ sedaf ]D [
ylevitamretla ]A[.2 yllamrof ]B[ yllatnedicca ]C[ yllareneg ]D[
elihw ]A[.3 ecnis ]B [ ecno ]C[ litnu ]D [
noitceted ]A[.4 noitalumucca]B[noitpmusnoc ]C [ noitarapes ]D[
ytilibissop]A[.5 noisiced ]B[ laog ]C[ tnemeriuqer]D[
yaled ]A[.6 erusne ]B[ kees ]C[ ezilitu ]D[
deifidom]A[.7 detroppus]B[ dedulcni]C[ detciderp ]D[
detoved ]A[.8 derapmoc ]B[ detrevnoc]C[ deilppa ]D[
htiw ]A[.9 evoba ]B[ yb ]C[ tsniaga ]D[
devil ]A[.01 deganam]B[ derocs]C[ deyalp ]D[
tuo nar]A[.11 ffo tes ]B[ ni werd ]C[ yb tnew ]D
roirepus]A[.21 elbatubirta]B[ lellarap ]C[ tnatsiser ]D[
derotser]A[.31 detalosi]B[ devlovni ]C[ dellortnoc ]D [
retla ]A[ .41 daerps]B [ evomer ]C[ nialpxe ]D [
smotpmys]B[ snoitasnepmoc]A[.51 sdnamed ]C [ stnemtaert ]D [
aeM ]B[esiwekiL ]A[.61 eroferehT ]C[ daetsnI ]D[
egnahc]A[.71 tnuoc ]C[ ekat ]D[
B[gnieb-lew]A[.81 noitamrof ]C[ noitanidrooc ]D[
level ]A[ .91 evol ]B[ egdelwonk ]C [ ecaps ]D[
ngised ]A[ .02 enituor ]B[ teid ]C [ noitpircserp]D [
noisneherpmoC gnidaeR Ⅱ noitceS
A traP
:snoitceriD
C,B,A gnisoohc yb txet hcaereta snoitseuq eht rewsnA.stxt ruof gniwllof eht daeR
)stniop 04.TEEHS REWSNA eht no srewsna ruoy kraM.D ro
）页 41 共（．2. 题试）一（语英1 txeT
regnessap liar ot esaercni rehtona tey yfitsuj ylbissop srotarepo niart eht nac woH
gnillevart fo tsoc eht yraunaJ yreve lautir launna elbailer ylmirg a emoceb sah tI ?seraf
ot tub noitpo on evah ohw esoht no nedrub artxe tnacifingis a gnisopmi ,sesir niart yb
rep 7.2 fo egareva na,esir s'raey sihT.esiwrehto ro krow ot teg ot krowten liar eht esu
laiciffo eht evoba llew llis si ti tub ,s'raey tsal naht rewol noitcarf a eb yam ,tnec
.noitalfni fo erusaem )IPC( xednI ecirP remusnoC
tsoc eht taht sdnuorg eht no sesaercni hcus dettimrep evah stnemnrevog evisseccuS
rehtar ,ti esu ohw esoht yb enrob eb dluohs krowten liar eht gninnur dna ni gnitsevni fo
morf renoisnep gnivird-rac a dluohs,seog tnemugra eht ,yhW .reyapxat lareneg eht naht
?yerruS morf rekorbkcots a fo etummoc yliad eht esidisbus ot evah erihsnlocniL
mohw fo ynam ,tsaE htuoS eht ni sretummoc fo sliavart eht taht esnesa si ereht ,yllauqE
esoht ot derapmoc noitnetta hcum oot deviecer evah,sesir tseggib eht gnoma ecaf lliw
.htroN eht dna sdnaldiM eht fo erutcurtsarfni roop ylevitaler eht erudne tsum ohw
fo emos decneirepxe osla evah sretummoc esoht ,shtnom 21 tsap eht revo ,revewoH
eht gnitepmurt srotarepo niart llew yrev lla si tI .sraey ni sekirts liar tsrow eht
a tcepxe ot elba eb dluohs sregnessap tub,krowten eht ot gnikam era yeht stnemevorpmi
ehT .levart ot gniyap won era yeht smus laitnatsbus eht rof ecivres fo level cisab
a si ereht ,revewoH .snoinu eht no stser sekirts fo evaw tsetal eht rof ytilibisnopser
eviecer dluohs noitca lairtsudni yb detceffa tsrow neeb evah ohw esoht taht esac gnorts
.dereffus evah yeht noitpursid eht rof noitasnepmoc
ecivres muminim a ecudortni ot wal eht egnahc ot degdelp sah tnemnrevoG ehT
sihT.etarepo ot eunitnoc nac secivres ,rucco sekirts nehw neve,taht os tnemeriuqer
smelborp gnimur-gnol eht sserdda ot serusaem fo egakcap rediw a fo trap mrof dluohs
gnilliw eb to lliw sregnessap tub,dedeen si tnemtsevni erom,seY.syawliar s'niatirB no
,secivres elbailernu,depmarc erudne osla tsum yeht fi yletinifedni erom yap ot
si ecnanetniam dennalp ro ,degnahc era selbatenit nehw soahc raluger yb detautcnup
,won rof fo nes neeb evah yam noitasilanoitan fo taerht ehT.yltnetepmocni deganam
ni deserdaton si sregnessp fo regna deifitsuj eht fi ecnaegnev a htiw muter lliw ti tub
.redro trohs
）页 41 共（.3. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
seraf regnessap liar ni esaercni s'raey siht taht sdloh rohtua ehT.12
.noitalfni htiw ecap tpek sah]A[
.sretummoc ot esirprus gib a si ]B [
.erusaem elbanosaernu na sniamer]C [
.nedrub 'srotarepo niart esac lliw ]D [
rof dnats ot desu si 2 hpargaraP ni rekorbkcots ehT.22
.srevird rac ]A [
.srelevat liar ]B [
.srotsevi lacol ]C [
.sreyapxat yranidro ]D [
srotarepo niart taht 3 hpargaraP ni detacidni si tI.32
.sretummoc ot noitasnepmoc gnireffo era ]A[
.snoinu eht htiw snoitaler riaper ot gniyrt era ]B [
.ecivres etauqeda na edivorp ot deliaf evah ]C[
.sekirts eht ot gniwo sessol eguh dereffus evah ]D [
ecaf ot evah yam syawliar eht ,sregnessap nwod mlac ot elbanu fI.42
.tnemtsevni fo ssol eht ]A[
.snoitarepo fo espalloc eht ]B[
.eunever fo noitcuder a ]C [
.pihsrenwo fo egnahc a ]D[
?txet eht rof elit tseb eht eb dluow gniwollof eht fo hcihW.52
?sekirtS eht rof emalB ot erA ohW ]A[
kroW t'nseoD gninialpmoC tnatsnoC]B [
?epoH gnirB noitasilanoitaN naC ]C [
elbaniatsuS t'nerA seraF gnisir-revE ]D[
）页 41 共（.4. 题试）一（语英2 txeT
fo etar kaelb s'aisenodnI nehw fo wor a ni raey driht eht dekram raey tsaL
s'yrtnuoc eht eb yam dnuoranrut eht rof nosaer enO .ecap ni dewols sah noitatserofed
.margorp ytrevopitna
tseroop sti ot yenom sevig taht margorp a ni gnisahp detrats aisenodnI,7002 nI
teg ro loohcs ni sdik pek ot elpoep gniriuqer sa hcus,snoitidnoc niatrec rednu stnediser
ecnatsissa laicos eseht ,sTCC ro srefsnart hsac lanoitidnoc dellaC.erac lacidem raluger
ydaerla er'yehT.ytrevop fo elcyc eht kaerb dna ytilauqeni ecuder ot dengised era smargorp
hguone dedivorp sah margorp eht ,aisenodnI nI.ediwdlrow seirtnuoc fo snzod ni desu
.nerdlihc gnoma smelborp htworg ereves ecuder yllaitnatsbus ot enicidem dna doof
,tcaf nI.tnemnorivne eht no stceffe redisnoc yllareneg t'nod smargorp TCC tuB
,slaog gnitcilfnoc sa deweiv netfo era noitcetorp latnemnorivne dna noitaivela ytrevop
.ytisrevinU snikpoH snhoJ ta tsimonoce na,orarreF luaP syas
,noitadarged latnemnorivne htiw detalerroc eb nac htworg cimonoce esuaceb s'tahT
,revewoH.ytrevop retaerg htiw detalerroc semitemos si tnenmnorivne eht gnitcetorp elihw
gnizylana yduts suoiverp ylno ehT.tceffe dna esuac evorp t'nod snoitalerroc esoht
lanoitidart eht detroppus,sTCC detutitsni dah taht ocixeM ni aera na no desab,ytilasuac
rof dnal deraelc erom evah yam meht fo emos ,yenom erom tog elpoep sa ,erehT.weiv
,syas orarreF ,taem rof esiar ot elttac
orarreF.hguoht ,tnemnorivne eht tceffa ylevitagen ot evah ton od smargorp hcuS
.noitatserofed gnitcffa saw margorp noiaivella-ytrevop s'aisenodnI fi ees ot detnaw
tsehgih eht fo eno dna dlrow eht ni tserof laciport fo aera tsegral-driht eht sah aisenodnI
.setar noitatserofed
—2102 ot 8002 morf ssol tserof launna gniwohs atad etiletas dezylana orarreF
detserof 864,7 ni—margorp ytrevopitna eht fo ni-esahp s'aisenodnI gnirud gnidulcni
tnecrep03 a htiw detaicossa si margorp eht taht ees eW".secnivotp 51 ssorca segalliv
.syas orarrF ",noitatserofed ni noitcuder
ecnarusni tfihsekam sa yenom eht gnisu era roop larur eht esuaceb ylekil stahT
elpoep ,deyaled era sniar fi,yllacipyT.syas orareF,rehtaew tnemelcni tsniaga seicilop
.stsevrah rieht tnemelppus ot ecir erom tnalp ot dnal raelc yam
eht stseggus orarreF.sseug s'ydobyna si erehwesle setalsnart hcraeser siht rehtehW
ecnatropmi eht sa hcus seitilanommoc ot eud,aisA fo strap rehto ot refsnart yam stluser
swohs yduts eht ,ytilibarefsnart fo sseldrager dnA .ssecca tekram dna ecir gniworg fo
margorp siht fi nevE.tnemnorivne eht rof doog eb osla yam elpoep rof doog s'tahw taht
rof tsuj noitatserofed dediova eht fo eulav eht",syas orarreF ,ytrevop ecuder t'ndid
".stsoc margorp eht naht erom si enola snoissime edixoid nobrac
）页 41 共（.5. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
ot mia smargorp TCC ,shpargarap owt tsrif eht ot gnidroccA.62
.mrofer erachtlaeh etatilicaf ]A [
:ffo retteb teg seilimaf roop pleh ]B[
.smetsys noitacude lacol evorpmi ]C [
.setar noitatserofed rewol ]D[
taht wohs ot detic si ocixeM ni aera na no desab yduts ehT.72
.roop eht rof doohilevit fo snaem rojam a neeb sah gnisiar elttac]A[
.selytsefil lanoitidart evreserp depleh evah smargorp TCC ]B[
.sremraf lacol fo noitapicitrap eht eriuqer stroffe ytrevopitna]C [
.noitadarged latnemnorivne esuac ot sdnet htworg cimonoce]D[
tuo dnif ot sdnetni orarreF,aisenodnI tuoba yduts sih nI.82
,sTCC fo level ecnatpecca sti ]A[
.noitaivella ytrevop fo etar launna sti ]B [
.ssol tserof sti ot sTCC fo noitaler eht ]C[
.egnahc etamilc ni stserof si fo elor eht ]D[
taht ni elbaulav tsom si aisenodnI ni margorp TCC eht,orarreF ot gnidrocA.92
.seirtnuoc naisA rehto tifeneb lliw ti ]A [
.ytilauqeni lanoiger ecuder lliw ti ]B[
.tnemnorivne eht tcetorp nac ti ]C [
.noitcudorp niarg tifeneb nac ti ]D [
?no deretnec txet eht si tahW.03
.margorp a fo stceffe ehT]A[
.margorp a revo setabed ehT ]B[
.yduts a fo ssecorp ehT ]C[
.yduts a fo ytilibarefsnart ehT ]D[
）页 41 共（.6. 题试）一（语英3 txeT
-er su sekam taht egami eht ro txet eht rof gnihcracs syawla s'ohw nairotsib a sA
ruo wohs taht shpargotohp rof gnikool htiw deipuccoerp emoceb evI,tsap eht etaulave
yrunec-ht91 fo egami eht rttahs ot yaw retteb tahw(gnilims srotsecna nairotciV
yeht-ettiwT no meht gnitsop detrats I ecnis—dna ,wef a etiuq dnuof evI.)?yredurp
taht ecnedive ees ot desirprus neeb evah elpoeP .rits a etiuq gnisuac neeb evah
snairotciV eht taht gniton era yehT .hgual ,did dna ,dluoc dna nuif dah snairotciV
edaf su etarapes taht sraey os-ro-derdnuh eht sa namuh erom emoceb ot mees ylneddus
.rethgual fo ecneirepxe nommoc ruo hguorht yawa
pu sekam'snairotciV gnilimS'fo noitcelloc ym taht edecnoc ot deen I,esruoc fO
neewteb detaerc erutiartrop cihpargotohp fo eugolatac tsav eht fo egatnecrep ynit a ylno
tnorf ni ylfits dna ylbaresim gnisop srettis wohs hcihw fo ytirojam eht,0091 dna 0481
nialpxe ew odwoH.ecnatsid elddim eht otni yltnesba gnirats ro ,spordkcab detniap fo
?dnert siht
erew semit erusopxe,yhpargotohp fo syad ylrae eht ni,s0581 dna s0481 eht gniruD
a no egami na gnicudorp(dohtem cihpargotohp epytoerreugad eht :gnol ylsuoiroton
derrulb ni gnitluser ,etelpmoc ot setunim lareves ekat dluoc)etalp reppoc derevlis
dexif a gnidloh fo thguoht ehT.sbmil rieht detsujda ro noitisop detfihs srettis sa segami
a os dna,etalpmetnoc ot hcum oot saw seitud lacigam sti demrofrep aremac eht sa nirg
.mron eht emaceb erats knalb latimmoc-non
eht fo noitcudortni eht dna,s0881 eht yb rekciuq hcum erew semit erusopxe tuB
latigid s'yadot yb wols hguoht ,taht tnaem saremac elbatrop rehto dna einworB xoB
ylevitaler erew selims suoenatnopS .suoenatnatsni tsomla saw erusopxe eht ,sdradnats
yhw fo noitanalpxe na rof erehwesle kool tsum ew os,s0981 eht yb erutpac ot ysae
.elims ot detatiseh llits snairotciV
.nirg yseehc a hguorht deyalpsid ytingid fo ssol eht eb thgim noitanalpxe enO
gnidulla ,mixam nairotciV ralupop eno nar",hteet ruo laecnoc ot spil su evag erutaN"
etats gnikcohsa ni netfo erew shtuom,yrtsitned reporp fo htib eht erofeb taht tcaf eht ot
thgis erar a saw'setihw ylraep'raluger,naelc dna yhtlaeh fo tes gnihsalf A.eneigyh fo
saw eneigyh latned,neht neve dna(hcir-repus eht fo evreserp eht ,yteicos nairotciV ni
.)deetnaraug ton
dekcal)srehsang denekcalb ro spag erew ereht nehw yllaicepse{nirg yhtoot A
sa elims a htiw nirg dna nrug thgim srenrofrep llah cisum dna ,spmart,sknurd :ssalc
rof kool gnimoceb a ton saw ti tub ,taC erihsehC gnisopxe-mug s'lorraC siweL sa ediw
taht dias,hgual ytraeh a deyojne ohw nam a,niawT kraM nevE.snosrep derb ylreporp
a naht gninmad erom gnihton"eb dluoc ereht stiartrop cihpargotohp ot emac ti nehw
."reverof dexif elims hsiloof ,yllis
）页 41共（．7. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
rettiwT no stsop s'rohtua eht ,1 hpargaraP ot gnidroccA.13
.snairotciV eht fo noisserpmi s'elpoep degnahc ]A [
.seiduts nairotciV ni elor s'aidem laicos dethgilhgih]B[
.egami cilbup fo noiton s'nairotciV eht detaulave-er]C[
.yhpargotohp nairotciV fo tnempoleved eht detartsulli]D[
?detcelloc sah eh stiartrop nairotciV eht tuoba yas rohtua eht seod tahW.23
.snairotsih gnoma esu ralupop ni era yehT ]A[
.ega taht fo shpargotohp gnoma erar era yehT ]B[
.snoitnevnoc laicos yrutnec-ht91 rorrim yehT ]C [
.semit erusopxe tnereffid fo stceffe wohs yehT ]D[
?s0981 eht ni serutcip rof gniims morf snairotciV eht tpek evah thgim tahW.33
.ssenevitisnes laicos tnerehni riehT ]A[
.aremac eht erofeb noisnet riehT ]B[
.snoitnevni wen fo tsurtsid riehT ]C[
.noitidnoc latned yhtlaehnu riehT ]D[
saw serutcip ni selims fo lavorppasid eht taht wohs ot detouq si niawT kraM.43
.feileb toor-peed a ]A [
.eduitta dediugsim a ]B[
.weiv laisrevortnoc a ]C[
.aedi gnikovorp-thguoht a ]D [
?rewsna txet eht seod snoitseuq gniwollof eht fo hcihW.53
?shpargotohp ni rets kool snairotciV tsom did yhW]A[
?shpargotohp weiv ot trats snairotciV eht did yhW ]B [
?doirep nairotciV eht ni poleved yhpargotohp edam tahW ]C[
?mron nairotciV-tsop a enoceb shpargotohp ni gnilims did woH]D[
）页 41 共（.8. 题试）一（语英4 txeT
desab-bew dna sremusnoc rof setacovda ,dnabdaorb fo syad ylrae eht morF
snoitcennoc dnabdaorb gnilles seinapmoc enohp dna elbac eht taht deirrow seinapmoc
yhw s'tahT.'slavir rieht revo setisbew detailffa rovaf ot evitnecni dna rewop eht dah
sredivorp dnabdaorb tneverp dluow taht selur rof dnared gnorts a hcus neeb sah ereht
evah taht noitavonni dna modeef eht gnivreserp,enilno sresol dna srenniw gnikcip rorf
.tenretnI eht fo doolbefil eht neeb
kcabhsup fo esuaceb trap ni—llif ot elbissopmi tsomla neeb sah dnamed taht teY
laredef A.struoc eht dna sevitavresnoc yrotaluger-itna ,sredivorp dnabdaorb morf
dedeen yldab a gnidivorp fo daetsni tub ,yadseuT niaga ni dehgiew truoc slaeppa
eht rof slaeppA fo truoC .S.U eht erofeb eussi tA.thgif eht degnolorp ylno ti ,noituloser
snoitacinummoC laredeF eht fo ekat tsetal eht saw tiucriC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD
ehT .7102 ni etov eni-ytap a no detpoda,ytilatuen ten no)CCF(noissimmoC
dah CCF eht selur ytilartuen ten tcirts eht detanimile ylno ton redro dennep-nacilbupeR
s'noissimmoc eht detcejer tub ,5102 ni ytirojam citarcomeD a dah ti nehw detpoda
osla redro ehT.gnihtyna fo hcum od ot sredivorp dnabdaorb eriuqer ot ytirohtua
.rehtie sredivorp dnabdaorb etaluger t'ndluoc stnemnrevog lacol dna etats taht deralced
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dedne osla CCF eht teY.VT elppA dna xifteN fo esnepxe eht ta ecivres gnimaerts-oediv
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taht noinipo gnirrucnoc a ni deugra ylthgir teliM aicirtaP egduJ tuB.evom yrotalugered
dias dna",ecivres dnabdaorb nredom fo seitilaer eht morf degnihnu si tluser eht"
ni noitaluger tenretnI gnippart diova"ot enevretni dluoc truoC emerpuS eht ro ssergnoC
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no selur etats lla kcolb ot tpmeta s'CCF eht tuo werht truoc eht,emitnaem eht nI
swal etats laudividni tpmeerp ot rewop s'noissimmoc eht gnivreserp elihw ,ytilartuen ten
neewteb no gniog won eno eht ekil selttab erom snaem tahT .redro sti enimrednu taht
eht ni wal ytilartuen ten hguot a detcane hcihw ,airofilaC dna tnemtrapeD ecitsuJ eht
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dnabdaorb rab ot lla rof dna ecno ytirohtua ticilpxe noissimmoc eht evig ot sdeen tI
selur raelc etaerc ot dna krowten rieht no ciffart eht ni gnilddem morf sredivorp
.enilno noitavonni dna ssennepo gnitcetorp
）页 41 共（.9 . 题诚）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
dluow sredivorp dnabdaorb taht mecnoc neeb gnol sah erehT.63
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）页 41 共（.01. 题试）一（语英B traP
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retupmoc-ot-retupmoc ni netfo erom IA esu yltnerruc seinapmoc taht dnuof secivreS
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）页 41共（.11. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
,syas sognimoD .ksir ssecca yletarucca erom taht sledom IA no smuimerp rieht esab
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sekam dna aidem laicos dna gniB,sdrowdA ekil slennahc elpitlum ssorca
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.setadidnac gnisimorp erom eht
）页 41 共（，21. 题试）一（语英C traP
:snoitceriD
otni stnemges denilrednu eht etasnart neht dna ylluferac txet gniwollof eht daeR
)stniop 01(.TEEHS REWSNA eht no srewsna ruoy etirW .esenihC
metseW nredom ni noitacude rehgih rof tneve dehsretaw eht saw raW dlroW
neeb dah taht tnemllorne fo slevel htiw raw eht fo tuo emac seiteicos esohT )64(.seiteicos
.raw eht erofeb sedaced eht gnirud spuorg ega tnaveler eht fo5-3 ta tnatsnoc ylhguor
raw lufsseccus eht fo tuo gnisira segnahc lacitilop dna laicos taerg ,raw eht retfa tuB
rof seimonoce naciremA dna naeporuE ni dnamed gniworg a detaerc msicsaF tsniaga
dnA)74(.noitacude loohcs yradnoces a naht erom htiw setaudarg fo srebmun gnisaercni
spuorg ot dednetxe noitacude rehgih ot yrtne rof seiteicos esoht ni esor taht dnamed eht
esehT .raw eht erofeb ytisrevinu a gnidnetta fo thguoht ton dah taht sessalc laicos dna
gninigeb,noitacude rehgih fo smetsys eht fo noisnapxe dipar yrev a ni detluser sdnamed
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sti ni smelborp railucep nwo sti deirac htworg fo snoitatsefinam eseht fo hcaE
fo serutcurts gnitsixe eht no sniarts taerg decalp etar htworg hgih a,elpmaxe roF .ekaw
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erutluc tneduts eht ,stneduts dna srebmem ylucaf neewteb pihsnoitaler pihsecitnerppa
secneuqesnoc htiw ,sneduts etaudargtsop wen rof ecrof gnizilaicos feihc eht semoceb
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ot dna ytlucaf roinuj fo tnemrewopme htiw ,stnemegnarra ecnanrevog rieht ni segnahc
.llew sa stneduts fo eerged emos
）页 41共（.31. 题试）一（语英微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
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）页 41 共（.41. 题试）一（语英绝密☆启用前
2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考上须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指
定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条
形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生负
责。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书
写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿
纸、试卷册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清晰；涂写
部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束。将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered
blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early
2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was 1 around the notion that some aspects of
plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the
firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that
4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is
complex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6
of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells
that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9
to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They 10 claimed that
plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12 it
to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical
signals. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a complex
animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz
said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and
capacity is required,” he 16 . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17
that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from
18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel painwould be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1.[A]coined [B]discovered [C]collected [D]issued
2.[A]attributed [B]directed [C]compared [D]confined
3.[A]unless [B]when [C]once [D]though
4.[A]cope with [B]consisted of [C]hinted at [D]extended in
5.[A]suffers [B]benefits [C]develops [D]differs
6.[A]acceptance [B]evidence [C]cultivation [D]creation
7.[A]doubted [B]denied [C]argued [D]requested
8.[A]adapting [B]forming [C]repairing [D]testing
9.[A]analogous [B]essential [C]suitable [D]sensitive
10.[A]just [B]ever [C] still [D]even
11.[A]restriction [B]experiment [C]perspective [D]demand
12.[A]attaching [B]reducing [C]returning [D]exposing
13.[A]However [B]Moreover [C]Therefore [D]Otherwise
14.[A]temporarily [B]literally [C]superficially [D]imaginarily
15.[A]list [B]level [C]label [D]local
16.[A]recalled [B]agreed [C]questioned [D]added
17.[A]chances [B]risks [C]excuses [D]assumptions
18.[A] danger [B]failure [C]warning [D]control
19.[A]represents [B]includes [C]reveals [D]recognizes
20.[A]humble [B]poor [C]practical [D]easy
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags,
and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because
plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge.
All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to
preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:
early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the
first artificial heart.
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art
didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer
chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage
Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts,
it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro
Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included
small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” —large
rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted
viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially
vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other
figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They
infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those
chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and
rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on
display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get
harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to
disintegrate, are increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant
professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and
Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human
history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. Wenow live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we
decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in_____.
[A] maintaining their plastic items.
[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.
[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.
[D] classifying their plastic collections.
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.
[A] immune to decay
[B] improperly shaped
[C] inherently flawed
[D] complex in structure
23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to_____.
[A] keep them from hurting visitors
[B] duplicate them for future display
[C] have their ingredients analyzed
[D] prevent them from further damage
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.
[A] costly
[B] unworthy
[C] unpopular
[D] challenging
25.In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_____.
[A] will inspire future scientific research
[B] has profound historical significance微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
[C] will help us separate the material ages
[D] has an impact on today's cultural life
Text 2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh
up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of
a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third
stage of their educational journey.
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would
be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became
universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social
mobility. Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a
percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a
degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an
inevitable one and that other options are available.
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z
seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to
be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring
school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees
than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement
for certain roles.
For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be
the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.
Postgraduates now earn 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us
have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will
need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been
estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal
fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the courseof their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge
gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:
“I am a geographer”or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such
a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26.The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.
[A] be careful in choosing a college
[B] be diligent at each educational stage
[C] reassess the necessity of college education
[D] postpone their undergraduate application
27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.
[A] Millennial’s opinions about work
[B] the shrinking value of a degree
[C] public discontent with education
[D] the desired route of social mobility
28.The author considers it a good sign that_____.
[A] generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree
[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers
[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
[D] parents are changing their minds about education
29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.
[A] make an early decision on their career
[B] attend on the job training programs
[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates
[D] further their studies in a specific field微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
[A] Lifelong learning will define them.
[B] They will make qualified educators.
[C] Depress will no longer appeal them.
[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.
Text 3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.These were some of the words that
Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series
of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly
350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with
artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking
out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help
scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance
learning ” One respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last
month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of
Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by
injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash
University’ s Climate Change Communication Research Hub.The performance was a
creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change
Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists
responded to the Nature pol1, however, several respondents noted that artists do not
simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work
be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists
and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique
each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in
powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its
Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture.
The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the “visual studies”
in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in,
and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology
progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously
looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and
vice versa.
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a
collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge.
The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research
communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery
and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have .
[A] caught the attention of critics
[B] received favorable responses
[C] promoted academic publishing
[D] sparked heated public disputes
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that .
[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[B] science can help with the expression of emotions
[C] public participation in science has a promising future
[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership .
[A] their role may be underestimated
[B] their reputation may be impaired
[C] their creativity may be inhibited微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
[D] their work may be misguided
34. What does the author say about CAVS?
[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations .
[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[C] should do more than communicating science
[D] are becoming more popular than before
Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act
2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead,
dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally
fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary
workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of
contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by
management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee
contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid
managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest,
constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a
handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between
C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between businesssuccess or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet
mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently – and paradoxically – laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary
workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain
business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a
constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An
International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the
Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a
cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the
ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it
costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This
makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less
because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job
dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity
and overall well-being.
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by
excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the
protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill
tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified
dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was
voted down following the change in government later that year.
36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ____.
[A] punish dubious corporate practices
[B] improve traditional hiring procedures
[C] exempt employers from certain duties
[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
37.It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ____.
[A] hinder business development
[B] undermine managers’ authority
[C] affect the public image of the firms
[D] worsen labor-management relations
38.Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?
[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.
[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.
[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.
39.What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.
[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[D] Employers need to hire new staff.
40.It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia ____.
[A] has secured managers’ earnings
[B] has produced undesired results
[C] is beneficial to business owners
[D] is difficult to put into practice
Part B
Directions ：
In the following text ， some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45，
choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numberedblanks.There are two extra choices ， which do not fit in any of
the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. （10 points ）
(41) Teri Byrd
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo
claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.
This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions
whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures,
they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with
these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R. Sime
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad
and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were
the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These
are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas,
wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s
interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense,
immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that
balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43) Greg Newberry
Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate
who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses
outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of
organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how
they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies?微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed
animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
(44) Dean Gallea
As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian.
I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe
that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher
purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to
home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to
seek out disturb and even hunt them down.
Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving
to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority
undisturbed in their natural environments.
(45) John Fraser
Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research.
Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about
themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.
Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of
zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice
for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people
from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or
salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.
[A]Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to
unfair criticism.
[B]To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes
for the precious creatures in their care.
[C]While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in
starting young people down the path of related sciences.[D]Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife
conservation.
[E]For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the
best alternative.
[F]Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’
wellbeing.
[G]Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable
link between man and nature.
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes - Mark Urban
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal)
was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes:
between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever
keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to
keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of
conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well
read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke
them.
I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was
reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had
attached an appendix, " The Scovell Ciphers ". (47) It listed many documents in code
that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been
revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman
rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his微信公众号【鱼哥考研】免费分享最新考研干货资料
History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or
may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us
anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to
find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had
been written about this secret war.
I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that
of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question
was, could it be told?
Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he
had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What
was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which
I realized was priceless. (49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers
during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material
they actually provided or worked on.
As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his
intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition
given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the
time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography
in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50)Just as the code breaking
has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the
promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
Section III Writing
PartA
51.Directions:
Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university,inviting him/her to organize
a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use“Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you
should
1)describe the picture briefly,
2)interpret the implied meaning, and
3)give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
