文档内容
考研英语阅读手译本
（英语一 10-23）
1目录
考研英语阅读题型总结——技巧篇....................................................................................................................3
手译本使用方法....................................................................................................................................................5
2010年阅读真题
2010年 Text1.................................................................................................................................................8
2010年 Text2...............................................................................................................................................12
2010年 Text3...............................................................................................................................................18
2010年 Text4...............................................................................................................................................23
2011年阅读真题
2011年 Text1...............................................................................................................................................28
2011年 Text2...............................................................................................................................................32
2011年 Text3...............................................................................................................................................37
2011年 Text4...............................................................................................................................................41
2012年阅读真题
2012年 Text1...............................................................................................................................................46
2012年 Text2...............................................................................................................................................50
2012年 Text3...............................................................................................................................................55
2012年 Text4...............................................................................................................................................60
2013年阅读真题
2013年 Text1...............................................................................................................................................65
2013年 Text2...............................................................................................................................................69
2013年 Text3...............................................................................................................................................74
2013年 Text4...............................................................................................................................................78
2014年阅读真题
2014年 Text1...............................................................................................................................................83
2014年 Text2...............................................................................................................................................87
2014年 Text3...............................................................................................................................................92
2014年 Text4...............................................................................................................................................97
2015年阅读真题
2015年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................101
2015年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................106
2015年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................111
2015年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................116
2016年阅读真题
2016年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................120
2016年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................125
2016年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................130
2016年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................135
2017年阅读真题
2017年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................140
2017年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................145
2017年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................150
2017年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................155
2018年阅读真题
2018年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................159
2018年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................165
2018年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................169
22018年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................174
2019年阅读真题
2019年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................179
2019年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................183
2019年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................188
2019年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................193
2020年阅读真题
2020年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................197
2020年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................201
2020年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................206
2020年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................211
2021年阅读真题
2021年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................215
2021年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................220
2021年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................225
2021年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................229
2022年阅读真题
2022年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................234
2022年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................239
2022年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................243
2022年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................248
2023年阅读真题
2023年 Text1.............................................................................................................................................254
2023年 Text2.............................................................................................................................................258
2023年 Text3.............................................................................................................................................263
2023年 Text4.............................................................................................................................................268
翻译真题手译
2010年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................273
2011年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................275
2012年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................278
2013年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................280
2014年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................283
2015年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................286
2016年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................288
2017年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................291
2018年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................294
2019年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................296
2020年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................298
2021年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................301
2022年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................304
2023年英译汉试题（英语一）................................................................................................................307
3考研英语阅读题型总结——技巧篇
一、例证题
1.常见题干标志：example，case，illustrate，demonstrate，to show，byciting（为了)
2.解题方法：
（1）例子本身不重要，重要的是例子所支持的观点
（2）先定位到例子出现的位置，然后再找观点，观点往往在例子前（假设定位点在第二段第三
行，答案往往在定位点之前找），不过有时也在例子后，也可以在不同的段落
3.干扰选项:
（1）就事论事，谈论例子本身，而不是例子所支持的观点
4.例证题小技巧:
（1）互为相反的选项往往有一个正确答案
（2）文章中若出现情态动词: must，can，could，may，might，should，would，ought to，往往
表达了作者观点或者态度
二、词汇题
1.常见题干标志：“ ”、”(Line.paragraph ) 、mostprobably means
2.解题方法：
（1）逻辑关系——通过定位好的句子，根据逻辑关系找同义词或反义词
①句子1=句子2，找近义词——分号（;）表示前后两句话表达意思相同
②句子1,but句子2，找反义词
③根据感情色彩判断，感情色彩代表作者态度大方向
（2）简单词，考查熟词僻义，排除表面含义，不断提炼内涵
（3）反复强调的是重点
3.干扰选项特征:字面意思理解
三、推理题
1.常见题干标志： infer，learn from，imply，suggest，conclude
2.解题方法：
（1）不要过分主观推测，原文可以找到的内容往往即是正确答案
（2）推理题的答案多在转折处
（3）排除绝对化，选择语气缓和的，比如may
（4）注意同义改写——常出细节题、中心思想题、推理题
四、态度题
1.常见题干标志：attitude，deem，consider，tone
2.解题方法：
（1）选项词归纳
①正面态度：positive，optimistic，approval，supportive
②负面态度：negative(消极的), pessimistic(悲观的), disapproval, critical(重要的，批评的)，
doubtful(怀疑的)，suspicious，skeptical,questionable
③中立态度：neutral，objective，impartial，disinterested（中立的）
（2）当作者的态度没有明确提出时:
①首尾句串读法，梳理文章的框架，来推测作者态度
②文章中的adj（表示评价）\adv往往是作者的态度
③转折处
④情态动词之后
43.态度题小技巧之小墓碑选项——看到直接排除
（1）漠不关心的：uninterested，indifferent，unconcerned
（2）偏见的：contemptuous，prejudice， biased
（3）困惑的：subjective，puzzled，confused
五、细节题
1.常见题干标志：What/how/why/ because/ in that/as等＋具体信息，即为什么？怎么样？是什么？
2.解题方法：
（1）定位！细节题的关键在于定位，题干的相关信息可能直接在文章中出现（也可能进行某种
程度上的改写），这种情况下，细节题定位到的地方，往往就是题目对应的答案，不过有时也
得需要结合定位地方的上下句。
（2）细节服从主旨！，与中心主旨越接近的选项，往往越有可能是正确的
3.细节题中的因果题
（1）常见因果关系词——because,since,for,as
（2）方法—— 前后相同的逻辑，优先考虑因果关系
当一个现象具有多个成因，考察主要原因时，那么次要原因就是干扰选项
六、中心思想题（主旨题）
1.常见题干标志： mainlyabout，discuss，thebest title/subject，appropriate title，main idea
2.解题方法：
（1）首尾句串读法——将各段首末句串联成一个整体，注意转折处，此方法较普遍使用
（2）中心句法
①开头问句——一般在回答中包含着文章的重点信息，也就是中心思想
②独句段——即一句话单独构成一个段落，独句段通常与全文的主旨密切相关
（3）中心词法
①注意文章反复出现的高频词，以及对该高频词的同义改写
②可以在全文范围找，也可在首尾句中找
③一篇文章的中心词可能不止一个，中心思想题的答案应该包括全部的中心词，而不是仅
包含一个，这样的选项比较片面
3.常见干扰项
（1）某个答案范围过大，或者范围过小——可能只是文章某段的主旨
（2）做题要客观，路见不平一定不要拔刀相助！文章怎样就怎样！
（3）少数派原则，作者往往站在少数人观点的一方，因为作者关注的方面往往是多数人没有关
注到的。
附录1：阅读题解题的大方向技巧与思想
（1）串联题干信息，把握文章主题。明确
（2）注意句子与句子(好与坏），段落之间的联系
（3）少数派——写作目的（众人皆醉我独醒)
（4）写过去与现在，一好一坏。
（5）细节服从主旨。
（6）反复强调的是重点，重点往往是考点
附录2：阅读题做题顺序
先看题目后看文章，题目只看题干(若四个选项都含有的信息就是正确信息，通常判定为文
章主旨），阅读本质是逻辑关系！！
5手译本使用方法
关于阅读手译，下面学长以以一问一答的形式和大家讲解关于如何做考研英语手译的。在
文章之前先和大家说明几点，第一，由于考研试卷反作弊的“花卷”处理机制，即考生前后左
右座位分发的试卷的选项顺序都是不同的，也就是说存在多个版本的真题，它们选项内容一样，
但是顺序被打乱了。如果这份资料的题目选项顺序和别的版本试卷的题目选项顺序不一样，这
是正常现象，不必担心。第二，千万要记得在分析真题的时候，动脑最重要！任何事情都无法
替代思考本身！
一.英语阅读真题需要手译吗？
先直接说回答：需要！原因如下
（1）首先是阅读部分的分值占比很大，无论是英一还是英二，足足都有40分，而阅读水平
的提高也必将带动其他题型的提高，“得阅读者得天下”这句话不是白讲的，所以前中期花大
量精力在阅读上是必须的。
（2）而备考阅读，最重要的不是做（即反复的看文章、做题目），而是分析和总结阅读，
将文章内的单词、长难句、题型设置原则等搞清楚。而手译则正是分析和总结阅读的过程，很
多人关于手译存在这么一种看法：他们认为手译就是单纯的把文章翻译一遍，其实这种观点是
错误的。科学的手译绝对不是简简单单的翻译文章，而是一种分析和总结阅读的过程和工具，
在这个过程中，手译会显著的提高你的英语能力。
（3）笔者在考研的时候，曾经花了三个月时间把近20年的阅读真题都手译了一遍，确实，
过程很痛苦，但是手译完了之后，我可以很明显发现我的英语能力有了显著的提高，在手译最
后的半个月，整个手译过程会变得越来越轻松。
二、分析阅读真题要分析哪些内容？
对于一篇阅读真题来说，可以简单的分为两大部分：正文、题目，我们需要庖丁解牛似的
对这两部分进行拆解
1.对正文的分析和总结——可以提高英语基础能力
（1）单词、短语：找出句子中不认识的单词（以及熟词僻义等）、短语并记录
（2）句子（长难句）：学会去拆分句子、分析句子成分，判断相近句子之间的逻辑关系
（3）文章结构：分析文章整体的行文思路、段落结构，以一个统筹的视角，可以有效提高把
握文章的能力，这部分黄皮书、考研真相每篇真题前都有相关的文章结构解读，大家可以参考。
2.对题目的分析和总结——可以提高技巧解题能力
（1）首先要学会判断题目所属的题型，每种题型的解题套路都是不一样的
（2）学会定位到题干信息（注意题干的同义替换形式）在原文中的位置，找出答案。题目设
置一般都很有规律，比如第二题答案在原文中的位置一定是在第一题答案原文位置之后，而且
一般一段出一个题目，所以阅读真题多为5段5题。
（3）分析错误选项，学会大致分析每一个错误选项的干扰方式
拓展：要不要要唐迟老师的阅读技巧视频？
我认为在打好单词基础的前提下，可以看唐迟老师的阅读技巧课，而基础差的同学应该先解决单词、
长难句这一句，也就上面所讲的对正文的分析，英语阅读复习一般分为三轮，手译的过程是第一轮，推荐
在打好第一轮的基础上，第二轮再看唐老师的技巧课。
四、整个手译的练习流程？
结合我的复习经验以及手译本的排版，制定了如下的手译训练流程，经过去年很多21届考
6生的亲身使用，效果很好。（注意：电子版和纸质版排版有局部差别，更适合平板复习）
步骤1：做题——给自己15分钟的时间，模拟在考试状态下做题的状态
（1）建议先看题干（不要看选项，不然易干扰思维、浪费时间 ）了解文章大致主旨，然后
再看文章，最后做题
（2）过程中一定不要查单词，文章再难，也一定要忍住！！！目的就是习惯这种考试感觉。
步骤2：全文逐句手译
（1）遇到结构简单、句内单词都认识、一眼可以看懂的句子——直接过掉
（2）遇到复杂句子，长难句
①圈出不认识的单词、短语——记录在单词本上，并查词典，做笔记，吃透！！！
②解析句子——学会划分句子主干，基础比较差的，前期可以参考解析书将一个句子细
致按照主谓宾定状补来分割，理解句子成分，打一下基础
③翻译全文——不要追求翻译多么得体，多么精确，翻译到自己可以理解的程度就可以
了，这是阅读题，不是翻译题，翻译题有自己的训练方法
④修订翻译——对翻译的内容进行核对与修订，并进行反思
步骤3：重做题目
（1）在解析过全文之后，重做题目，这时候的准确率会大幅度上升
①判断题目所属的题型
②定位到题干信息（注意题干的同义替换形式）在原文中的位置，如此题可定位到第xxx
段第 xxx句，可同义替换为 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 。
（2）分析总结
①对错误选项的干扰形式进行总结分析，如无中生有、反向干扰、偷换概念，可以参考
黄皮书等参考资料
②将同一题型的题目放在一起，总结考研命题人的出题思路与风格。
7做手译之前 请一定要看前面的使用方法！！！
年
2010 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past
quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of theirarts coverage.
【第二段】
（1）★It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to
imagine atimewhen high-quality arts criticism could befound inmost big-city newspapers.
（2）Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th
century consisted in large part ofnewspaper reviews.
（3）To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed
suitableforpublication in general-circulation dailies.
【第三段】
（1）★We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was
dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it
appeared.
8（2）In thosefar-offdays, it was taken forgranted that thecritics ofmajor papers would writein detail
and at length about the events theycovered.
（3）★Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like
George Bernard Shawand Ernest Newman, could be trusted to knowwhat they were about.
（4）Thesemen believed injournalism as a calling, andwere proud to bepublished in thedaily press.
（5）“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in
journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied
bywriters who are not read to writers who are’.”
【第四段】
（1）Unfortunately, thesecritics are virtually forgotten.
（2）NevilleCardus, who wrotefor theManchester Guardian from 1917until shortly before his death
in1975,is now known solelyas awriter ofessays onthegame ofcricket.
（3）During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-musiccritics, and a
stylist sowidely admired that his Autobiography(1947) became abest-seller.
9（4）Hewas knighted in 1967,thefirst musiccriticto besohonored.
（5）Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown
saveto specialists.
【第五段】
（1）Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy arevival?
（2）Theprospect seems remote.
（3）Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for
therichly upholstered Vicwardian prose inwhich hespecialized.
（4）Moreover, theamateur tradition in musiccriticism has been inheadlong retreat.
【题目】
21.Itis indicated in Paragraphs 1and2that .
[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B]English-language newspapers usedto carry morearts reviews.
[C]high-quality newspapers retain alarge bodyof readers.
[D]young readers doubt thesuitability ofcriticism ondailies.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
选项 A
分析 B
10C
D
22.Newspaperreviews inEnglandbeforeWorld War IIwere characterized by .
[A]free themes. [B]casual style.
[C]elaborate layout. [D]radical viewpoints.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Whichof thefollowingwouldShawandNewman mostprobablyagree on?
[A]It iswriters' duty tofulfill journalisticgoals.
[B]It is contemptiblefor writers to be journalists.
[C]Writers are likely tobe tempted intojournalism.
[D]Not all writers are capable ofjournalisticwriting.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Whatcan belearned aboutCardus accordingto the lasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticism maynot appeal to readers today.
[B]His reputation as amusiccritic haslong been in dispute.
[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D]Hiswritings fail tofollowthe amateur tradition.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
选项 A
11分析
B
C
D
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitle forthetext?
[A]Newspapers of theGood Old Days [B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism [D]ProminentCritics in Memory
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2010 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business
methods.
（2）Amazon.com received one forits “one-click”onlinepayment system.
（3）Merrill Lynch got legal protection foran asset allocation strategy.
（4）Oneinventor patented a technique forliftinga box.
【第二段】
（1）★Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back onbusiness-method
patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10years ago.
12（2）In amovethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, theU.S. Courtof Appeals fortheFederal
Circuitsaid itwould usea particular case to conduct a broadreview of business-method patents.
（3）In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University
ofMissouri School ofLaw.
（4）It “has thepotential toeliminatean entireclass ofpatents.”
【第三段】
（1）★Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal
Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998decision in theso-called State Street Bank case,
approving a patent onaway ofpooling mutual-fund assets.
（2）That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging
Internet companies trying to stakeout exclusiverights to specifictypes of onlinetransactions.
（3）Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive
moveagainst rivals that might beat them to thepunch.
（4）In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method
patents, despitethefact that it questioned thelegal basis forgranting them.
13（5）Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial
products, even as theytook positionsin court cases opposingthepractice.
【第四段】
（1）TheBilski case involves a claimed patent ona method forhedgingrisk in theenergy market.
（2）★The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of
the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is
whether itshould “reconsider” its StateStreet Bank ruling.
【第五段】
（1）The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme
Courtthat has narrowed thescope of protections forpatent holders.
（2）Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for
“inventions”that are obvious.
（3）The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,”
says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law
School.
14【题目】
26.Business-methodpatents haverecently aroused concern becauseof .
[A]theirlimited value to businesses
[B]theirconnection with asset allocation
[C]thepossiblerestriction ontheir granting
[D]thecontroversy overtheir authorization
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Whichof thefollowingis true oftheBilski case?
[A]Its rulingcomplies with thecourt decisions
[B]It involves avery bigbusiness transaction
[C]It has been dismissed bytheFederal Circuit
[D]It may change thelegal practices in theU.S.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Theword “about-face” (Line1,Para 3)most probably means .
[A]lossofgoodwill [B]increase ofhostility
[C]change of attitude [D]enhancement of dignity
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
选项 A
15分析
B
C
D
1629.Welearn fromthe lasttwoparagraphs thatbusiness-method patents .
[A]are immuneto legal challenges
[B]are often unnecessarily issued
[C]lower theesteem for patent holders
[D]increase theincidence of risks
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe subject ofthe text?
[A]Aloomingthreat to business-method patents
[B]Protection for business-method patent holders
[C]Alegal case regarding business-method patents
[D]Aprevailing trend against business-method patents
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
17年
2010 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in
large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are
unusually informed, persuasive, orwell connected.
（2）Theidea isintuitively compelling, butit doesn’texplain howideas actually spread.
【第二段】
（1）The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested
theory called the “two-step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the
influentials and from them to everyoneelse.
（2）Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and
influence theinfluentials, thoseselect people will domostofthe work for them.
（3）The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands,
orneighborhoods.
（4）In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was
wearing, promoting, or developing whateverit is before anyone else paid attention.
18（5）Anecdotal evidence ofthiskind fits nicely with theidea that only certain special peoplecan drive
trends.
【第三段】
（1）In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials
have far less impact onsocial epidemics than is generally supposed.
（2）In fact, they don’t seem to berequired at all.
【第四段】
（1）The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the
exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of
media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t
interact withthat many others.
（2）Yet itis precisely thesenon-celebrity influentials who, according to thetwo-step-flow theory, are
supposed to drivesocial epidemics, byinfluencing theirfriends and colleagues directly.
（3）★For asocial epidemicto occur, however, eachperson so affected mustthen influence hisor her
own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay
attention toeach ofthese peoplehas littleto dowith theinitial influential.
19（4）If people in the network just two degrees removed from theinitial influential prove resistant, for
example,the cascade ofchange won’t propagatevery far oraffect many people.
【第五段】
（1）Building onthisbasic truth about interpersonal influence, theresearchers studied thedynamics of
social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a
numberof variables relating topeople’s abilityto influence others and their tendency tobe influenced.
（2）★They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” —the
widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but,
rather, ofa critical mass of easily influenced people.
【题目】
31.By citingthe bookTheTipping Point, the authorintendsto .
[A]analyze theconsequences ofsocial epidemics
[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C]exemplifypeople's intuitiveresponse tosocial epidemics
[D]describe theessential characteristics ofinfluentials.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
2032.Theauthorsuggests thatthe “two-step-flowtheory” .
[A]serves as asolutionto marketing problems
[B]has helped explaincertain prevalent trends
[C]has won support from influentials
[D]requires solidevidence for its validity
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Whattheresearchers haveobserved recently showsthat .
[A]thepower ofinfluence goes with social interactions
[B]interpersonal links canbe enhanced through the media
[C]influentials have morechannels to reach thepublic
[D]mostcelebrities enjoy widemedia attention
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Theunderlinedphrase “these people” inParagraph 4refers to theones who .
[A]stay outsidethenetwork of social influence
[B]have littlecontact with thesource ofinfluence
[C]are influenced and then influence others
[D]are influenced bythe initialinfluential
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
2135.Whatisthe essential elementinthe dynamics of socialinfluence?
[A]Theeagerness tobe accepted
[B]The impulsetoinfluence others
[C]The readiness tobe influenced
[D]Theinclination to rely onothers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22年
2010 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Bankers have been blaming themselves for theirtroubles in public.
（2）Behind thescenes, they have been taking aimat someoneelse theaccounting standard-setters.
（3）Theirrules, moanthebanks,have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s justnot fair.
（4）These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price
managers and regulators would likethem to fetch.
【第二段】
（1）Unfortunately, banks’lobbying nowseems tobe working.
（2）Thedetails maybe unknowable, butthe independence of standard-setters, essential to theproper
functioning ofcapital markets, is being compromised.
（3）And, unless banks carry toxicassets at prices that attract buyers, reviving thebanking system will
bedifficult.
【第三段】
23（1）After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board
(FASB) rushed through rule changes.
（2）These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in
recognizinglosses onlong-term assets in their incomestatements.
（3）Bob Herz, theFASB’s chairman, cried out against thosewho questionour motives.
（4）Yet bank shares rose and thechanges enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the useof
judgment bymanagement.”
【第四段】
（1）European ministers instantly demanded that theInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
dolikewise.
（2）The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it
completes its reconstruction ofrules laterthis year isstrong.
（3）Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did not live in a political
vacuum but in thereal world and that Europecould yet develop different rules.
【第五段】
（1）It was banks that were onthewrong planet, with accounts that vastlyovervalued assets.
24（2）Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary
illiquidityofmarkets, not thelikely extent of bad debts.
（3）Thetruth will notbe known for years.
（4）But banks’ shares trade belowtheirbook value, suggestingthat investors are skeptical.
（5）And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of
bookinglosses, yet are reluctant tobuyall thosesupposed bargains.
【第六段】
（1）To get thesystem working again, losses mustbe recognized and dealt with.
（2）America’s new plan tobuyuptoxicassets will notwork unless banks mark assets to levels which
buyers find attractive.
（3）Successful markets require independent and even combativestandard-setters.
（4）TheFASB and IASBhave been exactlythat, cleaning uprules onstock optionsand pensions, for
example,against hostility from special interests.
25（5）But bygiving into critics nowthey are invitingpressure tomake moreconcessions.
【题目】
36.Bankers complained thatthey were forced to .
[A]followunfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with theprice managers
[D]reevaluate someof theirassets.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Accordingto the author,therulechanges ofthe FASBmay resultin .
[A]thediminishing roleofmanagement
[B]therevival ofthebanking system
[C]thebanks' long-term asset losses
[D]theweakening ofits independence
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
2638.Accordingto Paragraph 4,McCreevy objects to theIASB’s attempt to .
[A]keep away from politicalinfluences.
[B]evade thepressure from theirpeers.
[C]act ontheirown inrule-setting.
[D]takegradual measures in reform.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Theauthorthinks thebanks were “onthewrong planet” inthatthey .
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated thereal value oftheirassets
[C]neglected thelikely existence ofbad debts.
[D]denied bookinglosses in theirsaleof assets.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Theauthor’sattitude towardsstandard-setters isoneof .
[A]satisfaction. [B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness [D]sympathy
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27年
2011 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has
been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in
2009.
（2）For themostpart, theresponse has been favorable, to say theleast.
（3）“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.
【第二段】
（1）One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is
comparatively littleknown.
（2）Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an
unpretentious musician with noairof theformidableconductor about him.”
（3）★As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by
musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times
readers as faint praise.
【第三段】
28（1）For my part, Ihave noideawhether Gilbert isa great conductor oreven agood one.
（2）To be sure, he performs an impressive variety ofinteresting compositions, but itis not necessary
forme tovisit Avery Fisher Hall, oranywhereelse, to hear interesting orchestral music.
（3）All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more
recorded musicfrom iTunes.
【第四段】
（1）Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are
missingthepoint.
（2）For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must
compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with
therecorded performances ofthegreat classical musicians ofthe20thcentury.
（3）These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality
than today’s live performances;moreover ,they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the
listener”s choosing.
（4）The widespread availability ofsuch recordings has thus brought about acrisis in theinstitution of
thetraditional classical concert.
29【第五段】
（1）One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet
available onrecord.
（2）Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic,
has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different,
morevibrant organization.”
（3）But what willbe thenature ofthat difference?
（4）Merely expandingtheorchestra’s repertoire willnot beenough.
（5）If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between
America’s oldest orchestra and thenew audience ithopes to attract.
【题目】
21.Welearn fromParagraph1that Gilbert’s appointmenthas .
[A]incurred criticism
[B]raised suspicion
[C]received acclaim
[D]arousedcuriosity
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
3022.Tommasiniregards Gilbert as anartist who is .
[A]influential [B]modest
[C]respectable [D]talented
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Theauthorbelieves thatthedevoted concertgoers .
[A]ignore theexpenses ofliveperformances
[B]reject most kindsof recorded performances
[C]exaggerate thevariety ofliveperformances
[D]overestimate thevalueof liveperformances
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Accordingto the text, whichof thefollowingis true ofrecordings?
[A]They are often inferior toliveconcerts in quality
[B]They are easily accessibleto thegeneral public
[C]They help improvethequality ofmusic
[D]They have only covered masterpieces
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
3125.Regarding Gilbert’s role inrevitalizing the Philharmonic, theauthorfeels .
[A]doubtful [B]enthusiastic
[C]confident [D]puzzled
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2011 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was
surprisingly straight up.
（2）Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was
leaving “to pursue my goal ofrunning a company.”
（3）Broadcastinghis ambition was “very much mydecision,” McGee says.
（4）Within two weeks, hewas talking forthefirst timewith theboard ofHartford Financial Services
Group, which named him CEOand chairman onSeptember 29.
【第二段】
32（1）McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of
company he wanted torun.
（2）It also sent aclear messagetotheoutsideworld about hisaspirations.
（3）And McGee isn’t alone.
（4）In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation
that they were looking fora CEOpost.
（5）As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t
get thenodalso may wish to moveon.
（ 6 ） A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague
pronouncements cloudtheirreputations.
【第三段】
（1）As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the
jumpwithout anet.
（2）In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with
theleaders they had, according to Liberum Research.
（3）As theeconomy picks up,opportunitieswill aboundfor aspiring leaders.
33【第四段】
（1）Thedecision to quit asenior positionto lookfor a betterone isunconventional.
（2）For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO
candidates are theones who mustbepoached.
（3）Says Korn/Ferry seniorpartner Dennis Carey: “I can’t thinkof asingle search I’vedone where a
board has not instructed metolook at sitting CEOs first.”
【第五段】
（1）Thosewho jumped without ajob haven’t always landed in top positionsquickly.
（2）Ellen Marram quitas chief ofTropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted tobe aCEO.
（3）It was a year before she became head of atiny Internet-based commoditiesexchange.
（4）Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in2005with ambitionstobea CEO.
（5）Hefinally took that post at amajor financial institutionthree years later.
【第六段】
（1）Manyrecruiters say theold disgrace is fading for top performers.
34（2）Thefinancial crisis has madeit moreacceptable to bebetween jobs orto leave abad one.
（3）“The traditional rulewas it’s safer to staywhere you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”
says oneheadhunter.
（4）“The peoplewho’vebeen hurt theworst are thosewho’vestayed too long.”
【题目】
26.WhenMcGee announcedhis departure, his mannercan bestbedescribed asbeing .
[A]arrogant [B]frank
[C]self-centered [D]impulsive
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Accordingto Paragraph 2,seniorexecutives’ quittingmay bespurred by .
[A]theirexpectation ofbetter financial status
[B]theirneed toreflect ontheir privatelife
[C]theirstrained relations with theboards
[D]theirpursuit ofnew career goals
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
3528.Theword “poached” (Line3, Paragraph 4) most probablymeans .
[A]approved of [B]attended to
[C]hunted for [D]guarded against
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Itcan beinferred from thelastparagraph that .
[A]topperformers usedto cling to theirposts
[B]loyalty oftop performers is getting out-dated
[C]top performers care more about reputations
[D]it’s safer tostick to thetraditional rules.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Whichof thefollowingis thebest titleforthetext?
[A]CEOs:where toGo?
[B]CEOs: Allthe WayUp?
[C]Top Managers Jump without aNet
[D]TheOnly Way Out for TopPerformers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
36年
2011 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Therough guide tomarketing success used to bethat you got what you paid for.
（2）No longer.
（3）While traditional “paid” media—such as televisioncommercials and printadvertisements—still
play amajor role, companies today can exploitmany alternativeforms ofmedia.
（4）Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to
friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and
sales to customers registered with itsWebsite.
（5）The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that
marketing’s impact stemsfrom abroad range offactors beyond conventional paid media.
【第二段】
（1）Paidand owned mediaare controlled bymarketers promotingtheir own products.
（2）For earned media, suchmarketers act as theinitiatorforusers’ responses.
37（3）But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for
instance, when ane-commerce retailer sells ad space onitsWebsite.
（4）We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations
place theircontent or e-commerce engines within that environment.
（5）This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel
providers such as airlines and hotels and will nodoubt go further.
（6）Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created Baby- Center, a stand-alone media property that
promotes complementary andeven competitiveproducts.
（7）Besides generating income, the presence ofother marketers makes thesiteseem objective, gives
companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies ’
marketing, and may help expanduser traffic forall companies concerned.
【第三段】
（1）The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more
diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice
theiropinionsin quicker, more visible,and much moredamaging ways.
38（2）★Such hijacked media are theoppositeof earned media: an asset orcampaign becomes hostage
toconsumers, other stakeholders, or activists who makenegative allegations about abrand orproduct.
（3）Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply
pressure onthebusinesses that originally created them.
【第四段】
（1）If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting
thereputation of thetarget company at risk.
（2）In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the
learning curve has been steep.
（3）★Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this
year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included
efforts to engage with consumers directly onsites such as Twitterand thesocial-news siteDigg.
【题目】
3931.Consumers may create “earned” media whenthey are .
[A]obsessed with onlineshopping at certain Web sites
[B]inspired byproduct-promoting e-mails sent to them
[C]eager tohelp theirfriends promote qualityproducts
[D]enthusiasticabout recommending their favorite products
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Accordingto Paragraph 2,soldmedia feature .
[A]asafe business environment [B]random competition
[C]strong user traffic [D]flexibilityin organization
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Theauthorindicates in Paragraph3that earned media .
[A]inviteconstant conflicts with passionateconsumers
[B]can beused toproduce negativeeffects inmarketing
[C]may be responsiblefor fiercercompetition
[D]deserve all thenegative comments about them
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
4034.Toyota Motor’s experience iscited asan example of .
[A]responding effectively tohijacked media
[B]persuading customers into boycotting products
[C]cooperating with supportiveconsumers
[D]taking advantage ofhijacked media
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingis thetext mainly about?
[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media [B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media
[C]Dominance ofhijacked media [D]Popularityof owned media
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2011 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）★It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I Love
My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the
suggestionthat child rearing isanything less than acompletely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.
41（2）Ratherthan concluding that children make parents eitherhappy ormiserable, Seniorsuggests we
need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by
moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.
（3）Even though theday-to-day experience ofraising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites
that “ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense
gratificationand delight.”
【第二段】
（1）The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only
Madonna-and-childimage onnewsstands this week.
（2）There are also stories about newly adoptive—and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as
theusual “Jennifer Anistonis pregnant” news.
（3）Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the
newsstands.
【第三段】
（1）In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret
having children isequivalent toadmitting you support kitten-killing?
42（2）It doesn’t seem quitefair, then, to compare theregrets ofparents totheregrets ofthechildless.
（3）★Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy
childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the
world: obviouslytheir misery mustbe adirect result ofthegaping baby-sizeholes intheir lives.
【第四段】
（1）Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present
is hugely unrealistic, especially when theparents are singlemothers likeBullock.
（2）According to several studiesconcluding thatparents areless happy thanchildless couples, single
parents are theleast happy of all.
（3）No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet
to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a
piece ofcake.
【第五段】
（1）It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and
Angelinamake itlook so glamorous: most adultsunderstand that a babyisnot a haircut.
43（ 2 ） ★ But it ’ s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,
happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own
dissatisfactions with theactual experience, in thesame way that asmallpart ofus hoped getting “the
Rachel” might makeus look justa littlebit likeJennifer Aniston.
【题目】
36.JenniferSeniorsuggests in herarticle thatraising achildcan bring .
[A]temporary delight. [B]enjoyment inprogress.
[C]happiness in retrospect. [D]lastingreward.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Welearn fromParagraph 2that .
[A]celebrity moms are apermanent source for gossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greaterattention.
[C]news about pregnant celebrities isentertaining.
[D]having children is highly valued bythe public.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
4438.Itis suggested inParagraph 3that childless folks .
[A]are constantly exposed tocriticism.
[B]are largely ignored bythemedia.
[C]fail to fulfill theirsocial responsibilities.
[D]are less likelyto besatisfied with theirlife.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Accordingto Paragraph 4,themessage conveyed by celebrity magazines is .
[A]soothing. [B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory. [D]misleading.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whichof thefollowingcan beinferred fromthelastparagraph?
[A]Having children contributes littleto theglamour ofcelebrity moms.
[B]Celebrity moms haveinfluenced our attitudetowards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction withlife.
[D]Wesometimes neglect thehappiness from child rearing.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
45年
2012 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Comeon—Everybody’s doing it.
（2）That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we
hear thewords peer pressure.
（3）It usually leads tonogood—drinking, drugs andcasual sex.
（4）★But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a
positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the
power ofgroup dynamics tohelp individuals improvetheirlives and possiblytheworld.
【第二段】
（1）Rosenberg, therecipient ofa PulitzerPrize, offers ahost ofexamples ofthesocial cure in action:
In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to
makecigarettes uncool.
（2）In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to
promotesafe sex among theirpeers.
【第三段】
46（1）Theidea seems promising, and Rosenberg isa perceptiveobserver.
（2）Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize
peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of
psychology.
（3）“Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing
smokingamong teenagers—teenagers,who desire nothingmore than fittingin.
（ 4 ） Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from
advertisers, so skilled at applying peerpressure.
【第四段】
（1）But onthegeneral effectiveness of thesocial cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.
（2）Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social
and biological factors that makepeer pressure so powerful.
（3）Themost glaring flaw ofthesocial cure as it’spresented here isthat it doesn’t work verywell for
very long.
（4）RageAgainst theHaze failed oncestate funding was cut.
47（5）Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lastingchanges islimited and mixed.
【第五段】
（1）There’s nodoubt that ourpeer groups exert enormous influence onourbehavior.
（2）An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—
spread through networks of friends viasocial communication.
（3）Thisis a subtleform ofpeer pressure: we unconsciously imitatethebehavior wesee every day.
【第六段】
（1）Farless certain, however, ishowsuccessfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups
and steer theiractivities in virtuous directions.
（2）It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with
better-behaved classmates.
（3）Thetactic never really works.
（4）And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in
school, weinsist onchoosing ourown friends.
【题目】
4821.Accordingto the firstparagraph, peer pressure often emerges as .
[A]asupplement to thesocial cure [B]astimulusto group dynamics
[C]an obstacle tosocial progress [D]acause ofundesirable behaviors
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Rosenberg holdsthatpublic-health advocates should .
[A]recruit professional advertisers
[B]learn from advertisers’ experience
[C]stay away from commercial advertisers
[D]recognizethe limitationsofadvertisements
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Intheauthor’s view,Rosenberg’s bookfails to .
[A]adequately probe socialand biological factors
[B]effectively evade theflaws of thesocial cure
[C]illustrate thefunctions of statefunding
[D]produce along-lasting social effect
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
4924.Paragraph 5shows thatourimitationof behaviors .
[A]isharmful to ournetworks offriends [B]will mislead behavioral studies
[C]occurs without ourrealizing it [D]can produce negativehealth habits
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Theauthorsuggests in thelastparagraph thattheeffect of peerpressure is .
[A]harmful [B]desirable
[C]profound [D]questionable
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2012 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Adeal isa deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.
（2）The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont
last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s
strict nuclear regulations.
50【第二段】
（1）★Instead, thecompany has done precisely what it had long promised itwould not: challenge the
constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its
Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.
（2）It’s astunning move.
【第三段】
（1）Theconflict has been surfacing since2002,when thecorporation bought Vermont’s onlynuclear
power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.
（2）As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission
from stateregulators to operatepast 2012.
（3）In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be
subject to theVermont legislature’s approval.
（4）Then, too,thecompany went along.
【第四段】
（1）Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee
what would happen next.
51（2）★A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the
discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont
Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading
statements about thepipe.
（3）Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an
extension.
【第五段】
（1）Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006
legislation,and that onlythe federal government has regulatory power overnuclear issues.
（2）Thelegal issues in thecase are obscure: whereas the SupremeCourthas ruled that states dohave
some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a
precedent-settingtest ofhow far thosepowers extend.
（3）Certainly, thereare valid concerns about thepatchwork regulations that could result ifevery state
sets itsown rules.
（4）But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would bebeside thepoint.
【第六段】
52（1）Thecompany seems to haveconcluded that its reputation in Vermont isalready so damaged that
ithas nothingleft to losebygoing to war with thestate.
（2）But there should beconsequences.
（3）Permissionto run a nuclear plant is apublictrust.
（4）Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in
Plymouth.
（5）Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open
foranother 20years.
（6）But as theNuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, itshould
keep inmind what promises from Entergy are worth.
【题目】
26.Thephrase “reneging on” (Line3.Para.1) isclosest inmeaning to .
[A]condemning.
[B]reaffirming.
[C]dishonoring.
[D]securing.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
5327.By entering into the2002agreement, Entergy intendedto .
[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B]seek favor from thefederal legislature.
[C]acquire an extension ofits business license.
[D]get permission topurchase apower plant.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Accordingto Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to haveproblems with its .
[A]managerial practices. [B]technical innovativeness.
[C]financial goals. [D]businessvision
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Intheauthor’s view,theVermont casewill test .
[A]Entergy’s capacity tofulfill all itspromises.
[B]thenature ofstates’ patchwork regulations.
[C]thefederal authority over nuclear issues .
[D]thelimits ofstates’ power over nuclear issues.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
5430.Itcan beinferred from thelastparagraph that .
[A]Entergy’s business elsewhere might beaffected.
[B]theauthority of theNRCwill bedefied.
[C]Entergy willwithdraw itsPlymouth application.
[D]Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2012 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed
and collected byobjective researchers whouse thescientificmethod tocarry out their work.
（2）But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and
complicated route.
（3）Weaimto be objective, but we cannot escape thecontextof ourunique lifeexperiences.
（4）Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences
mean, and thesubsequent actions we take.
55（5）Opportunities formisinterpretation, error, andself-deception abound.
【第二段】
（1）Consequently, discovery claims shouldbe thought of as protoscience.
（2）Similarto newly staked miningclaims, theyare full ofpotential.
（3）But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature
discovery.
（4）This is the credibility process, through which theindividual researcher’s me,here,now becomes
thecommunity’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.
（5）Objectiveknowledge is thegoal,not thestarting point.
【第三段】
（1）Once adiscovery claim becomes public, thediscoverer receives intellectual credit.
（2）But, unlikewith miningclaims, the communitytakes control ofwhat happens next.
（3）Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;
editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the
new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the
newdiscovery and possibly accompanying technology.
56（4）★As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation
between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an
individual’s discovery claim into thecommunity’s crediblediscovery.
【第四段】
（1）Twoparadoxes existthroughout this credibility process.
（2）First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as
incompleteorincorrect.
（ 3 ） Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and
believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.
（4）Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be
important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by
future researchers.
（5）Second, novelty itselffrequently provokes disbelief.
（6）Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what
everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has
thought and tellingothers what they have missed may notchange theirviews.
57（7）Sometimesyears are required for truly novel discovery claims to beaccepted and appreciated.
【第五段】
（1）In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what
philosopherAnnetteBaier has described as thecommons ofthe mind.
（2）“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s
conceptionsof reason.”
【题目】
31.Accordingto the firstparagraph, theprocess ofdiscovery is characterized byits .
[A]uncertainty and complexity. [B]misconception and deceptiveness.
[C]logicality and objectivity. [D]systematicness and regularity.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Itcan beinferred from Paragraph 2thatcredibility process requires .
[A]strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.
[C]individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
5833.Paragraph 3shows thatadiscovery claimbecomes credible afterit .
[A]has attracted theattention of thegeneral public.
[B]has been examined bythescientificcommunity.
[C]has received recognitionfrom editors and reviewers.
[D]has been frequently quoted bypeer scientists.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.AlbertSzent-Györgyi wouldmost likelyagree that .
[A]scientificclaims will survivechallenges. [B]discoveries today inspirefuture research.
[C]efforts to makediscoveries are justified. [D]scientificwork calls fora critical mind.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleof thetext?
[A]Novelty as anEngine ofScientificDevelopment.
[B]CollectiveScrutiny in ScientificDiscovery.
[C]Evolutionof Credibilityin Doing Science.
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gateto Science.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
59年
2012 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）If the tradeunionist JimmyHoffa were alive today, hewould probably represent civil servants.
（2）When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government
workers belonged to a union;now36% do.
（3）In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members
inthe privatesector.
（4）In Britain, more than halfof public-sector workers but onlyabout 15% ofprivate-sector ones are
unionized.
【第二段】
（1）There are three reasons forthe public-sectorunions’thriving.
（2）First, they can shut things down without suffering much in theway ofconsequences.
（3）Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.
（4）Aquarter ofAmerica’s public-sector workers have auniversity degree.
60（5）Third, they nowdominateleft-of-centre politics.
（6）Someof theirties go back along way.
（7）Britain’s LaborParty, as itsname implies, has long beenassociated with trade unionism.
（8）Its current leader, EdMiliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.
【第三段】
（1）At thestatelevel theirinfluence can beeven morefearsome.
（2）Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s
budget is patrolled byunions.
（3）The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor
groups onhealth care.
【第四段】
（1）In many rich countries average wages in thestatesector are higherthan inthe privateone.
（2）But thereal gains come in benefits and work practices.
（3）Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases
modest butadding toholidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
61【第五段】
（1）Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter
schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
（2）★Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important
variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promotinggood ones.
【第六段】
（1）As thecost to everyoneelse has become clearer, politicians havebegun toclamp down.
（2）In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline
Republican governor.
（3）But many within thepublicsector suffer under thecurrent system, too.
【第七段】
（1）John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points outthat thenorms of culture inWestern civil
services suitthosewho want to stay put butare bad for high achievers.
（2）The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university
sports coaches and thepresident of theUnited States.
62（3）Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not
reward high achievers may bea much biggerproblem forAmerica.
【题目】
36.Itcan belearned fromthefirstparagraph that .
[A]Teamsters still havea largebodyof members.
[B]JimmyHoffa used to work as a civilservant.
[C]unions have enlarged theirpublic-sector membership.
[D]thegovernment has improved its relationship withunionists.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Whichof thefollowingis true ofParagraph 2?
[A]Public-sectorunions are prudent intaking actions.
[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C]Labor Party has long been fighting againstpublic-sector unions.
[D]Public-sectorunions seldom get in troublefor theiractions.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
B
选项
分析
C
D
6338.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 4thatthe income in thestate sector is .
[A]illegally secured.
[B]indirectly augmented.
[C]excessively increased.
[D]fairly adjusted.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Theexampleofthe unionsinWisconsin showsthatunions .
[A]often run against thecurrent political system.
[B]can change people’s political attitudes.
[C]may be abarriertopublic-sector reforms.
[D]are dominantin thegovernment.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.JohnDonahue’s attitudetowards thepublic-sectorsystem is oneof .
[A]disapproval. [B]appreciation.
[C]tolerance. [D]indifference.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
64年
2013 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,
scolds herunattractive assistantfor imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.
（2）★Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years
from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found
hergarment.
【第二段】
（1）This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with
thefeverish world described inOverdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of“fast fashion”.
（2）In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,
H&M, andUniqlo to react to trends morequickly and anticipate demand moreprecisely.
（3）Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, morefrequent releases, and moreprofit.
（4）★These labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposable—meant to last
onlya wash or two, although theydon’t advertisethat—and to renewtheir wardrobe every few weeks.
65（5）By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Clineargues, these brands have hijacked fashion
cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
【第三段】
（1）Thevictims ofthisrevolution, of course, are notlimited to designers.
（2）★For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must
rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive
amounts ofharmful chemicals.
【第四段】
（1）Overdressed isthe fashion world’sanswer to consumer-activistbestsellers likeMichael Pollan’s
TheOmnivore’s Dilemma.
（2）“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and
wasteful,”Clineargues.
（3）Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and
nomatterhowmuch they give away, this excess leads to waste.
【第五段】
66（1）Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah
Kate Beaumont, who since2008has made all ofher own clothes—andbeautifully.
（2）But as Clineis the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t
beknocked off.
【第六段】
（1）Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the
environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting
change can only beeffected bythecustomer.
（2）Sheexhibitsthe idealismcommon to many advocates ofsustainability, beit in food orin energy.
（3）Vanity is aconstant; people will onlystart shoppingmore sustainably whenthey can’t afford not
to.
【题目】
21.Priestly criticizes herassistantforher .
[A]insensitivityto fashion [B]obsessionwith high fashion
[C]poorbargaining skill [D]lack ofimagination
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
6722.Accordingto Cline, mass-market labelsurge consumers to .
[A]combat unnecessary waste
[B]shut outthe feverish fashion world
[C]resist theinfluence of advertisements
[D]shopfor theirgarments more frequently
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Theword “indictment” (Line3,Para.2) is closest inmeaning to .
[A]accusation [B]enthusiasm
[C]indifference [D]tolerance
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Whichof thefollowingcan beinferred fromthelastparagraph?
[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B]The fast-fashion industryignores sustainability.
[C]Peopleare more interested inunaffordable garments.
[D]Pricingis vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
6825.Whatisthe subject ofthe text?
[A]Satireonan extravagant lifestyle. [B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C]Criticismof thefast-fashion industry. [D]Exposureof amass-market secret.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2013 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）★An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one
knows which half.
（2）In theinternet age, at least intheory, thisfraction can be much reduced.
（3）By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”
ads at thosemost likely tobuy.
【第二段】
（1）In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained
information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?
Orshould they have explicit permission?
69【第三段】
（1）★In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not
track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to
befollowed.
（2）Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chromeis due todo
so thisyear.
（3）In February the FTC and theDigital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that theindustry would
get cracking onresponding toDNT requests.
【第四段】
（1）On May 31st Microsoft set off therow.
（2）It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due toappear with Windows 8, would have DNT as
adefault.
【第五段】
（1）Advertisers are horrified.
（2）Human nature being what it is,mostpeople stick withdefault settings.
（3）Few switch DNT onnow, but iftracking is off itwill stay off.
70（4）Bob Liodice, thechief executiveof theAssociation of National Advertisers, says consumers will
beworse off iftheindustry cannot collect information about theirpreferences.
（5）Peoplewillnot get fewer ads,he says.
（6）“They’llget less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
【第六段】
（1）It isnot yet clear howadvertisers willrespond.
（2）Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have
promised to doso.
（3）★Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking
withMicrosoft’s default, somemay ignorea DNT signal and press onanyway.
【第七段】
（1）Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.
（2）After all, it has an ad business too,which itsays willcomply with DNT requests, though itis still
working out how.
（3）★If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an
indirect method: There is noguaranteethat DNT bydefault willbecome thenorm.
71（4）DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has
compared someofits otherproducts favourably with Google’s onthat count before.
（5）Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “Webelieve consumers shouldhave
morecontrol.”
（6）Couldit reallybe that simple?
【题目】
26.Itis suggested inParagraph 1that “behavioural” adshelp advertisers to .
[A]ease competitionamong themselves.
[B]lower theiroperational costs.
[C]avoid complaints from consumers.
[D]providebetter onlineservices.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.“Theindustry” (Line5,Para.3) refers to .
[A]onlineadvertisers. [B]e-commerce conductors.
[C]digital information analysis. [D]internet browser developers.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
7228.BobLiodice holds thatsetting DNT as adefault .
[A]may cut thenumberof junk ads.
[B]fails toaffect the ad industry.
[C]will notbenefit consumers.
[D]goes against human nature.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Whichof thefollowingis true according to Paragraph 6?
[A]DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
[B]Advertisers are willing toimplement DNT.
[C]DNT islosing itspopularity among consumers.
[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Theauthor'sattitudetowards whatBrendonLynchsaid inhis blogis oneof .
[A]indulgence. [B]understanding.
[C]appreciation. [D]skepticism.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
73年
2013 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means
uniformly—glowingly positive.
（2）Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilment and
opportunityfor all.
【第二段】
（1）Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of
threats facing us, from asteroid striketo epidemicflu andto climatechange.
（2）You might even betempted toassume that humanityhas littlefuture to lookforwardto.
【第三段】
（1）But such gloominess is misplaced.
（2）The fossilrecord shows that many species haveendured formillions ofyears—so why shouldn’t
we?
（3）Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an
excellent chance of survivingfor tens, ifnot hundreds, of thousands ofyears.
74（4）★Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very
widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an
overallpopulation decline.”
【第四段】
（1）Sowhat does ourdeep future hold?
（2）A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that
question.
（3）★For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is
designed tostillbemarking timethousands of years hence.
【第五段】
（1）Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more
immediatefuture.
（2）★The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly
complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many
possibilitieswe can envisage.
（3）That’s one reason whywe havelaunched Arc,anew publication dedicated to thenear future.
75【第六段】
（1）But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable
assurance.
（2）★As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the
long-term patterns shaping thehistory of theplanet, and our species, tomake evidence-based forecasts
about thesituationsin which ourdescendants will find themselves.
【第七段】
（1）This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a
passing fad.
（2）To besure, thefuture is notall rosy.
（3）But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many ofthe risks that threatened the existence
ofearlier humans, and to improvethelotof thoseto come.
【题目】
31.Ourvisionof thefuture usedto beinspired by .
[A]ourdesire forlives of fulfilment. [B]ourfaith inscience andtechnology.
[C]ourawareness ofpotential risks. [D]ourbelief inequal opportunity.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
7632.TheIUCN’s “Red List” suggests thathuman beings are .
[A]asustained species. [B]athreat totheenvironment.
[C]theworld’s dominantpower. [D]amisplaced race.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Whichof thefollowingis true according to Paragraph 5?
[A]Archelps limitthe scopeof futurological studies.
[B]Technology offers solutionstosocial problems.
[C]The interest in science fiction isonthe rise.
[D]Ourimmediatefuture is hard to conceive.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.To ensurethefuture ofmankind, itis crucial to .
[A]exploreour planet’sabundant resources.
[B]adopt an optimisticviewofthe world.
[C]draw onourexperience from thepast.
[D]curb our ambitiontoreshape history.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
7735.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]Uncertainty about OurFuture
[B]Evolutionof theHuman Species
[C]The Ever-bright Prospects ofMankind
[D]Science, Technology and Humanity
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2013 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law
Monday—amodest policy victory fortheObama Administration.
（2）But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the
Administration’seffort toupset the balance ofpower between the federal government and thestates.
【第二段】
（1）In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of
Arizona’s controversial planto have stateand local policeenforce federal immigration law.
78（2）The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule
ofNaturalization” and that federal laws precedestate laws are noncontroversial.
（3）Arizonahad attempted tofashion state policies that ran parallel tothe existingfederal ones.
【第三段】
（1）Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled
that thestateflew too closeto thefederal sun.
（2）On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the
field,”and Arizonahadthus intruded onthefederal’s privileged powers.
【第四段】
（1）However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of
peoplewho comeincontact with lawenforcement.
（2）That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and
explicitlyencourages stateofficers to share information and cooperate withfederal colleagues.
【第五段】
79（1）Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this
Constitutional logicbut disagreed about which Arizonarules conflicted with thefederal statute.
（2）The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust
defenseofstate privileges going back to theAlien and SeditionActs.
【第六段】
（1）The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his
objection as “ashocking assertion of federal executive power”.
（2）The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if
statelaws complied with federal statutes to theletter.
（3）In effect, theWhiteHouse claimed that itcould invalidate any otherwise legitimatestatelawthat
itdisagrees with.
【第七段】
（1）Somepowers dobelong exclusively tothefederal government, and control ofcitizenship and the
borders isamong them.
（2）But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration
status,it could.
80（3）It never did so.
（4）The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s
immigration wishes, nostate shouldbe allowed to doso either.
（5）Every Justicerightly rejected thisremarkable claim.
【题目】
36.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’s planwere overturned because they .
[A]deprived the federal policeof Constitutionalpowers.
[B]disturbed thepower balance between different states.
[C]overstepped theauthority offederal immigration law.
[D]contradicted boththe federal and statepolicies.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Onwhich ofthefollowing didtheJustices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
[A]Federal officers’ duty towithhold immigrants’ information.
[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C]States’ legitimateroleinimmigration enforcement.
[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
8138.Itcan beinferred from Paragraph 5thatthe AlienandSedition Acts .
[A]violated theConstitution. [B]undermined thestates’ interests.
[C]supported the federal statute. [D]stoodinfavor ofthe states.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.TheWhiteHouseclaims that its powerof enforcement .
[A]outweighs that held bythestates.
[B]is dependent onthestates’ support.
[C]is established byfederal statutes.
[D]rarely goes against state laws.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whatcan belearned fromthelastparagraph?
[A]Immigrationissues are usuallydecided byCongress.
[B]Justices intended to check thepower oftheAdministration.
[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D]TheAdministration isdominant over immigration issues.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
82年
2014 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor
oftheExchequer, introduced the“upfront work search” scheme.
（2）★Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start
looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than
fortnightly.
（3）Whatcouldbe morereasonable?
【第二段】
（1）Moreapparent reasonableness followed.
（2）There willnow bea seven-day wait for thejobseeker’s allowance.
（3）“Those first few days should bespent lookingfor work, not looking to sign on,” heclaimed.
（4）“We’re doingthese things because we knowthey help people stay offbenefits and help thoseon
benefitsget into work faster.”
（5）Help? Really?
83（6）★On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the
better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from
thenewly unemployed tofind work, and subsidises laziness.
（ 7 ） ★ What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental
fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving
claimants received theirbenefits.
【第三段】
（1）Losing ajobis hurting: you don’tskip down to thejobcentre with asong in your heart, delighted
at theprospect ofdoubling your income from thegenerous state.
（2）It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal
and extraordinarily hard to get.
（3）You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose
and structure in your life.
（5）Worse, thecrucial incometo feed yourself and your familyand pay the billshas disappeared.
84（6）Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and theanswer is always: a job.
【第四段】
（1）But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you
can get it—supported byastateonly too ready to indulge your falsehood.
（2）It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration
system never happened.
（3）The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of
unemployment and receiveunconditional payments ifthedisaster happens.
（4）★Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a
“jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national
insurance contributions.
（5）Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job;
noentitlement and noinsurance, at ￡71.70a week, oneofthe least generous in theEU.
【题目】
8521.George Osborne’s scheme wasintended to .
[A]providetheunemployed with easier access to benefits.
[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.
[C]motivatetheunemployed toreport voluntarily.
[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimateright to benefits.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Thephrase “to signon” (Line3,Para.2)most probably means .
[A]tocheck ontheavailability ofjobs at thejobcentre.
[B]to accept thegovernment’s restrictions onthe allowance.
[C]to register foran allowance from the government.
[D]toattend agovernmental job-training program.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Whatprompted thechancellor to develop his scheme?
[A]Adesire tosecure abetter lifefor all. [B]An eagerness to protect theunemployed.
[C]An urge to begenerous to theclaimants. [D]Apassion to ensure fairness for taxpayers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
8624.Accordingto Paragraph 3,beingunemployed makes onefeel .
[A]uneasy.
[B]enraged.
[C]insulted.
[D]guilty.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.To whichofthe followingwould theauthormost probablyagree?
[A]TheBritish welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.
[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce therisk ofunemployment.
[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.
[D]Unemployment benefits should not bemadeconditional.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2014 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（ 1 ） All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other
profession—with thepossibleexception ofjournalism.
87（2）But there are few places where clients have moregrounds forcomplaint than America.
【第二段】
（1）During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice
as fast as inflation.
（2）The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law
schools.
（3）But most lawgraduates never get a big-firm job.
（4）Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a
costly nightmare.
【第三段】
（1）There are many reasons for this.
（2）Oneis theexcessivecosts of alegal education.
（3）There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in
some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the
American BarAssociation and an expensivepreparation forthebar exam.
（4）This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate
debts.
88（5）Law-school debt means that they havetowork fearsomely hard.
【第四段】
（1）Reforming thesystem would help bothlawyers andtheir customers.
（2）★Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the
profession have been too conservativeto implementthem.
（3）Oneidea is toallow peopleto study lawas an undergraduate degree.
（4）Anotheris to let students sitfor thebar after only two years of lawschool.
（5）If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier
should beallowed to doso.
（6）Studentswho donotneed theextratraining couldcut their debt mountain byathird.
【第五段】
（1）The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the
business.
（2）Exceptin theDistrict of Columbia, non-lawyers may notown anyshare ofa lawfirm.
89（3）Thiskeeps fees high andinnovation slow.
（4）★There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the
regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make
money rather than serve clients ethically.
【第六段】
（1）In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve
services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional
managers to focus onimproving firms’efficiency.
（2）After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal
professions. America shouldfollow.
【题目】
26.Alotofstudents takeup lawastheir professiondueto .
[A]thegrowing demand from clients. [B]theincreasing pressure ofinflation.
[C]theprospect ofworking inbig firms. [D]theattraction of financial rewards.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
9027.Whichof thefollowingadds tothecosts oflegal education inmostAmerican states?
[A]Highertuitionfees for undergraduate studies.
[B]Admissionsapproval from thebar association.
[C]Pursuing abachelor’s degree in another major.
[D]Receiving training byprofessional associations.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Hindranceto thereform ofthelegal system originates from .
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance. [B]therigid bodies governing theprofession.
[C]thestern exam for would-belawyers. [D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Theguild-likeownership structure isconsidered “restrictive” partly becauseit .
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in theprofession.
[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[C]aggravates theethical situation in thetrade.
[D]prevents lawyers from gainingdue profits.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
9130.Inthis text, theauthormainlydiscusses .
[A]flawed ownership ofAmerica’s lawfirms and itscauses.
[B]thefactors that help makeasuccessful lawyer in America.
[C]aproblem inAmerica’s legal profession and solutions toit.
[D]theroleof undergraduate studiesin America’slegal education.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2014 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prizeis indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander
Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.
（2）And itis far from theonly oneofits type.
（3）As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have
joined theNobel Prizes inrecent years.
（4）Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank
accounts ofInternet entrepreneurs.
92（5）These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their
wealth to draw attention to thosewho have succeeded inscience.
【第二段】
（1）What’s notto like?
（2）Quitealot, according to ahandful ofscientists quoted in theNews Feature.
（3）You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their
prizes theprestigeofthe Nobels.
（4）Thenew awards are an exercisein self-promotion for thosebehind them, say scientists.
（5）They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could
cement the statusquoof peer-reviewed research.
（6）They donot fund peer-reviewed research.
（7）They perpetuate themyth ofthe lonegenius.
【第三段】
（1）Thegoals of theprize-givers seem as scattered as thecriticism.
93（2）Somewant to shock, others to draw peopleinto science, or tobetter reward thosewho have made
theircareers in research.
【第四段】
（1）As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science
prizes—bothnew and old—are distributed.
（2）The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of
what thelife sciences include.
（3）★But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be
living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be
demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the
discovery oftheHiggs boson.
（4）The Nobels were, of course, themselves set upbyavery rich individual whohad decided what he
wanted todowith his ownmoney.
（5）Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
【第五段】
（1）As muchas somescientists may complain about the newawards, two things seem clear.
94（2）First, mostresearchers would accept such aprizeiftheywere offered one.
（3）Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go
elsewhere.
（4）It is fair tocriticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it
is theprize-givers’ money to dowithas they please.
（5）It iswise to takesuchgifts with gratitude and grace.
【题目】
31.TheFundamental PhysicsPrize is seen as .
[A]asymbol of theentrepreneurs’ wealth [B]apossiblereplacement oftheNobel Prizes
[C]anexampleof bankers’ investments [D]ahandsomereward forresearchers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Thecritics thinkthatthe newawardswill mostbenefit .
[A]theprofit-oriented scientists. [B]thefounders ofthe newawards.
[C]theachievement-based system. [D]peer-review-led research.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
9533.Thediscovery ofthe Higgsbosonis atypical casewhich involves .
[A]controversies over therecipients’ status. [B]thejoint effort ofmodern researchers.
[C]legitimateconcerns over thenew prizes. [D]thedemonstration ofresearch findings.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Accordingto Paragraph 4,whichofthe followingis true oftheNobels?
[A]Theirendurance has done justicetothem.
[B]Their legitimacy has longbeen indispute.
[C]They are themostrepresentative honor.
[D]History has never cast doubtonthem.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Theauthorbelieves thatthenewawardsare .
[A]acceptabledespite thecriticism.
[B]harmful tothe cultureofresearch.
[C]subject to undesirable changes.
[D]unworthy ofpublicattention.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
96年
2014 Text4
文章主题：
微信公众号：再来一杯柠檬水 免费提供
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences
tothe prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
（2）Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal
educationmay cause moreharm than good.
【第二段】
（1）★In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking
that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities,
foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in
humanities andsocial scientific scholarship and education.”
（2）In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social
Sciences.
97（3）Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers,
judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and
journalism.
【第三段】
（1）Thegoals identified inthe report are generally admirable.
（2）Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full
literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American
government; and encourages the useofnew digital technologies.
（3）★To encourage innovationand competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,
the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate
effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to
bring theirlearning to bear onthegreat challenges oftheday.
（4）The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the
expansionof studyabroad programs.
【第四段】
（1）Unfortunately, despite 2½years in the making, “The Heart of theMatter” never gets to theheart
ofthematter: the illiberal nature ofliberal education at our leading colleges and universities.
98（2）The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have
produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus
deprived ofitsbenefits.
（3）Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the
humanities andsocial sciences asvehicles for publicizing “progressive,” orleft-liberal propaganda.
【第五段】
（1）Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public
policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas —such as
free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate,
intellectual investigation.
【第六段】
（1）TheAAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.
（2）Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that
Congress asked ittoilluminate.
【题目】
9936.Accordingto Paragraph 1,whatisthe author’s attitudetoward theAAAS’s report?
[A]Critical [B]Appreciative
[C]Contemptuous [D]Tolerant
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Influentialfigures inthe Congress required that theAAAS report on howto .
[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education.
[B]define thegovernment’s roleineducation.
[C]keep aleading position in liberal education.
[D]safeguard individuals ’s rights to education.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Accordingto Paragraph 3,thereport suggests .
[A]anexclusivestudyof American history.
[B]agreater emphasis ontheoretical subjects.
[C]theapplication ofemerging technologies.
[D]funding forthestudy offoreign languages.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
10039.Theauthorimplies inParagraph 5thatprofessors are .
[A]supportiveoffree markets. [B]cautious about intellectual investigation.
[C]conservativeabout publicpolicy. [D]biased against classical liberal ideas.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]Ways to Grasp “The Heart oftheMatter”
[B]Illiberal Education and “TheHeart of theMatter”
[C]The AAAS’s Contributionto Liberal Education
[D]ProgressivePolicy vs. Liberal Education
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2015 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）King JuanCarlos ofSpain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they diein theirsleep.”
（2）But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections
have forced him toeat hiswords and stand down.
101（3）So,does theSpanishcrisis suggest that monarchy is seeing itslast days?
（4）Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent
uniforms and majesticlifestyles?
【第二段】
（1）TheSpanish case provides arguments bothforand against monarchy. .
（2）★When publicopinionis particularly polarised, as itwas following theend oftheFranco regime,
monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”aspirit ofnational unity.
【第三段】
（1）It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as
heads of state.
（2）And so,theMiddle East excepted, Europe is themostmonarch-infested region in theworld, with
10kingdoms (not counting Vatican Cityand Andorra).
（3）But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived
because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public
figure.
102【第四段】
（1）Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have adownside.
（2）Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they
behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.
（3）★At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the
increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the
symbolicheart of modern democraticstates.
【第五段】
（1）Themost successful monarchies striveto abandon or hidetheirold aristocraticways.
（2）Princes and princesses haveday-jobs and ridebicycles, not horses (or helicopters).
（3）Even so, theseare wealthy families who party withthe international 1%, and mediaintrusiveness
makes it increasingly difficult to maintainthe right image.
【第六段】
（1）While Europe’s monarchies will nodoubtbe smart enoughto survivefor sometimetocome, itis
theBritish royals who have mostto fear from theSpanishexample.
【第七段】
103（1）It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if
well-heeled) granny style.
（2）The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty
hierarchical viewofthe world.
（3）He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a
service—as non-controversial and non-political heads ofstate.
（4）Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the
monarchy’s worst enemies.
【题目】
21.Accordingto the firsttwo paragraphs,King JuanCarlos ofSpain .
[A]used to enjoy high publicsupport
[B]was unpopularamong European royals
[C]eased his relationship with hisrivals
[D]ended his reign inembarrassment
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
10422.Monarchs are keptas headsofstate in Europemostly .
[A]owing totheir undoubted and respectable status
[B]to achieve abalance between tradition and reality
[C]to give voters more publicfigures tolook upto
[D]dueto theireverlasting politicalembodiment
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Whichof thefollowingis shownto beodd,accordingtoParagraph 4?
[A]Aristocrats’ excessivereliance oninherited wealth
[B]The roleofthe nobility inmodern democracies
[C]The simplelifestyle of thearistocraticfamilies
[D]Thenobility’s adherence to their privileges
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.TheBritishroyals ”havemostto fear” becauseCharles .
[A]takes atough lineonpolitical issues [B]fails tochange his lifestyle as advised
[C]takes republicans as his potential allies [D]fails to adapt himselftohis futurerole
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
10525.Whichof thefollowingis thebest titleofthe text?
[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B]Charles, Anxiousto Succeed to theThrone
[C]Carlos, a Lesson forAll European Monarchs
[D]Charles, SlowtoReact totheComingThreats.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2015 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Justhowmuch does theConstitution protect your digital data?
（2）The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobilephone
withouta warrant ifthephone is onoraround a person during an arrest.
【第二段】
（1）★California hasasked thejustices to refrain from asweeping ruling, particularly onethat upsets
the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their
arrest.
106（2）It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing
technologies.
【第三段】
（1）Thecourt would berecklessly modest ifitfollowed California’s advice.
（2）Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should
provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
【第四段】
（1）They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a
smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s
purse.
（2）The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the
wallet orpocketbook ofan arresteewithout awarrant.
（3）But exploringone’s smartphone ismore likeentering his orher home.
（4）A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and
comprehensiverecords ofrecent correspondence.
107（5）The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the
easier.
【第五段】
（1）Americans should takesteps to protect theirdigital privacy.
（2）But keeping sensitiveinformation onthesedevices is increasingly arequirement of normallife.
（3）Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the
Constitution’s prohibitiononunreasonablesearches.
【第六段】
（1）As so often is thecase, stating that principledoesn’tease thechallenge ofline-drawing.
（2）In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search
through phonecontents.
（ 3 ） They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent
circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or
altered whilewaiting fora warrant.
108（4）The court, though, may want toallow room forpolicetocite situationswhere they are entitled to
morefreedom.
【第七段】
（1）But thejustices shouldnot swallowCalifornia’s argument whole.
（ 2 ） New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s
protections.
（3）★Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in
the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The
justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must
sort outhow theFourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
【题目】
26.TheSupreme Court, will workoutwhether, duringan arrest, itis legitimate to .
[A]prevent suspects from deleting their phonecontents.
[B]search for suspects’ mobilephoneswithout awarrant.
[C]check suspects’ phonecontents without beingauthorized.
[D]prohibitsuspects from using theirmobilephones.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
10927.Theauthor’sattitude towardCalifornia’sargument is oneof .
[A]disapproval. [B]indifference.
[C]tolerance. [D]cautiousness.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Theauthorbelieves thatexploringone’s phonecontentsis comparableto .
[A]gettinginto one’sresidence.
[B]handing one’s historical records.
[C]scanning one’s correspondences.
[D]going through one’s wallet.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.InParagraphs 5and6,the authorshowshis concern that .
[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B]thecourt isgiving policeless room for action.
[C]citizens’ privacy isnot effectively protected.
[D]phones are used to store sensitiveinformation.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
11030.OrinKerr’scomparison is quoted toindicate that .
[A]theConstitutionshould beimplemented flexibly.
[B]new technology requires reinterpretation of theConstitution.
[C]California’s argument violates principles oftheConstitution.
[D]principles oftheConstitution should never bealtered.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2015 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,
editor-in-chiefMarcia McNutt announced today.
（2）The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic
mistakes indata analysis are contributing to theirreproducibilityof many published research findings.
【第二段】
（1）“Readers musthave confidence intheconclusions published in ourjournal,” writes McNutt inan
editorial.
111（2）Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a
statisticsboard ofreviewing editors (SBoRE).
（3）Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its
existingBoard ofReviewing Editors or byoutsidepeer reviewers.
（4）TheSBoRE panel willthen find external statisticiansto review these manuscripts.
【第三段】
（1）★Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of
the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data
analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the
research we publish.”
【第四段】
（1）Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the
SBoRE group,says he expects theboard to“play primarily an advisory role.”
（2）He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be
novel, uniqueandlikely to have alasting impact.
112（3）This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a
larger group of publishing places that may want to model theirapproach after Science.”
【第五段】
（1）John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most
welcome step forward”and “longoverdue.”
（2）“Most journals are weak instatisticalreview, and thisdamages thequality of what they publish.
（3）I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential
than expert review,”hesays.But henoted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine,
the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical
review.
【第六段】
（1）Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are
alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux,acell biologist.
（2）Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a
tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the
process.”
113（3）Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a
weakness is that itrelies ontheboard ofreviewing editors to identify ‘thepapers that need scrutiny’
inthe first place.”
【题目】
31.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 1that .
[A]Science intendsto simplify itspeer-review process.
[B]journals are strengthening theirstatisticalchecks.
[C]few journals are blamed formistakes in dataanalysis.
[D]lack ofdata analysis is common in research projects.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Thephrase “flagged up” (Para. 2)is theclosestin meaningto .
[A]found.
[B]revised.
[C]marked.
[D]stored.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
11433.GiovanniParmigiani believes thatthe establishment oftheSBoREmay .
[A]poseathreat to all itspeers. [B]meet with strong opposition.
[C]increase Science’s circulation. [D]set an examplefor otherjournals.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhat Scienceis doing now .
[A]adds to researchers’ workload.
[B]diminishes the roleofreviewers.
[C]has room for further improvement.
[D]istofail in theforeseeable future
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingis thebest titleofthe text?
[A]Science JoinsPush toScreen Statistics inPapers.
[B]Professional Statisticians DeserveMore Respect
[C]Data Analysis Finds Its Wayonto Editors’ Desks
[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back withScience
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
115年
2015 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of
integrity across so many ofourinstitutions.”
（2）Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting
mechanism” insociety shouldbe profit andthemarket.
（3）But “it’s us, human beings, wethepeople who create thesociety we want, not profit.”
【第二段】
（1）Driving her pointhome, shecontinued: “It’sincreasingly apparent that theabsence ofpurpose, of
a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous
goals forcapitalism and freedom.”
（2）This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she
thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone
hacking.
【第三段】
116（1）★As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy
Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the
samecharge—thewider issueofdearth ofintegrity still stands.
（2）Journalistsare known to havehacked thephones ofupto5,500people.
（3）Thisis hacking onanindustrial scale, as was acknowledged byGlenn Mulcaire, the man hired by
theNews ofthe World in2001to be thepointperson for phonehacking.
（4）Others await trial.
（5）Thislong story stillunfolds.
【第四段】
（1）In many respects, thedearth ofmoral purposeframes not only thefact ofsuch widespread phone
hacking but theterms onwhich thetrial took place.
（2）★One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in
her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories
arrived.
（3）Thecore of hersuccessful defence was thatshe knewnothing.
【第五段】
117（1）In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for
what happens in theorganisations that they run.
（2）Perhaps we should notbe so surprised.
（3）For a generation, thecollective doctrinehas been that thesorting mechanism ofsociety shouldbe
profit.
（4）The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly,
wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.
（5）Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and
accountability.
【第六段】
（1）Thepurpose ofediting theNews of theWorld was not to promotereader understanding, to befair
inwhat was written orto betray any common humanity.
（2）It was to ruin lives in thequest for circulation and impact.
（3）Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but
sheasked noquestions, gavenoinstructions—norreceived traceable, recorded answers.
【题目】
11836.Accordingto the firsttwo paragraphs,Elisabeth was upsetby .
[A]theconsequences of thecurrent sorting mechanism.
[B]companies’ financial loss dueto immoralpractices
[C]governmental ineffectiveness onmoral issues.
[D]thewidemisuseofintegrity among institutions.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Itcan beinferred from Paragraph 3that .
[A]Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as acrime.
[B]more journalistsmay be found guilty of phonehacking.
[C]Andy Coulson shouldbe held innocent of thecharge.
[D]phonehacking willbe accepted oncertain occasions.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Theauthorbelieves the Rebekah Brooks’sdefence .
[A]revealed a cunning personality. [B]centered ontrivialissues.
[C]was hardly convincing. [D]was part ofaconspiracy.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
11939.Theauthorholdsthatthe current collective doctrineshows .
[A]generally distortedvalues.
[B]unfair wealth distribution.
[C]amarginalized lifestyle.
[D]arigid moral code.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whichof thefollowingis suggested inthe lastparagraph?
[A]Thequality ofwritings is ofprimary importance.
[B]Commonhumanity is central to news reporting.
[C]Moral awareness matters in editing anewspaper.
[D]Journalistsneed stricter industrialregulations.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2016 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）★France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry
has lostan absoluteright to define physical beauty forwomen.
120（2）Its lawmakers gavepreliminary approval last week to alawthat would make ita crime toemploy
ultra-thin models onrunways.
（3）The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting
extremedieting.
【第二段】
（1）Such measures have acouple ofupliftingmotives.
（2）They suggest beauty shouldnot be defined bylooks that end upimpingingonhealth.
（3）That’s a start.
（4 ） And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving
themselves to death—as somehave done.
（5）★It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women,
especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual
worth.
【第三段】
（1）The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let
others be arbiters of theirbeauty.
121（2）★And perhaps faintly, they hintthat people shouldlook tointangible qualities likecharacter and
intellect rather than dieting theirway tosizezero orwasp-waist physiques.
【第四段】
（1）The French measures, however, rely too much onsevere punishment to change a culturethat still
regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing.
（2）Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body
mass could result in a$85,000fine and sixmonthsin prison.
【第五段】
（1）The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and
idealized bodytypes.
（2）In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards
formodels and fashion images that rely more onpeer pressure for enforcement
【第六段】
（1）In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and
sanctions regarding theage, health, and othercharacteristics ofmodels.
122（2）The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take
responsibilityfor theimpact thefashion industry has onbodyideals, especially onyoung people.”
（3）The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to
Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run bytheDanish Fashion Institute.
（4）But in general it relies ona name-and-shame method ofcompliance.
【第七段】
（1）Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the
best step.
（2）Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a
particular industry.
【题目】
21.Accordingto the firstparagraph, whatwouldhappen in France?
[A]Newrunways would be constructed
[B]Physical beauty would be redefined
[C]Websites about dieting would thrive
[D]Thefashion industry would decline
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
12322.Thephrase “impinging on” (Line2 Para2) is closestin meaningto .
[A]heightening thevalue of [B]indicating thestateof
[C]losingfaith in [D]doingharm to
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Whichof thefollowingis true ofthefashion industry?
[A]Newstandards are being set inDenmark
[B]The French measures have already failed
[C]Models are nolonger underpeer pressure
[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Adesigneris mostlikely to berejected by CFW for .
[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions
[B]caring too muchabout models’ character
[C]showing littleconcern forhealth factors
[D]settinga high age threshold for models
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
12425.Whichof thefollowingmay bethe besttitle ofthetext?
[A]AChallenge to theFashionIndustry’sBody Ideals
[B]ADilemmafor theStarving Models inFrance
[C]Just AnotherRoundofStrugglefor Beauty
[D]TheGreat Threats to theFashion Industry
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2016 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）For thefirst timeinhistory more peoplelivein towns thanin thecountry.
（2）In Britain thishas hadacurious result.
（3）★While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and
the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited
politicalsupport.
【第二段】
（1）A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save
“thebeauty ofnatural places foreveryone forever.”
125（2）It was specifically to providecity dwellers with spaces forleisure where theycould experience “a
refreshing air.”
（3）Hill’spressure laterled tothecreation of national parks and green belts.
（4）They don’tmake countryside any more, and every year concreteconsumes moreof it.
（5）It needs constant guardianship.
【第三段】
（1）At thenextelection noneofthebigparties seem likely to endorse thissentiment.
（ 2 ） ★ The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over
conservation, even authorising “off-plan”building where local people might object.
（3）Theconcept of sustainabledevelopment has been defined as profitable.
（4）Labour likewisewants todiscontinuelocal planning where councils opposedevelopment.
（5）TheLiberal Democrats are silent.
（6）Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to
using green land.
126（7）Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror intomany local Conservativeparties.
【第四段】
（1）The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and
towns where infrastructure isin place.
（2）The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half amillion houses in
theLondonarea alone, with nointrusion ongreen belt.
（3）Whatis trueof London is eventruer oftheprovinces.
【第五段】
（1）Theidea that “housingcrisis”equals “concreted meadows”ispure lobby talk.
（2）Theissueis not theneed formore houses but,as always, where to put them.
（3）Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and
renewal.
（4）Hefavours out-of-town shopping sitesagainst high streets.
（5）Thisis not afree market buta biased one.
127（6）Rural towns and villages have grown and willalways grow.
（7）They doso best where building sticks totheir edges and respects theircharacter.
（8）Wedonotruin urban conservation areas.
（9）Whyruin rural ones?
【第六段】
（1）Development should be planned, not let rip.
（2）After theNetherlands, Britain isEurope’s mostcrowded country.
（3）Halfa century oftown and country planning has enabled it toretain an enviablerural coherence,
whilestillpermitting low-density urbanliving.
（4）There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or
Ireland.
（5）Avoidingthis rather than promoting it shouldunitetheleft andright ofthepolitical spectrum.
【题目】
12826.Britain’spublicsentiment aboutthe countryside .
[A]didn’tstart till theShakespearean age
[B]has brought much benefit to theNHS
[C]is fully backed bytheroyal family
[D]isnot well reflected inpolitics
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Accordingto Paragraph 2，theachievements ofthe NationalTrust arenowbeing .
[A]gradually destroyed [B]effectively reinforced
[C]largely overshadowed [D]properly protected
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Whichof thefollowingcan beinferred fromParagraph 3?
[A]Labouris under attack for opposing development
[B]The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building
[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence
[D]Ukip may gainfrom its support forrural conservation
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
12929.TheauthorholdsthatGeorge Osborne’spreference .
[A]highlights hisfirm stand against lobby pressure
[B]shows his disregard forthe character ofrural areas
[C]stresses thenecessity of easing thehousing crisis
[D]reveals astrong prejudice against urban areas
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Inthelastparagraph the authorshows hisappreciation of .
[A]thesizeof populationin Britain
[B]thepolitical lifein today’sBritain
[C]theenviable urban lifestyle in Britain
[D]thetown-and-country planning in Britain
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2016 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel
prize-winning economist.
130（2）“That is, to useits resources and engage inactivities designed to increase itsprofits.”
（3）But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR)
policies as awaste of shareholders’money, things may not beabsolutely clear-cut.
（4）New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they
are prosecuted for corruption.
【第二段】
（1）The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,
according to an estimate byEPG,aconsulting firm.
（2）Thiscould add value totheir businesses in three ways.
（3）First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high
quality.
（4）★Second, customers may be willing to buyacompany’s products as an indirect way to donate
tothe good causes ithelps.
（5）And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater
considerationfrom consumers and others.
131【第三段】
（1）Previous studies onCSRhavehad troubledifferentiating these effects becauseconsumers can be
affected byall three.
（2）A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).
（ 3 ） It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their
investigations,they could beinfluenced only bythehaloeffect.
【第四段】
（1）The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR
programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.
（2）★Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their
CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns
didnot receive lower fines.
【第五段】
（1）In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its
merits, they doseem to be influenced byacompany’s record inCSR.
132（2）★“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour,
or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the
typical punishment forbribing foreign officials,” says oneresearcher.
【第六段】
（1）Researchers admit that theirstudy does notanswer thequestion ofhowmuch businesses ought to
spendonCSR.
（2）Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other
possiblebenefits, when theydecide theirdo-gooding policies.
（3）But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence
ofgood character canwin them aless costly punishment.
【题目】
31.Theauthorviews MiltonFriedman’s statementaboutCSRwith .
[A]tolerance
[B]skepticism
[C]uncertainty
[D]approval
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
13332.Accordingto Paragraph 2,CSRhelpsacompany by .
[A]winningtrust from consumers
[B]guarding itagainst malpractices
[C]protecting it from being defamed
[D]raising thequality ofitsproducts
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Theexpression “more lenient”(Line2,Para.4)is closestin meaningto .
[A]moreeffective [B]less controversial
[C]less severe [D]morelasting
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Whenprosecutors evaluate acase,acompany’s CSRrecord .
[A]has an impact ontheir decision
[B]comes across as reliable evidence
[C]increases thechance ofbeing penalized
[D]constitutespart oftheinvestigation
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
13435.Whichof thefollowingis true ofCSR,accordingto the lastparagraph?
[A]Its negativeeffects onbusinesses are often overlooked
[B]The necessary amount ofcompanies’spending onit is unknown
[C]Companies’ financial capacity for ithas beenoverestimated
[D]It has brought much benefit to thebanking industry
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2016 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on
newsprint.
（2）Exactlywhen that day will beis amatterof debate.
（3）“Sometimeinthe future,” thepaper’s publishersaid back in 2010.
【第二段】
（1）Nostalgiafor ink onpaper andtherustleof pages aside, there’s plenty ofincentive toditch print.
135（2）★The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks
—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set
offinancial constraints.
（3）Readers are migrating away from print anyway.
（4）And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is
stilldeclining.
【第三段】
（1）Overhead maybehigh and circulation lower, butrushing to eliminateits print editionwould be a
mistake, says BuzzFeed CEOJonah Peretti.
【第四段】
（1）Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go
about doing ittheright way.
（2）“Figuring outa way toaccelerate that transition would makesensefor them,” hesaid, “but ifyou
discontinueit,you’regoing tohave your most loyal customers reallyupset withyou.”
【第五段】
（1）Sometimesthat’s worth making achange anyway.
136（ 2 ） Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on
streaming.
（3）“It was seenas ablunder,”hesaid.
（4）Themoveturned out tobe foresighted.
（5）And ifPeretti were in chargeat theTimes?
（6）“Iwouldn’t pick ayear to end print,” he said.
（7）“Iwould raise prices and makeit intomoreof alegacy product.”
【第六段】
（1）★The mostloyal customers would still get theproduct they favor, theidea goes, and they’dfeel
likethey were helping sustain thequality ofsomething they believe in.
（2）“So ifyou’re overpaying forprint, you could feel likeyou were helping,” Peretti said.
（3）“Then increase it at ahigher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”
（4）In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already
obsessed with it.
（5）Whichmaybe what the Times is doingalready.
137（6）Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much
as adigital-only subscription.
【第七段】
（1）“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy
business,”Peretti remarked.
（2）★“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t
makesense when themarket changes and theworld changes.
（3）In thosesituations,it’s better to bemoreaggressivethan less aggressive.”
【题目】
36.TheNew York Times is consideringendingits printeditionpartly dueto .
[A]thehigh cost ofoperation
[B]thepressure from itsinvestors
[C]thecomplaints from its readers
[D]theincreasing onlinead sales
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
13837.Peretti suggests that,infaceof thepresentsituation, TheTimes should .
[A]seek new sources ofreadership [B]end the printedition for good
[C]aim for efficient management [D]makestrategic adjustments
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Itcan beinferred from Paragraphs 5and6thata ” legacy product” .
[A]helps restore theglory offormer times
[B]is meant for themostloyal customers
[C]will havethe cost ofprinting reduced
[D]expandsthepopularity ofthepaper
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Peretti believes that,inachangingworld .
[A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated
[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving
[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges
[D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
13940.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleof thetext?
[A]Shift to OnlineNewspapers All at Once
[B]Cherish theNewspapers Stillin YourHand
[C]Make YourPrint Newspapers aLuxuryGood
[D]Keep YourNewspapers Forever inFashion
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2017 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）★First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending
people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly
massivesecurity lines.
【第二段】
（1）Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased
safety.
（2）Thecrash of EgyptAir Flight 804,which terroristsmay havedowned over theMediterranean Sea,
provides another tragic reminderof why.
140（3）But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines
publicsupport fortheprocess.
（4）And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention
infuriating.
【第三段】
（1）Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that
undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security
nearly every timethey tried.
（2）Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the
improving economy and lowoil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s
O’Hare International.
（3）It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are
obvious.
【第四段】
（1）Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so
theTSAisnow rushing toget newscreeners ontheline.
141（2）Part oftheissueis that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.
（3）Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid
checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly disputethis.
【第五段】
（1）There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to
hire: Enroll morepeople inthePreCheck program.
（2）PreCheck issupposed to be awin-win for travelers and the TSA.
（3）Passengers who pass abackground check are eligible touse expedited screening lanes.
（4）This allows theTSAto focus ontravelers whoare higherrisk, saving timefor everyone involved.
（5）TheTSAwants to enroll 25million people in PreCheck.
【第六段】
（1）It has not gotten anywhereclose to that, andonebig reason is sticker shock:
（2）Passengers mustpay $85every fiveyears to process theirbackground checks.
142（3）Sincethebeginning, this pricetag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.
（4）Upcoming reforms might bring the price toa morereasonable level.
（5）But Congress should look intodoingso directly, byhelping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to
cut costs in otherways.
【第七段】
（1）The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the
traveling publicsuffers in unnecessary lines.
（2）It islong past timeto makethe program work.
【题目】
21.Thecrash ofEgyptAirFlight804ismentioned to .
[A]explain American’s tolerance ofcurrent security checks.
[B]stress theurgency tostrengthen security worldwide.
[C]highlight thenecessity ofupgrading majorU.S.airports.
[D]emphasizetheimportanceof privacy protection.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
14322.Whichof thefollowingcontributes to longwaits atmajor airports?
[A]Newrestrictions oncarry-on bags.
[B]The declining efficiency of theTSA.
[C]An increase in thenumberof travelers.
[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Theword “expedited” (Line4,Para. 5)is closest inmeaning to .
[A]quieter. [B]cheaper.
[C]wider. [D]faster.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Oneproblem withthe PreCheck program is .
[A]adramatic reduction of itsscale.
[B]itswrongly-directed implementation.
[C]thegovernment’s reluctance to back it.
[D]anunreasonableprice for enrollment.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
14425.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]Less Screening forMore Safety
[B]PreCheck – aBelated Solution
[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines
[D]Underused PreCheck Lanes
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2017 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning
monarch, in1897.
（2）Starwatchers were among the mostesteemed members ofHawaiian society.
（3）Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.
（ 4 ） Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant
observatory that promises to revolutionizehumanity’s viewof thecosmos.
【第二段】
145（1）★At issueisthe TMT’s planned location onMauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped bysome
Hawaiians as thepiko,that connects the Hawaiian Islands to theheavens.
（2）But Mauna Kea is also hometo someoftheworld’s mostpowerful telescopes.
（3）Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense
atmosphere, where conditions allowtelescopes toobtain images ofunsurpassed clarity.
【第三段】
（1）Oppositionto telescopes onMauna Kea isnothing new.
（2）A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as
disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign
nation.
【第四段】
（1）Someblame forthe current controversy belongs to astronomers.
（2）In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of
understanding theworld.
146（3）They did not always prioritizetheprotection of MaunaKea’sfragile ecosystems orits holiness to
theislands’inhabitants.
（4）Hawaiian cultureis not a relicofthepast; it is alivingculture undergoing arenaissance today.
【第五段】
（1）Yet science has acultural history, too, with roots going back to thedawn ofcivilization.
（2）The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to
Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers todayto exploretheheavens.
（3）★Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore
the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,
where we comefrom and where we are going.
（4）Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know
ourselves and ourtrue ancestral homes.
【第六段】
（1）Theastronomy community is making compromises to change itsuse ofMaunaKea.
147（2）The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid
archaeological and environmental impact.
（3）To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their
lifetimes and theirsites returned to anatural state.
（4）There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural
heritage and to study thestars.
【题目】
26.QueenLiliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1indicates .
[A]herconservative viewonthehistorical role ofastronomy.
[B]theimportance ofastronomy inancient Hawaiian society.
[C]theregrettable decline ofastronomy in ancient times.
[D]herappreciation of starwatchers’ feats inher time.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
B
选项
分析
C
D
14827.MaunaKea is deemed as an idealastronomical site dueto .
[A]itsgeographical features. [B]itsprotective surroundings.
[C]itsreligious implications. [D]itsexisting infrastructure.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Theconstruction oftheTMT is opposed by some locals partly because .
[A]itmay risk ruining theirintellectual life.
[B]it reminds them ofahumiliating history.
[C]theirculture will loseachanceof revival.
[D]they fear losing control ofMauna Kea.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Itcan beinferred from Paragraph 5thatprogress intoday’s astronomy .
[A]isfulfilling thedreams ofancient Hawaiians.
[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across theworld.
[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
[D]willeventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
14930.Theauthor’sattitude towardchoosing MaunaKea asthe TMT siteisoneof .
[A]severe criticism.
[B]passiveacceptance.
[C]slight hesitancy.
[D]fullapproval.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2017 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which
makes lifeworthwhile.”
（2）With Britain votingto leave theEuropean Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,
itis nowa timelymoment to assess what he was referring to.
【第二段】
（1）Thequestion ofGDP and itsusefulness has annoyed policymakers forover halfa century.
（2）Manyargue that it isa flawed concept.
150（3）It measures things that donot matterand misses things that do.
（4）By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record
lowunemployment and high growth figures.
（5）If everything was going so well, then why did over17million peoplevotefor Brexit, despitethe
warnings about what itcould dototheir country’s economicprospects?
【第三段】
（1）Arecent annual study ofcountries and theirability toconvert growth intowell-being sheds some
light onthat question.
（2）Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that
economicgrowth istranslated into meaningful improvements for itscitizens.
（3）Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and
civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are
performing.
【第四段】
（1）Whileall ofthese countries face theirown challenges, there are a numberofconsistent themes.
151（2）Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key
indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued todecline.
（3）Yet this isn’tthe case withall countries.
（4）Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures
includingcivil society, income equality and the environment.
【第五段】
（1）This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole
measure ofa country’ssuccess, theworld looksvery different.
【第六段】
（1）★So,what Kennedy was referring to was that whileGDP has been themost common method for
measuring theeconomic activity ofnations, as a measure, it isnolonger enough.
（2）It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes—all
things that contribute toa person’s senseofwell-being.
【第七段】
（1）The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the
everyday services we depend onforour well-being and for growth.
152（2）But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying
about GDP figures could avoid theforecasted doom and may even see progress.
【题目】
31.Robert F. Kennedyis cited because he .
[A]praised the UKforits GDP.
[B]identified GDP with happiness.
[C]misinterpreted theroleof GDP.
[D]hadalowopinion ofGDP.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Itcan beinferred from Paragraph 2that .
[A]theUKis reluctant to remold itseconomic pattern.
[B]theUK willcontribute less tothe world economy.
[C]GDP as the measure ofsuccess is widely defied in theUK.
[D]policymakers in theUK are paying less attention to GDP.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
15333.Whichof thefollowingis true aboutthe recentannualstudy?
[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator. [B]It is sponsored by163countries.
[C]Its criteria are questionable. [D]Its results are enlightening.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Inthelasttwo paragraphs,the authorsuggests that .
[A]theUKis preparing for an economic boom.
[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.
[C]it isessential toconsider factors beyond GDP.
[D]itrequires caution tohandle economic issues.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingis thebest titleforthetext?
[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, aUKLesson
[B]GDP Figures, aWindowonGlobal Economic Health
[C]Robert F. Kennedy, aTerminator ofGDP
[D]Brexit, theUK’s Gateway toWell-being
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
154年
2017 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a
former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell.
（2）★But itdid sowhileholding itsnose at theethics of hisconduct,which included accepting gifts
suchas a Rolex watch and aFerrari automobilefrom acompany seeking access togovernment.
【第二段】
（1）★The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it
must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled”
issues related tohis duties.
【第三段】
（1）Merely helping agift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done withclear intentto pressure
thoseofficials, is not corruption, thejustices found.
【第四段】
（1）The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and
“nasty.”
155（2）But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a
contract orregulation.
（3）Simply arranging ameeting, making a phonecall, orhostingan event is not an “official act.”
【第五段】
（1）Thecourt’s ruling islegally sound indefining a kindoffavoritism that is not criminal.
（2）Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucraticproblems without fear
ofprosecution forbribery.
（3）“Thebasic compact underlying representative government,” wroteChiefJustice John Roberts for
thecourt, “assumes that publicofficials will hear from theirconstituents and act ontheirconcerns.”
【第六段】
（1）But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to
ensure equality ofaccess togovernment.
（2）★Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging
meetings simplybecause an individual orgroup provides a campaign donationor apersonal gift.
156（3）This type ofintegrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of
official meetings, rules onlobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source ofwealth.
【第七段】
（1）Favoritismin official access can fan publicperceptions of corruption.
（2）But it is notalways corruption.
（3）Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and
thewealthy.
（4）If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in
treatment bygovernment—is undermined.
（5）Good governance rests onan understanding oftheinherent worth of each individual.
【第八段】
（1）Thecourt’s ruling is astep forward in thestruggle against both corruption and official favoritism.
【题目】
15736.Theunderlinedsentence (Para.1) most probably shows thatthecourt .
[A]avoided defining theextent ofMcDonnell’s duties.
[B]made nocompromisein convicting McDonnell.
[C]was contemptuous ofMcDonnell’s conduct.
[D]refused to comment onMcDonnell’sethics.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Accordingto Paragraph 4,anofficialact is deemed corruptiveonly ifitinvolves .
[A]concretereturns for gift-givers. [B]sizablegains in theform of gifts.
[C]leaking secrets intentionally. [D]breaking contracts officially.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Thecourt’s rulingis based on theassumption thatpublicofficialsare .
[A]allowed tofocus ontheconcerns oftheir supporters.
[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucraticissues.
[C]justified in addressing theneeds of theirconstituents.
[D]exemptfrom conviction onthecharge offavoritism.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
15839.Well-enforced laws ingovernmenttransparency are needed to .
[A]awaken theconscience ofofficials. [B]guarantee fairplay in official access.
[C]allowfor certain kindsof lobbying. [D]inspirehopes in averagepeople.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Theauthor’sattitude towardthe court’s ruling is .
[A]sarcastic. [B]tolerant.
[C]skeptical. [D]supportive.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2018 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）★Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go
unmentioned in thenextpresidential campaign: What happens when therobots come fortheirjobs?
【第二段】
（1）Don't dismissthat possibility entirely.
159（2）About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford
study, withthemiddleclass disproportionately squeezed.
（3）Lower-incomejobs likegardening orday care don't appeal to robots.
（4）But many middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have
aroused theirinterest, or soonwill.
（5）Therich owntherobots, so they will befine.
【第三段】
（1）Thisisn't tobealarmist.
（2）Optimistspointout that technological upheaval has benefited workers in thepast.
（3）★The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by
mechanized looms, but iteventually raised living standards and created morejobs than itdestroyed.
（4）Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down
prices, andfree workers from hard, boring work.
160（5）But in themedium term, middle-class workers may need alot ofhelp adjusting.
【第四段】
（1）The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,
should berethinking education and jobtraining.
（2）Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolveto focus less onmemorizingfacts
and more oncreativityand complex communication.
（3）Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping
studentswork alongsiderobots.
（4）Onlineeducation can supplementthetraditional kind.
（5）It couldmake extra trainingand instructionaffordable.
（6）Professionals trying to acquire newskills willbe ableto doso withoutgoing into debt.
【第五段】
（1）★The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading
business dynamism:Starting newcompanies mustbe made easier.
161（2）In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by
dreamingupways to combinelaborand machines.
（3）Thebest uses of3Dprinters and virtual realityhaven't been invented yet.
（4）TheU.S.needs thenew companies that willinvent them.
【第六段】
（1）Finally, because automation threatens towiden the gap between capital incomeand labor income,
taxesand thesafety net willhave to berethought.
（2）Taxes onlow-wage labor need tobe cut, and wage subsidies such as theearned incometax credit
should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation,
and reduce inequality.
【第七段】
（1）Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be
littlecomfort tothosewho find theirlives andcareers upended byautomation.
（2）Destroying themachines that are coming forour jobswould be nuts.
162（3）But policies tohelp workers adapt will beindispensable.
【题目】
21.Whowill bemost threatenedbyautomation?
[A]Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robotowners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Whichof thefollowingbest represents theauthor’s view?
[A]Worries about automation are infact groundless.
[B]Optimists’ opinions onnewtech find littlesupport.
[C]Issues arising from automation need tobe tackled
[D]Negative consequences ofnew tech can beavoided
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题目
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析
C
D
16323.Education intheage ofautomation should putmore emphasis on .
[A]creativepotential. [B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs. [D]cooperativespirit.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Theauthorsuggests thattax policiesbeaimed at .
[A]encouraging thedevelopment ofautomation.
[B]increasing thereturn oncapital investment.
[C]easing thehostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing theincome gap from widening.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Inthis text, theauthorpresents aproblemwith .
[A]opposingviews onit.
[B]possiblesolutionsto it.
[C]itsalarming impacts.
[D]itsmajorvariations.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
164年
2018 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Anew survey byHarvard University finds more than two-thirds ofyoung Americans disapprove
ofPresident Trump’s useofTwitter.
（2）The implication is that Millennialsprefer news from theWhiteHouse tobe filtered through other
sources, nota president’s social mediaplatform.
【第二段】
（1）MostAmericans rely onsocial media to check daily headlines.
（2）Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy
skills.
（3）Such atrend isbadlyneeded.
（4）During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users
inthe politically critical stateofMichigan was fake news, according totheUniversity ofOxford.
（5）Anda survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44percent ofFacebook users rarely ornever
trustnews from the mediagiant.
165【第三段】
（1）Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from
fiction in cyberspace.
（2）A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they
use“distributed trust”to verify stories.
（3）They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are
open about any bias.
（4）“Many young people assumeagreat deal ofpersonal responsibilityfor educating themselves and
actively seeking out opposingviewpoints,” thesurvey concluded.
【第四段】
（1）Such activeresearch can have another effect.
（2）A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of
Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political
engagement.
【第五段】
166（1）★Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while
also permittingthem to re-share news as aprojection oftheirvalues and interests.
（2）Thisforces users to be moreconscious oftheir rolein passing along information.
（3）★Asurvey by Barna research group foundthe top reason given byAmericans for the fake news
phenomenon is “reader error,”moreso than made-up stories or factual mistakes inreporting.
（4）About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual
news” viasocial media.
（5）In other words, thechoice to share news onsocial mediamay be theheart oftheissue.
（6）“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says
RoxanneStone, editorin chief at Barna Group.
【第六段】
（1）So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline
inthinking skills—and intheirchoices onwhen to share onsocial media.
【题目】
16726.Accordingto Paragraphs 1and 2,manyyoung Americans castdoubts on .
[A]thejustificationof thenews-filtering practice.
[B]people's preferencefor social mediaplatforms.
[C]theadministration’s ability tohandle information.
[D]social mediaas areliable source ofnews.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Thephrase “beefup”(Line2,Para.2) isclosest in meaningto .
[A]sharpen [B]define
[C]boast [D]share
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Accordingto the KnightFoundationsurvey, young people .
[A]tend to voicetheiropinions in cyberspace.
[B]verify news byreferring to diverse sources.
[C]have astrong sense ofsocial responsibility.
[D]liketoexchange views on “distributedtrust”
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
16829.TheBarnasurvey foundthatamaincause forthefakenewsproblemis .
[A]readers' outdated values.
[B]journalists' biased reporting
[C]readers' misinterpretation
[D]journalists'made-up stories.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]ARiseinCritical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B]ACounteraction Against theOver-tweeting Trend
[C]The Accumulation ofMutual Trust on Social Media.
[D]ThePlatforms for Projectionof Personal Interests.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2018 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Any fair-minded assessment of thedangers ofthedeal between Britain's National Health Service
(NHS)and DeepMind must start byacknowledging that both sides mean well.
169（2）DeepMind is one oftheleading artificial intelligence(AI) companies in theworld.
（3）The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further
concentration ofpower in thetech giants.
（4）★It is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham, has issued
her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to
DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took
far too littleaccount ofthepatients' rights and theirexpectationsof privacy.
【第二段】
（1）DeepMind has almostapologised.
（2）TheNHS trust has mended itsways.
（3）★Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be
carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all
unnecessary data has been cleaned.
（4）There are lessons about informed patient consent tolearn.
170（5）But privacy is not theonly angleinthiscase and not even themost important.
（6）Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it
“controlled”thedataand DeepMind merely “processed”it.
（7）But this distinction missesthe pointthat it isprocessing and aggregation, notthe mere possession
ofbits,that gives thedatavalue.
【第三段】
（1）The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now
generate.
（2）Privacy lawbuilds ontheconcept ofdamage to an individual from identifiableknowledge about
them.
（3）That misses thewaythe surveillance economy works.
（4）Thedata ofan individualthere gains its value onlywhen it iscompared with thedata ofcountless
millionsmore.
【第四段】
（1）Theuse ofprivacy lawto curb thetech giants in thisinstance feels slightly maladapted.
（2）Thispractice does not address thereal worry.
171（3）It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save
lives.
（4）What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public
resources.
（5）★If software promises to savelives on thescale that drugs now can,big datamay beexpected to
behave as a bigpharma has done.
（6）We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have
giganticconsequences later.
（7）Along struggle willbe needed toavoid a futureof digital feudalism.
（8）MsDenham’s report is awelcome start.
【题目】
31.Whatistrue ofthe agreement betweentheNHS and DeepMind ?
[A]It caused conflicts amongtech giants. [B]It failed to pay dueattention to patients' rights.
[C]It fell short of thelatter’sexpectations [D]It putboth sides into adangerous situation.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
17232.TheNHStrustresponded to Denham’s verdict with .
[A]empty promises. [B]tough resistance.
[C]necessary adjustments. [D]sincere apologies.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Theauthorargues inParagraph 2that .
[A]privacy protection mustbe secured at all costs.
[B]leaking patients’ datais worse than sellingit.
[C]making profits from patients’ data isillegal.
[D]thevalueof datacomes from theprocessing ofit
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Accordingto the lastparagraph,the real worry arising fromthis deal is .
[A]thevicious rivalry amongbig pharmas.
[B]theineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C]theuncontrolled useofnew software.
[D]themonopolyof bigdata bytech giants.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
17335.Theauthor’sattitude towardthe applicationof AI to healthcare is .
[A]ambiguous.
[B]cautious.
[C]appreciative.
[D]contemptuous.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2018 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）TheU.S.PostalService (USPS)continues to bleed redink.
（2）It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have
exceeded revenue.
（3）Meanwhile, ithas morethan $120billionin unfunded liabilities, mostlyfor employee health and
retirement costs.
（4）There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself on the verge of
bankruptcy.
174（5）★Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has
permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory
structure that denies management theflexibilityto adjust its operations tothenew reality.
【第二段】
（1）★And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested
pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the
PostalService, aspects ofthestatus quotheydepend onget protected.
（2）This iswhy repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving thePostal
Service unableto payits billsexcept bydeferring vital modernization.
【第三段】
（1）Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the
unions and thesystem's heaviest users—has finally agreed onaplanto fix thesystem.
（2）Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over
fiveyears, which couldhelp pay for newvehicles, among other survival measures.
（3）Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from
shiftingpostal retirees into Medicare.
175（4）The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health
care, thus addressing along-standing complaint bytheUSPSand its unions.
【第四段】
（1）★If itclears theHouse, this measure would stillhave toget through theSenate—where someone
is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service
afloat, not comprehensivereform.
（2）There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that
personnel accounts for 80percent ofthe agency’s costs.
（3）Also missing is any discussionof eliminatingSaturday letterdelivery.
（4）That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per
year.
（5）But postal special-interest groups seem to havekilled it, at least in theHouse.
（6）The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a
politicallyembarrassing short-term collapseat theUSPS.
176（7）It is not, however, asign that they’re gettingserious about transforming thepostal system for the
21st century.
【题目】
36.Thefinancial problemwith theUSPS iscaused partly by .
[A]itsunbalanced budget.
[B]itsrigid management.
[C]thecost for technical upgrading.
[D]thewithdrawal ofbanksupport.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Accordingto Paragraph 2,theUSPS fails to modernize itself dueto .
[A]theinterference from interest groups.
[B]theinadequate funding from Congress.
[C]theshrinking demand forpostal service.
[D]theincompetence ofpostal unions.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
17738.Thelong-standingcomplaintbythe USPS andits unions can beaddressed by .
[A]removing itsburden ofretiree health care.
[B]making moreinvestment in new vehicles.
[C]adopting anew rate-increase mechanism.
[D]attracting more first-class mail users.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Inthelastparagraph, the authorseems to viewlegislators with .
[A]respect. [B]tolerance.
[C]discontent. [D]gratitude.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]TheUSPSStarts to MissIts Good Old Days
[B]The PostalService: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C]The USPS:ChronicIllness Requires aQuick Cure
[D]ThePostal ServiceNeeds More than a Band-Aid
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
178年
2019 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★
【第一段】
（1）Financial regulators in Britain have imposed arather unusual ruleonthebosses ofbigbanks.
（2）Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their
banks are under investigation forwrongdoing.
（3）Themain purposeof this “clawback” ruleis to holdbankers accountable forharmful risk-taking
and to restore publictrust in financial institutions.
（4）Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by
banks but byall corporations, tobuild astronger economy for future generations.
【第二段】
（1）“Short-termism”orthedesire forquick profits,has worsened in publiclytraded companies, says
theBankofEngland’stop economist, Andrew Haldane.
179（2）★He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial
impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”
rather than puttingthem aside to beeaten last.
【第三段】
（1）The average timefor holding astock inboththeUnited States andBritain, henotes, has dropped
from seven years to sevenmonths inrecent decades.
（2）★Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s
efforts to investin long-term research or to buildupcustomer loyalty.
（3）Thishas been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
【第四段】
（1）In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of
information, and thus shorter attentionspans infinancial markets.
（2）“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term
investing,”said CommissionerDaniel Gallagher of theUS Securities and Exchange Commissionina
speech thisweek.
180【第五段】
（1）In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer
performance bonuses for seniorexecutives byabout a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”
（2）In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of
executivepay is nowtied to performance.
【第六段】
（1）Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and
quicker disclosureofstock acquisitions.
（2）In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can
sometimesearn morevoting rights in acompany.
【第七段】
（1）Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think
beyond theirown timeat thecompany and onbehalf of all stakeholders.
（2）Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not
justfor theshort term but for thelong term.
【题目】
18121.Accordingto Paragraph 1,onemotivein imposing thenewruleis to .
[A]enhance bankers’ sense ofresponsibility
[B]help corporations achieve larger profits
[C]build anew system of financial regulation
[D] guarantee the bonuses oftopexecutives
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.AlfredMarshall is quotedto indicate .
[A]theconditionsfor generating quickprofits
[B]governments’ impatience in decision-making
[C]thesolid structure ofpublicly traded companies
[D] “short-termism” in economic activities
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Itis argued thattheinfluenceoftransient investmenton publiccompanies can be .
[A]indirect [B]adverse
[C]minimal [D] temporary
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
18224.TheUSandFrance examples are usedto illustrate .
[A]theobstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
[B]thesignificance of long-term thinking.
[C]theapproaches topromoting “long-termism”.
[D] theprevalence ofshort-term thinking.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]Failure ofQuarterly Capitalism [B]Patience as a CorporateVirtue
[C]Decisiveness Required ofTop Executives [D] Frustrationof Risk-takingBankers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2019 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few
decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are
treated likecustomers to be pleased.
183（2）But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade
forgiveness”–is helping raise GPAs.
【第二段】
（1）Grade forgiveness allows students to retake acourse in which they received a lowgrade, and the
most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall
GPA.
【第三段】
（1）The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do
theirutmosttokeep students inschool (and payingtuition)and improvetheir graduation rates.
（2）When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a
second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level
courses.
（3）But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even
graduatestudents, to get theirlowgrades forgiven.
【第四段】
184（1）College officials tend to emphasizethat thegoal ofgrade forgiveness is less about thegrade itself
and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation
withoutincurring abig penalty.
（2）“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more
success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that
allows them to graduate ontime.”
【第五段】
（1）That said, there is away in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well.
（2）For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as
graduationrates and student retention -sobetter grades can, byboosting figures likethose, mean more
money.
（3）★Andanythingthat raises GPAs will likely makestudents– who,attheendoftheday,are
payingthebill – feelthey’vegottena bettervalue fortheirtuitiondollars,whichis anotherbigconcernfor
colleges.
【第六段】
（1）Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’
expectations forhigher education.
185（2）Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a
school to turn out graduates whoare as qualified as possible–orat least appear tobe.
（3）On this, students’and colleges’incentives seem to bealigned.
【题目】
26.Whatiscommonly regarded asthe causeofgrade inflation?
[A]Thechange ofcourse catalogs.
[B]Students’ indifference to GPAs.
[C]Colleges’ neglect ofGPAs.
[D] Theinfluence of consumerculture.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Whatwas theoriginal purposeofgrade forgiveness?
[A]To help freshmen adapt tocollege learning.
[B]To maintain colleges’ graduationrates.
[C]To prepare graduates for achallenging future.
[D] To increase universities’ incomefrom tuition.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
18628.Accordingto Paragraph 5,gradeforgiveness enables colleges to .
[A]obtain morefinancial support [B]boost theirstudent enrollments
[C]improvetheir teaching quality [D] meet local governments’ needs
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Whatdoesthe phrase “tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6) mostprobablymean?
[A]To counterbalance eachother.
[B]To complement each other.
[C]To be identical with each other.
[D] To becontradictory to eachother.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Theauthorexamines thepractice of gradeforgivenessby .
[A]assessing itsfeasibility
[B]analyzing thecauses behind it
[C]comparing different views onit
[D] listing itslong-run effects
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
187年
2019 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern
Prometheus,”byMary Shelley.
（2）★Even before the invention of theelectric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of
speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to
come.
【第二段】
（1） Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is
intelligence,identity,or consciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”
【第三段】
（1）What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitatethe way humans
think,continues toevade scientists.
（2）Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like
humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and
“Humans.”
188【第四段】
（1）Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David
Eagleman, aStanford University neuroscientist.
（2）★ “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness
actually is and how you could ever build amachineto get there.”
【第五段】
（1）But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issuesinvolving AI aren’t at hand.
（2）Thecoming useof autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.
（3）Human drivers sometimes mustmake split-second decisions.
（4）Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving
experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them inthat moment.
（5）AI “vision” today isnot nearly as sophisticated as that ofhumans.
（6）And to anticipateevery imaginable driving situationis adifficult programming problem.
【第六段】
189（1）Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical
questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the
government develop avoluntary codefor theethical useofAI.
（2）Along withSingapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their
own guidelines.
（3）Britain is setting upadata ethics center.
（4）Indiareleased itsAI ethics strategy this spring.
【第七段】
（1）On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to
develop AI-directed weapons oruse AIfor surveillance that would violateinternational norms.
（2）It also pledged not to deploy AI whoseusewould violateinternational laws or human rights.
【第八段】
（1）Whilethestatement isvague, itrepresents onestarting point.
（2）Sodoes theideathat decisions madebyAI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
【第九段】
190（1）To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects
humanity’s highest values?
（2）Only then willthey beuseful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
【题目】
31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein ismentioned because it .
[A]fascinates AIscientists all overthe world.
[B]has remained popular foras long as 200years.
[C]involves someconcerns raised byAItoday.
[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.InDavid Eagleman’s opinion,ourcurrent knowledgeofconsciousness .
[A]helps explain artificial intelligence.
[B]can bemisleading torobot making.
[C]inspires popular sci-fi TVseries.
[D] istoolimited for us to reproduce it.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
19133.Thesolutionto theethical issues broughtbyautonomous vehicles .
[A]can hardly ever befound.
[B]is stillbeyond ourcapacity.
[C]causes littlepublicconcern.
[D] has aroused much curiosity.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Theauthor’sattitude towardGoogle’s pledges is oneof .
[A]affirmation. [B]skepticism.
[C]contempt. [D] respect.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
[B]Frankenstein, theNovel Predicting the Age ofAI
[C]The Conscience ofAI: Complex But Inevitable
[D] AIShall Be Killers Once Out ofControl
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
192年
2019 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）★States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases
under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big
financial win forstates.
【第二段】
（1）The Supreme Court’s opinionThursday overruled apair of decades-old decisions that states said
cost them billions ofdollars in lost revenue annually.
（2）Thedecisions made it moredifficult for states to collect sales tax oncertain onlinepurchases.
【第三段】
（1）★The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a
state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business
didn’t haveto collect sales taxfor thestate.
（2）Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they
weren’t charged it, but mostdidn’t realizethey owed itand few paid.
【第四段】
193（1）JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.
（2）“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and
results in significant revenue losses to theStates,”he wrotein an opinionjoined byfour otherjustices.
（3）★Kennedy wrote that the rule“limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has
prevented market participants from competing onan even playing field.”
【第五段】
（1）The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect
sales tax ononlinepurchases already.
（2）Now, rivals will becharging sales tax where they hadn’t before.
（3）Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores
inwhatever statea purchase is being shipped to.
（4）Amazon.com,with its network of warehouses, also collects sales taxin everystatethat charges it,
though third-party sellers whousethesitedon’t have to.
【第六段】
194（1）Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have
been abletoavoid charging sales taxes when they shiptoaddresses outsidethosestates.
（2）Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been
collecting sales tax nationwide.
（3）Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’
s sales tax from customers and senditto thestate.
【第七段】
（1）Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online
businesses.
（2）Thelosers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smallerones.
（3）Thoseretailers mayface headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.
（4）The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small
businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all bythisdecision."
【题目】
19536.TheSupreme Courtdecision Thursday will .
[A]betterbusinesses’ relationswith states [B]put mostonlinebusinesses in a dilemma
[C]make moreonlineshoppers pay sales tax [D] force somestates to cut sales tax
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Itcan belearned fromParagraphs 2and3that theoverruleddecisions .
[A]haveled tothe dominanceof e-commerce
[B]have cost consumers alotover theyears
[C]were widely criticized byonlinepurchasers
[D] were considered unfavorable bystates
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Accordingto Justice AnthonyKennedy,the physical presence rulehas .
[A]hindered economic development
[B]brought prosperity tothe country
[C]harmed fair market competition
[D] boosted growth in states’revenue
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
19639.Whoare most likely to welcome theSupreme Courtruling .
[A]Internet entrepreneurs
[B]Big-chain owners
[C]Third-party sellers
[D] Smallretailers
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Indealingwith theSupreme Court decisionThursday, theauthor .
[A]gives afactual account ofit and discusses its consequences
[B]describes thelong and complicated process ofits making
[C]presents itsmain points withconflicting views onthem
[D] cites somecases related to itand analyzes theirimplications
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2020 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a
call to institute a UK “town of culture” award.
197（2）★The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held
by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
（3）Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in
£220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
（4）Britain’s towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the
resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors.
（5）A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and
creating jobs.
【第二段】
（1）★Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able
to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award
bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.
（2）A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of
self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture,
who knows what will follow-village ofculture? Suburb ofculture? Hamlet of culture?
【第三段】
198（1）It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture”
washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting
benefits to the community.
（2）The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill
hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.
（3）They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the
city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
（4）It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation
between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations.
（5）But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as
one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and
theatre that it remainstoday.
【第四段】
（1）A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town ’s
peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its
people.Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal,
and turn it into action.
199【题目】
21.Cooperandher colleagues argue thata “townofculture” award could .
[A]consolidatethetown-city tiesin Britain.
[B]promotecooperation-among Britain’s towns.
[C]increase theeconomic strength ofBritain’s towns.
[D]focus Britain’s limited resources oncultural events.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Accordingto Paragraph 2，theproposal might beregarded by some as .
[A]asensiblecompromise. [B]aself-deceiving attempt
[C]an eye-catching bonus. [D]aninaccessibletarget
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Theauthorsuggests thatatitle holderis successfulonlyifit .
[A]endeavours to maintain itsimage. [B]meets theaspiration ofits people
[C]brings itslocal arts to prominence [D]commitsto itslong-term growth
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
20024.Glasgow ismentioned in Paragraph3to present .
[A]acontrasting case [B]asupporting example.
[C]abackground story [D]arelated topic
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Whatisthe author’s attitudetowardsthe proposal？
[A] Skeptical
[B]Objective
[C]Favourable
[D]Critical
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2020 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Scientificpublishinghas longbeen a licenceto print money.
（2）Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles
withoutmonetary reward.
201（3）Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central
element in theacquisition ofstatus and theproduction ofscientific knowledge.
【第二段】
（1）With thecontent of papers secured for free, thepublisher needs only find amarket for itsjournal.
（2）Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers
routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations at a time when the rest of the
publishingindustry is inan existential crisis.
【第三段】
（1）★TheDutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish25%ofthe scientificpapers produced in the
world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than
￡210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research: both figures seem
torise unstoppably despiteincreasingly desperateefforts to change them.
【第四段】
（1）★The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind
of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every
paywalled articlepublished since2015.
202（2）The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves
legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be
transformed so that itworks forall participants.
【第五段】
（1）In Britain themovetowards open access publishing has been driven byfunding bodies.
（2）In someways ithas been very successful.
（3）Morethan half of all British scientific research is nowpublished under open access terms: either
freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the
publishers can make aprofit before being placed ongeneral release.
【第六段】
（1）Yet thenew system has not worked out any cheaper fortheuniversities.
（2）Publishers have responded to thedemand that they make theirproduct free to readers bycharging
theirwriters fees to cover thecosts ofpreparing an article.
（3）These range from around ￡500to $5,000.
203（4）A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “ article
preparation costs” had been steadily rising at arate above inflation.
（5）In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:
labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big
firms whorun the market places.
（6）In both cases,weneed a rebalancing ofpower.
【题目】
26.Scientificpublishing isseen as “alicence to printmoney” partly because .
[A]itsfunding has enjoyed asteady increase
[B]itsmarketing strategy has been successful
[C]itspayment forpeer review is reduced
[D]itscontent acquisition costs nothing
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
20427.Accordingto Paragraphs 2and 3,scientificpublishers Elsevierhave .
[A]thrived mainly onuniversity libraries
[B]gone through anexistential crisis
[C]revived thepublishingindustry
[D]financed researchers generously
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Howdoes theauthorfeel aboutthe success ofSci-Hub?
[A]Relieved [B]Puzzled
[C]Concerned [D]Encouraged
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Itcan belearned fromParagraphs 5and6that openaccess terms .
[A]allowpublishers someroom to makemoney
[B]render publishing mucheasier forscientists
[C]reduce thecost ofpublication substantially
[D]free universities from financial burdens
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
20530.Whichof thefollowingcharacterises thescientificpublishingmodel?
[A]Trial subscription isoffered
[B]Labour triumphsover status
[C]Costsare well controlled
[D]Thefew feed onthemany
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2020 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Progressives often support diversity mandates as apath toequality and away to level theplaying
field.
（2）But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the
mostprivileged and does little tohelp average people.
【第二段】
（1）A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro
Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in
point.
【第三段】
206（1）Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state- government boards are less than
40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities，they have
proposed imposing government quotas.
（2）If thebillsbecome law, stateboards and commissionswill berequired toset aside 50percent of
board seats forwomen by2022.
【第四段】
（1）The bills are similarto ameasure recently adopted inCalifomia, which last year became thefirst
stateto require gender quotas for privatecompanies.
（2）In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly
classifies people onthebasis ofsex, isprobably unconstitutional.
【第五段】
（1）The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address
an “important” policy interest.
（2）Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior
discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal
protection”.
207【第六段】
（1）But are such government mandates even necessary?
（2）Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in
thegeneral population. but so what?
【第七段】
（1）The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government
interference.
（2）According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of
global corporations increased by54percent.
【第八段】
（1）Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will
inevitably lead to less experienced private sectorboards.
（2）That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwidecorporategender quota.
【第九段】
（1）★Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for
board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to
a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of
boards.
208【第十段】
（1）Next timesomebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that
such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help
average women.
【题目】
31.Theauthorbelieves thatthebills sponsoredby LewisandHaddadwill .
[A]help littleto reduce gender bias
[B]posea threat to thestate government
[C]raise women’sposition inpolitics
[D]greatly broadencareer options
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Whichof thefollowingis true oftheCalifornia measure？
[A]It has irritated privatebusiness owners
[B]It is welcomed bytheSupreme Court
[C]It may go against theConstitution
[D]It willsettletheprior controversies
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
20933.Theauthormentions thestudy by Catalystto illustrate .
[A]theharm from arbitrary board decision [B]theimportance ofconstitutional guarantees
[C]thepressure onwomen in globalcorporations. [D]theneedlessness of government interventions
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Norway’s adoptionofanationwidecorporate genderquota hasled to .
[A]theunderestimation ofelitewomen’s role.
[B]theobjection to female participation onboards.
[C]theentry ofunqualified candidates intotheboard.
[D]thegrowing tension between labor and management.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingcan beinferred fromthetext？
[A]Women’s need in employment shouldbe considered.
[B]Feasibilityshould bea primeconcern inpolicymaking.
[C]Everyone shouldtry hard to promotesocial justice.
[D]Majorsocial issues should bethefocus oflegislation.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
210年
2020 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Last Thursday, theFrench Senatepassed a digital services tax,which would imposean entirely
newtax onlargemultinationalsthat provide digital services toconsumers orusers in France.
（2）Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services
online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such
services.
（3）Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “ GAFA tax,” meaning
that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—
inother words, multinational tech companies based in theUnited States.
【第二段】
（1）The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has
expressed support for themeasure, and it couldgo into effect within thenextfew weeks.
211（2）★But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative
opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in
tumcould lead to trade sanctions against France.
【第三段】
（1）The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.
（2）Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few
years proposing orputtingin place an alphabet soupof newinternational tax provisions.
（3）These have included Britain’s DPT. (diverted profits tax), Australia’s MAAL (multinational
anti-avoidancelaw), and India’s SEP(significant economic presence)test, toname but afew.
（4）At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all
seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
【第四段】
（1）★These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax
multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if
international tax rules donot grant them that right.
212（2）In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with
thecurrent economy.
【第六段】
（1）In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of
2020onan international solution.
（2）Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital
services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the
international tax system.
【第七段】
（1）France’s planned taxis aclear warning: Unless abroad consensus can be reached onreforming
the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face
acascade ofdifferent taxes from dozens ofnations that will proveburdensome and costly.
【题目】
21336.TheFrench Senatehas passedabillto .
[A]regulate digital services platforms. [B]protect Frenchcompanies’ interests
[C]imposealevyontech multinationals [D]curbtheinfluence of advertising
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 2thatthe digital services tax .
[A]may triggercountermeasures against France
[B]is apt to arouse criticism at homeand abroad
[C]aims to ease international trade tensions
[D]willprompt thetech giants toquit France
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Thecountries adopting theunilateral measures sharetheopinionthat .
[A]redistributionof tech giants’ revenue mustbe ensured.
[B]thecurrent international tax system needs upgrading.
[C]tech multinationals’ monopoly shouldbe prevented.
[D]all countries ought to enjoyequal taxingrights.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
21439.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 5thatthe OECD’s currentwork .
[A]isbeing resisted byUS companies
[B]needs to bereadjusted immediately
[C]is faced with uncertain prospects
[D]needs to involvemore countries
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whichof thefollowingmightbethebest titleforthis text？
[A]France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B]France Leads theCharge onDigital Tax
[C]France Says “NO” to Tech Multinationals
[D]France Demands a Rolein theDigital Economy
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2021 Text1
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Howcan thetrain operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?
215（2）It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises,
imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to
work or otherwise.
（3）This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still
well above theofficial ConsumerPrice Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
【第二段】
（1）★Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of
investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general
taxpayer.
（2）Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have tosubsidisethe
daily commuteofa stockbroker from Surrey?
（3）Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will
face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure
therelatively poorinfrastructure oftheMidlands and theNorth.
【第三段】
（1）However, overthepast 12months, thosecommuters have also experienced someof theworst rail
strikes in years.
216（2）It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,
but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now
paying to travel.
（3）Theresponsibility forthelatest waveof strikes rests ontheunions.
（4）However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action
should receivecompensation for thedisruption they have suffered.
【第四段】
（1）The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so
that, evenwhen strikes occur,services can continueto operate.
（2）This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on
Britain’s railways.
（3）Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if
they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are
changed,orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently.
217（4）The threat ofnationalisation mayhave been seen off fornow, but itwill return with avengeance
ifthejustified anger ofpassengers is not addressed in short order.
【题目】
21.Theauthorholdsthatthis year’s increase inrail passengerfares .
[A]has kept pace with inflation.
[B]is abig surprise tocommuters.
[C]remains an unreasonable measure.
[D] willease train operation’s burden.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Thestockbrokerin Paragraph2is used to standfor .
[A]rail travelers
[B]car drivers
[C]local investors
[D] ordinary taxpayers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
21823.Itis indicated in Paragraph3that train operators .
[A]havesuffered huge losses owing to thestrikes.
[B].have failed toprovide an adequateservice.
[C]are offering compensation to commuters.
[D] are trying torepairrelations withthe unions
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Ifunableto calm downpassengers, therailways may haveto face .
[A]thelossof investment. [B]thecollapse ofoperations.
[C]areduction ofrevenue. [D] achange of ownership.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]WhoAre to Blame fortheStrikes?
[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work
[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
[D] Ever-risingFares Aren't Sustainable
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
219年
2021 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has
slowed in pace. One reason fortheturnaround may be thecountry’s antipoverty program.
【第二段】
（1）In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under
certain conditions,such as requiring peopleto keep kidsin school or get regular medical care.
（2）Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to
reduceinequality and break the cycle ofpoverty.
（3）They’realready used in dozensofcountries worldwide.
（4）In Indonesia, theprogram has provided enoughfood and medicineto substantiallyreduce severe
growth problems among children.
【第三段】
（1）But CCT programs don’tgenerally considereffects ontheenvironment.
220（2）In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,
says Paul Ferraro, aneconomist at Johns HopkinsUniversity.
【第四段】
（1）That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while
protecting theenvironment is sometimescorrelated with greater poverty.
（2）However, thosecorrelations don’t prove cause and effect.
（3）Theonly previous studyanalyzing causality, based onan area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,
supported thetraditional view.
（4）There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise
formeat, Ferrarosays.
【第五段】
（1）Such programs donot have to negatively affect theenvironment, though.
（2）Ferraro wanted to seeif Indonesia’spoverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.
（3）Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest
deforestation rates.
221【第六段】
（1）★Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including
during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15
provinces .
（2）“we see that theprogram isassociated with a30percent reductionin deforestation,” Ferraro says.
【第七段】
（1）That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against
inclement weather, Ferraro says.
（2）Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their
harvests.
（3）With theCCTs,individuals instead can usethemoney tosupplement their harvests.
【第八段】
（1）Whetherthisresearch translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.
（2）Ferraro suggests theresults maytransfer toother parts of Asia，due to commonalitiessuch as the
importance ofgrowing rice and market access.
222（3）★And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be
good forthe environment.
（4）Even ifthis program didn't reduce poverty，Ferraro says，“thevalueof theavoided deforestation
justfor carbon dioxideemissionsalone is morethantheprogram costs.”
【题目】
26.Accordingto the firsttwo paragraphs,CCT programs aimto .
[A]facilitatehealth care reform.
[B]help poor families get betteroff.
[C]improvelocal education systems.
[D] lowerdeforestation rates.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Thestudybased onan area inMexico iscited to showthat .
[A]cattleraisinghas been a majormeans of livelihoodfor thepoor.
[B]CCTprograms have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
[C]antipoverty efforts requirethe participation oflocal farmers.
[D] economicgrowth tends to cause environmental degradation.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22328.Inhis studyaboutIndonesia, Ferraro intendsto findout .
[A]itsacceptance level ofCCTs. [B]itsannual rate ofpoverty alleviation.
[C]therelation ofCCTsto its forest loss. [D] theroleof itsforests inclimatechange.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.Accordingto Ferraro, the CCTprogram in Indonesiais most valuableinthat .
[A]itwill benefit other Asian countries.
[B]it willreduce regional inequality.
[C]it can protect theenvironment.
[D] itcan benefit grain production.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Whatisthe text centered on?
[A]Theeffects of aprogram.
[B]The debates over aprogram.
[C]The process of astudy.
[D] Thetransferability ofastudy.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
224年
2021 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）★As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the
past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show ourVictorian ancestors smiling
(what better way to shattertheimage of 19th-century prudery?).
（2）I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing
quiteastir.
（3）Peoplehave been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.
（4）They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so
years that separateus fade away through our common experienceof laughter.
【第二段】
（1）Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny
percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the
majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring
absently into themiddledistance.
225（2）Howdowe explainthistrend?
【第三段】
（1）★During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were
notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper
plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or
adjusted theirlimbs.
（2）The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to
contemplate, and so anon-committal blank stare became thenorm.
【第四段】
（1）But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie
and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was
almostinstantaneous.
（2）Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy tocapture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for
an explanation ofwhy Victorians stillhesitated tosmile.
226【第五段】
（1）One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us
lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of
proper dentistry, mouthswere often inashocking state ofhygiene.
（2）Aflashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was arare sight in Victorian society,
thepreserve ofthesuper-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was notguaranteed).
【第六段】
（1）Atoothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps,
and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing
CheshireCat, but itwas not abecoming lookfor properly bred persons.
（2）Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic
portraits there could be“nothingmoredamning than a silly, foolish smilefixed forever”.
【题目】
22731.Accordingto Paragraph 1,theauthor’s posts onTwitter .
[A]illustrated the development ofVictorian photography.
[B]highlighted social media’srole in Victorian studies.
[C]re-evaluated theVictorians’ notion ofpublicimage.
[D] changed people’simpression ofthe Victorians.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Whatdoesauthor sayabouttheVictorian portraits hehas collected?
[A]They are rare among photographs ofthat age.
[B]They showeffects of different exposuretimes.
[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.
[D] They are in popular useamong historians.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Whatmighthavekeptthe Victorians fromsmilingforpictures inthe1890s?
[A]Theirinherent social sensitiveness. [B]Their tensionbefore thecamera.
[C]Their unhealthy dental condition. [D] Theirdistrust ofnew inventions.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22834.Mark Twain isquoted to showthatthedisapproval ofsmiles in pictures was .
[A]athought-provoking idea. [B]amisguided attitude.
[C]acontroversial view. [D] adeep-root belief.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingquestions doesthe textanswer?
[A]Whydid mostVictorians look stern in photographs?
[B]Whydid theVictorians start to viewphotographs differently?
[C]What madephotography develop in theVictorian period?
[D] Howdid smiling in photographs become apost-Victorian norm?
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2021 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried
that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to
favor affiliated websites over theirrivals.
229（2）That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband
providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have
been thelifeblood oftheInternet.
【第二段】
（1）Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill — in part because of pushback from
broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.
（2）A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed
resolution, itonlyprolonged thefight.
（3）At issuebefore theU.S. Court ofAppeals for theDistrict ofColumbiaCircuit was the latest take
of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in
2017.
（4）The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had
adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require
broadband providers todomuch ofanything.
（5）The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers
either.
230【第三段】
（1）The commissionarguedthat other agencies would protect against anti-competitivebehavior, such
as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the
expenseofNetflix and AppleTV.
（2）Yet theFCC also ended theinvestigations ofbroadbandproviders that imposed datacaps ontheir
rivals’streaming services but nottheirown.
【第四段】
（1）On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband
providers, citing a SupremeCourt ruling from 2005that upheldasimilarly deregulatory move.
（2）★But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged
from the realities of modern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could
intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technologicalanachronism."
【第五段】
（1）In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,
whilepreserving thecommission’s power to preempt individualstate laws that undermine itsorder.
231（2）That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and
California, which enacted atough net neutrality law in thewake oftheFCC’s abdication.
【第六段】
（1）Theendless legal battles and back-and-forth at theFCC cry outfor Congress to act.
（2）★It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers
from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and
innovationonline.
【题目】
36.Therehas longbeen concern thatbroadband providers would .
[A]bring web-based firms under control.
[B]showpartiality intreating clients.
[C]slowdown thetraffic ontheirnetwork.
[D] intensify competitionwith theirrivals.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23237.Faced with thedemand fornetneutrality rules, the FCC .
[A]takes ananti-regulatory stance. [B]sticks to anout-of-date order.
[C]has issued a special resolution. [D] has allowed the states tointervene.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Whatcan belearned aboutAT&T fromParagraph 3?
[A]It engages in anti-competitivepractices.
[B]It protects against unfair competition.
[C]It is under theFCC’s investigation.
[D] It isin pursuit ofquality service.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.JudgePatricia Millett argues thatthe appeals court’s decision .
[A]focus ontrivialities.
[B]conveys an ambiguous message.
[C]is outof touchwith reality.
[B]is at odds with itsearlierrulings.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23340.Whatdoesthe authorargueinthe lastparagraph?
[A]Broadband providers’ rights shouldbeprotected.
[B]The FCCshould be putunder strict supervision.
[C]Rules need tobe set to diversify onlineservices.
[D] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2022 Text1
文章主题：
微信公众号：再来一杯柠檬水 免费提供
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）Peopleoften complain that plastics are toodurable.
（2）★Water bottles，shopping bags，and other trash litter the planet，from Mount Everest to the
Mariana Trench，becauseplastics are everywhere and don't breakdown easily.
（3）But someplasticmaterials change over time.
（4）They crack and frizzle.
（5）They“weep”outadditives.
（6）They melt into sludge.
234（7）All of which creates huge headaches for institutions，such as museums, trying to preserve
culturally important objects.
（8）★Thevariety of plasticobjects at risk is dizzying: early radios，avant-garde sculptures，celluloid
animation stills from Disney films，thefirst artificial heart.
【第二段】
（1）★Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always
knowhowto mixingredients properly，says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a
few years ago，worked for decades at theCultural Heritage Agency of theNetherlands.
（2）“It's likebaking acake：If you don't have exact amounts，it goes wrong,” shesays.
（3）“Theobject you makeis already a timebomb.”
【第三段】
（1）And sometimes，it's not theartist's fault.
（2）In the 1960s，the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright，colorful foam
pieces.
（3）★Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature
carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins，cabbages，and watermelons.
235（4）Hewanted viewers to walk around on thecarpets--which meant they hadto bedurable.
【第四段】
（1）Unfortunately ,thepolyurethane foam he usedis inherently unstable.
（2）It's especiallyvulnerable tolight damage，and bythemid-1990s，Gilardi's pumpkins，roses，
and other figures were splitting and crumbling.
（3）Museums locked someof them away inthedark.
【第五段】
（1）Sovan Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures.
（2）They infused somewithstabilizing and consolidatingchemicals.
（3）Van Oosten calls those chemicals“"sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light
damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers.
（4）★Sheis proud that several sculptures haveeven gone ondisplay again，albeit sometimesbeneath
protective cases.
【第六段】
（1）Despitesuccess stories likevan Oosten's，preservation ofplastics will likely get harder.
236（2）Old objects continueto deteriorate.
（3）Worse，biodegradableplastics, designed to disintegrate，are increasingly common.
【第七段】
（1）And moreis at stake here than individual objects.
（2）★Joana Lia Ferreira，an assistant professor ofconservation and restoration at the NOVA School
of Science and Technology，notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human
history---StoneAge，IronAge，and soon--after examiningartifacts in museums.
（3）Wenowlivein an age ofplastic，she says，“and what we decide to collect today,what wedecide
topreserve... will havea strong impact onhowin thefuture we'll beseen."
【题目】
21.Accordingto Paragraph 1,museums arefaced with difficulties in .
[A]maintainingtheir plasticitems
[B]obtaining durable plasticartifacts
[C]handling outdated plasticexhibits
[D] classifying theirplasticcollections
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23722.VanOosten believes thatcertain plasticobjects are .
[A]immuneto decay [B]improperly shaped
[C]inherently flawed [D] complex in structure
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Museums stoppedexhibiting some ofGilardi's artworks to .
[A]keep them from hurtingvisitors
[B]duplicate them forfuture display
[C]have theiringredients analyzed
[D] prevent them from further damage
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Theauthorthinks that preservation orplastics is .
[A]costly
[B]unworthy
[C]unpopular
[D] challenging
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23825.InFerreira's opinion，preservation of plastic artifacts .
[A]willinspirefuture scientific research
[B]has profound historical significance
[C]will help us separate the material ages
[D] has an impact ontoday's cultural life
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2022 Text2
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★
【第一段】
（1）As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their
options,it may be worth considering just how the point，purpose and value of a degree has changed
and what Generation Z need to consider as they start thethird stageof theireducational journey.
【第二段】
（1）Millennials were told that ifyou did well in school，got a decent degree,you would be set upfor
life.
（2）But that promisehas beenfound wanting.
（3）As degrees became universal，they became devalued.
239（4）Education was nolongerasecure routeof social mobility.
（5）Today , 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is
doubletheaverage amongst theOECDcountries.
【第三段】
（1）This is notto saythat there is nopointingetting adegree，but rather stress that a degree is not for
everyone，that the switch from classroom tolecture hall is not an inevitable oneand that other options
are available.
【第四段】
（1）Thankfully , there are signs that this is already happening,with Generation Z seeking to learn
from their millennial predecessors，even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree
mindset.
（2）Employers have longseen theadvantages of hiringschool leavers who often prove themselves to
bemore committed and loyal employees than graduates.
（3）Manytoo are seeing theadvantages ofscrapping adegree requirement forcertain roles.
【第五段】
（1）For thoseforwhom a degree isthedesired route, considerthat this may well be thefirst ofmany.
240（2）In thisage of generalists，it pays to havespecific knowledgeor skills.
（3）Postgraduates nowearn 40percent morethan graduates.
（4）When moreandmore ofus have adegree，itmakes senseto have two.
【第六段】
（1）It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21 ; they will need to be
constantly up-skillingthroughout theircareer tostay employable.
（2）It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for
personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of
theirworking life and have fivedifferent careers.
（3）Education，and not justknowledgegained oncampus，willbe acore part of Generation Z's career
trajectory.
【第七段】
（1）Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense：‘I am a
geographer’ or‘I am aclassist’.
（2）Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing； it's as if they already know that their
degreewon't define them in thesame way.
【题目】
24126.Theauthorsuggests thatGeneration Zshould .
[A]becareful inchoosing acollege [B]bediligent at eacheducational stage
[C]reassess thenecessity ofcollege education [D] postponetheirundergraduate application
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Thepercentage ofUK graduates in non-graduate roles reflects .
[A]Millennial's opinions about work
[B]theshrinking value ofadegree
[C]publicdiscontent with education
[D] thedesired routeofsocial mobility
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Theauthorconsiders it agoodsign that .
[A]Generation Z are seeking toearn a decent degree
[B]school leavers are willing tobe skilled workers
[C]employers are taking arealisticattitudeto degrees
[D] parents are changing theirminds about education
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24229.Itis advisedin Paragraph5that thosewith onedegree should .
[A]makean early decisionontheir career
[B]attend onthe jobtraining programs
[C]team upwith high-paid postgraduates
[D] further theirstudies in aspecific field
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Whatcan beconcludedaboutGeneration Z fromthe lasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Lifelong learning will define them.
[B]They willmake qualified educators
[C]Degrees willnolonger appeal to them
[D] They will havea limited choice ofjobs
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2022 Text3
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Enlightening,challenging，stimulating，fun.
243（2）These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of
art-science collaborations in a series ofarticles onpartnerships between artists and researchers.
（3）Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had
collaborated with artists;and almost all saidthey would consider doing soin future.
【第二段】
（1）Such an encouraging result is not surprising.
（2）Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artiststohelp them communicate theirwork to new
audiences.
（3）“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance
learning," onerespondent said.”
【第三段】
（1）One exampleofhowartists and scientists have togetherrocked the senses came last month when
the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four
Seasons.
（2）They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each
season--provided byMonash University's ClimateChange Communication Research Hub.
244（3）The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate
ChangeConference in Glasgow，UK.
【第四段】
（1）But a genuinepartnership must beatwo-way street.
（2）Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however，several respondents noted
that artists donotsimply assistscientists with theircommunication requirements.
（3）Norshould theirwork beconsidered only as an object ofstudy.
（4）The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project，are
ableto jointlydesign it and can critiqueeach other's work.
（5）Such an approach can bothprompt newresearch as well as result in powerful art.
【第五段】
（1）More than half a century ago，the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for
Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS)to explore theroleoftechnology in culture.
245（2）The founders deliberately focused . their projects around light--hence the‘visual studies’ in the
name.
（3）Light was asomething that bothartists and scientistshad an interest in，and therefore couldform
thebasis ofcollaboration.
（4）As science and technology progressed，and divided into more sub-disciplines，the centre was
simultaneouslylooking to atimewhen leading researchers could also beartists，writers and poets，and
viceversa.
【第六段】
（1）Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever，but，to make a collaboration
work，bothsides need to investtime，and embracesurprise and challenge.
（ 2 ） The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research
communication，and participants mustnot fall into thetrap ofstereotyping each other.
（3）Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention，and challenge and critique
are core to both，too.
【题目】
24631.Accordingto paragraph 1,art-science collaborations nave .
[A]caught theattention ofcritics [B]received favorableresponses
[C]promoted academic publishing [D] sparked heated publicdisputes
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Thereworkedversion ofThe Four Seasonsis mentioned toshowthat .
[A]art can offer audiences easy access toscience
[B]science can helpwith theexpression ofemotions
[C]publicparticipation in science has apromising future
[D] art is effectiveinfacilitatingscientific innovations
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Some artists seem to worry aboutintheart-science partnersh1p .
[A]theirrolemay beunderestimated
[B]theirreputation may beimpaired
[C]theircreativity may beinhibited
[D] theirwork may bemisguided
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24734.Whatdoesthe authorsay aboutCAVS?
[A]It was headedalternately byartists and scientists.
[B]It exemplified valuableart-science alliances.
[C]Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[D] Its founders sought toraise thestatus ofartists.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Inthelastparagraph,the authorholdsthatart-science collaborations .
[A]are likelyto go beyond publicexpectations
[B]will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[C]should domorethan communicating science
[D] are becoming morepopular thanbefore
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2022 Text4
文章主题：
难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA)
prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause.
248（2）Instead，dismissals mustbe justified.
（3） Employers mustboth showcause and act ina procedurally fair way.
【第二段】
（1）Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from
“unjustified dismissals”.
（2）The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers
against arbitrary conduct bymanagement.
（3）Long gone are the days when aboss could simplygive an employee contractual notice.
【第三段】
（1）But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and
executives.
（2）As countless boards and business owners will attest ,constraining firms from firing poorly
performing ,high-earning managers isa handbrakeonboosting productivity and overall performance.
（3）The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be thedifference between
business success orfailure.
249（4）Between preserving thejobsof ordinary workers orlosingthem.
（5）Yet mediocrity is nolonger enough to justify a dismissal.
【第四段】
（1）Consequently——and paradoxically——laws introduced to protect thejobs ofordinary workers
may beplacing thosejobsat risk.
【第五段】
（1）If not placing jobs at risk，to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners
from dismissing underperforming managers，those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and
therefore onworkers’ wages.
（2）Indeed,in“ An International Perspective on New Zealand's Productivity Paradox ”(2014) , the
Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the
country's poorproductivity growth record.
【第六段】
（1）Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA'S
unjustifieddismissal procedures.
250（2）Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee，employers are more
cautious about hiring new staff.
（3）Thismakes it harder forthe marginal manager to gain employment.
（4）And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going
wrong.
【第七段】
（1）Society also suffers from excessiveemployment protections.
（2）Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both
prosperity and overall wellbeing.
【第八段】
（1）Across the Tasman Sea，Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding
employees earning above a specified" high-income threshold ” from the protection of its unfair
dismissallaws.
（2）In New Zealand，a2016private members’ Bill tried topermit firms and high-income employees
tocontract outof theunjustifieddismissal regime.
251（3）However，the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the
change in government later that year.
【题目】
36.Thepersonalgrievance provisionsofthe ERAare intended to .
[A]punishdubious corporate practices
[B]improvetraditional hiring procedures
[C]exemptemployers from certain duties
[D] protect therights of ordinary workers
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 3thatthe provisions may .
[A]hinderbusiness development
[B]undermine managers' authority
[C]affect thepublicimage ofthefirms
[D] worsen labor-management relations
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25238.Whichof thefollowingmeasures wouldthe Productivity Commission support?
[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.
[C]Limiting thepowers ofbusiness owners.
[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Whatmightbeaneffect of ERA'Sunjustifieddismissal procedures?
[A]Highly paid managers losetheirjobs. [B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.
[C]Society sees arisein overall wellbeing. [D] Employers need tohire newstaff.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Itcan beinferred thatthe“high-income threshold"in Australia .
[A]has secured managers’ earnings [B]has produced undesired results
[C]is beneficial to business owners [D] isdifficult to put into practice
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
253年
2023 Text1
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【第一段】
（1）Theweather inTexas may have cooled since therecent extreme heat，butthe temperaturewill be
high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate
change is taught inTexas schools.
【第二段】
（1）PatHardy，who sympathises with theviews oftheenergy sector，is resisting proposed changes
toscience standards forpre-teen pupils.
（2）These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage
discussion ofmitigation measures.
【第三段】
（1）Mostscientists and experts sharply disputeHardy's views."
（2）They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided
opinion.” says Dan Quinn，senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network，a
non-profit group thatmonitors publiceducation.
（3）“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the
254politicalideology of partisan board members，rather than facts and sound scholarship.”
【第四段】
（1）Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers，
policymakers，teachers and students step updemands for agreaterfocus onteaching about thefacts of
climatechange in schools.
【第五段】
（1）A study last year by the National Center for Science Education，a nonprofit group of scientists
and teachers，looking at howstatepublicschools across thecountry address climatechange inscience
classes，gave barely half ofUSstates agrade B+ orhigher.
（2）Among the10worst performers were someof themostpopulous states，including Texas，which
was given the lowest grade (F)and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely
sold elsewhere.
【第六段】
（1）Glenn Branch，the centre' sdeputy director，cautions that setting state-level science standards is
onlyone limited benchmark ina country that decentralises decisions tolocal school boards.
（2）Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards，" that does not mean it
255willbe taught”,hesays.
【第七段】
（1）Another issue is that，while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some
ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for
youngerchildren and insubjects that are morewidely taught，such as biology and chemistry. It isalso
less prominent in many social studies courses.
【第八段】
（1）Branch points out that，even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect
scientific consensus on climate change，unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted
perspectives are beingdistributed to teachers.
（2）They include materials sponsored bylibertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.
【题目】
21.InParagraph 1,the weather inTexas is mentioned to .
A. forecast a policy shiftinTexas schools
B. stress theconsequences ofclimatechange
C. indicatetheatmosphere at theboard meeting
D.draw thepublic's attention to energy shortages
256题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.WhatdoesQuinn thinkofHardy?
A. Sheexaggerates theexisting panic.
B. Shedenies thevalue ofscientificwork.
C. Sheshows noconcern for pre-teens.
D. Sheexpresses self-contradictory views.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Thestudymentioned inParagraph 5showsthat .
A. climateeducation is insufficient at statepublicschools
B. policymakers have littledrive forscience education
C. Texasis reluctant to rewriteits science textbooks
D. environmental teaching in somestates lacks supervision
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25724.Accordingto Branch，state-level science standardsin theUS .
A.call for regular revision
B. require urgent application
C. havelimited influence
D.cater to local needs
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Itis implied inthelastparagraph thatclimate changeteachingin someschools .
A. agrees to majorpublicdemands
B. reflects teachers' personal biases
C. may misrepresent theenergy sector
D.can beswayed byexternal forces
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2023 Text2
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【第一段】
（1）Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals
sincesites likeAirbnb took off inthe 2010s.
258（2）Now，withrecord-high homeprices and historically lowinventory，there's an increased urgency
in such regulation，particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up
swaths ofhousing to flip fora fortuneontheshort-term rental market.
【第二段】
（1）In New Hampshire，where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent，housing
advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals willput further pressure onanalready strained market.
（2）The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to
createlegislation restricting short-term rentals.
【第三段】
（1）“we are at a crisislevel onthesupply ofrental housing," said Nick Taylor，executivedirector of
theWorkforce Housing Coalition of theGreaterSeacoast.
（2）Withoutenough affordable housing insouthern NewHampshire towns，" employers are having
a hard time attracting employees，and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,”Taylor
said.
【第四段】
（1）However，short-term rentals also providehousingfor tourists，pointed outRyan Castle，CEOof
alocal association ofrealtor.
259（2）“Alot ofworkers are servicing thetourist industry，and thetourism industryis serviced bythose
peoplecoming in short term,"Castlesaid，"and soit's acyclical effect.”
【第五段】
（1）Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue，said Keren Horn,an expert on
affordable housingpolicy.“
（2）I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it's their vacation
homeanyway, and it's justempty，why can't you makemoney offit?”Horn said.
（3） Issues arise，however，when developers attempt tocreate large-scale short-term rental facilities
—defacto hotels—to bypass taxesand regulations.
（4）“Ithink thequestion is，shouldn't a developer who's really buildingahotel，butdisguising it as
nota hotel，betreated and taxed and regulated likea hotel?”Horn said.
【第六段】
（1）At the end of 2018，Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those
potential investor-buyers.
260（2）Thebill requires every rental host to register withthe state，mandates they carry insurance，and
opens thepotential for local taxes ontopofa new statelevy.
（3）Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city's Inspectional
Services Department.
【第七段】
（1）Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns，but“if we
want to makea change in thehousingmarket, themain one is wehave to builda lotmore.”
【题目】
26.Whichof thefollowingis true ofNew England?
A. Its housing supplyis at a very lowlevel.
B. Its communities are inneed offunding.
C. Its rental vacancy rate isgoing upslowly.
D. Its homeprices are understrict control.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Thebillmentioned in Paragraph 2wasintendedto .
A. curb short-term rental speculation
B. ensurethe supplyof cheap housing
C. punishillegal dealings in housing
261D. allowa free short-term rental market
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Compared with Castle，Tayloris more likely to support .
A. further investment in local tourism
B. an increasein affordable housing
C. strictmanagement of real estate agents
D. afavorable policy forshort-term workers
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.WhatdoesHorn emphasize inParagraph 5?
A. Theurgency toupgrade short-term rental facilities.
B. Theefficient operationof thelocal housing market.
C. Thenecessityto stopdevelopers from evading taxes.
D. Theproper procedures for renting out spare houses.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
30.Hornholdsthat imposing registration requirements is .
A. an irrational decision
262B. an unfeasible proposal
C. an unnecessary measure
D. an inadequate solution
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
年
2023 Text3
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【第一段】
（1）If you're heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in
search of the Duchess of Sussex's new children's book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to
hunt around a bit; the same maybe true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton
and James Patterson.
（2）Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House ( PRH), a company
currently involved ina stand-off with Waterstones.
【第二段】
（1）Theproblem began late lastyear，when PRHconfirmed that it had introduced acredit limit with
Waterstones“ at a very significant level”.
263（2）The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told
to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables，display spaces and windows，and were"
quietlyretiring them to theirrelevant sections”.
【第三段】
（1）PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:
"Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the
UKto place any limitations onourability to trade.
（2）We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for
customers remains good despitethelower overalllevels ofstock.
（3）We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be
allowed to buyappropriately. Certainly，ourshops are exceptionally busy.
（4）Thesales forour MayBooks of theMonth surpassed any month since2018.”
【第四段】
（1）In themeantime，PRHauthors have been thelosers.
264（2）Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit，but it's those mid-list authors，who normally rely on
Waterstones staff ' s passion forpromoting books bylesser-known writers，who willbe praying for an
end to thedispute.
【第五段】
（1）It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed
merger between PRH and another big publisher，Simon &Schuster—the reduction in the number of
unaligned UK publishers islikely to lead to fewer biddingwars，loweradvances，and more conformity
interms ofwhat is published.
【第六段】
（1）“This is all part ofa wider changetowards concentration of power and cartels.
（2）Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers，
publishers consolidating todeal with Amazon,”says Lownie.
（3）“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a
plurality ofways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.
（4）After all, manyofthemost interesting books in recent years have comefrom smallpublishers.”
265【第七段】
（1）We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big
enough to takeonall-comers.
【题目】
31.Theauthormentions two booksinParagraph 1topresent .
A. an ongoing conflict
B. an intellectual concept
C. aprevailing sentiment
D. aliterary phenomenon
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Whydid Waterstones shops retire PRH books to theirrelevant sections?
A. Tomake them easily noticeable.
B. Tocomply with PRH's requirement.
C. Torespond to PRH'sbusiness move.
D. Toarrange them ina systematicway.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Whatmessage doesthe spokesperson forWaterstones seem toconvey?
A. Their customers remain loyal.
266B. Thecredit limitwill beremoved.
C. Theirstock is underestimated.
D. Thebookmarket is rather slack.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
34.Whatcan beoneconsequenceofthe current dispute?
A. Sales ofbooks bymid-listPRHwriters fall offconsiderably.
B. Lesser-known PRHwriters become thetarget ofcriticism.
C. Waterstones staffhesitate to promotebig-nameauthors’ books.
D. Waterstones branches suffer asevere reduction in revenue.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whichof thefollowingstatements bestrepresents Lownie' s view?
A. Smallpublishers ought to stick together.
B. Big publishers willlose theirdominance.
C. Thepublishingindustry is having ahard time.
D. Themerger ofpublishers is aworryingtrend.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
267年
2023 Text4
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难度系数：★★★★
【第一段】
（1）Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish
millionsof papers in morethan 30,000journals.
（2）The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including
the perceived quality of the journal ( as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of
citations aspecific paper accumulates.
（3）The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and
prestigeof thepapers they produce，but even moresoonthecitations attracted bythese papers.
【第二段】
（1）Citationcartels，where journals，authors，and institutionsconspire toinflate citation numbers，
have existed fora longtime.
（2） In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns ，
including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite
eachotherfrequently to increase theimpact factors oftheirpublications.
268（3）Recently，another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service
consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals
sometimesadvise contributors to adda numberof citationstotheirarticles.
【第三段】
（1）The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in
thousands ofnew journals.
（2）Thebirth ofpredatory journals wasn't far behind.
（3）These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific
paper ora series ofpapers.
（4）In some instances，there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the
citations.
（5）The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at
all—itis just providingcitations to otherjournals.
（6）Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than150 citations in the same year that it was
published.
269【第四段】
（1）Howinsidiousis this type ofcitation manipulation?
（2）In oneexample，an individual—acting as author，editor，and consultant—was able to useat least
15journals as citation providers to articles published byfive scientistsat three universities.
（3）The problem is rampant in Scopus，a citation database，which includes a high number of the
new“international” journals.
（4） In fact，a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation
manipulation.
【第五段】
（1）Scopus itselfhas all thedata necessary to detect thismalpractice.
（2）Red flags include alarge numberofcitations to an articlewithin thefirst year.
（3）And for authors who wish to steer clear ofcitation cartel activities: when an editor，areviewer，
or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references，do not oblige and do report the request
tothe journal.
270【题目】
36.Accordingto Paragraph 1，thecareers ofscientists can bedetermined by .
A. howmany citations theirworks contain
B. howmany timestheir papers are cited
C. theprestige ofthe peoplethey work with
D. thestatus they have in scientificcircles
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.Thesupportservice consultancies tend to .
A. recommend journals to theirclients
B. listcitation patterns theirclients
C. ask authors to includeextracitations
D. advisecontributors tocite each other
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Thefunctionofthe“ milkcow” journalsis to .
A. boost citation counts forcertain authors
B. help scholars publish articles at lowcost
C. instructfirst-time contributors in citation
D. increase thereadership of newjournals
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
选项 A
271分析
B
C
D
39.Whatcan belearned aboutScopusfrom thelasttwoparagraphs?
A. It fosters competitionamong citation providers.
B. It has thecapabilityto identify suspicious citations.
C. It hinders thegrowth of "international”journals.
D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Whatshouldan authordoto dealwith citation manipulators?
A. Take legal action.
B. Demand an apology.
C. Seek professional advice.
D. Reveal theirmisconduct.
题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
272翻译真题手译练习
2010年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】 微信公众号：再来一杯柠檬水 免费提供
（1）One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most
members of theland community havenoeconomic value.
（2）Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its
integrity, they are entitled tocontinuance.
【第二段】
（1）When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent
excuses to give iteconomic importance.
（2）At thebeginning ofthecentury songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.
（3）46.Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects
would eat us up ifbirds failed to control them.
（4）Theevidence had tobeeconomic in order tobe valid.
【第三段】
（1）It ispainful to read theseroundabout accounts today.
273（2）Wehave no land ethic yet, 47.but we have at least drawn nearer thepoint of admitting that birds
should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic
advantage tous.
【第四段】
（1）Aparallel situationexists in respect ofpredatory mammals and fish-eating birds.
（2）48.Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve
thehealth of game bykillingthe physicallyweak, orthat they prey onlyon “worthless” species.
（3）Here again,the evidence had to be economicin order to bevalid.
（4）It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of
the community,and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a
benefit,real orfancied, toitself.
【第五段】
（1）Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters
becausetheygrow too slowly, or havetoolowasale value topay as timbercrops.
（2）49.In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, thenoncommercial tree species are
recognizedas members of thenativeforest community, to bepreserved as such ,withinreason.
274（3）Moreover,somehave been found to havea valuable function in buildingupsoil fertility .
（4）The interdependence of theforest and its constituent tree species,ground flora,and fauna is taken
forgranted.
【第六段】
（1）To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly
lopsided.
（2）50.It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community
that lack commercial value, butthat are essential to itshealthy functioning.
（3）It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the
uneconomicparts.
2011年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer
circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central
ideaof self-help writing.
【第二段】
275（1）46.Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption weall share—that because weare notrobots
wetherefore control our thoughts—and reveal itserroneous nature.
（2）Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be
hidden and made powerless; this allows us tothinkone way and act another.
（3）However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious
mind, and 47.while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,
in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve
that? ”
【第三段】
（1）Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,
Allen concluded: “Wedonot attract what wewant, but what weare.”
（2）Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t
“get” success butbecome it. There is nogap between mind and matter.
【第四段】
（1）Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person,
they reveal him.”
276（2）48.This seems a justificationfor neglect ofthoseinneed, and arationalization ofexploitation, of
thesuperiority ofthose at thetop and theinferiority ofthoseat thebottom.
【第五段】
（1）This,however, would bea knee-jerk reaction toasubtleargument.
（2）Each set ofcircumstances, however bad, offers a uniqueopportunityfor growth.
（3）If circumstances always determined thelife and prospects of people, then humanity would never
have progressed.
（4）In fact, 49.circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we
havebeen “wronged” thenwe are unlikely tobegin aconscious effort toescape from oursituation.
（5）Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the
greatest gift toan individual.
【第六段】
（1）The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present
conditionexcept ourselves.
（2）50.The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before
wewere experts inthe array oflimitations, nowwe becomeauthorities ofwhat is possible.
2772012年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific
enterprise.
（2）In someways, thisquest for commonalities defines science.
（3）Newton's laws ofmotionand Darwinian evolution each bindahost ofdifferent phenomena into a
single explicatory framework.
【第二段】
（1）46.In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory
ofeverything—asingle generativeequation forall we see.
（2）It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the
dimensionsand universes that it might entail.
（3）Nonetheless, unification ofsorts remains a majorgoal.
【第三段】
（1）Thistendency in thenatural sciences has long been evident in thesocial sciences too.
（2）47.Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it
seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained
beginnings.
278（3）Just as the bewildering variety ofhuman courtship rituals might allbe considered forms of sexual
selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are
governed byuniversal features.
（4）48.To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex
cultural behaviour arose and what guides it inevolutionary orcognitiveterms.
【第四段】
（1）That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today
suppliesa realitycheck.
（2）Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of
grammars inthe light oftwo previous attempts tofind universality inlanguage.
【第五段】
（1）The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans
are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates auniversal grammar.
（2）A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a
language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
【第六段】
279（ 1 ） 49.The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality,
identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to
represent biases thatresult from cognitiveconstraints.
【第七段】
（1）Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between
them represent more than 2,000languages.
（2）50.Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the
family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong
co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
（3）Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the
languages are lineage-specific and not governed byuniversals.
2013年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them:
theneed forcreative expression.
280（2）There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and
beautify and that self-expression is abasic human urge;
（3）46.Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one
that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond
that ofdecoration and creativeexpression.
【第二段】
（1）One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still
pointof theturning world,”to borrow aphrase from T. S.Eliot.
（2）47.Asacred place of peace, however crude it maybe, is a distinctly humanneed, as opposedto
shelter, which isa distinctly animal need.
（3）This distinction isso much sothat where thelatteris lacking, as itis forthese unlikely gardeners,
theformer becomes all themore urgent.
（4）Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s
environment.
281（5）48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an
urban environment where it eitherdidn’texistorwas not discernibleas such.
（6）In sodoing they give composure to a segment ofthe inarticulateenvironment in which they take
theirstand.
【第三段】
（1）Another urge orneed that these gardens appearto respond to, orto arise from, isso intrinsicthat
weare barely ever conscious ofitsabiding claims onus.
（2）When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49. most of us give in to a demoralization of
spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a
garden and feel theoppression vanishas ifbymagic.
（3）In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible,
yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and
animal life,if only symbolically , through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of
colors, small poolsof water, and a frequent presence ofpetals or leaves as well as ofstuffed animals.
（4）On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be
thenatural world.
282（5）50.It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden,
though in a “liberated” sense, todescribe thesesyntheticconstructions.
（6）In them wecan seebiophilia—ayearning for contact with nonhuman life － assuminguncanny
representational forms.
2014年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Musicmeans different things to different peopleand sometimes evendifferent things to thesame
person at different moments ofhis life.
（2）It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view,
have somethingtodowith thesoul ofthehuman being.
（3）Hence it ismetaphysical; butthe means of expressionis purely and exclusivelyphysical: sound.
（4）I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical
means that is thestrength of music.
（5）46.It isalso thereason why when wetry to describe musicwith words, all we can doisarticulate
ourreactions to it,and not grasp musicitself.
283【第二段】
（1）Beethoven’s importance inmusichas beenprincipally defined bytherevolutionary nature ofhis
compositions.
（2）Hefreed musicfrom hitherto prevailing conventions ofharmony and structure.
（3）SometimesIfeel in hislateworks awilltobreak all signs ofcontinuity.
（4）Themusicis abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in thelast piano sonata.
（5）In musical expression, hedid not feel restrained bytheweight ofconvention.
（6）47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an
essential quality forthe understanding, let alone theperformance, of hisworks.
【第三段】
（1）Thiscourageous attitudein fact becomes a requirement for theperformers of Beethoven’smusic.
（2）His compositionsdemand theperformertoshow courage, forexamplein theuse ofdynamics.
（3）48.Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly
following itwith asudden soft passage was only rarely used bycomposers before him.
284【第四段】
（1）Beethoven was adeeply political man in thebroadest sense ofthe word.
（2）He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the
larger questions ofright and wrong affecting theentire society.
（3）49.Especially significant was his viewoffreedom, which, forhim, was associated withthe rights
and responsibilities oftheindividual:he advocated freedom of thought and ofpersonal expression.
【第五段】
（1）Beethoven’s musictends tomove from chaos to orderas iforder were an imperativeofhuman
existence.
（2）For him, order does not result from forgetting orignoring thedisorders that plague ourexistence;
order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual
elevation.
（3）It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not thelast movement of the Eroica Symphony, but
thesecond, so thatsuffering does nothave the lastword.
（4）50.One could interpret much of thework of Beethoven bysaying that suffering is inevitable, but
thecourageto fight it renders lifeworth living.
2852015年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of
emigration-one ofthegreat folk wanderings ofhistory—swept from EuropetoAmerica.
（2）46. This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a
wilderness and, byitsnature, shaped thecharacterand destinyof anuncharted continent.
【第二段】
（1）47. The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European
peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country
which modified these traits.
（2）Ofnecessity, colonial America was aprojection ofEurope.
（3）Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots,
Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions
tothe newworld.
（4）48. But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied
national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw,
newcontinent caused significant changes.
286（5）These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.
（6）But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many
ways, had acharacterthat was distinctlyAmerican.
【第三段】
（1）49.The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States
crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and -16th-century explorations of North
America.
（2）In themeantime, thrivingSpanish colonies had beenestablished in Mexico, theWestIndies, and
SouthAmerica.
（3）These travelers toNorth America came in small,unmercifully overcrowded craft.
（4）During theirsix-to twelve-week voyage, they survived onbarely enough foodallotted tothem.
（5）Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely
survived thejourney.
（6）Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long
delay.
【第四段】
287（1）To theanxioustravelers thesight oftheAmerican shorebrought almost inexpressiblerelief.
（2）Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown
garden."
（3）Thecolonists' first glimpse ofthenew land was a sight ofdense woods.
（4）50.The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which
extended from Maineall theway down toGeorgia.
（5）Here was abundant fuel and lumber.
（6）Here was theraw material ofhouses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
2016年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Mental health is ourbirthright.
（2）46.We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that
ourbodies knowhow toheal acut ormend abroken bone.
（3）Mental health can’tbe learned, only reawakened.
288（4）It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or
exercisecan beweakened, but which never leaves us.
（5）When we don’t understand thevalueof mental health and wedon’t knowhow togain access to it,
mental health will remain hidden from us.
（6）47. Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be
temporarily hiddenfrom view, but itis fully capable ofbeing restored in an instant.
【第二段】
（1）Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem – confidence in ourselves and an ability to
trustin our common sense.
（2）It allows us to have perspective on our lives— the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to
laugh at ourselves, to seethe bigger picture, and to seethat things willwork out.
（3）It’s aform ofinnate orunlearned optimism.
（4）48. Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with
kindness iftheyare inpain, and withunconditional lovenomatter who they are.
289（5）Mental health is thesource ofcreativity for solvingproblems, resolving conflict, making our
surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or
inventionto make ourlives easier.
（6）It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a
fish, working onourcar,or raising achild.
（7）It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of
ourdaily lives.
【第三段】
（1）49.Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will
seethat it has been there todirect you through all your difficult decisions.
（2）It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,
good from bad, friend from foe.
（3）Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the
innervoice.
（4）Wethinkofit simplyas ahealthy and helpful flowof intelligent thought.
290（5）50.As you willcome to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust
itallowus to slowdown tothemoment and livelife happily.
2017年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1） The growth of the use of English as the world ’ s primary language for international
communication has obviously beencontinuing for several decades.
（2）46.But even as thenumber ofEnglish speakers expands further there are signs that theglobal
predominanceof thelanguagemay fade withinthe foreseeable future.
【第二段】
（1）Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the
leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy
advantage from thebreadth ofEnglishusage would consequently face new pressures.
（2）Thoserealisticpossibilitiesare highlighted in thestudypresented byDavid Graddol.
（3）47.His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that
the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not
need additionallanguage capabilities.
291【第三段】
（1）David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as
qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage
overtheir British counterparts in global companies and organisations.
（2）Alongside that，48many countries are introducing English intothe primary-school curriculum but
British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve
fluency inother languages.
【第四段】
（1）If left tothemselves, such trends willdiminishtherelative strength ofthe English language in
international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as
Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other languages
suchas Japanese, French and German, spreads.
【第五段】
（1）49.Thechanges identified byDavid Graddol all present clear and majorchallenges totheUK’s
providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business
sectors.
292（2） The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible
exportsand ourothereducation related exportsearn upto£10billiona year more.
（3） As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of
international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially
ifthere are noeffectivestrategic policies to prevent suchslippage.
【第六段】
（1）Theanticipation of possibleshifts indemand provided bythis studyis significant:
（2）50.It gives a basis to all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a
basis forplanning to meet the possibilitiesof what couldbea very different operating environment.
（3）That is anecessary and practical approach.
（4）In thisas in much else,thosewho wishto influence thefuture must preparefor it
2932018年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Shakespeare’s lifetimewas coincident with aperiod ofextraordinary activity and achievement in
thedrama.
（2）46.By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the
creation ofnew forms underthe incentiveof classical tragedy and comedy.
（3）These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in
England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was
threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary
orfarcical.
（4）Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a
widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and 47.no boy who went to a grammar school could be
ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet
bring honorto England.
【第二段】
（1）When Shakespearewas twelveyears old thefirst publicplayhouse was built in London.
（2）For atimeliterature showed nointerest inthis publicstage.
294（3）Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St.
Paul’s and theroyal chapel, who, however, gave plays in publicas well as at court.
（4）48.But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men
withliterary ambitions were quick to turn to thesetheaters as offeringa means of livelihood.
（5）By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that
were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had
brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage—where they had played no part since the
death of Euripides.
（6）49.A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established,
and at least someofitsgreat traditions had been begun.
【第三段】
（1）The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional
interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,
blossoming, and decayof many kinds ofplays, and ofmany great careers.
（2）We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of
dramatists writing at thesame timefor thisLondon oftwo hundred thousand inhabitants.
295（3）50.To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays
have been lost, and that probably there isno author ofnotewhose entirework has survived.
2019年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）It was only after Istarted towrite aweekly column about themedical journals, and began to read
scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature
frequently was.
（2）I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that
people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat
less tosuffer lateinlifefrom pernicious anaemia.
（3）46.There is agreat deal ofthiskind of nonsensein themedical journals which, when taken upby
broadcasters and thelaypress, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
【第二段】
（1）Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad
Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing
and important question.
296（2）It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of
career advancement positively encourages it.
（3）Whatis important is nottruth, but publication, which has become almostan end in itself.
（4）There has been a kind of inflationary process at work：47. nowadays anyone applying for a
research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the
samepost only 10years ago.
（5）Never mind thequality, then, count thenumber.
【第三段】
（1）48.Attemptshave been madetocurb thistendency, for example, bytrying toincorporate some
measure ofquality as well as quantityinto theassessment of an applicant’s papers.
（2）This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted
elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more
often than one ofsmall account.
（3）49.Thiswould be reasonable ifit were not for thefact that scientistscan easily arrange tocite
themselves in theirfuture publications, orget associates to doso forthem in return for similarfavours.
297【第四段】
（1）Boiling down an individual’s output tosimplemetrics, such as number ofpublications orjournal
impacts, entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.
（2）Unfortunately, thelong-term costs of usingsimplequantitativemetrics to assess researcher merit
are likely tobe quitegreat.
（3）50.If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we
mustensure that ourinstitutions encourage that kind ofscience
2020年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the
Renaissance, themodern world sawa departurefrom what it had once known.
（2）It turned from God and theauthority oftheRoman CatholicChurch and instead favoured a more
humanisticapproach tobeing.
（3）Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and
sciences flourishing extraordinarily amongthosewith amore logical disposition.
298（4）46.With theChurch's teachings and ways ofthinkingbeing eclipsed bythe Renaissance, thegap
between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored
intellectual territories.
【第二段】
（1）During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo
Galilei demonstrated thepowerof scientificstudy and discovery.
（2）47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways
ofthinking, including thegeocentric viewthat theEarth was at the centre ofour universe.
（3）Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the
Earth, but theSun, asystem that was laterupheld byGalileo at hisown expense.
（4）Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds
was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished
byimprisonmentor even death.
（5）Galileo was excommunicated bythe Church and imprisoned forlifefor his astronomical
observations and hissupport of theheliocentric principle.
299【第三段】
（1）48.Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists,
more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no
longerignore.
（2）It was with these great revelations that anew kind ofphilosophy founded in reason was born.
【第四段】
（1）The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and
scientists.
（2）This very fact embodied the new ways of thinkingthat swept through Europe during most ofthe
17thcentury.
（3）49.As manytook ontheduty oftrying to integratereasoning and scientificphilosophies intothe
world. theRenaissance was overand itwas timefora newera- -theAge ofReason.
【第五段】
（1）The17thand 18th centuries were times ofradical change and curiosity.
（2）Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as
were ideas ofliberty, tolerance and progress.
300（3）50.Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were
captured by the Latin phrase“ sapere aude’or‘dare to know'. after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay
An Answer to theQuestion: Whatis Enlightenment?.
（4）It was the purposeand responsibility ofgreat mindsto go forth and seek out thetruth, which they
believed to be foundedin knowledge.
2021年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）WorldWarII was thewatershed event forhighereducation in modern western societies.
（2）46.Thosesocieties came out ofthewar with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant
at 3-5% oftherelevant age groups during thedecades before thewar.
（3）But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against
Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of
graduates with morethana secondary school education.
（4）47.And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups
and social classes that had notthought ofattending to auniversity before thewar.
301（5）These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning
inthe 1960s anddeveloping very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and1980s.
【第二段】
（1）The growth of higher education manifests itselfin at least three quitedifferent ways, and these in
turn 246have given riseto different sets of problems.
（2）There was first the rate of growth: 48.in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of
students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the 1960s and
doubled again in seven, eight, or10years by themiddleofthe 1970s.
（3）Second, growth obviously affected theabsolutesizebothof systems and individualinstitutions.
（4）Andthird, growth was reflected inchanges intheproportion ofthe relevant age group enrolled in
institutionsofhigher education.
【第三段】
（1）Each ofthesemanifestations ofgrowth carried itsown peculiar problems in itswake.
（2）For example,a high growth rate placed great strains ontheexistingstructures ofgovernance, of
administration,and above allof socialization.
302（3）When afaculty ordepartment grows from, say, five to 20members within threeor fouryears, 49.
and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they
largely define the norms ofacademiclifein that faculty andits standards.
（4）And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close
apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the
chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and
academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany,
and Japan.
（5）50. High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the
forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during
periods ofstability orslowgrowth.
（6）In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance
arrangements, with theempowerment of juniorfaculty and tosomedegree ofstudents as well.
3032022年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula ( comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene
ofatitanicand merciless struggle.
（2）It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon's French army and the angry
inhabitants ;between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor' s difficulties, and the marshals
sent from Paris to try to keep them in check ; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old
ones ofconservatism andbirth.
（3）46.It was also,and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle
between thosewho made codes and thosewhobroke them.
【第二段】
（1）I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir
Charles Oman's epicHistoryof thePeninsular War.
（2）In volumeVhe had attached an appendix， “The Scovell Ciphers.”
（3）47.It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain，
and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British
headquarters.
304（4）Oman rated Scovell's significance highly, butat thesametime，thegeneral nature ofhis History
meant that 48.he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have
contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man
himself.
（5）Iwas keen to read more， but was surprised to find thatOman' s appendix,published in 1914，
was theonly considered thing that hadbeen written about this secret war.
【第三段】
（1）I became convinced that thisstory was every bitas exciting andsignificant as that ofEnigma and
thebreaking ofGerman codes inthe Second World War. Thequestion was, could itbe told?
【第四段】
（1）Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office (in Kew. West London) I found that he
had left an extensive journaland copious notes about his work inthe peninsula.
（2）Whatwas more，many original French dispatches had been preserved in thiscollection.
305（3）I realized at once that this was priceless.49. There may have been many spies and intelligence
officers during the Napoleonic Wars，but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they
actually provided or worked on. Furthermore ， Scovell's story involved much more than just
intelligencework.
（4）His status in Lord Wellington's headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were
all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self—improvement and hard
work would make afascinating biography initsown right, but represents something morethan that.
（5）50. Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to
makehis way upthepromotionladder speak volumes about British society.
3062023年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）There has been someexploration around theuse ofAIin digital marketing.
（2）For example，AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be
appropriate to ' speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and
preferences through theanalysis ofbig data.
（3）(46)AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies，
favourite celebrities，music choices，and_fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages
putout through social media.
（4）At thesametimeAI can alsobe usedto generate content forsocial mediaposts andchat sites.
（5）AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with
thecustomerand identifying theirrapidly changing needs.
【第二段】
（1）The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about
307trusting personal interactions to machines，which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of
interpersonal connections，butalso to adecrease inmarketing personnel.
（2）(47)Some believe that Al is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity
and removing jobs，but they are aware that itis away ofreducing costs and creating newinformation.
（3）By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control
overthe brand narrative.
（4）(48 ) Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these
concerns，especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers
willbe.
【第三段】
（1）For AI to be successful，data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming
moreregulated and theautomated sharing ofdata isbecoming more difficult.
（2）( 49)If customers are not willing to share data，AI will be starved of essential information and
308will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content
and communication.
（3）Therefore，unless customers are prepared tosign release agreements，theuseof AImay become
somewhat restricted in thefuture.
（4）Not only can AI help to create the marketing content，but it can also provide a non-intrusive
way of delivering thecontent to thetarget customers.
（5）Data can be gathered onwhere thecustomer can beengaged，such as location，devices used，
websiteinteractions，and sites visited，to displaymarketing messages inappropriate forms，including
emails，social mediaposts，pop-up advertisements，and banners at an appropriate frequency.
（6）(50) The non-intrusive delivery ofthe marketing messages in away that is sensitive to the needs
ofthetarget customer isoneof thecritical challenges tothedigital marketer.
309
