文档内容
【一轮复习讲义】2024年高考英语高频考点题型归纳与方法总结（新高考通用）
第 17 讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（精讲精炼）
题型目录一览
推测划线单词或短语的含义
推测代词含义
推测划线句含义
一、知识点梳理
一， 词义猜测题目常见的设问方式
1. The word “...” refer to/ probable means______.
2. The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by ______.
3. What do you think the expression “...” stands for?
4. By saying “...” we mean _____.
5. “...” as used in the passage can best be defined as ______.
二， 猜测词义的方法
1， 通过上下文来猜测词义
2， 通过构词法
（1）转化：形式不变，词性变。如：study n. 研究，调查----v. 学习；free adj. 空闲的---v. 释放。
（2）合成词：由两个或两个以上的单词构成。如：合成动词 outact, 合成形容词 heart-broken,
合成名词 classmate等。
（3）派生词：加前缀或后缀。如：dishonest, indifferent, worker, suggestion等。
三， 解题技巧
1， 利用指代关系猜测代词词义：代词指代的内容，要通过仔细阅读前几句的内
容，推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词或相当于名词的表达。2. 利用定义词或同位语来猜测词义：通过阅读定义和解释部分，可了解基本含
义。线索词有that, which, is，or，that is, in other words等。还有的同位语
以括号或破折号的形式出现。
3. 利用举例来猜测词义。
4. 利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义，如反义词或者能体现对比关系的词汇，
主要有but, yet, however,while, instead, on the contrary等。
5. 利用因果关系来猜测词义： 一定的原因会导致一定的结果。常见的表示因果
关系的词汇有：since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently.
6. 利用经验和常识猜测。
题型一推测划线单词或短语的含义
【典例1】
(2022·全国甲卷)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企
鹅)longing to say hello.These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her career(职业)as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go,” she says.“I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't
nervous, I just wanted to do it.And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
28.Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A.Try challenging things.
B.Take a degree.
C.Bring back lost memories.
D.Stick to a promise.
【典例2】
(2022·全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in
the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure( 基础设
施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
29.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.题型 二 推测代词含义
【典例】
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a
wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos.Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.”
“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety.So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an
old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had
just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W.Ortiz, who pushed for the
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said,“people are going to be
more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
10.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests.D.Laws.
题型三 推测划线句含义
【典例1】
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools.Many young people don't even
realize it's new.For them, it's just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.I
had brought a children's book to read.It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures.As I read, he
reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What's up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought.Then I turned the page and continued.He poked the
page even harder.I nearly dropped the book.I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening.He was actually a stranger to books.His father frequently amused the boy
with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them.He thought
my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid.This book is not part of your high-tech world.It's an outdated, lifeless thing.An antique, like your
grandfather.Well, I may be old, but I'm not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking.I edit video and produce
audio.I use mobile payment.I've even built websites.
There's one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I've spent little time in front of a camera, since
I have a face made for radio.But that didn't stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story
for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head.But I
will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
4.What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A.Provided shelter for me.
B.Became very clear to me.
C.Took the pressure off me.
D.Worked quite well on me.
【题型训练】
1.
He passed away many years ago. Father of the year (年度最佳父亲), my dad was not. That said, in some
ways, he was a better parent than many dads are today.
He loved to attend my hockey (曲棍球) games. He tied my skates for years when I was young. But he didn’t
go to a single one of the hundreds of soccer games I played as a kid. I didn’t care. All I wanted from my parents
was a ride to the game. I was there to see my friends, not perform for Mom and Dad.
That’s why I don’t understand helicopter parents, the ones who suffer from great guilt and shame if they can’t
make every single piano practice or football game. Your kids probably don’t care. Let them go and have some fun.
All that matters is that you drop them off and pick them up on time. Consistency is king.
Of course, when kids are really young, they want to spend time with you. And they want you, the parent, to befocused on spending time with them, not checking your phone. “Wherever you are, be there,” said the great Jim
Rohn.
My dad never had a cell phone. He never used the Internet. I don’t even think he ever touched a computer. But
even if he did have a phone, I can’t imagine him checking when we would play catch in the backyard.
He was present. Every day in the summer, right after lunch, we’d play catch. He’d teach me how to throw a
curve ball (曲线球). Sometimes he’d pitch to me, and when he’d hit me with a fastball, he’d say, “That’ll toughen
you up.” We’d play until we lost all of the balls in the garden, not until he was distracted by a cellphone. Jim Rohn
would have approved of his presence, although perhaps not his attitude about fastballs.
1. What do the underlined words “helicopter parents” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The parents who can fly helicopters.
B. The parents who pick up their kids on time.
C. The parents who enjoy participating in sports.
D. The parents who focus too much on their kids.
2.
You don’t need to be an expert to recognize luna moths (蚕蛾). They have hairy white bodies, red legs and
huge green wings that stretch up to 4.5 inches across. And at the end of their wings are a pair of long tails that have
attracted scientists for centuries.
Some of them theorized that it was possible that female moths judged the health and quality of a male by the
size of his tails. But it turned out that female moths were not choosy at all. They just mate with the first males they
could find. Others believed that the tails could increase luna moths’ size to make them harder for the bats-the main
enemy of luna moths—to handle. But the theory proved wrong in 1903 when a scientist named Archibald Weeks
put bats against a bigger species of moths that lacked tails. He found that the bats killed 66% of their targets. Luna
moths, despite being smaller, were harder to catch. “Clearly, their tails provided an anti-bat advantage,” Weeks
observed. “I think they were used to direct bats away from the moths’ body.”
He was roughly right. More than a century later, Jesse Barber from Boise State University put luna moths
against bats in a dark room and filmed the hunting. Under normal circumstances, the bats only managed to catch
35% of the luna moths. But if Barber cut off their tails beforehand, the bats caught 81% of them. That was not
because the moths became worse fliers—in fact, cutting the troublesome tails seemed to have improved their flying
abilities.
Barber explained that bats were not visual hunters. They found their food with a special sound. To be protected
from bats, luna moths needed something that made confusing sounds. That was what the luna moths’ tails did: As
they flew, they waved behind them and produced sounds that were similar to their wing beats. To bats, they either
sounded like a huge part of their target, or like an entirely different target. As a result, they aimed about half their
attacks at the tails.
2. What does the underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Bats. B. Wings. C. Luna moths. D. Tail beats.
3.“Unlike memory functions that tend to decrease with age, expert knowledge often continues to accumulate as
we get older. This makes it an area of strength in older adults that we may be able to control and use to mitigate
age-related memory decline and improve quality of life for this group,” says Dr. Erik Wing, a postdoctoral fellow at
Baycrest’s Rotman Research Institute.
3.What does the underlined word “mitigate” mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Confirm. B. Delay. C. Preserve. D. Follow.
4.
Although the performance decreases over time as the paper dries out, it can be topped up to some extent with
more water. The researchers say they want to improve the efficiency of the battery in the future, and get it
working for longer.
4.What does the underlined phrase “topped up” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Declined B. Maintained C. Increased D. Changed
5.
Never can I forget the glory of her face when she talks about how truly beautiful this world is. If I search back
my love for the environment and geography, I find her to be the source of my love for preserving nature. If one day
I became an environmentalist, I know that I’ll thank her for it. Apart from this, she has always greeted me with
open arms and she calls her students “my children”. Mrs. Monaf’s morals and values rubbed off on me deeply and
I have always taken account of her advice. She has been one of the most consistently good things in my life.
5.What does the underlined word “rubbed off on” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Scratched off. B. Took on. C. Crossed off. D. Impacted on.
6.
When students from Lithgow visited wetlands near their primary school, they quickly picked up on a problem:
there was nowhere for turtles.
“A bunch of students said there are no logs or rocks here, so where are they going to bask (晒太阳)?” says
Associate Professor Ricky Spencer from Western Sydney University. The question was raised as part of a project in
which year 5 and 6 students were attempting to understand their local environment and what it needed to thrive (兴
旺). The students had just learned that in spring, turtles have to bask on a rock or log to create eggs.
The students are now conducting research and developing a proposal to present to their local council for the
introduction of new basking areas, such as logs or human-made platforms. “That is pretty powerful, for year 5 and
year 6 students to actually know how to make change,” Spencer says. “We want kids to understand why
conservation measures are important.”
Led by Western Sydney University, the Turtles in Schools program aims to encourage an informed future
generation that will take care of the environment. It is currently in a trial phase, with select New South Wales
schools hosting turtles in classrooms and visiting nearby wetlands. By 2023, up to 10 turtle tanks will be installed(安装) in schools. By 2024, the program will be available to all year 5 and 6 classrooms across Australia.
By guiding experiments on topics such as growth rates and behavioural observations, and introducing schools
to activities in their local wetlands, Spencer says this program could encourage students to actually carry their
education forward to their day-to-day life.
Presbyterian Ladies’ College has been investing in facilities including a turtle pond for six years. They will be
available for nearby schools involved in the Turtles in Schools program. “We want to connect students to the real
world, to develop values to look after the environment. Our students become familiar with understanding our
relationship to the natural world. We are connected to it. We rely upon it. It isn’t something dispensable,” the
principal, Dr Paul Bergis, says.
6. What does the underlined word “dispensable” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. Unnecessary. B. Impossible.
C. Mysterious. D. Powerful.
7.
In a world where many of us give all our attention to smartphones, Dulcie Cowling is different. She has got rid
of hers. This 36-year-old woman decided, late last year, to give up her smartphone to improve her mental health. At
Christmas, she told her family and friends that she was going to change her smartphone for an old cell phone, with
which she could only make and receive calls and text messages.
She remembers that one of the crucial moments that led her to make such a decision was a day in the park with
her 2 children, aged 6 and 3. “I was in the park with the children, staring at the mobile phone. When I looked up, all
of the parents — up to 20 — were looking at their phones, continually swiping across the screen,” she says. “I
wonder when this happened to us. We are missing real life!”
Roughly, 9 out of 10 people in the UK own smartphones. And people are addicted to them. A recent study
found that the average person spends 4.8 hours a day on their phones. However, for a small but growing number of
people, enough is enough. In other words, they shouldn’t spend more time on the phones.
Alex Dunedin threw his smartphone in the rubbish bag 2 years ago. “Culturally, we have become addicted to
these tools,” says this educational researcher and technology expert. “They are weakening cognition (认知) and
impeding productivity.” Dunedin says another reason behind his decision was environmental concerns. “We are
wasting large amounts of energy and producing large amounts of CO emissions.”
2
He has been happier and more productive since he stopped using his smartphone. He has not replaced it with
an old cell phone and does not even have a landline. He can only be contacted through emails that arrive on his
home computer. Another researcher, Burke says it will be helpful if more people keep an eye on how much time
they spend on their smartphones. “Beginning to realize exactly how much time they waste each day on their phonescan be a powerful wake-up call and catalyst (引发变化的因素) for change.” He also recommends staring by
turning off your phone or leaving it at home for a short time.
7.What do the words “enough is enough” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. No more will be tolerated. B. Enough is as good as a feast.
C. A slice is better than no bread. D. He who is content asks for no more.
8.
I am a boy who likes reading and I read all kinds of books. When I do this, I have ended up with two speeds—
fast and slow depending on how worthwhile I find the book. I like to analyze and ponder over the words and
contents of the books, which can sharpen my mind.
When I read the book Intrinsic Motivation(《内在动机》), I ask myself, “What kind of book is it?” Well, first
of all, I have to say Dan Pink writes well, which is probably not surprising as he is a speechwriter for an American
leader. The text is neither academically difficult nor overly casual. It states information clearly without effort. The
subject matter of the book is motivation, and it starts with a discussion of how external motivation is less effective
for modern knowledge work, where wide intelligent decision-making and innovation are essential.
The book shows that the tricky nature of how we are truly motivated is uncovered with plenty of examples and
descriptions of sound research. For example, it is shown how payment can signal that a task is undesirable and so
reduce intrinsic motivation. The heart of the book is the analysis of intrinsic motivation, in particular through the
three key elements of autonomy, mastery and purpose. The rest of the book then takes an applied position, showing
how these principles can be applied in the workplace. The book ends up with a comprehensive summary, covering
the contents from several different angles and providing an easy future reference.
This is the sort of book I like most. Unsurprisingly, perhaps, I took quite a long time to read and re-read this
excellent book. It covers the subject of motivation strongly and well. and is now one of my definitive references in
a rather large library.
8.What does the underlined phrase “ponder over” in paragraph I mean?
A. Think about. B. Speak out. C. Cut down. D. Take over.
9.
In the villages of the English countryside, there are still people who remember the good old days when no one
bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about.
Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world’s biggest community. A new study by Dan
Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the
owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors .
9. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Many Internet sites are not well protected. B. Those happy times appear still to be with us.
C. There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about. D. Hackers don’t actually break into an Internet site.
10.Marissa Sumathipala, a student at Broad Run High School outside of Washington, D.C, was practicing with
her recreational figure-skating team when she crashed with another skater. Her head hit against the ice heavily.
Everything went black.
Up to that point, Sumathipala’s entire life had centred around her sport—her daily schedule, exercise routine,
even her diet. She had hopes of making the 2018 Olympic team. The fall on the ice would change everything,
including her direction.
Sumathipala had a brain injury and it ended her skating career. Symptoms lasted for years. Her memory felt
unclear at times. She’d find herself dizzy, sick, or exhausted. Sumathipala consulted doctors, so many that she “lost
count.” But no one had answers.
Sumathipala began to realize that there was so much unknown about the brain. She set out to find the answers
herself, a path that would eventually bring her to Harvard University, where she’d concentrate in the human brain.
Throughout her four years, Surmathipala homed in on brain science. She worked with the McCarroll Lab at
Harvard Medical School, helping develop a new method for sequencing synapses (神经突序列) in the brain, which
are crucial for memory and learning. Even as an undergraduate, her colleagues were so struck by how mature her
thinking already was about science that she quickly became a trusted and valued member of the lab.
Also, Sumathipala competed with the Harvard Figure Skating Club all four years. She helped increase its
membership and introduced new skaters to the sport she still loves. “I spent a long time struggling with my
identity,” she said. “Growing up I was just a skater and then, when I got injured, I had to rebuild my identity. Then I
was a scientist. Now, I identify as being both a skater and a scientist.”
Reflecting on her years at Harvard, Sumathipala said one of the things she’s most grateful for is seeing how
things have come full circle for her.
10.What does the underlined phrase “homed in on” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. focused on B. returned to C. attended to D. stayed at
