文档内容
对“知识分子”的定义
外教朗读
等 一.总体分析
本文选自 AAUP Bulletin《美国大学教授联合会简报》1958 年第 44 卷第 2 期一篇文章 The
American Intellectual (美国知识分子)。 原文篇幅较长,作者针对美国知识分子的普遍错觉“美国社会正
在贬低排斥知识分子”提出相反的观点“是知识分子在排斥社会,反知识分子的不是美国社会,而是知识
分子自己”,并分三大部分进行论述。 本文首段选自开篇部分,后三段选自正文第一部分“知识分子的定
义”。 本文考查知识点:各类从句、动宾分隔、表类比和强调的固定结构。
字 二.语篇分析及试题精解
I ls 1t true that the American intellectual is rejected
美国的知识分子在社会中被排斥且不
and considered of no account in his society? I am going to
被重视,这是事实吗?我要说明这恐怕不是
suggest that it is nor true. Father Bruckbergcr told part of
事实。当 Bruckberger神父指出是知识分子
the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who
排斥了美国时,他讲出了部分实情。 但是知
have rejected Am巳rica. Bur they have done more than
识分子所做的远不止这些。他们对知识分
that. They have grown dissarisfied with the role of the
子的角色逐渐变得不满。是他们,而非美国
intellectual. lt is they, not America, who have become
社会,成为了反对知识分子的人。
anti intellectual. J
’ ……
… … - - …
词U 二
’
注释…与 zhK-白 表… 这
… 」 … … … e …山 … …
( consider sb/sth (as/to be) sth 认为……是…… $ ( be going to sugg巳st/point out /
( of great all/ n
l. be/ tell/ give Conly) part of the story 意为“......(只)是/说出了/给出了部分情况或部分信息、,,
。
Voters are given onJy part of the story. 只对选民透露了部分情况。 补充词组:whole story 意为“详情;始末;
全部情况”。 Don’t make improper comments before you know the whole story. 切勿不明原委,就妄加评论。
;二i暗的斤.<: 1'
第一段提出论点:反对知识分子的不是美国社会,而是知识分子自己。 前两句设问明确作者立场:“美
国知识分子被社会排斥”不是事实。后四句阐明作者基本观点:是知识分子,而非美国社会,成为了反对知
识分子的人。 强调句式(it is the intellectuals who ...及 It is they, not America, who. .. )和复现结构(they
have done. .. They have grown ... ,其中 they指代“知识分子”)肯定而有力地指出知识分子才是真正反对知
识分子的人;末句 America并非强调国别,而是指包括政府在内的美国社会;anti-intellectual 高度概括了前
文的 intellectuals... have rejected America 、dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual。
Il First, the object of our study pleads for definition.
( 首先,我们研究的对象迫切需要被
What is an intellectual? ( 46 ) I shall define him as an
定义。什么是知识分子? (46)我将他定
individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure
(
义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思
in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic③(苏格拉底)way
考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐
about moral problems. He explor巳s such problems
的人。他自 觉地、清晰地、坦率地探讨此
consciously© , articulately( , and frankly, first by asking
类问题,通过首先问事实问题,然后问道
factual® questio凡s, then by asking moral questions, finally
54by suggestinga; action which seems appropriate in the light of the
德问题,最后根据他获取的事实和道德方
factual and moral information which he has obtained. ( 4 7) His
面的信息启发人们采取较为恰当的行动。
function i巨 analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the
(47)他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样
obligation of 「evealing in as obvious a manner as possible the
的责任:以尽可能明了的方式来展示自己
course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
做出决定的推理过程。
J
词… 「注… 释-与- 古, …』 词旬…
…
L
· e …
[A 白
… 句 ·
叫
( plead [pli:d]队 恳求,请求 ( suggest [sa'd3est] v. 启发,促使做(或思考)
( primary ['pra1mari] α 首要的,主要的
.经典搭配
( Socratic [sa山σ副1k] ι 苏格拉底(式)的
( define ... as . ..把……定义为…··
( consciously ['konfasli] ad. 有意识地,自觉地 ( m the light of 根据,鉴于,考虑到
( articulately [ a:'t1kjule1t11] ad. 清楚表达地,易懂地
( factual [ 1frektfua!] α.(基于)事实的
1. plead ( with sb) for sth 意为“( 向某人)恳求某物”。 Fifteen of the last remaining doctors in
Syrian’s war-torn Aleppo pleaded with Obama for more help. 在饱受战祸的叙利亚城市阿勒颇,最后留下
的医生中有 15 人向奥巴马恳求更多援助。
: •::语震分析<ii
后三段围绕“知识分子的定义”展开论述。 关键词 definition统领三段。
第二段先给知识分子下定义:以思考道德问题为首要职责的人。 首句指出要探讨知识分子首先要
对其定义。第二、三句做出定义(define ... as):其首要责任是对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考,清晰地
呈现推理过程。 primary duty 说明“是否把思考道德问题当作首要职责”是定义知识分子的关键;
explore ... first by ... then by. .. finally by具体解释了 Socratic W町,即苏格拉底式提问法/思考方式。第
四句以“法官职能”类比(analogous to)说明“知识分子职责”;“以尽量明了的方式”(in as obvious a
manner. .. )照应“清晰坦率地”(articulately ... frankly) ,强调二者都要有清晰的逻辑推理方式;“推理过
程”(the course of reasoning)照应“思考过程”(by ... by. .. by ... )。
:. 真题精解< 1'
( 46) I shall define him as an individual ( 0. 5 分)/ / who has elected as his primary duty and
pleasure in life(O. 5 分)//the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.
(1 分)
本题考核的知识点是:定语从旬、动宾分隔。正确率:46%
1. 句法分析
①主旬: I shall define him as a口 individual
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
②定语从旬:(an individual) who has elected the activity as his primary duty and pleasure in life
关系代词谓语 宾语 宾补
③后置定语:“he activity) of thinking about moral problems in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way.
后直定语修饰activity 方式状语修饰thinking
2. 旬子注释
主句 define... as . .. 交代该句主旨“对知识分子下定义”;定语从句介绍定义的具体内容,这是理解
本段及后两段的关键信息。理解难点是从句中的动宾分隔现象:根据“elect+宾语十as+宾补”固定搭
配知识,可确定句中 elected 的宾语 the activity .. . 因为太长而被移到宾补 as his primary duty ...之后,导
55致动词与其宾语分离。翻译时要注意:从句宾语 th巳 activity of thinking . . . 虽为名词形式,但具有动作
义,可译成动词短语“对……进行思考”;同时由于宾语太长,可将宾语部分提取出来单独翻译,动宾结构
中的宾语用“此”进行回指。
3 词义确定
(1) elect ... as . . .:把……选为/选作。 elect 常见义为“选举”,此处不能直取该义,可处理为“选择”,
介词 as 与动词搭配时常表示“当作,作为”。
4. 全旬调整,得出译文
我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自 己人生首要责任和快乐的人。
(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, (0. 5 分)//who must accept th巳 obligation
co.
5 分)// of i:evealing in as obvious a manner as possible(O. 5 分)/ / the course of reasoning which led
him to his kαsion. (0. 5分)
本题考核的知识点是:定语从旬、动宾分隔、固定结构。正确率:27%
1. 旬法分析
①主旬:日1s function is analogous to that of a judge,
主语 系动词 表语
②定i吾从旬 l: Ca judge) who must accept the obligation
关 系代词 谓语 宾语
③后置定i吾:“he obligation) of revealing the course of reasoning in as obvious a manner as possible
后直定语修饰obligation 状语修饰revealing
④定语从旬 2:( th巳 course of reasoning) which led him to his decision.
关系代词谓语宾语 宾补
2. 旬子注释
本句以介绍 judge 的职责来类比说明 intellectuals 的职责。主句点明类比关系(analogous) , that 指代
function。 who引导的非限制性定i吾从句介绍 judge 的职责,是翻译的重难点:1)非限制性定语从句对先行
同只起补充说明作用,没有限定作用,翻译时主从句可译为两个独立句;2)obligation 的后置定语是对其内
涵的具体说明,其中包含79]宾分隔形式:revealing 的宾语 the course of reasoning . . . 被移至状语之后,可将
obligation 的整个后置定语拆译出来,用冒号隔开,即“……这样的责任:展示……的推理过程”。
3. 词义确定
( 1) in as obvious a manner as possible:以尽可能明了的方式。 短i吾套用了“as+形容词+a/an十名词+
as”结构表示同级比较“和……一样”,此外 as.. . as possible/ sb can 为固定搭配,表示“尽可能/尽量…
( 2) course of reasoning、led him to his decision:根据从句的先行词 judge可判定两个短语都与法官职责
相关,再结合 reasoning 的动词词根 reason(推理,推论)可推知 course of reasoning指“(法律)推理过程”,这
也呼应了上文知识分子的思考过程 first by ... then by. .. finally by. .. , led him to his decision则指法官的一
步步推理引导其作出最后决定。
( 3) is analogous to:与……类似。前文所述知识分子的职责为:清晰坦率地呈现苏格拉底式思维过程
(articulately, and frankly. . . ),本句所述法官的职责为:清晰展示推理过程(re飞realing in as obvious a manner
as possible ... ),可推知二者职责有类似之处。
4. 全旬整理,得出译文
他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
皿 This definition excludes maηy individuals usually
这个定义排除了许多通常被称作知识分
referred to as intellectuals the average scientist, for one.
子的人一一比如说,普通的科学家。(48)我
( 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments
之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为
may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not
56been charged with the tιsk of approaching any but the factual
尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题,
aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he
但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事
encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of
实方面。像其他人一样,科学家即使在行使
his routine duties- he is not supposed to cook( his
日常职责时也会遇到道德问题一一他不应
experiments, man 1facture® evidence, or doctor
(
his
该篡改实验,编造证据,或修改报告。(49)但
reports. ( 49) But his primary task is not to think about
是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动
the moral code which govE rns his activity, any more than
的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探
a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an
索行业规范一样。如同商人看待自己的道
凹ploration of rules of conduct in business. During most
德规范一样,科学家在现实生活中大部分时
of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the
间里将自己的道德规范视为理所当然的事。
businessman takes his ethics.
:fl
; ·词汇注释与亮点表达.
( cook [kuk] v. 篡改,伪造(账目等) ~\ ( for one 举个例说;作为其中一个
( manufacture [,mrenju1fεektfa] v. 虚构,捏造 ~ ③叫e to. …/时)用于
( doctor ['dakta] v. 主主改,伪造 ( in the everyday performance of one’s routine duties
j 械行日常州附日常工
. 经典搭配
( refer to. . as ...把……称作……
1. not. .. any but 意为“仅仅”。 He did not owe his failure to any but his bad fortune. 他把自己的失败
仅仅归结于运气差。
2. Not X any more than Y ( Not X代表一个否定句,Y代表一个肯定句)意为“否定 X就像杏定 Y 一
样”。 Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise. 人类不
应设法避开压力,就如同他们不会回避食物、爱情和l运动一样。
:::-::语每分析.< ii
第三、四段按照知识分子定义分别对科学家和教师进行判定。 他们都不算知识分子,因为其主要任
务都不是思考道德问题。
第三段根据定义判定普通科学家不是知识分子。 首句指出普通科学家被排除在知识分子之外。 后四
句解释原因:虽然普通科学家工作时要遵守道德规范,但其首要任务并非思考道德问题。 第二句引出排除
科学家的原因(because) : while从句先让步承认科学家的工作可能有助于解决道德问题,主句转而强调
( not. .. any but. .. )他们只不过是做了关乎道德问题的事实研究。 后三句进一步分析科学家的职能与道
德准则的关联。第三句先让步陈述科学家在日常工作中要遵守道德准则,第四句再转折(But)指出其首要
职责不是思考这些道德准则(his primary task is not . );第四、五句借助与商人的类比(not. .. any more
than、as),明确科学家只是将职业道德规范视为理所当然之事(take his code for granted),而非将其视为主
要研究对象。 段中 been charged with the task, his primary task is、dedicate his energies to均n于应“首要责任”,
moral problems、moral issues、moral code、rules of conduct、ethics均H于应“道德问题”。
:·票;题精辟;;J
( 48) I have excluded him because (0. 5 分), //while his accomplishments may contribute to the
solution of moral problems,(O. 5 分)//he has not been charged with the task of(O. 5 分)//approaching any
but the factual aspects of those problems. (0. 5 分)
%
本题考核的知识点是.从句嵌套、状语从旬、固定结构。正确率:31
571. 旬法分析
①主旬 : I have excluded him
主语 谓语 宾t吾
②原因状语从旬 :
民αuse, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual as阳cts of those problems.
引导词主语 谓语部分 (后直定语修饰the task)
③原因状语从旬中嵌套的让步状i吾从旬:
while his accomplishments may contrit>ute to the solution of moral problems,
引导词 主语 谓语 宾语
2. 旬子注释
本句难点在于 because从句内嵌套的 while从句。 while在句首引导从句时既可表时间也可表让步,
可根据主从句语义来判定 while 的功能:从句“有助于解决”为正向语义Ccontribute to),主句Cnot ... any
but 等同于 only)强调“仅解决某一层面”,与从句相比体现出一种局限性,可视为反向语义,这与本段三
四句先让步后转折CBut)强调“主要职责不在于道德思考”的语义逻辑一致。故本句 while是以让步语气
强调主句内容(“虽然/尽管……但是……”,相当于 although)。
3. 词义确定
Cl) be charged with:承担。该动词词组的宾语为 task,再联系上段主旨“重在定义知识分子的主要
职责Cprimary duty)”,可知此处是在介绍科学家承担的职责。
(2)approach :(着手)探讨/处理。 考查 approach 的熟词僻义,该句描述科学家职责Ctask) , approach
逻辑主语为 he,宾语为 factual aspects ... problems(道德问题……),科学家职责通常是研究、探索问题。
4. 全旬整理,得出译文
我之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题,但他承担
的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
(49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code (0. 5 分)//which governs his
activity,(0. 5 分)// any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies CO. 5 分)//to an
exploration of rules of conduct in business. (0. 5 分)
本题考核的知识点是:固定结构、被动旬。 正确率:29%
1. 旬法分析
①主旬: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code
连词 主语 系动词 表语
②定i吾从旬:(the moral code) which governs his activity,
关系代词词语 宾语
③比较状语从旬:
Cn ot. .. ) any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules
引导词 主语 词语 主补
of conduct in business.
2. 旬子注释
本句理解难点为 not... any more than 结构:not 是主句否定同,any more than 引出从句,该结构表
示主从旬的类比关系,且主从旬都含否定意义,FlfJ否定前者就如同否定后者一样,从句可理解为 just as a
b川nessman is not expected to ... 。另外,moral code 的定语从句较短,可直译为汉语的前置定语; is
expected 应按汉语习惯译为主动句,可增补泛指性主语“我们/人们”。
3. 词义确定
( 1) govern:支配。该动词连接了“道德规范”Cmoral code)与“activity飞行为),再结合常识“道德规范
支配人们的行为”,可推知 govern 的“支配”含义。
58( 2) moral code、rules of conduct:由本段与上段的逻辑关系及本段的类比表述可知,本段意在说明专
注探讨道德规范问题并不是科学家的首要职责,因此 moral code、rules of conduct 都是围绕“道德规范”
的近义表达,code 和 rules都可译为“规范”。
4. 全旬整理,得出译文
但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规
范一样。
凹 The l才efinition also excludes the majority of teachers,
这个定义也排除了大部分教师,尽管
despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the
教学向来是许多知识分子借以谋生的手
method wherebyy [we吕1ba1] αd. 凭此,借以 $ ③learr且ed [ 113:md] α. 有学问的,博学的
( eminen
1. A is one thing; B is something else 意为“A 是一回事;B 是另一回事,,。 Being disappointed is on e
thing and being discouraged is something else. I am disappointed but I am not discouraged. 失望是一回事,
而沮丧是另一回事。我感到失望但我并未灰心丧气。
二:语篇柑<ii
第四段根据定义判定大部分教师不算知识分子。 首句指出大部分教师也被排除在知识分子定义之
外。 后三句解释原因 :他们很少对道德问题进行独立思考。第二、 四句以两个对比转折句式(They
may ... but most of them ...、.. . is one thing ... is something else)明确主旨:他们虽能出色地完成本职工
作,却很少独立思考道德问题;第四句 Being learned in some branch of human knowledge 指(杰出学者)
具备丰富的专业领域知识,而 living in “public and illustrious thoughts” 则指(像知识分子一样)把崇高道
德思想当做人生主题(寻|语“public and illustrious thoughts”出自爱默生《美国学者》,原句为 He is one
who raises himself from private considerations and breathes and lives on public and illustrious thoughts ,指
学者不能局限于私心己念,要具有心系世界的崇高情怀)。段中 human problems which involve moral
judgment 、“public and illustrious thoughts”都呼应“道德问题”。
:·主题j情解;· :fl
( 50) They may teach very well ( 0. 5 分) , //and more than earn their salaries, ( 0. 5 分) I /but
most of them make little or no independent reflections(O. 5 分)//on human problems which involve
moral judgment. (0. 5 分〉
本题考核的知识点是:固定结构。正确率:48%
1. 旬法分析
分旬 1 是简单旬:They may teach very well, and more than earn their salanes,
主语 谓语 (两个状语修饰teach)
59分旬 2 是复合旬:
①旬子主干: but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems
连词 主语 谓t吾 宾语 (后直定语修饰reflections)
②定语从旬:(problems) which involve moral judgment.
关系代词谓语 宾语
2. 旬子注释
本句由 but 连接的两个分句构成。 分句 1 中 more than earn their salaries 若直译为“不仅仅是赚薪
水”,显得生硬晦涩,需结合前一句(teaching ... whereby many intellectuals earn their living)理解“教书
作为谋生手段”这一具体语境体现的目的性,应译为“不仅仅是为了赚薪水”。分句 2 中 :little 不能直译
为“一点、几乎没有”,应将其否定含义移至谓语动词 make,译为“很少/几乎没有进行’气which 引导的定
语从句较短,可译为汉语的前置定语。
3. 词义确定
( 1) more than:后接动词时,表示不仅仅做了某事,还做了其他事,类似于 not only do stho
( 2) make ... reflections on: (审慎地)思考。 该动词词组的宾语“涉及道德判断的人类问题”实际仍指
上文反复提到的道德问题,由上文的动宾搭配 thinking.. . about moral problems及 think about the moral
code 可推测 make... reflections on 与 think about 近义。
4. 全旬整理,得出译文
他们可以教得很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断
的、人的问题进行独立思考。
Section ]II Writing
Part A 申请信
知识补充
一、审题引导
抓取指令关键词 梳理信息 归纳要点
You' want to contribute to 1. 写信人身份:大学生 1. 格式:书信(申请信)。
’情
Project Hope by off cring financial 2 写作话题:资助希望工程的一 2. 语域: 给相关部门工作
景
Hid to a chi lei' in a remote area. 个孩子 人员的信件属于公务信
函,应使用正式语体。
Write a letter-' to the department 3. 内容要点:①说明你有
conce1n ed' , asking them to help 3. 写你类型:书信 意资助一名儿童;②提出
要 find a cancliclatc'·. You should 4. 写作对象:相关部门工作人员 帮助 寻找资助对象的请
求 specify what kind of child you 5. 交际目的:要求收信方帮助找 求;③说明想找的资助对
want to help and how you will 寻资助对象 象的类型;④具体说明如
carry out your plan.
何实施资助计划。
二、优秀范文赏析
优秀屹立 参考译文
Dear Sir or Madam, 亲爱的先生或女士:
( Moved by the noble cause of Hope Project and ①我感动于希望工程这一高尚事业,并
encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would 受到了迄今所取得的成果的鼓舞,我希望通
like to do my bit for the project by seeking a child as 过找到一个孩子作为我经济资助的接受者为
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