2001-1 Text 1
1-Specialization can beseen as aresponse totheproblem ofan increasing accumulation ofscientific
knowledge.
By splitting upthesubject matterinto smallerunits, oneman could continuetohandle theinformation and
useit as thebasis forfurther research.
But specialization was only oneofa series ofrelated developments inscience affecting the process of
communication.
Another was thegrowing professionalisation of scientificactivity.
2-No clear-cut distinction canbe drawn between professionals andamateurs in science: exceptionscan be
found toany rule.
Nevertheless, theword “amateur”does carry aconnotation that the person concerned is notfully integrated
into thescientific communityand, in particular, may notfully share its values.
1The growth ofspecialization in thenineteenth century, with itsconsequent requirement ofalonger, more
complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.
The trend was naturally most obviousinthoseareas ofscience based especially onamathematical or
laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms ofthedevelopment ofgeology in theUnited Kingdom.
3-A comparison ofBritish geological publications over thelast century andahalf reveals not simplyan
increasing emphasis ontheprimacy ofresearch, butalso a changing definition ofwhat constitutesan
acceptable research paper.
Thus, in thenineteenth century, local geological studiesrepresented worthwhileresearch intheirown right;
but, inthetwentieth century, local studies have increasingly becomeacceptable toprofessionals onlyif
they incorporate, and reflect on,thewidergeological picture.
Amateurs, ontheother hand,have continued to pursuelocal studiesin theold way.
2The overall result has been tomake entranceto professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a
result that has been reinforced bythe widespread introduction ofrefereeing, first bynational journals in the
nineteenth century andthen byseveral local geological journals in thetwentieth century.
As a logical consequence ofthis development, separatejournals havenow appeared aimed mainly towards
either professional oramateur readership.
A rathersimilarprocess of differentiationhas led to professional geologists coming together nationally
within oneortwo specific societies, whereas theamateurs havetended either toremain inlocal societies or
to come togethernationally in adifferent way.
4-Although theprocess of professionalisation and specializationwas already well under way inBritish
geology duringthe nineteenth century, its fullconsequences were thusdelayed untilthe twentieth century.
In science generally, however, thenineteenth century mustbereckoned as thecrucial period for thischange
in thestructure ofscience.
321. Thegrowth ofspecializationin the19th century mightbemore clearly seen insciences such as
________.
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can inferfromthepassagethat ________.
[A]there islittle distinctionbetween specialization and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals insomeareas ofscience
[C]professionals tend towelcome amateurs into thescientificcommunity
[D]amateurs have national academicsocieties butnolocal ones
23. Theauthorwrites ofthedevelopment ofgeology to demonstrate ________.
[A]theprocess of specializationand professionalisation
[B]the hardship ofamateurs in scientific study
[C]the change ofpolicies inscientific publications
[D]thediscrimination ofprofessionals against amateurs
24. Thedirect reason forspecializationis ________.
[A]thedevelopment incommunication
[B]the growth ofprofessionalisation
[C]the expansionof scientificknowledge
[D]thesplitting upof academicsocieties
42001-1 Text 2
1-A great deal ofattention is being paidtoday totheso-called digital divide-thedivision oftheworld into
the info(information) rich and theinfo poor.
And that dividedoes existtoday.
My wife andI lectured about thislooming danger twenty years ago.
What was less visiblethen,however, were thenew, positiveforces thatwork against thedigital divide.
There are reasons to be optimistic.
2-There are technological reasons tohope thedigital dividewill narrow.
As theInternet becomes more and more commercialized, it isin theinterest ofbusiness to universalize
access - after all, themore peopleonline, themore potential customers there are.
More andmore governments, afraid their countries will beleft behind, want to spread Internet access.
Within thenextdecade ortwo, one totwo billionpeople ontheplanet willbe netted together.
5As a result, Inowbelieve thedigital dividewillnarrow rather thanwiden intheyears ahead.
And that isvery good news because theInternet may well bethe mostpowerful tool forcombating world
poverty that we’ve ever had.
3-Of course, theuseof theInternet isn’t theonly wayto defeat poverty.
And theInternet is not theonly toolwe have.
But ithas enormous potential.
4-To takeadvantage ofthistool, someimpoverished countries will haveto get over theiroutdated
anti-colonial prejudices withrespect toforeign investment.
Countries that stillthink foreign investment is an invasion oftheir sovereignty might well study thehistory
ofinfrastructure (the basicstructural foundations ofasociety) in theUnited States.
When theUnited States builtits industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have thecapital todoso.
6And that iswhyAmerica’s Second Waveinfrastructure -including roads, harbors, highways, ports andso
on-were builtwith foreign investment.
The English,theGermans, theDutch and the French were investingin Britain’s former colony.
They financed them.
Immigrant Americans built them.
Guess who owns them now?
The Americans.
Ibelieve the samethingwould be truein places likeBraziloranywhere else forthat matter.
The moreforeign capital you have helping you build your Third Waveinfrastructure, which today isan
electronic infrastructure, thebetter off you’regoing tobe.
That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or lettingforeign corporations run uncontrolled.
7But itdoes mean recognizinghowimportant they can beinbuilding theenergy and telecom infrastructures
needed totake full advantage ofthe Internet.
25. Digital divideis something ________.
[A]getting worsebecause ofthe Internet
[B]the rich countries are responsiblefor
[C]the world mustguard against
[D]considered positivetoday
26. Governments attach importanceto theInternet becauseit________.
[A]offers economic potentials
[B]can bring foreign funds
[C]can soonwipeout world poverty
[D]connects peopleall over theworld
27. Thewritermentioned the caseof theUnited States to justifythepolicy of________.
[A]providing financial support overseas
[B]preventing foreign capital’s control
[C]building industrial infrastructure
[D]accepting foreign investment
28. It seems thatnowacountry’s economy depends much on________.
[A]howwell-developed itis electronically
[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
[C]whether it adopts America’s industrialpattern
[D]howmuch control ithas over foreign corporat8ions2001-1 Text 3
1-Whydoso many Americans distrust what they read in theirnewspapers?
The American Society ofNewspaper Editors istrying toanswer this painful question.
The organizationis deep into along self-analysis known as thejournalism credibility project.
2-Sad tosay, thisproject has turned out tobemostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling
and grammarmistakes, combined with lotsofhead-scratching puzzlement about what in theworld those
readers really want.
3-But thesources ofdistrust go way deeper.
Most journalists learn tosee theworld through a set ofstandard templates (patterns) into which they plug
each day’s events.
In other words, there is aconventional story linein thenewsroom culturethat provides a backbone anda
ready-made narrative structure forotherwise confusing news.
94-There exists asocial and cultural disconnect between journalistsand theirreaders, which helps explain
why the“standard templates”of thenewsroom seem alien to many readers.
In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in fivemiddle-sizecities around thecountry, plus
one large metropolitanarea.
Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked thesamequestions.
5-Replies show that compared with otherAmericans, journalists are more likelyto livein upscale
neighborhoods, havemaids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do
volunteer work, or put down roots in acommunity.
6-Reporters tend tobe part ofa broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the
conventional values ofthis elite.
The astonishingdistrust ofthenews mediaisn’t rooted in inaccuracy orpoor reportorial skillsbut inthe
daily clash ofworld views between reporters and their readers.
7-This is an explosivesituationfor anyindustry, particularly adeclining one.
10Here isatroubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudesvastly annoy thecustomers.
Then itsponsors lots ofsymposiums and acredibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are
annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.
But itnever seems to get around to noticing thecultural and class biases that so many former buyers are
complaining about.
If it did,it would open upits diversity program, nowfocused narrowly onrace and gender, and look for
reporters who differ broadly byoutlook, values, education, and class.
29. Whatis thepassagemainlyabout?
[A]needs ofthereaders all overthe world
[B]causes ofthepublicdisappointment about newspapers
[C]origins of thedeclining newspaper industry
[D]aims ofajournalism credibility project
30. Theresults ofthe journalismcredibility project turned outto be________.
[A]quitetrustworthy
[B]somewhat contradictory
[C]very illuminating
11
[D]rather superficial31. Thebasicproblemofjournalists as pointed outbythe writer lies intheir ________.
[A]working attitude
[B]conventional lifestyle
[C]world outlook
[D]educational background
32. Despite its efforts, thenewspaper industry still cannotsatisfy thereaders owing toits ________.
[A]failure to realizeits real problem
[B]tendency tohire annoying reporters
[C]likeliness to doinaccurate reporting
[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
122001-1 Text 4
1-The world is going through thebiggest wave ofmergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.
The process sweeps from hyperactiveAmerica toEurope and reaches theemerging countries with
unsurpassed might.
Many inthese countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t thewave of business
concentration turninto an uncontrollable anti-competitiveforce?”
2-There’s noquestion that thebig are getting bigger and morepowerful.
Multinational corporations accounted forless than 20% ofinternational trade in 1982.
Today thefigure ismore than25%and growing rapidly.
International affiliates account fora fast-growing segment ofproduction ineconomies that open upand
welcome foreign investment.
In Argentina, for instance, after thereforms ofthe early 1990s, multinationalswent from 43% toalmost
70%of theindustrial production ofthe200 largest firms.
13This phenomenon has created serious concerns over theroleof smallereconomic firms, ofnational
businessmen and overtheultimatestabilityof theworld economy.
3-I believethat the mostimportant forces behind themassiveM&A wave are thesamethat underlie the
globalizationprocess: falling transportation and communication costs, lowertrade and investment barriers
and enlarged markets that require enlarged operationscapable ofmeeting customer’s demands.
All theseare beneficial, not detrimental, toconsumers.
As productivity grows, theworld’s wealth increases.
4-Examples ofbenefits orcosts ofthe current concentration wave are scanty.
Yet itis hard to imagine that themerger ofa few oilfirms todaycould re-create thesamethreats to
competition that were feared nearly acentury ago in theU.S., when theStandard OilTrust was broken up.
The mergers oftelecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem tobring higher prices for consumers
ora reductionin thepace oftechnical progress.
On thecontrary, theprice ofcommunications is coming down fast.
14In cars, too,concentration isincreasing - witness Daimlerand Chrysler, Renault and Nissan - but itdoes
not appear that consumers are beinghurt.
5-Yet thefact remains thatthe merger movement mustbe watched.
A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against themegamergers in thebanking industry.
Whoisgoing to supervise, regulate andoperate as lender of lastresort with thegiganticbanks thatare
being created?
Won’t multinationalsshift production from one place toanother when anation gets toostrict about
infringements tofair competition?
And shouldonecountry takeuponitselfthe roleof“defending competition” onissues that affect many
other nations, as intheU.S.vs. Microsoft case?
33. Whatis thetypical trendof businesses today?
[A]to takeinmore foreign funds
[B]toinvest more abroad
[C]tocombine and become bigger
[D]to trade with morecountries
1534. According to theauthor, oneofthe driving forces behindM&A waveis________.
[A]thegreater customerdemands
[B]a surplus supplyfor themarket
[C]a growing productivity
[D]theincrease oftheworld’s wealth
35. From Paragraph 4wecan inferthat________.
[A]theincreasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B]WorldComserves as agood exampleofbothbenefits and costs
[C]the costs oftheglobalizationprocess are enormous
[D]theStandard Oil Trustmight have threatened competition
36. Toward the newbusinesswave, thewriter’s attitudecan besaid to be________.
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
162001-1 Text 5
1-When Idecided toquit my full timeemployment it never occurred tome thatI might become apart ofa
new international trend.
A lateral move thathurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted meto abandon my
relatively high profile career although, in themanner ofa disgraced government minister, Icovered my exit
byclaiming “Iwanted tospend moretimewith myfamily”.
2-Curiously, sometwo-and-a-halfyears and two novels later, myexperiment in what theAmericans term
“downshifting”has turned my tired excuseintoan absolutereality.
Ihave been transformed from apassionate advocate ofthephilosophy of“having itall,” preached byLinda
Kelsey for thepast seven years in thepage ofShe magazine, into awoman who ishappy tosettle forabit
ofeverything.
3-I havediscovered, as perhaps Kelsey willafter hermuch-publicized resignation from theeditorship of
She after abuild-up ofstress, that abandoning thedoctrine of“juggling your life,” and making the
alternativemoveinto “downshifting” brings withit far greaterrewards than financial success andsocial
status.
17Nothing could persuade me toreturn to thekind oflifeKelsey used to advocate and Ionce enjoyed:
12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, thefearful strain ofoffice politics and the limitationsof being a
parent on“qualitytime”.
4-In America, themoveaway from juggling to asimpler, less materialisticlifestyle isa well-established
trend. Downshifting -also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” -has,ironically, even bred anew
area ofwhat might betermed anti-consumerism.
There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives;
there are newsletters, such as TheTightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands ofAmericans useful
tips onanything from recycling theircling-film to making theirown soap;there are even support groups for
thosewho want toachieve themid-’90s equivalent ofdropping out.
5-While inAmerica thetrend started as areaction to theeconomic decline- after themass redundancies
caused bydownsizinginthelate ’80s -and isstilllinked to thepolitics ofthrift, in Britain, at least among
the middle-class downshifters ofmyacquaintance, wehave different reasons forseeking to simplify our
lives.
186-For thewomen ofmy generation who were urgedto keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting inthe
mid-’90sis not so much asearch forthemythical good life- growing your own organicvegetables, and
risking turning into one-as a personal recognition ofyour limitations.
37. Which ofthefollowing istrue accordingto Paragraph 1?
[A]Full-timeemployment is anew international trend.
[B]The writer was compelled bycircumstances to leave her job.
[C]“Alateral move” means stepping out offull-timeemployment.
[D]The writerwas only tooeager to spend more timewith herfamily.
38. Thewriter’sexperiment shows thatdownshifting ________.
[A]enables her torealizeherdream
[B]helps hermold anew philosophyof life
[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status
[D]leads herto accept the doctrineofShemagazine
39. “Juggling one’s life”probably means living alifecharacterized by ________.
[A]non-materialisticlifestyle
[B]a bitof everything
[C]extremestress
[D]anti-consumerism
40. According to thepassage, downshifting emerged in theU.S.as aresultof ________.
[A]thequick pace ofmodern life
[B]man’s adventurous spirit
[C]man’s search for mythical experiences
[D]theeconomic situation
192002-1 Text 1
1-If you intend using humorinyour talk to makepeople smile, you must knowhowto identify shared
experiences and problems.
Your humormustbe relevant tothe audience and shouldhelpto showthem that you are one ofthem orthat
you understand theirsituation andare insympathy with theirpointof view.
Depending onwhom you are addressing, theproblems will bedifferent.
If you are talking to agroup ofmanagers, you may refer tothedisorganized methods of theirsecretaries;
alternatively ifyou are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment ontheir disorganized bosses.
2-Here is an example, which Iheard at anurses’convention, ofa story which works well becausethe
audience all shared thesameviewof doctors.
A man arrives in heaven and is beingshown around bySt.Peter.
He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.
20Everyone is very peaceful, politeand friendly until,waiting inalinefor lunch, thenew arrival is suddenly
pushed aside byaman in a whitecoat, who rushes to thehead oftheline, grabs his food and stomps overto
a tablebyhimself.
“Whois that?” thenewarrival asked St.Peter. “Oh,that’s God,”came thereply, “but sometimes hethinks
he’s adoctor.”
3-If you are part ofthegroup,which you are addressing, you will bein a position to knowtheexperiences
and problems which are common toall ofyou and it’llbe appropriate foryou to make apassing remark
about theinediblecanteen food or thechairman’s notorious bad tastein ties.
With other audiences you mustn’tattempt to cut in with humoras they willresent anoutsidermaking
disparaging remarks about theircanteen ortheirchairman.
You willbe onsafer ground ifyou stick to scapegoats likethePostOffice orthetelephone system.
4-If you feel awkward being humorous, you mustpractice sothat it becomes morenatural.
21Include a fewcasual and apparentlyoff-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in arelaxed and unforced
manner.
Often it’s thedelivery which causes theaudience tosmile, so speak slowlyand remember that araised
eyebrow oran unbelieving look may helpto showthat you are making alight-hearted remark.
5-Look forthehumor.
It often comes from theunexpected.
A twistonafamiliar quote“If at first you don’tsucceed, give up”or aplay onwords oronasituation.
Search for exaggeration and understatements.
Lookat your talk andpick out afew words orsentences which you can turnabout and inject with humor.
21. To makeyourhumor work,you should________.
[A]takeadvantage ofdifferent kinds ofaudience
[B]make fun of thedisorganized people
[C]address different problems to different people
[D]showsympathy for your listeners
2222. Thejokeaboutdoctors implies that, in theeyes of nurses, they are ________.
[A]impolite tonew arrivals
[B]very conscious of theirgodlike role
[C]entitled tosomeprivileges
[D]very busyeven duringlunch hours
23. It can beinferred fromthe text thatpublicservices ________.
[A]have benefited many people
[B]are the focus of publicattention
[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D]have often been thelaughing stock
24. To achievethe desired result, humorous stories should bedelivered ________.
[A]in well-worded language
[B]as awkwardly as possible
[C]inexaggerated statements
[D]as casually as possible
25. Thebesttitle forthe text may be________.
[A]Use HumorEffectively
[B]Various Kinds of Humor
[C]Add Humorto Speech
[D]Different Humor Strategies
232002-1 Text 2
1-Since thedawn ofhuman ingenuity, peoplehave devised ever more cunning tools tocope with work that
is dangerous, boring, burdensome, orjustplain nasty.
That compulsion has resulted in robotics -thescience ofconferring various human capabilities on
machines.
And ifscientists have yet to create themechanical version of science fiction, they have begun tocome
close.
2-As aresult, themodern world is increasingly populated byintelligent gizmoswhose presence webarely
notice but whoseuniversal existencehas removed much humanlabor.
Our factories hum tothe rhythm ofrobot assembly arms.
Our banking is doneat automated tellerterminals that thank uswith mechanical politeness for the
transaction.
Our subway trains are controlled bytireless robot-drivers.
24And thankstothecontinual miniaturization ofelectronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot
systems that can perform somekindsof brain and bonesurgery with submillimeteraccuracy - far greater
precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve withtheirhands alone.
3-But ifrobots are to reach the next stage oflaborsaving utility, they will haveto operate withless human
supervision and beable to makeat least a few decisions for themselves -goals that posea real challenge.
“Whileweknow howto tella robot to handlea specificerror,”says Dave Lavery, manager ofa robotics
program at NASA, “we can’tyet give arobot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic
world.”
4-Indeed the quest fortrue artificial intelligence has producedvery mixed results.
Despite aspell ofinitialoptimisminthe1960s and 1970swhen it appeared that transistor circuits and
microprocessors might beable to copy theaction of thehumanbrain bytheyear 2010,researchers lately
have begun toextend that forecast bydecades if not centuries.
255-What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that thehuman brain’s roughly onehundred billion
nerve cells are much moretalented -and human perception far morecomplicated -than previously
imagined.
They have builtrobots that can recognizethe error ofamachine panel byafraction ofa millimeterin a
controlled factory environment.
But thehuman mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediatelydisregard the98percent that is
irrelevant, instantaneously focusing onthemonkey at theside ofawinding forest road or thesingle
suspicious faceinabig crowd.
The mostadvanced computersystems onEarth can’tapproach that kind ofability, and neuroscientistsstill
don’t knowquitehow wedoit.
26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
[A]theuse ofmachines to produce science fiction
[B]the wideuseof machines in manufacturing industry
[C]the inventionof toolsfor difficult and dangerous work
[D]theelite’scunning tackling ofdangerous and2b6oring work27. Theword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph 2)mostprobablymeans ________.
[A]programs
[B]experts
[C]devices
[D]creatures
28. According to thetext, whatis beyondman’s ability nowisto designarobotthatcan ________.
[A]fulfill delicate tasks likeperforming brain surgery
[B]interact with human beings verbally
[C]have a littlecommon sense
[D]respond independently to achanging world
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
[A]makea few decisions for themselves
[B]deal with someerrors with human intervention
[C]improve factory environments
[D]cultivatehuman creativity
30. Theauthoruses theexample ofamonkey to argue thatrobots are________.
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C]far less ablethan human brain in focusing onrelevant information
[D]best used inacontrolled environment
272002-1 Text 3
1-Could thebad old days ofeconomic declinebe about toreturn?
Since OPECagreed tosupply-cuts inMarch, theprice of crude oilhas jumped toalmost $26abarrel, up
from less than $10last December.
This near-tripling ofoil prices calls upscary memories of the1973oilshock, when prices quadrupled, and
1979-80, when they also almost tripled.
Both previous shocks resulted indouble-digit inflationand global economicdecline.
Sowhere are theheadlines warning ofgloom and doom thistime?
2-The oil price was given another pushupthisweek when Iraq suspended oil exports.
Strengthening economic growth, at the sametimeas winter grips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the
price higherstillin theshort term.
3-Yet there are good reasons to expect theeconomic consequences nowto beless severe thanin the1970s.
28In most countries thecost ofcrude oil nowaccounts for asmallershare ofthe price ofpetrol thanit did in
the 1970s.
In Europe, taxes account forupto four-fifths of theretail price, soeven quitebigchanges in theprice of
crude have amore muted effect onpumpprices than in thepast.
4-Rich economies are also less dependent onoil than they were, and so less sensitivetoswings in theoil
price.
Energy conservation, ashift to otherfuels and adecline in theimportance ofheavy, energy-intensive
industries have reduced oil consumption.
Software, consultancy and mobiletelephones usefar less oilthan steel orcar production.
For each dollarof GDP (in constant prices) rich economies nowuse nearly 50%less oil than in 1973.
The OECDestimates in itslatest Economic Outlookthat, ifoil prices averaged $22abarrel for afull year,
compared with$13in 1998,this would increase theoil importbill in rich economies byonly0.25-0.5% of
GDP.
29That is less than one-quarterof theincomeloss in1974or 1980.
On theotherhand, oil-importing emerging economies -to which heavy industry has shifted - have become
more energy-intensive, and socould bemore seriouslysqueezed.
5-One morereason notto losesleep overtherise inoilprices is that, unliketherises in the1970s,it has
not occurred against thebackground ofgeneral commodity-priceinflation and global excessdemand.
A sizableportion ofthe world is onlyjust emerging from economic decline.
TheEconomist’s commodityprice index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.
In 1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in 1979byalmost 30%.
31. Themain reason forthelatestrise ofoil price is________.
[A]global inflation
[B]reduction in supply
[C]fast growth in economy
[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports
3032. It can beinferred fromthe text thattheretail priceofpetrol will goupdramatically if________.
[A]price ofcrude rises
[B]commodity prices rise
[C]consumption rises
[D]oil taxes rise
33. Theestimates in Economic Outlookshowthatinrich countries ________.
[A]heavy industrybecomes more energy-intensive
[B]income lossmainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
[D]oil price changes havenosignificant impact onGDP
34. We can drawaconclusionfromthetext that ________.
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-priceshocks
[C]energy conservation can keep downtheoil prices
[D]theprice riseof crude leads to theshrinking of heavyindustry
35. From thetext wecan see thatthewriter seems ________.
[A]optimistic
[B]sensitive
[C]gloomy
[D]scared
312002-1 Text 4
1-The Supreme Court’s decisions onphysician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how
medicine seeks torelieve dying patients ofpain and suffering.
2-Although it ruled thatthere is noconstitutionalright to physician-assisted suicide, theCourt ineffect
supported themedical principle of“doubleeffect,”a centuries-old moral principleholding that an action
having two effects -a good onethat is intended anda harmful one that isforeseen -is permissibleifthe
actor intends only thegood effect.
3-Doctors have used that principle inrecent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphineto control
terminally ill patients’ pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually killthe patient.
4-Nancy Dubler, director ofMontefiore Medical Center, contends that theprinciplewill shield doctors
who “untilnow havevery, very strongly insisted that they couldnot give patients sufficient mediation to
control their pain ifthat might hasten death.”
325-George Annas, chair of thehealth law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a
doctor prescribes adrug fora legitimate medical purpose, thedoctorhas donenothing illegal even ifthe
patient uses thedrug to hasten death.
“It’s likesurgery,”he says.
“Wedon’t call thosedeaths homicides because thedoctors didn’t intend tokilltheir patients, although they
risked theirdeath.
If you’re aphysician, you can risk your patient’s suicideas longas you don’tintend their suicide.”
6-On anotherlevel, many in themedical community acknowledge that theassisted-suicidedebate has been
fueled in part bythedespair of patients forwhom modern medicinehas prolonged thephysical agony of
dying.
7-Just three weeks before theCourt’sruling onphysician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of
Science (NAS) released a two-volumereport, Approaching Death: Improving Careat theEndof Life.
33It identifies theundertreatment ofpainand theaggressiveuseof “ineffectual and forced medical
procedures that mayprolong and even dishonorthe period ofdying”as thetwin problems ofend-of-life
care.
8-The profession is taking steps to require young doctors totrain inhospices, totest knowledge of
aggressivepain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code forhospital-based care, and to
develop newstandards for assessing and treating pain at theend of life.
9-Annas says lawyers can play a key role ininsisting that these well-meaning medical initiativestranslate
into bettercare.
“Large numbers ofphysicians seem unconcerned with thepaintheirpatients are needlessly and predictably
suffering,”to theextent that itconstitutes “systematic patient abuse.”
He says medical licensing boards “mustmake itclear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are
incompetently managed and shouldresult inlicense suspension.”
3436. From thefirstthree paragraphs, welearn that ________.
[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control theirpatients’pain
[B]it is stillillegal for doctors to help thedying endtheirlives
[C]the SupremeCourt strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
[D]patients have noconstitutionalright to commitsuicide
37. Which ofthefollowing statements is true according to thetext?
[A]Doctors willbeheld guilty ifthey risk their patients’death.
[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally illpatients in painless recovery.
[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.
[D]Adoctor’s medication is nolongerjustified byhis intentions.
38. According to theNAS’sreport, oneof theproblems inend-of-lifecare is________.
[A]prolonged medical procedures
[B]inadequate treatment of pain
[C]systematic drug abuse
[D]insufficient hospitalcare
39. Which ofthefollowing bestdefines theword “aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph 7)?
[A]Bold
[B]Harmful
[C]Careless
[D]Desperate
40. George Annaswould probably agree thatdoctors shouldbepunishedif they ________.
[A]manage theirpatients incompetently
[B]give patients moremedicine thanneeded
[C]reduce drug dosages for theirpatients
[D]prolong theneedless suffering ofthe patients
352003-1 Text 1
1-Wild Bill Donovan would have lovedtheInternet.
The American spymasterwho builttheOffice of StrategicServices in theWorldWarII and laterlaid the
roots for theCIA was fascinated with information.
Donovan believed in using whatever toolscame to hand in the“great game”of espionage -spying as a
“profession.”
These days the Net, which has already re-madesuch everyday pastimes as buying books and sendingmail,
is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
2-The latest revolution isn’t simplyamatter ofgentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail.
That kindof electronic spying has been going onfor decades.
In the past three orfour years, theWorldWideWebhas givenbirth to awholeindustry of point-and-click
spying.
36The spookscall it“open-source intelligence,” and as theNet grows, it isbecoming increasingly influential.
In 1995the CIA held a contest tosee who could compilethemostdata about Burundi.
The winner, bya large margin, was a tinyVirginia company called OpenSource Solutions, whose clear
advantage was itsmastery ofthe electronic world.
3-Among the firms making thebiggest splash inthis new world is Straitford, Inc. ,aprivate
intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.
Straitford makes moneybyselling theresults ofspying (covering nations from Chileto Russia)to
corporations likeenergy-services firm McDermott International.
Many of itspredictions are available onlineat www.straitford.com.
4-Straitford president George Friedman says he sees theonlineworld as akind ofmutually reinforcing tool
for both information collection and distribution, aspymaster’s dream.
Last week his firm was busy vacuuming updata bitsfrom the far corners oftheworld and predicting a
crisis in Ukraine.
37“As soon as that report runs, we’llsuddenly get 500newInternet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a
former political science professor.
“And we’llhear back from someofthem.”
Open-source spying does have itsrisks, of course, sinceit can bedifficult to tell good information from
bad.
That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
5-Friedman relies ona lean staff of20in Austin.
Several ofhis staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds.
He sees thefirm’s outsiderstatus as thekey to itssuccess.
Straitford’s briefs don’t soundliketheusual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid
dramatic declarations onthechance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes prideinits
independent voice.
3821. Theemergence ofthe Net has________.
[A]received support from fans likeDonovan
[B]remolded theintelligence services
[C]restored many common pastimes
[D]revived spying as aprofession
22. Donovan’s story ismentioned in thetext to ________.
[A]introduce thetopicofonlinespying
[B]show howhefought fortheU.S.
[C]give an episodeof theinformation war
[D]honor hisuniqueservices totheCIA
23. Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(Line1,Paragraph 3)most probably means ________.
[A]causing thebiggest trouble
[B]exerting thegreatest effort
[C]achieving the greatest success
[D]enjoying thewidest popularity
24. It can belearned fromParagraph 4that________.
[A]Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B]Straitford guarantees the truthfulness ofitsinformation
[C]Straitford’s business is characterized byunpredictability
[D]Straitford is ableto provide fairly reliable information
45. Straitford is most proudof its ________.
[A]official status
[B]nonconformist image
[C]efficient staff
[D]military background
392003-1 Text 2
1-To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for thetriumph ofamisguided
cause is that good peopledonothing.”
One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because ofthe theory that animals have rights ruling
out theiruse in research.
Scientists need torespond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whosearguments are confusing the public
and thereby threatening advances inhealth knowledge andcare.
Leaders oftheanimal rights movement target biomedical research becauseit depends onpublicfunding,
and few peopleunderstand theprocess ofhealth care research.
Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, manyare perplexed that anyone would
deliberately harm an animal.
2-For example, agrandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was
distributinga brochure that encouraged readers not touse anything thatcomes from or istested inanimals -
nomeat, nofur, nomedicines.
40Asked ifsheopposed immunizations, shewanted to knowifvaccines come from animal research.
When assured that theydo,shereplied, “Then Iwould have to say yes.”
Asked what will happen whenepidemics return, shesaid, “Don’t worry, scientists willfind someway of
using computers.”
Such well-meaning people justdon’t understand.
3-Scientists mustcommunicate theirmessage to thepublicin acompassionate, understandableway -in
human terms, not inthelanguage of molecularbiology.
Weneed tomake clear theconnection between animal research and agrandmother’s hipreplacement, a
father’sbypass operation,a baby’svaccinations, and even apet’s shots.
Tothose who are unawarethat animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new
treatments andvaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best andcruel at worst.
4-Much can be done.
41Scientists could“adopt” middleschoolclasses and present their own research.
They should bequick to respond toletters to theeditor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged
and acquire adeceptiveappearance oftruth.
Research institutionscould be opened totours, to showthat laboratory animals receive humanecare.
Finally, because theultimatestakeholders are patients, thehealth research communityshould actively
recruit to itscause not onlywell-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous
statements about thevalueof animal research, but all who receivemedical treatment.
If good peopledonothing, there isa real possibility thatan uninformed citizenry will extinguish the
precious embers ofmedical progress.
26. Theauthorbeginshisarticle withEdmund Burke’s wordsto ________.
[A]call onscientists to takesomeactions
[B]criticizethe misguided cause of animal rights
[C]warn of thedoom ofbiomedical research
[D]showthe triumphofthe animal rights movement
4227. Misled peopletend to thinkthatusing an animal in research is ________.
[A]cruel but natural
[B]inhuman and unacceptable
[C]inevitable butvicious
[D]pointless and wasteful
28. Theexample ofthegrandmotherly woman isused to showthepublic’s ________.
[A]discontent with animal research
[B]ignorance about medical science
[C]indifference toepidemics
[D]anxietyabout animal rights
29. Theauthorbelieves that, in face ofthechallengefromanimal rights advocates, scientists should
________.
[A]communicate morewith thepublic
[B]employ hi-tech means inresearch
[C]feel noshame fortheir cause
[D]striveto develop new cures
30. From thetext welearn thatStephen Cooperis ________.
[A]awell-known humanist
[B]a medical practitioner
[C]an enthusiast inanimal rights
[D]asupporter of animal research
432003-1 Text 3
1-In recent years, railroads have been combiningwith each other, merging into supersystems, causing
heightened concerns about monopoly.
As recently as 1995,thetop fourrailroads accounted for under 70percent ofthe totalton-miles moved by
rails.
Next year, after aseries ofmergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over90percent of all
the freight movedbymajorrail carriers.
2-Supporters ofthenew supersystems argue that these mergers will allowforsubstantial cost reductions
and bettercoordinated service.
Any threat ofmonopoly, theyargue, is removed byfierce competition from trucks.
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulkcommodities traveling longdistances, such as coal,
chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly andtherailroads therefore have them bythethroat.
3-The vast consolidation within therail industry means that most shippers are served byonly onerail
company.
44Railroads typically charge such “captive”shippers 20to 30percent morethan they do when another
railroad is competing for thebusiness.
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have theright toappeal to thefederal government’s Surface
Transportation Board for rate relief, butthe process is expensive, time-consuming, andwill work onlyin
truly extremecases.
4-Railroads justify ratediscrimination against captive shippers onthe grounds that inthe longrun it
reduces everyone’s cost.
If railroads charged all customers the sameaverage rate, they argue,shippers whohavethe optionof
switching to trucks or otherforms of transportation would doso,leaving remaining customers to shoulder
the costof keeping uptheline.
It’sa theory towhich many economists subscribe, but inpractice itoften leaves railroads inthepositionof
determining which companies will flourish and which willfail.
“Do wereally want railroads to be thearbiters ofwho wins and who loses in themarketplace?” asks Martin
Bercovici, aWashington lawyer whofrequently represents shippers.
455-Many captiveshippers also worry theywill soonbe hitwith a roundofhuge rate increases.
The railroad industry as awhole, despiteitsbrightening fortunes, stilldoes not earn enough to cover the
cost of thecapital it mustinvest to keep upwith itssurging traffic.
Yet railroads continueto borrowbillionsto acquire oneanother, with WallStreet cheering them on.
Considerthe$10.2billion bid byNorfolk Southern and CSXto acquire Conrail thisyear.
Conrail’s net railway operating incomein 1996was just$427million, less than half ofthecarrying costs of
the transaction.
Who’s going to pay fortherest ofthebill?
Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern andCSXincrease theirgrip onthe market.
31. According to thosewho supportmergers, railwaymonopoly is unlikely because________.
[A]cost reduction is based oncompetition
[B]services call for cross-tradecoordination
[C]outside competitors willcontinue toexist
[D]shippers willhave therailway bythethroat
4632. Whatis many captiveshippers’ attitudetowards theconsolidationintherail industry?
[A]Indifferent.
[B]Supportive.
[C]Indignant.
[D]Apprehensive.
33. It can beinferred fromParagraph 3that ________.
[A]shippers willbecharged less withouta rival railroad
[B]there will soon beonly one railroad company nationwide
[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely toappeal forrate relief
[D]agovernment board ensures fair play in railway business
34. Theword“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph 4)mostprobably refers to those________.
[A]whowork as coordinators
[B]who function as judges
[C]who supervisetransactions
[D]whodetermine theprice
35. According to thetext, thecost increase inthe rail industry is mainlycaused by________.
[A]thecontinuing acquisition
[B]the growing traffic
[C]the cheering WallStreet
[D]theshrinking market
472003-1 Text 4
1-It issaid that inEngland death is pressing, in Canada inevitableandin California optional.Small
wonder.
Americans’ lifeexpectancy has nearly doubled over thepast century.
Failing hipscan bereplaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a30-minutesurgical
procedure.
Such advances offer theaging population a qualityoflife that was unimaginablewhen Ientered medicine
50years ago.
But not evena great health-care system cancure death -and ourfailure to confront that reality now
threatens this greatness ofours.
2-Death is normal; we are genetically programmed todisintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.
Weall understand that at somelevel, yet as medical consumers we treat death as aproblem to besolved.
Shielded bythird-party payers from thecost of ourcare, wedemand everything that can possibly bedone
for us,even ifit’suseless.
48The mostobvious exampleis late-stage cancer care.
Physicians -frustrated bytheirinability to cure thedisease andfearing loss ofhope inthe patient -toooften
offer aggressive treatment far beyond what isscientifically justified.
3-In 1950,theU.S. spent $12.7billiononhealth care. In 2002,thecost will be$1,540billion.
Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.
Yet few seem willingtotry to reverse it.
Somescholars conclude that agovernment withfinite resources should simplystop paying for medical care
that sustains lifebeyond acertain age -say83or so.
Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that theold and infirm “havea dutyto
die and get out oftheway,”so that younger, healthier peoplecan realizetheir potential.
4-I would not go that far.
Energeticpeople nowroutinely work through their60s andbeyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.
49At 78,Viacom chairman SumnerRedstonejokingly claims to be 53.
Supreme CourtJustice SandraDay O’Connoris in her 70s, andformer surgeon general C.Everett Koop
chairs an Internet start-up in his80s.
These leaders are living proofthat prevention works and that we can manage thehealth problems that come
naturally withage.
As a mere68-year-old, Iwish to age as productively as they have.
5-Yet there are limits towhat asociety canspend in thispursuit.
As a physician, Iknow themostcostly and dramaticmeasures may be ineffectiveand painful.
Ialso knowthat peopleinJapan and Sweden, countries that spend farless onmedical care, have achieved
longer, healthierlives than wehave.
As a nation, wemay beoverfunding thequest for unlikelycures whileunderfunding research on humbler
therapies that could improve people’s lives.
5036. Whatis impliedin thefirst sentence?
[A]Americans are better prepared fordeath than other people.
[B]Americans enjoy ahigher lifequality than ever before.
[C]Americans are over-confident oftheirmedical technology.
[D]Americans take avain pride intheir long lifeexpectancy.
37. Theauthoruses theexample ofcancer patients toshowthat________.
[A]medical resources are often wasted
[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C]some treatments are tooaggressive
[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable
38. Theauthor’s attitudetoward Richard Lamm’s remark isoneof ________.
[A]strong disapproval
[B]reserved consent
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiasticsupport
39. In contrast to theU.S., Japanand Swedenare funding theirmedical care ________.
[A]more flexibly
[B]more extravagantly
[C]more cautiously
[D]more reasonably
40. Thetext intendsto express the idea that ________.
[A]medicinewill further prolong people’s lives
[B]life beyondacertain limit isnot worth living
[C]death should beaccepted as afact of life
[D]excessivedemands increase the costof health care
512004-1 Text 1
1-Hunting for ajob late lastyear, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, ajobdatabase on
the Internet.
He searched itwith no success but was attracted bythesite’s“personal search agent.”
It’san interactivefeature that letsvisitors key in jobcriteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails
them when amatching positionis posted inthedatabase.
Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, andWashington, D.C.
Three weeks later, hegot his first notification ofan opening.
“Istruck gold,” says Redmon,who E-mailed his resume to theemployer and wonapositionas in-house
counsel fora company.
2-With thousands of career-related sites ontheInternet, finding promising openings canbe
time-consuming and inefficient.
Search agents reducetheneed for repeated visits tothe databases.
52But although asearch agent worked for Redmon,career experts see drawbacks.
Narrowing your criteria, forexample, may work against you: “Every timeyou answer a questionyou
eliminatea possibility.” says one expert.
3-For any job search, you should start with anarrow concept -what you thinkyou want todo- then
broaden it.
“Noneof theseprograms dothat,”says another expert.
“There’s no career counseling implicitinall of this.”
Instead, thebest strategy isto use theagent as akindoftip service tokeep abreast ofjobs ina particular
database; when you get E-mail, consider it areminder tocheck thedatabase again.
“Iwould not rely onagents forfinding everything that isadded to a database that might interest me,” says
the authorofajob-searching guide.
4-Somesites design theiragents to tempt jobhunters toreturn.
53When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages tothosewho have signed upfor its service, forexample, it
includes onlythree potential jobs -thoseit considers the best matches.
There may be morematches inthedatabase; job hunters will have tovisit thesiteagain to find them -and
they do.
“On theday after wesendour messages, wesee asharp increase in ourtraffic,” says Seth Peets, vice
president ofmarketing for CareerSite.
5-Even thosewho aren’thunting for jobsmay find search agents worthwhile.
Someusethem to keep aclose watch onthe demand for theirlineofwork orgather information on
compensation toarm themselves when negotiating fora raise.
Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder.
“You always keep your eyes open,”he says.
Working witha personal search agent means havinganother set ofeyes looking outfor you.
5421. HowdidRedmon find his job?
[A]By searching openings in ajob database.
[B]By posting amatching positionina database.
[C]By using aspecial service ofa database.
[D]By E-mailing his resumeto adatabase.
22. Which ofthefollowing can beadisadvantageofsearch agents?
[A]Lack ofcounseling.
[B]Limited numberof visits.
[C]Lower efficiency.
[D]Fewer successful matches.
23. Theexpression “tip service”(Line4,Paragraph 3)mostprobably means ________.
[A]advisory
[B]compensation
[C]interaction
[D]reminder
24. Whydoes CareerSite’s agentoffer each job hunter onlythree job options?
[A]Tofocus onbetterjob matches.
[B]To attract morereturning visits.
[C]To reserve space for more messages.
[D]Toincrease therate ofsuccess.
25. Which ofthefollowing istrue accordingto thetext?
[A]Personal search agents are indispensable tojob-hunters.
[B]Somesites keep E-mailing jobseekers to trace theirdemands.
[C]Personal search agents are also helpful to thosealready employed.
[D]Someagents stop sending information to people oncethey are employed.
552004-1 Text 2
1-Over thepast century, all kindsof unfairness and discrimination havebeen condemned ormade illegal.
But oneinsidiousform continues tothrive: alphabetism.
This, for thoseas yet unaware ofsucha disadvantage, refers to discrimination against thosewhose
surnames begin with aletter inthe lowerhalf ofthealphabet.
2-It has longbeen known that ataxifirm called AAAA cars has a bigadvantage overZodiac cars when
customers thumbthrough theirphone directories.
Less well known is theadvantage that Adam Abbott has inlifeover ZoëZysman.
English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of thealphabet.
Yet asuspiciouslylarge number oftop peoplehave surnames beginning withletters between Aand K.
3-Thus the American president andvice-president have surnames starting withB and Crespectively; and
26ofGeorge Bush’s predecessors (including hisfather) had surnames inthe first halfof thealphabet
against just 16inthesecond half.
56Even morestriking, sixof theseven heads of government ofthe G7 rich countries are alphabetically
advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétienand Koizumi).
The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all closeto thetop of the
alphabet, even ifoneof themreally uses Japanese characters.
As are theworld’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellisonand Albrecht).
4-Can thismerely becoincidence?
One theory, dreamt upin all thespare timeenjoyed bythealphabetically disadvantaged, is that therot sets
in early.
At the start ofthefirst year ininfant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from thefront, to makeit
easier toremember theirnames.
Soshort-sighted Zysman juniorgets stuck in theback row, and is rarely asked theimprovingquestions
posed by those insensitiveteachers.
At the timethealphabetically disadvantaged may thinkthey have had a lucky escape.
57Yet theresult maybeworse qualifications, because they get less individualattention, as well as less
confidence in speaking publicly.
5-The humiliationcontinues.
At university graduation ceremonies, theABCs proudly get theirawards first;bythetimethey reach the
Zysmans most people are literallyhaving aZZZ.
Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, listsof conference speakers andattendees: all tend tobe
drawn upalphabetically, and their recipients loseinterest as they plough through them.
26. Whatdoes theauthorintend toillustrate with AAA Acars andZodiaccars?
[A]Akind of overlooked inequality.
[B]A type ofconspicuous bias.
[C]A type ofpersonal prejudice.
[D]Akind of brand discrimination.
27. Whatcan weinferfromthefirstthree paragraphs?
[A]In bothEast and West,names are essential to success.
[B]The alphabet is toblame forthefailure of Zoë Zysman.
[C]Customers often payalot of attentionto companies’names.
58
[D]Someform of discriminationis too subtleto recognize.28. The4th paragraphsuggests that________.
[A]questions are often put to themore intelligent students
[B]alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
[C]teachers should pay attention to all oftheirstudents
[D]students shouldbe seated according to theireyesight
29. Whatdoes theauthormean by“most peopleareliterally havingaZZZ”(Lines2-3, Paragraph
5)?
[A]They are gettingimpatient.
[B]They are noisilydozingoff.
[C]They are feeling humiliated.
[D]They are busywith word puzzles.
30. Which ofthefollowing istrue accordingto thetext?
[A]Peoplewith surnames beginning with Nto Zare often ill-treated.
[B]VIPs intheWestern world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C]The campaign toeliminate alphabetism stillhas alongway togo.
[D]Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
592004-1 Text 3
1-When it comes totheslowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t bitingher nailsjust yet.
But the47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, fillingor polishingas many nails as she’d liketo, either.
Most ofher clients spend$12to $50weekly, butlast month two longtimecustomers suddenly stopped
showing up.
Spero blames thesoftening economy.
“I’m agood economic indicator,”shesays.
“Iprovidea service that people candowithout when they’re concerned about savingsome dollars.”
SoSpero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department storenear her suburban Cleveland
home, instead ofNeiman Marcus.
“Idon’t knowifother clients are going toabandon me, too.” shesays.
2-Even before Alan Greenspan’sadmission that America’sred-hot economy is cooling, lotsofworking
folks had already seen signs ofthe slowdown themselves.
60From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging formonths as shoppers tempertheir spending.
For retailers, who last year took in 24percent of theirrevenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the
cautious approach is coming at acrucial time.
Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7percent from last year’s pace.
But don’t sound any alarms justyet.
3-Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and manysay they remain optimisticabout the
economy’s long-term prospects, even as they dosomemodest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they’re not indespair because, despitethedreadful headlines, theirown fortunes stillfeel
pretty good.
Home prices are holding steady inmost regions.
In Manhattan, “there’s anew goldrush happening in the$4million to $10million range,predominantly fed
byWall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran.
61In San Francisco, prices are stillrising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.
“Instead of 20to 30offers, nowmaybeyou only get two or three,”says John Tealdi, a BayArea real-estate
broker.
And mostfolks stillfeel pretty comfortable about their abilityto find and keepajob.
4-Many folks see silverlinings to thisslowdown.
Potential homebuyers would cheer for lowerinterest rates.
Employers wouldn’t minda littlefewerbubbles inthejob market.
Many consumers seem to havebeen influenced bystock-market swings, which investors now viewas a
necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.
Diners might see an upside, too.
Getting a tableat Manhattan’s hot newAlain Ducasse restaurant used tobeimpossible.
Not anymore.
For that, Greenspan & Co.may stillbe worth toasting.
6231. By “EllenSpero isn’tbitingher nails justyet”(Lines1-2, Paragraph 1),theauthormeans _____.
[A]Spero canhardly maintain herbusiness
[B]Spero istoomuch engaged in herwork
[C]Spero has grown outof her bad habit
[D]Spero isnot in adesperate situation
32. Howdothepublicfeel aboutthe current economicsituation?
[A]Optimistic.
[B]Confused.
[C]Carefree.
[D]Panicked.
33. When mentioning“the $4million to$10millionrange”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) theauthoris
talkingabout________.
[A]gold market
[B]real estate
[C]stock exchange
[D]venture investment
34. Whycan many peoplesee“silverlinings”to the economicslowdown?
[A]They would benefit in certain ways.
[B]The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C]Such a slowdown usually precedes aboom.
[D]The purchasing power would be enhanced.
35. To which ofthefollowing isthe authorlikely to agree?
[A]Anew boom,onthehorizon.
[B]Tighten thebelt, thesingle remedy.
[C]Caution all right, panicnot.
[D]The moreventures, themorechances.
632004-1 Text 4
1-Americans today don’t place avery high valueonintellect.
Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.
Even ourschools are where we send ourchildren to get apractical education - not topursue knowledge for
the sakeofknowledge.
Symptoms ofpervasive anti-intellectualism inour schools aren’t difficult tofind.
2-“Schools havealways been in asociety where practical ismore important than intellectual,”says
education writer Diane Ravitch.
“Schoolscould be acounterbalance.”
Ravitch’slatest book, LeftBack: A Century ofFailed School Reforms,traces theroots of
anti-intellectualism in ourschools, concluding they are anything but acounterbalance to theAmerican
distastefor intellectual pursuits.
643-But they could and shouldbe.
Encouraging kids toreject thelifeofthemind leaves them vulnerable to exploitationand control.
Without theability tothink critically, to defend their ideas and understand theideas ofothers, they cannot
fully participate in ourdemocracy.
Continuingalong thispath, says writer Earl Shorris,“Wewillbecome a second-ratecountry. Wewillhave
a less civil society.”
4-“Intellect is resented as aform ofpoweror privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter
in Anti-Intellectualismin American Life,a Pulitzer-Prizewinning bookontheroots of anti-intellectualism
in US politics,religion, and education.
From thebeginning of ourhistory, says Hofstadter, ourdemocraticand populisturges have driven us to
reject anything that smells ofelitism.
65Practicality, common sense, and nativeintelligence havebeen considered morenoble qualities than
anything you could learn from abook.
5-Ralph Waldo Emerson and otherTranscendentalist philosophersthought schooling and rigorous book
learning put unnatural restraints onchildren: “Weare shut upin schools and college recitation rooms for10
or15years and comeout at last with abellyful ofwords and donot knowathing.”
Mark Twain’s HuckleberryFinn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.
Its hero avoids beingcivilized - going toschool and learning toread -so hecan preserve his innate
goodness.
6-Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a qualitywe reluctantly admire.
Intellect is thecritical, creative, and contemplative sideofthemind.
66Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, whileintellect examines, ponders, wonders,
theorizes, criticizes andimagines.
7-School remains aplace where intellect ismistrusted.
Hofstadter says ourcountry’seducational system is in thegrips ofpeople who “joyfully and militantly
proclaim theirhostility to intellect andtheireagerness toidentify with children who showthe least
intellectual promise.”
36. Whatdo American parents expect their children to acquire inschool?
[A]The habit ofthinkingindependently.
[B]Profound knowledge oftheworld.
[C]Practical abilities for futurecareer.
[D]The confidence inintellectual pursuits.
37. We can learn fromthetext thatAmericans haveahistory of________.
[A]undervaluing intellect
[B]favoring intellectualism
[C]supporting school reform
[D]suppressing nativeintelligence
6738. TheviewsofRavitch andEmerson on schoolingare ________.
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]complementary
[D]opposite
39. Emerson, according to thetext, is probably________.
[A]apioneer of education reform
[B]an opponent ofintellectualism
[C]a scholar in favorof intellect
[D]an advocate ofregular schooling
40. Whatdoes theauthorthinkof intellect?
[A]It is second tointelligence.
[B]It evolves from common sense.
[C]It isto bepursued.
[D]It underlies power.
682005-1 Text 1
1-Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
Yet pleasure at your own can vanish ifyou learn that acolleague has been given abigger one.
Indeed, ifhe has areputation for slacking, you might even beoutraged.
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,”with theunderlying assumptionthat other animals would
not be capable ofthisfinely developed senseof grievance.
But astudybySarah Brosnan andFrans de Waal ofEmory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just
been published inNature,suggests thatit is all toomonkey,as well.
2-The researchers studied thebehaviour offemale brown capuchin monkeys.
They lookcute.
They are good-natured, co-operativecreatures, and they share theirfood readily.
Above all, liketheirfemale human counterparts, they tend topay much closer attention tothe valueof
“goods and services”than males.
693-Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. dewaal’s study.
The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens forfood.
Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces ofrock for slices ofcucumber.
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoiningchambers, so that each could observe
what theotherwas gettingin return for itsrock, theirbehaviour became markedly different.
4-In theworld ofcapuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable tocucumbers).
Sowhen onemonkey was handed a grape in exchange for hertoken, thesecond was reluctant to handhers
over for amere piece ofcucumber.
And ifone received agrape withouthaving toprovide her tokenin exchange at all, theother either tossed
her own token at theresearcher oroutof thechamber, orrefused toaccept thesliceof cucumber.
Indeed, the merepresence of agrape in theotherchamber (without an actual monkey toeat it)was enough
to induce resentment inafemale capuchin.
705-The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, likehumans, are guided bysocial emotions.
In the wild,they are aco-operative, group-living species.
Such co-operation is likely to bestableonly when each animal feels it isnot being cheated.
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not thepreserve ofpeoplealone.
Refusing a lesserreward completely makes thesefeelings abundantly clear to other members of thegroup.
However, whether such a senseoffairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it
stems from thecommon ancestor that thespecies had 35million years ago, is,as yet, anunanswered
question.
21.In theopeningparagraph, theauthorintroduces histopicby ________.
[A]posingacontrast
[B]justifying anassumption
[C]making a comparison
[D]explainingaphenomenon 7122.Thestatement“it isall too monkey”(Lastline, Paragraph l)implies that________.
[A]monkeys are also outraged byslack rivals
[B]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’nature
[C]monkeys, likehumans, tend tobe jealous of each other
[D]noanimals otherthan monkeys can develop such emotions
23.Female capuchinmonkeys werechosen fortheresearch most probablybecause they are _______.
[A]more inclined to weigh what they get
[B]attentive toresearchers’instructions
[C]nice in bothappearanceand temperament
[D]more generous than theirmalecompanions
24.Dr. BrosnanandDr. deWaal haveeventually foundintheir studythatthemonkeys ________.
[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B]can be taught to exchange things
[C]will not beco-operative iffeeling cheated
[D]are unhappy when separated from others
25.Whatcan weinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]Animals usuallyshow theirfeelings openly as humans do.
[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stableonly in thewild.
722005-1 Text 2
1-Do you remember all thoseyears when scientistsargued that smoking would killus but thedoubters
insisted that we didn’t knowfor sure?
That the evidence was inconclusive, thescience uncertain?
That the antismokinglobby was out to destroy our way of lifeandthegovernment should stay out ofthe
way?
Lots ofAmericans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some10million smokers went to early
graves.
2-There are upsettingparallels today, as scientistsin onewave after another trytoawaken usto the
growing threat of global warming.
The latest was a panel from theNational Academy ofSciences, enlisted bythe WhiteHouse, totell us that
the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that theproblem is largely man-made.
The clear message isthat we should get movingto protect ourselves.
73The president ofthe National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this keypoint inthe preface tothepanel’s
report: “Science never has all theanswers.
But science does provide us with thebest availableguide tothe future, andit iscritical that ournation and
the world baseimportant policies onthebest judgments that science canprovide concerning thefuture
consequences ofpresent actions.”
3-Just as onsmoking, voices nowcomefrom many quarters insisting that thescience about global
warming is incomplete, that it’s OKto keep pouring fumes intothe airuntil weknowfor sure.
This is adangerous game: bythetime100 percent of theevidence is in, it may betoo late.
With the risksobvious and growing, aprudent people would take outan insurance policy now.
4-Fortunately, theWhiteHouse isstarting topay attention.
But it’s obviousthat amajority ofthepresident’s advisers stilldon’ttake global warming seriously.
74Instead ofa plan ofaction, they continuetopress for moreresearch - aclassic case of“paralysis by
analysis.”
5-To serveas responsiblestewards of theplanet, we mustpress forward ondeeper atmospheric and
oceanicresearch.
But research aloneis inadequate.
If theAdministration won’t takethe legislative initiative, Congress should helpto beginfashioning
conservation measures.
A billby DemocraticSenator Robert Byrd ofWest Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for
private industry, is apromisingstart.
Many see that thecountry isgetting ready to build lotsofnew power plants to meet ourenergyneeds.
If weare ever going to protect theatmosphere, it iscrucial that thosenew plants beenvironmentally sound.
7526.An argument made by supporters ofsmokingwasthat ________.
[A]there was noscientificevidence of thecorrelation between smoking and death
[B]the numberof early deaths ofsmokers in thepast decades was insignificant
[C]people had thefreedom to choosetheirown way oflife
[D]antismokingpeople were usually talking nonsense
27.According to BruceAlberts, science can serve as ________.
[A]aprotector
[B]a judge
[C]a critic
[D]aguide
28.Whatdoes theauthormean by“paralysis byanalysis”(Last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A]Endless studies killaction.
[B]Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D]Extensiveresearch helps decision-making.
29.According to theauthor, whatshould theAdministration doaboutglobalwarming?
[A]Offeraid tobuild cleaner power plants.
[B]Raise publicawareness ofconservation.
[C]Press forfurther scientific research.
[D]Take somelegislativemeasures.
30.Theauthorassociates theissueof globalwarming with thatof smokingbecause________.
[A]theyboth suffered from thegovernment’s negligence
[B]a lesson from the latteris applicable tothe former
[C]the outcomeofthelatter aggravates theformer
76
[D]both ofthem have turned from bad toworse2005-1 Text 3
1-Of all thecomponents ofagood night’s sleep, dreams seem to beleast withinour control.
In dreams, a windowopens into aworld where logic issuspended and deadpeople speak.
A century ago, Freud formulated hisrevolutionary theory that dreams were thedisguised shadows ofour
unconscious desires and fears; bythelate1970s, neurologists had switched tothinkingof themas just
“mental noise”-the random byproducts oftheneural-repairwork that goes onduring sleep.
Now researchers suspect that dreams are part ofthemind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while
the brain is “off-line.”
And oneleading authority says thatthese intensely powerful mental events can be notonly harnessed but
actually brought underconscious control, tohelp us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind
Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.
“If you don’tlikeit, change it.”
2-Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.
77The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement)sleep - whenmostvivid dreams occur -as it is
when fully awake, says Dr, EricNofzinger at theUniversity ofPittsburgh.
But not all parts ofthebrain are equally involved; thelimbicsystem (the“emotional brain”)is especially
active, whiletheprefrontal cortex (thecenter ofintellect and reasoning) isrelatively quiet.
“Wewake upfrom dreams happy ordepressed, and thosefeelings can stay with us all day.”says Stanford
sleep researcherDr. William Dement.
3-The link between dreams andemotions shows upamong thepatients inCartwright’s clinic.
Most people seem tohave morebad dreams early inthenight, progressing toward happier ones before
awakening, suggesting that they are working through negativefeelings generated during theday.
Because our conscious mind isoccupied with daily lifewe don’t always think about theemotional
significance of theday’sevents -until, itappears, we begin to dream.
4-And thisprocess need not beleft to theunconscious.
78Cartwright believes onecan exercise conscious control overrecurring bad dreams.
As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about thedream.
Visualizehowyou would likeitto end instead; thenexttimeitoccurs, trytowake upjust enoughto
control its course.
With much practice peoplecan learn to, literally, doitintheirsleep.
5-At the end oftheday, there’s probably littlereason to pay attention to ourdreams at all unless they keep
us from sleeping or“wewake upin apanic,”Cartwright says.
Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings ofinsecurity haveincreased people’s anxiety.
Those suffering from persistent nightmares shouldseek help from a therapist.
For therest ofus, thebrain has itsways ofworking through badfeelings.
Sleep -orrather dream -onit and you’ll feel better in themorning.
7931.Researchers havecome to believethatdreams ________.
[A]can bemodified intheircourses
[B]are susceptible to emotional changes
[C]reflect ourinnermost desires and fears
[D]are arandom outcomeof neural repairs
32.By referringto thelimbic system, theauthorintendsto show________.
[A]itsfunction in ourdreams
[B]the mechanism of REMsleep
[C]the relation of dreams toemotions
[D]itsdifference from theprefrontal cortex
33.Thenegative feelings generated during theday tendto ________.
[A]aggravate inour unconscious mind
[B]develop into happy dreams
[C]persist tillthetimewefall asleep
[D]showupin dreams early at night
34.Cartwrightseems to suggestthat________.
[A]waking upintimeis essential to theridding ofbad dreams
[B]visualizing bad dreams helps bring them undercontrol
[C]dreams should beleft to theirnatural progression
[D]dreaming may not entirely belong to theunconscious
35.WhatadvicemightCartwright giveto thosewho sometimes havebaddreams?
[A]Lead your lifeas usual.
[B]Seek professional help.
[C]Exercise conscious control.
80
[D]Avoid anxietyinthedaytime.2005-1 Text 4
1-Americans nolonger expect publicfigures, whether inspeech orin writing, tocommand theEnglish
language with skilland gift.
Nor dothey aspire to such command themselves.
In his latest book,Doing Our OwnThing:TheDegradation of LanguageandMusicandWhy We Should,
Like, Care,JohnMcWhorter, alinguist and controversialist ofmixed liberal andconservativeviews, sees
the triumphof 1960scounter-culture as responsible for thedeclineof formal English.
2-Blaming thepermissive1960s is nothing new,but thisis not yet another criticism against thedecline in
education.
Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality islanguage historyand change, and hesees thegradual
disappearance of“whom”,forexample, to benatural and nomore regrettablethan theloss ofthe
case-endings ofOld English.
813-But thecult oftheauthentic and thepersonal, “doing ourown thing,”has spelt the death offormal
speech, writing, poetry andmusic.
While even themodestly educated sought an elevated tonewhen they putpen to paper before the1960s,
even themost well regarded writingsince then has sought to capture spoken English onthepage.
Equally, in poetry, thehighly personal, performative genre istheonlyform that could claim real liveliness.
In bothoral andwritten English, talking is triumphingover speaking, spontaneity over craft.
4-Illustrated with anentertaining array of examples from bothhigh and lowculture, thetrend that Mr.
McWhorter documents is unmistakable.
But itis less clear, to takethe question ofhis subtitle, why we should, like, care.
As a linguist, heacknowledges that all varieties ofhuman language, including non-standard ones likeBlack
English, can bepowerfully expressive -there exists nolanguage ordialect in theworld that cannot convey
complex ideas.
82He isnot arguing, as many do,that we can nolonger think straightbecause we donot talkproper.
5-Russians have adeep lovefor theirown language and carry large chunks of memorizedpoetry intheir
heads, whileItalian politicians tend to elaboratespeech that would seem old-fashioned to most
English-speakers.
Mr. McWhorteracknowledges that formal language is notstrictly necessary, and proposes noradical
education reforms -he isreally grieving over theloss ofsomethingbeautiful more thanuseful.
Wenowtake ourEnglish “onpaper plates instead ofchina.”Ashame, perhaps, butprobably an inevitable
one.
36.According to McWhorter, thedeclineofformal English ________.
[A]is inevitablein radical educationreforms
[B]is but all toonatural inlanguage development
[C]has caused thecontroversy over thecounter-culture
[D]brought about changes in publicattitudes in the1960s
8337.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph 3)denotes ________.
[A]modesty
[B]personality
[C]liveliness
[D]informality
38.To which ofthefollowing statements wouldMcWhorter most likely agree?
[A]Logical thinkingis notnecessarily related totheway we talk.
[B]Black English canbemore expressivethan standard English.
[C]Non-standard varieties ofhuman language are just as entertaining.
[D]Of all thevarieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39.Thedescription ofRussians’loveof memorizing poetry shows the author’s________.
[A]interest intheir language
[B]appreciation oftheirefforts
[C]admiration fortheir memory
[D]contempt for theirold-fashionedness
40.According to thelastparagraph, “paper plates”isto “china”as ________.
[A]“temporary” isto “permanent”
[B]“radical”is to “conservative”
[C]“functional” is to“artistic”
[D]“humble” is to“noble”
842006-1 Text 1
1-In spiteof“endless talk ofdifference,”American society is an amazing machine forhomogenizing
people.
There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”
characteristicof popularculture.
People are absorbed into “a culture ofconsumption”launched bythe19th-century department stores that
offered “vast arrays ofgoods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shopscatering to a
knowledgeableelite”these were stores “anyonecould enter, regardless ofclass or background. This turned
shopping into apublicanddemocraticact.”
The mass media, advertisingand sports are otherforces forhomogenization.
2-Immigrants are quickly fittinginto thiscommon culture, which may not be altogetherelevating butis
hardly poisonous.
85Writingfor theNational Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither
at unprecedented levels norresistant to assimilation.
In 1998immigrants were 9.8percent ofpopulation;in 1900,13.6percent.
In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890,
9.2for every 1,000.Now, consider three indices ofassimilation -language, homeownership and
intermarriage.
3-The 1990Census revealed that “amajority of immigrants from each of thefifteen mostcommon
countries oforigin spokeEnglish ‘well’ or‘very well’after ten years ofresidence.”
The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual andproficient in English.
“Bythethird generation,the original languageis lost in themajorityof immigrant families.”
Hence the description ofAmerica as a “graveyard” for languages.
86By 1996foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970had ahomeownership rate of 75.6percent,
higher than the69.8percent rate amongnative-born Americans.
4-Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “havehigher rates ofintermarriagethan doU.S.-born whites and
blacks.”
By thethird generation, onethird of Hispanicwomen are married tonon-Hispanics, and 41percent of
Asian-American women are married tonon-Asians.
5-Rodriguez notes that children in remotevillages around theworld are fans ofsuperstars likeArnold
Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fearthat immigrants livingwithin theUnited
States remain somehowimmunetothe nation’s assimilativepower.”
6-Are there divisiveissues and pockets ofseething anger inAmerica?
Indeed. It is big enough to have abit ofeverything.
But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest adark
and deteriorating social environment.
8721.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph 1)mostprobablymeans ________.
[A]identifying
[B]associating
[C]assimilating
[D]monopolizing
22.According to theauthor, thedepartment stores of the19th century ________.
[A]played a rolein thespread of popularculture
[B]became intimate shopsfor common consumers
[C]satisfied theneeds ofaknowledgeable elite
[D]owed itsemergence totheculture ofconsumption
23.Thetext suggests thatimmigrants nowintheU.S. ________.
[A]are resistant to homogenization
[B]exert a great influence onAmerican culture
[C]are hardly athreat tothecommon culture
[D]constitutethemajority ofthepopulation
24.Whyare ArnoldSchwarzenegger andGarth Brooks mentioned inParagraph 5?
[A]To prove theirpopularity around theworld.
[B]To reveal thepublic’s fearof immigrants.
[C]To give examples ofsuccessful immigrants.
[D]To showthepowerful influenceof American culture.
25.In theauthor’s opinion, theabsorptionof immigrants intoAmerican society is ________.
[A]rewarding
[B]successful
[C]fruitless
88
[D]harmful2006-1 Text 2
1-Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has onlyoneindustry -William Shakespeare -but there are two
distinctly separate and increasingly hostilebranches.
There is theRoyal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of theplays at the
Shakespeare Memorial Theatre ontheAvon.
And thereare the townsfolk who largely liveoff thetourists who come, not to see theplays, but tolook at
Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplaceand theothersights.
2-The worthy residents ofStratford doubtthat thetheatre adds apenny to their revenue.
They frankly disliketheRSC’s actors, them with theirlong hair and beards and sandals andnoisiness.
It’sall deliciously ironicwhen you consider that Shakespeare, who earns theirliving, was himselfan actor
(with a beard) and did his share ofnoise-making.
3-The tourist streams are not entirely separate.
89The sightseers who come bybus -and often take inWarwick CastleandBlenheim Palace ontheside-
don’t usually see theplays, and some ofthem are even surprised to find atheatre inStratford.
However, theplaygoers do manage alittlesight-seeing along with theirplaygoing.
It is theplaygoers, theRSCcontends, who bring in much ofthetown’s revenue because they spend the
night (someofthem four orfive nights) pouring cash into thehotels andrestaurants.
The sightseers can takein everything and get outoftown bynightfall.
4-The townsfolk don’t see itthis way and local council does notcontribute directly tothesubsidy ofthe
Royal Shakespeare Company.
Stratford cries poortraditionally.
Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to beadding a newwing or cocktail lounge.
90Hilton is building itsown hotel there, which you may besure willbe decorated with Hamlet Hamburger
Bars, the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and soforth, and will bevery expensive.
5-Anyway, thetownsfolk can’tunderstand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs asubsidy.
(The theatre has broken attendance records forthree years in arow. Last year its 1,431seats were 94
percent occupied all year longand thisyear they’lldobetter.)
The reason, ofcourse, is that costs haverocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
6-It would beashame to raiseprices too much becauseit would drive away theyoung peoplewho are
Stratford’s most attractiveclientele.
They comeentirely fortheplays, notthe sights.
They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over) - lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans
and sandals, eating their bunsand bedding down for thenight ontheflagstones outsidethetheatre to buy
the 20seats and80standing-room ticketsheld forthesleepers and sold to themwhen theboxoffice opens
at 10:30a.m.
9126.From thefirsttwoparagraphs, welearn that________.
[A]thetownsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution tothe town’s revenue
[B]the actors oftheRSCimitate Shakespeareonand off stage
[C]the two branches ofthe RSCare noton good terms
[D]thetownsfolk earn little from tourism
27.It can beinferred fromParagraph 3that ________.
[A]thesightseers cannot visit theCastleandthePalace separately
[B]the playgoers spend moremoney than thesightseers
[C]the sightseers domoreshopping than theplaygoers
[D]theplaygoers go to nootherplaces intown than thetheater
28.By saying“Stratford cries poortraditionally” (Line2-3, Paragraph 4), theauthorimpliesthat __.
[A]Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
[B]Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
[C]the town is notreally short ofmoney
[D]thetownsfolk used tobe poorly paid
29.According to thetownsfolk, theRSCdeserves no subsidybecause ________.
[A]ticket prices can beraised to cover thespending
[B]the company is financially ill-managed
[C]the behaviorof theactors is notsocially acceptable
[D]thetheatre attendance is ontherise
30.From thetext wecan concludethattheauthor________.
[A]is supportiveofboth sides
[B]favors thetownsfolk’s view
[C]takes adetached attitude
92
[D]is sympatheticto theRSC2006-1 Text 3
1-When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of theworld, something strangehappenedto thelarge
animals: theysuddenly became extinct.
Smallerspecies survived.
The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly huntedto extinction.
Now somethingsimilarcouldbehappening in theoceans.
2-That theseas are being overfished has been knownfor years.
What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is justhowfast things are changing.
They have looked at halfa century of datafrom fisheries around theworld.
Their methods donotattempt toestimatethe actual biomass (theamount of livingbiological matter) offish
species in particular parts of theocean, but rather changes in that biomassover time.
93According to theirlatest paper published in Nature,thebiomass oflarge predators (animals that kill and eat
other animals)in anew fishery isreduced onaverageby80% within15years of thestart ofexploitation.
In some long-fished areas, it has halved again sincethen.
3-Dr. Worm acknowledges that thesefigures are conservative.
One reason for thisisthat fishing technology has improved.
Today’s vessels can find theirprey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50years ago.
That means ahigher proportion ofwhat isin thesea is being caught, so thereal difference between present
and past is likelyto beworse than theone recorded bychanges in catch sizes.
In the early days, too, longlines would have been moresaturated with fish.
Someindividuals would thereforenot have been caught, sincenobaited hooks would have beenavailable
to trap them, leading toan underestimateoffish stocks in thepast.
Furthermore, in theearly days of longlinefishing, alot offish were lostto sharks afterthey had been
hooked.
94That is nolonger aproblem, because there are fewersharks around now.
4-Dr. Myers and Dr. Wormargue that theirwork gives acorrect baseline, which future management
efforts must takeinto account.
They believe thedatasupport an ideacurrent among marinebiologists, that ofthe“shiftingbaseline.”
The notionis that people havefailed to detect themassivechanges which have happened in theocean
because they have beenlooking back onlya relatively short timeinto thepast.
That matters becausetheory suggests that themaximumsustainableyield that can be cropped from a
fishery comes when thebiomass ofa target species is about 50%of itsoriginal levels.
Most fisheries are well belowthat, which isa bad way to dobusiness.
31.Theextinction of largeprehistoricanimals isnoted to suggestthat________.
[A]large animal were vulnerable tothechanging environment
[B]small species survived as large animals disappeared
[C]large sea animals may face thesamethreat today
[D]slow-growing fish outlivefast-growing ones
9532.We can inferfromDr. Myers andDr. Worm’s paper that________.
[A]thestock oflarge predators insomeold fisheries has reduced by90%
[B]there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15years ago
[C]the catch sizes in newfisheries are only 20% ofthe original amount
[D]thenumber oflarger predators dropped faster in newfisheries than in theold
33.By saying"thesefigures are conservative" (Line1,paragraph 3), Dr. Wormmeans that _______.
[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly
[B]the catch-sizesare actually smallerthan recorded
[C]the marinebiomass has suffered agreater loss
[D]thedata collected so farare out of date
34.Dr. Myers andother researchers holdthat________.
[A]peopleshould look for abaseline that can work for alonger time
[B]fisheries should keep theiryields below50% ofthebiomass
[C]the ocean biomass shouldbe restored to itsoriginal level
[D]peopleshould adjust thefishing baseline to thechanging situation
35.Theauthorseems to bemainlyconcerned with most fisheries’________.
[A]management efficiency
[B]biomass level
[C]catch-sizelimits
[D]technological application
962006-1 Text 4
1-Many things make people thinkartists are weird.
But theweirdest may bethis: artists’ only jobis to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus onthe
ones that feel bad.
2-This wasn’t always so.
The earliest forms ofart, likepainting and music, are thosebest suitedfor expressing joy.
But somewhere from the19th century onward, more artistsbegan seeing happiness as meaningless, phony
or, worst ofall, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodilsto Baudelaire’s flowersof evil.
3-You could argue that art became moreskeptical ofhappiness because modern times have seen so much
misery.
But it’s notas ifearlier times didn’tknow perpetual war, disasterand themassacre ofinnocents.
The reason, in fact, may bejustthe opposite:there is toomuch damn happiness in theworld today.
974-After all, what isthe onemodern form ofexpression almost completely dedicated to depicting
happiness?
Advertising.
The riseofanti-happy art almostexactly tracks the emergence ofmass media, and withit, acommercial
culture inwhich happiness isnot justan ideal but an ideology.
5-People inearlier eras were surrounded byreminders ofmisery.
They worked until exhausted, lived with fewprotections and died young.
In the West,before mass communication and literacy, themost powerful mass medium was thechurch,
which reminded worshippers that theirsouls were in danger and that they would someday bemeat for
worms.
Given all this,theydid not exactlyneed their art tobea bummertoo.
6-Today themessages theaverage Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and
forever happy.
98Fast-food eaters, news anchors, textmessengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling.
Our magazines featurebeaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes.
And sincethesemessages have an agenda -tolure us toopen ourwallets -they make thevery idea of
happiness seem unreliable.
“Celebrate!”commanded theads forthearthritis drug Celebrex, before wefound out itcould increase the
risk ofheart attacks.
7-But what weforget -what our economy depends onus forgetting - isthat happiness is more than
pleasure without pain.
The things that bring thegreatest joy carry thegreatest potential for loss and disappointment.
Today, surrounded bypromises ofeasy happiness, we need art totellus, asreligion oncedid, Memento
mori: rememberthat you will die, that everything ends,and that happiness comes not indenying thisbut in
living withit.
It’sa message even more bitterthan aclove cigarette, yet,somehow, abreath offresh air.
9936.By citing theexamples ofpoets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, theauthor intends toshow that ________.
[A]poetry isnot as expressiveof joyas painting ormusic
[B]art grows out of bothpositiveand negative feelings
[C]poets today are less skeptical of happiness
[D]artists have changed theirfocus ofinterest
37.The word “bummer”(Line 5,paragraph 5)most probably means something ________.
[A]religious
[B]unpleasant
[C]entertaining
[D]commercial
38.In the author’sopinion, advertising ________.
[A]emerges in thewake ofthe anti-happy art
[B]is a cause ofdisappointment forthegeneral public
[C]replaces thechurch as amajorsource ofinformation
[D]creates anillusion ofhappiness rather than happiness itself
39.Wecan learn from thelast paragraph that theauthorbelieves ________.
[A]happiness more often than notends insadness
[B]the anti-happy art isdistasteful butrefreshing
[C]misery should beenjoyed rather than denied
[D]theanti-happy art flourishes when economy booms
40.Which ofthefollowing is trueof thetext?
[A]Religion once functioned as a reminderof misery.
[B]Art provides abalance between expectation and reality.
[C]People feel disappointed at therealities ofmodern society.
100
[D]Mass media are inclined to coverdisasters and deaths.2007-1 Text 1
1-If you were toexaminethebirth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cuptournament,
you would most likely finda noteworthy quirk: elitesoccer players are more likely to havebeen born inthe
earliermonths oftheyear than in thelater months.
If you then examined theEuropean national youth teams that feed theWorld Cup and professional ranks,
you would find this strange phenomenon to beeven more pronounced.
2-What might account for thisstrange phenomenon?
Here are afew guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b) winter-born babies
tend tohave higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccerstamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely
to conceivechildren in springtime, at theannual peakof soccer mania; d)none oftheabove.
3-Anders Ericsson, a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida StateUniversity, says hebelieves
strongly in“none oftheabove.”
101Ericsson grew upinSweden, and studied nuclear engineering until herealized hewould have more
opportunity to conduct his own research ifhe switched to psychology.
His first experiment, nearly 30years ago, involved memory: training a person tohear and then repeat a
random series of numbers.
“With thefirst subject, after about 20hours oftraining, his digit spanhad risen from 7to20,” Ericsson
recalls.
“Hekept improving, and after about 200hours oftraining he had risen toover 80numbers.”
4-This success, coupled withlater research showing that memory itselfis not geneticallydetermined, led
Ericsson to concludethat theact ofmemorizingis more ofacognitiveexercise than an intuitiveone.
In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit intheir abilities to memorize, those
differences are swamped byhowwell each person “encodes”theinformation.
And thebest way to learn howto encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process
known as deliberate practice.
102Deliberate practice entails more than simplyrepeating atask.
Rather, it involvessetting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on
technique as onoutcome.
5-Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken tostudying expert performers in awiderange ofpursuits,
including soccer.
They gatherall the datatheycan, not just performance statistics andbiographical details but also theresults
oftheir own laboratory experiments withhigh achievers.
Their work makes arather startling assertion: thetrait wecommonly call talent is highly overrated.
Or, putanother way, expert performers –whether in memory orsurgery, ballet orcomputer programming –
are nearly always made, not born.
21.Thebirthdayphenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to .
[A]stress theimportance of professional training.
[B]spotlight thesoccer superstars in theWorldCup.
[C]introduce thetopicof what makes expert performance.
103
[D]explainwhy some soccer teams play betterthan others.22.Theword“mania” (Line4,Paragraph 2)mostprobably means .
[A]fun.
[B]craze.
[C]hysteria.
[D]excitement.
23.According to Ericsson, goodmemory .
[A]depends onmeaningful processing ofinformation.
[B]results from intuitiverather than cognitive exercises.
[C]is determined bygenetic rather than psychological factors.
[D]requires immediatefeedback and a high degree ofconcentration.
24.Ericsson andhiscolleagues believethat .
[A]talent is adominating factorfor professional success.
[B]biographical data providethe key to excellentperformance.
[C]the roleof talent tends tobe overlooked.
[D]high achievers owe theirsuccess mostlyto nurture.
25.Which ofthefollowing proverbs is closest tothemessage thetext tries to convey?
[A]“Faith will movemountains.”
[B]“One reaps what onesows.”
[C]“Practice makes perfect.”
[D]“Like father, likeson.”
1042007-1 Text 2
1-For thepast several years, theSunday newspaper supplementParade has featured acolumn called “Ask
Marilyn.”
People are invitedto query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10had tested at amental level ofsomeone
about 23years old; that gave heran IQ of228–the highest scoreever recorded.
IQ testsask you to completeverbal and visual analogies, to envisionpaper after ithas beenfolded andcut,
and to deducenumerical sequences, among othersimilartasks.
Soitis a bitconfusing when vos Savant fields such queries from theaverage Joe(whose IQ is100) as,
What’s thedifference between loveandfondness? Or what is thenature ofluck and coincidence?
It’snot obvious howthe capacityto visualizeobjects andto figure out numerical patterns suitsone to
answer questions that have eluded someofthebest poets and philosophers.
2-Clearly, intelligenceencompasses more than ascore onatest.
Just what does it mean tobe smart?
105How much ofintelligence can be specified, and howmuch can we learn about it from neurology, genetics,
computer science and otherfields?
3-The defining term of intelligence in humans stillseems tobe theIQ score, even though IQ tests are not
given as often as they used to be.
The test comes primarily in two forms: theStanford-Binet Intelligence Scaleand the Wechsler Intelligence
Scales (both comeinadult and children’s version).
Generally costingseveral hundred dollars, they are usually given only bypsychologists, although variations
ofthem populate bookstores and the World WideWeb.
Superhigh scores likevos Savant’s are nolonger possible, because scoring is nowbased ona statistical
population distributionamongage peers, rather thansimply dividingthemental age bythechronological
age and multiplying by100.
Other standardized tests, such as theScholasticAssessment Test (SAT) and theGraduate Record Exam
(GRE), capture themain aspects ofIQ tests.
1064-Such standardized tests may not assess all theimportant elements necessary to succeed in school and in
life, argues Robert J.Sternberg.
In his article “HowIntelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditionaltest bestassess
analytical and verbal skillsbut fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components alsocritical
to problem solving and lifesuccess.
Moreover, IQ tests donotnecessarily predict sowell once populationsorsituationschange.
Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skillswhen thetests were given under low-stress
conditions, but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership –that is, it
predicted the opposite.
Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testifythat test-taking skillalso matters, whether it’s knowing
when to guess orwhat questionsto skip.
10726.Which ofthefollowing may berequired in anintelligence test?
[A]Answering philosophical questions.
[B]Folding orcutting paper intodifferent shapes.
[C]Telling thedifferences between certain concepts.
[D]Choosing words orgraphs similar tothe given ones.
27.Whatcan beinferred aboutintelligence testing fromParagraph 3?
[A]Peoplenolonger useIQ scores as an indicatorof intelligence.
[B]More versions of IQ tests are nowavailable onthe Internet.
[C]The test contents and formats for adultsand children may be different.
[D]Scientists havedefined theimportant elements ofhuman intelligence.
28.Peoplenowadays can nolonger achieveIQ scores as highas vos Savant’s because .
[A]thescores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B]creativity rather thananalytical skillsis emphasized now.
[C]vos Savant’s case isan extremeonethat will not repeat.
[D]thedefining characteristic ofIQ tests has changed.
29.We can concludefromthe lastparagraphthat .
[A]test scores may not bereliable indicators of one’s ability.
[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C]testing involves alot ofguesswork.
[D]traditional test are out ofdate.
30.Whatis theauthor’s attitude towardsIQ tests?
[A]Supportive.
[B]Skeptical.
[C]Impartial.
108
[D]Biased.2007-1 Text 3
1-During thepast generation, theAmerican middle-class family that once could count onhard work and
fair playto keep itselffinancially secure had been transformed byeconomic risk and new realities.
Now apink slip,a bad diagnosis, oradisappearing spousecan reduce afamily from solidlymiddleclass to
newly poorinafew months.
2-In justone generation, millionsof mothers have gone to work, transforming basic familyeconomics.
Scholars, policymakers, and critics ofall stripes have debated thesocial implications ofthese changes, but
few have lookedat theside effect: family risk has risen as well.
Today’s families have budgeted to thelimits oftheir newtwo-paycheck status.
As a result, they have losttheparachute theyonce had intimes offinancial setback –aback-up earner
(usually Mom)who could go into theworkforceif theprimary earner got laid offor fell sick.
This “added-worker effect” could support thesafety net offered byunemployment insurance ordisability
insurance tohelp families weather badtimes.
109But today, adisruption to family fortunes can nolonger bemadeupwith extraincomefrom an
otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
3-During thesame period, families have been asked to absorb muchmorerisk in theirretirement income.
Steelworkers, airline employees, and nowthoseintheauto industry are joiningmillions of families who
must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and theharsh reality that theymay outlivetheir
retirement money.
For muchof thepast year, President Bush campaigned to moveSocial Security to asaving-account model,
with retirees trading much orall oftheir guaranteed payments for payments depending oninvestment
returns.
For younger families, thepicture isnot any better.
Both theabsolutecost of healthcareand theshare ofit borne by families haverisen –and newly
fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislativehalls to Wal-Mart workers, with much
higher deductibles and a large newdose ofinvestment risk forfamilies’ future healthcare.
110Even demographics are working against the middleclass family, as theodds ofhaving a weak elderly
parent –and all theattendant need forphysical andfinancial assistance –have jumped eightfold in just one
generation.
4-From the middle-class family perspective, muchof this,understandably, looks far less likean
opportunity to exercisemore financial responsibility, anda good deal more likeafrightening acceleration
ofthe wholesaleshift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
The financial fallout has begun, and thepoliticalfallout may not befar behind.
31.Today’s double-income families are atgreater financialrisk inthat .
[A]thesafety net they used toenjoy has disappeared.
[B]their chances of being laid offhave greatly increased.
[C]they are morevulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D]theyare deprived ofunemployment or disability insurance.
32.As aresult ofPresident Bush’s reform, retired peoplemay have .
[A]ahigher senseof security.
[B]less secured payments.
[C]less chance to invest.
111
[D]aguaranteed future.33.According to theauthor, health-savingsplanswill .
[A]helpreduce thecost ofhealthcare.
[B]popularizeamong themiddleclass.
[C]compensate for thereduced pensions.
[D]increase thefamilies’investment risk.
34.It can beinferred fromthe lastparagraphthat .
[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B]the middleclass may facegreater political challenges.
[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D]financial responsibilityis an indicator ofpolitical status.
35.Which ofthefollowing isthe besttitleforthis text?
[A]The MiddleClass ontheAlert
[B]The MiddleClass ontheCliff
[C]The MiddleClass in Conflict
[D]The MiddleClass in Ruins
1122007-1 Text 4
1-It never rains but it pours.
Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and
improved their feeble corporation governance, anew problem threatens toearn them – especially in
America – thesort ofnasty headlines that inevitablylead to heads rolling in theexecutivesuite: data
insecurity.
Left, untilnow, toodd,low-level IT staff to putright, and seenas aconcern only of data-rich industries
such as banking, telecoms and airtravel, information protection isnowhigh ontheboss’sagenda in
businesses ofevery variety.
2-Several massiveleakages ofcustomer and employee datathis year –from organizations as diverse as
TimeWarner, theAmerican defense contractorScience Applications International Corp and even the
University ofCalifornia, Berkeley –have left managers hurriedly peering intotheir intricateIT systems and
business processes insearch of potential vulnerabilities.
1133-“Data isbecoming an asset which needs tobe guarded as much as anyotherasset,”says Haim
Mendelson ofStanford University’s businessschool.
“Theabilityto guard customer datais thekey tomarket value, which theboard isresponsible for onbehalf
ofshareholders.”
Indeed, just as there is theconcept ofGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it istime
for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam ofNew York’s ColumbiaBusiness
School.
“Settingtheproper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is amanagement issue, not a
technical one,” hesays.
4-The mystery is that thisshould comeas asurprise to any boss.
Surely it should beobvious to thedimmestexecutivethat trust, that mostvaluable ofeconomic assets, is
easily destroyed and hugely expensivetorestore –and that few things are more likely todestroy trust than
a company letting sensitivepersonal data get into thewrong hands.
1145-The current stateof affairs mayhave been encouraged –though notjustified –bythelack oflegal
penalty (in America, but notEurope) fordata leakage.
Until Californiarecently passed alaw, American firms did not havetotell anyone, eventhevictim, when
data went astray.
That may change fast: lotsof proposed data-security legislation is nowdoing therounds inWashington,
D.C.
Meanwhile, thetheft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on
June17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision aday earlier byAmerica’sFederal Trade
Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America onnotice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide
adequatedata security.
36.Thestatement“It never rainsbutitpours”is used tointroduce .
[A]thefierce business competition.
[B]the feeble boss-board relations.
[C]the threat from news reports.
[D]theseverity ofdata leakage.
115.
37.According to Paragraph 2,someorganizations check theirsystems to find out
[A]whether there is any weak point.
[B]what sort ofdata has been stolen.
[C]who is responsiblefor theleakage.
3[D8.]IhnowbrtihnegipnogteunptiatlhsepcioesncceapntboeflGocAatSePd.theauthoris making thepointthat .
[A]shareholders’interests should beproperly attended to.
[B]information protection should begiven due attention.
[C]businesses should enhance theirlevel ofaccounting security.
[D]themarket valueof customerdata shouldbe emphasized.
39.According to Paragraph 4,whatpuzzles the authoris that some bosses failto .
[A]see thelink between trustand dataprotection.
[B]perceive thesensitivityof personal data.
[C]realizethehigh cost ofdata restoration.
[D]appreciate theeconomic valueoftrust.
40.It can beinferred fromParagraph 5that .
[A]dataleakage is moresevere inEurope.
[B]FTC’s decision isessential todata security.
[C]California takes thelead insecurity legislation.
[D]legal penalty is amajorsolutionto data leakage.
1162008-1 Text 1
1-While stillcatching-up to men in somespheres ofmodern life, women appear tobe way ahead inat least
one undesirablecategory.
“Womenare particularly susceptibletodeveloping depression and anxiety disorders inresponse to stress
compared tomen,”according toDr. Yehuda, chiefpsychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’sAdministration
Hospital.
2-Studies ofboth animals and humanshave shown that sex hormones somehowaffect thestress response,
causing females understress toproduce more ofthe trigger chemicals than domales under thesame
conditions.
In several ofthestudies, when stressed-out female rats had theirovaries (the female reproductiveorgans)
removed, theirchemical responses becameequal to thoseofthemales.
3-Adding toa woman’s increased doseofstress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress.
“It’s not necessarily that women don’tcope as well.
117It’sjust that they have so much moreto cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda.
“Theircapacity for tolerating stress may even be greater thanmen’s,”sheobserves, “it’sjust that they’re
dealing with somany more things that they become worn out from it morevisibly and sooner.”
4-Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.
“Ithinkthat thekinds ofthings that women are exposedto tendto bein more ofachronic orrepeated
nature.
Men go towar and are exposed to combat stress.
Men are exposed tomore acts ofrandom physical violence.
The kinds ofinterpersonal violencethat women are exposedto tend to be indomesticsituations, by,
unfortunately, parents orother family members, and they tend notto be one-shot deals.
The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships canbe quitedevastating.”
5-Adeline Alvarez married at 18and gave birth to ason, butwas determined to finishcollege.
118“Istruggled a lotto get thecollege degree.
Iwas living inso muchfrustration that that was myescape, togo to school, and get ahead and dobetter.”
Later, her marriage ended and shebecame asingle mother.
“It’s thehardest thing totake care ofa teenager, havea job, pay therent, pay thecar payment, and paythe
debt. Ilived from paycheck topaycheck.”
6-Not everyone experiences thekinds ofsevere chronicstresses Alvarezdescribes.
But mostwomen todayare coping with alot ofobligations, with few breaks, and feeling thestrain.
Alvarez’s experience demonstrates theimportance offinding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your
health and your ability tofunction.
21.Which ofthefollowing istrue accordingto thefirsttwo paragraphs?
[A]Womenare biologically more vulnerable tostress.
[B]Women are stillsuffering much stress caused bymen.
[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D]Men and women showdifferent inclinationsw119hen faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests thatwomen .
[A]need extradoses ofchemicals tohandle stress.
[B]have limited capacity fortolerating stress.
[C]are more capableof avoiding stress.
[D]are exposed to morestress.
23.According to Paragraph 4,thestress women confronttends to be .
[A]domesticand temporary.
[B]irregular and violent.
[C]durable and frequent.
[D]trivial and random.
24.Thesentence “I lived frompaycheck to paycheck.” (Line6,Para.5)shows that .
[A]Alvarezcared about nothing but making money.
[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D]Alvarezpaid practically everything bycheck.
25.Which ofthefollowing wouldbethebesttitle forthetext?
[A]Strain ofStress: No Way Out?
[B]Responses toStress: Gender Difference
[C]Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D]Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
1202008-1 Text 2
1-It used tobeso straightforward.
A team ofresearchers working together inthelaboratory would submittheresults oftheir research to a
journal.
A journal editorwould thenremove theauthors’names and affiliations from thepaper and send it totheir
peers for review.
Depending onthecomments received, theeditorwould accept thepaper for publicationordecline it.
Copyright rested with thejournal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledgeof theresults would haveto
subscribe tothejournal.
2-No longer.
The Internet –andpressure from funding agencies, whoare questioning whycommercial publishers are
making money from government-funded research byrestricting access to it –ismaking access to scientific
results a reality.
121The Organization forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has justissued areport describing
the far-reaching consequences ofthis.
The report, byJohnHoughton of VictoriaUniversity inAustralia and Graham Vickery of theOECD,
makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsomeprofits.
But itgoes further than that.
It signals achange in what has, untilnow, beena key element ofscientific endeavor.
3-The valueof knowledge and thereturn onthepublicinvestment in research depends, inpart, uponwide
distributionand ready access.
It is bigbusiness.
In America, thecore scientificpublishing market is estimated at between $7billion and $11billion.
The International Association ofScientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than
2,000publishers worldwide specializing inthese subjects.
122They publishmore than 1.2million articles each year insome 16,000journals.
4-This is nowchanging.
According to theOECD report, some75% ofscholarly journals are nowonline.
Entirely newbusiness models are emerging; three main ones were identified bythereport’s authors.
There is theso-called bigdeal, where institutional subscribers payforaccess to acollection ofonline
journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
There is open-access publishing, typically supported byasking theauthor(or his employer) topay forthe
paper to be published.
Finally, thereare open-access archives, where organizations such as universities orinternational
laboratories support institutional repositories.
123Other models exist thatare hybrids ofthesethree, such as delayed open-access, where journals allowonly
subscribers to read apaper for thefirst six months, before making itfreely available toeveryone who
wishes tosee it.
All this could change thetraditional form of thepeer-reviewprocess, at least forthe publicationofpapers.
26.In thefirstparagraph,the authordiscusses .
[A]thebackground information of journal editing.
[B]the publicationroutine oflaboratory reports.
[C]the relations ofauthors withjournal publishers.
[D]thetraditional process ofjournal publication.
27.Which ofthefollowing istrue of theOECDreport?
[A]It criticizes government-funded research.
[B]It introduces an effective means ofpublication.
[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D]It benefits scientificresearch considerably.
12428.According to thetext, onlinepublication is significantinthat .
[A]it provides an easier access to scientificresults.
[B]it brings huge profits to scientificresearchers.
[C]it emphasizes thecrucial role ofscientific knowledge.
[D]it facilitates publicinvestment in scientificresearch.
29.With theopen-access publishingmodel, theauthorofapaperis required to .
[A]cover thecost of itspublication.
[B]subscribe to thejournal publishing it.
[C]allow otheronlinejournals touseit freely.
[D]completethe peer-review before submission.
30.Which ofthefollowing bestsummarizes thetext?
[A]The Internet is posing athreat to publishers.
[B]A new modeofpublication is emerging.
[C]Authors welcome thenewchannel for publication.
[D]Publication isrendered easier byonlineservice.
1252008-1 Text 3
1-In theearly 1960s WiltChamberlain was oneofonly three players in theNational Basketball
Association (NBA)listed at over seven feet.
If hehad played last season, however, hewould have been oneof 42.
The bodies playing majorprofessional sports havechanged dramatically over theyears, and managers have
been more than willingto adjust team uniforms to fit thegrowing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
2-The trend insports, though, maybeobscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally
stopped growing.
Thoughtypically about two inches tallernow than 140years ago,today’speople –especially thoseborn to
families who havelived intheU.S.for many generations –apparently reached theirlimit in theearly
1960s.
And they aren’t likelyto get any taller. “In thegeneral population today, at this genetic, environmental
level, we’vepretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumleaof
Wright StateUniversity.
126In the case ofNBA players, theirincrease in height appears to result from theincreasingly common
practice ofrecruiting players from all over theworld.
3-Growth, which rarely continues beyond theage of20,demands calories and nutrients –notably, protein
–to feed expanding tissues.
At the start ofthe20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in theway.
But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, onaverage, increased in height byabout an
inch and ahalf every 20years, apattern known as the secular trend inheight.
Yet according to theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″for men, 5′4″ for
women – hasn’t really changed since1960.
4-Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.
During childbirth, largerbabies have moredifficulty passing through thebirth canal.
127Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions ofyears, ourfeet and back continueto
struggle withbipedal postureand cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed byoversizelimbs.
“There are somereal constraints that are set bythegenetic architecture oftheindividual organism,” says
anthropologist William Leonard ofNorthwestern University.
5-Genetic maximumscan change, but don’t expectthis to happen soon.Claire C. Gordon, senior
anthropologist at theArmy Research Center inNatick, Mass., ensures that 90percent ofthe uniforms and
workstations fit recruits withoutalteration.
Shesays that, unlikethosefor basketball, the length ofmilitary uniformshas not changed for sometime.
And ifyou need to predict human height in thenear futureto design apiece ofequipment, Gordon says that
byand large, “you couldusetoday’s dataand feel fairly confident.”
31.WiltChamberlain is cited as an exampleto .
[A]illustratethechange of height ofNBA players.
[B]show thepopularity ofNBA players in theU.S..
[C]compare different generations ofNBA players.
[D]assess the achievements offamous NBA players.
12832.Which ofthefollowing playsakey role inbodygrowth according to the text?
[A]Genetic modification.
[B]Natural environment.
[C]Living standards.
[D]Daily exercise.
33.On whichof thefollowingstatements wouldtheauthormost probably agree?
[A]Non-Americans add to theaverage height ofthenation.
[B]Human height is conditioned bytheupright posture.
[C]Americans are thetallest onaveragein theworld.
3[D4.]WLaergleearrbnabfireosmtetnhdetloabstecpoamraegtraallpehritnhaadtuinlthtohoedn.ear future .
[A]thegarment industry willreconsider theuniform size.
[B]the design ofmilitary uniforms willremain unchanged.
[C]genetic testing will beemployed inselecting sportsmen.
[D]theexisting data ofhuman height willstillbe applicable.
35.Thetext intendsto tell usthat .
[A]thechange of human height follows acyclic pattern.
[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C]Americans havereached their geneticgrowth limit.
[D]thegenetic pattern ofAmericans has altered.
1292008-1 Text 4
1-In 1784,fiveyears before hebecamepresident oftheUnited States, George Washington, 52,was nearly
toothless.
Sohehired adentist to transplant nineteeth into his jaw–havingextracted them from themouths ofhis
slaves.
2-That’s afar different image from thecherry-tree-chopping George mostpeople remember from their
history books.
But recently, many historians have begunto focus onthe roles slavery played in thelives ofthefounding
generation.
They have been spurred inpart byDNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved
Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least onechild with his slaveSally Hemings.
And onlyover thepast 30years have scholars examined historyfrom thebottomup.
130Works ofseveral historians reveal themoral compromises made bythenation’s early leaders and the
fragile nature ofthe country’s infancy.
More significantly, they argue that many oftheFounding Fathers knew slavery was wrong –and yet most
did littleto fight it.
3-More than anything, the historianssay, thefounders were hampered bytheculture oftheirtime.
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distastefor slavery, they also understood that it was
part ofthepolitical and economic bedrock of thecountry they helped tocreate.
4-For onething, theSouthcould not afford to part with its slaves.
Owning slaves was “likehaving alarge bank account,” says Wiencek, author ofAnImperfect God: George
Washington, His Slaves, andtheCreationof America.
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”
including a clausethat counted aslaveas three fifths ofaman forpurposes ofcongressional representation.
5-And thestatesmen’s political lives depended onslavery.
131The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson hisnarrow victory in thepresidential election of1800by
inflating thevotes ofthe southern states in theElectoral College.
Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with theLouisiana Purchase in1803; thenew land was carved
into 13states, including threeslave states.
6-Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’schildren – though not Hemings herself orhis approximately 150other
slaves.
Washington, who had begun tobelieve that all men were created equal after observing thebravery ofthe
black soldiers during theRevolutionary War, overcame thestrong oppositionof hisrelatives to grant his
slaves theirfreedom in hiswill.
Only a decade earlier, suchan act would haverequired legislativeapproval inVirginia.
36.George Washington’s dental surgery ismentioned to .
[A]showthe primitivemedical practice in thepast.
[B]demonstrate the cruelty ofslavery in his days.
[C]stress theroleof slaves in theU.S. history.
[D]reveal someunknown aspect of hislife.
13237.We may inferfromthe second paragraphthat .
[A]DNA technology has been widely applied tohistory research.
[B]inits early days theU.S. was confronted withdelicate situations.
[C]historians deliberately made upsomestories ofJefferson’s life.
[D]political compromises are easily found throughout theU.S. history.
38.Whatdo welearn aboutThomas Jefferson?
[A]His political viewchanged his attitudetowards slavery.
[B]His statusas a father made himfree the child slaves.
[C]His attitudetowards slavery was complex.
[D]His affair witha slavestained his prestige.
39.Which ofthefollowing istrue accordingto thetext?
[A]SomeFounding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B]Slaves in theold days didnot have theright to vote.
[C]Slave owners usuallyhad large savings accounts.
[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40.Washington’s decision to freeslaves originated fromhis .
[A]moral considerations.
[B]military experience.
[C]financial conditions.
[D]political stand.
1332009-1 Text 1
1-Habits are afunny thing.
Wereach for them mindlessly, setting ourbrains onauto-pilotand relaxinginto theunconscious comfort of
familiar routine.
“Not choice, but habit rules theunreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said inthe 19thcentury.
In the ever-changing 21stcentury, even theword “habit”carries anegative connotation.
2-So it seems antithetical totalk about habits in thesame contextas creativity and innovation.
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop newhabits, we createparallel
paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump ourtrains ofthought onto new, innovativetracks.
3-Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures ofhabit, we can instead direct our own
change byconsciously developing new habits.
134I n fact, themore new things we try -themore we stepoutsideourcomfort zone-
themore inherentlycreative webecome, both in theworkplaceand inour person lives.
4- But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,
they're there tostay.
Instead, thenew habits wedeliberately ingrain into ourselves createparallel pathways that can bypass those
old roads.
5-“Thefirst thingneeded for innovation isa fascination withwonder,” says Dawna Markova, authorof
TheOpen Mind.
“But we are taught instead to ‘decide’,just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’ ”
Sheadds, however, that “to decide is tokill offall possibilities but one. A good innovational thinkeris
always exploringthemany other possibilities.”
6-All of uswork through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.
135Researchers inthelate 1960covered that humans are born with thecapacity toapproach challenges in four
primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) andinnovatively.
At puberty, however, thebrain shutsdown half ofthat capacity, preserving only thosemodes of thought
that have seemed mostvaluable during thefirst decade orsoof life.
7-The current emphasis onstandardized testinghighlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few ofus
inherently useourinnovativeand collaborative modes ofthought.
“This breaks themajor rulein theAmerican belief system —that anyone candoanything,” explainsM. J.
Ryan, author ofthe2006book This YearI Will... and Ms.Markova’s business partner.
“That's aliethat we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness.
Knowing what you’re good at and doing even moreof itcreates excellence.”
This is where developing new habits comes in.
13621.Theviewof Wordsworth habitis claimed by being________.
[A]casual
[B]familiar
[C]mechanical
[D]changeable
22.Theresearchers havediscovered thattheformation ofhabitcan be________.
[A]predicted
[B]regulated
[C]traced
[D]guided
23.“ruts”(inlineone, paragraph3) hasclosest meaning to________.
[A]tracks
[B]series
[C]characteristics
[D]connections
24.Ms. Markova’s comments suggest thatthepractice of standardtesting ________.
[A]prevents new habitsform being formed
[B]nolonger emphasizes commonness
[C]maintains theinherent American thinking model
[D]complies with theAmerican belief system
25.Ryan most probably agree that .
[A]ideas are born ofa relaxingmind
[B]innovativeness could be taught
[C]decisiveness derives from fantasticideas
137
[D]curiosity activates creativeminds2009-1 Text 2
1-It isa wisefather that knows his own child, but today aman can boosthis paternal (fatherly) wisdom –
orat least confirm that he's thekid’s dad.
All he needs to dois shellour $30forpaternity testingkit (PTK) at hislocal drugstore –and another $120
to get the results.
2-More than 60,000people have purchased thePTKs sincethey first become availablewithout
prescriptions last years, according to DougFogg,chiefoperating officerof Identigene, which makes the
over-the-counter kits.
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to thepublic,ranging in pricefrom afew hundred
dollars tomore than $2500.
3-Among the mostpopular: paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can useto find their
biological relatives and families can use totrack downkids put upforadoption.
138DNA testingis also thelatest rage amany passionate genealogists - and supportsbusinesses that offer to
search for a family’s geographicroots .
4-Most tests require collecting cells bywebbing salivain themouth and sending it to thecompany for
testing.
All tests require apotential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
5-But someobservers are skeptical, “There isakindof falseprecision being hawked bypeople claiming
they are doingancestry testing,”says Trey Duster, aNew York University sociologist.
He notes that eachindividual has many ancestors - numberingin thehundreds just afew centuries back.
Yet mostancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either theYchromosome inherited through men
in a father's lineormitochondrial DNA, which apassed downonly from mothers.
This DNA can reveal geneticinformation about onlyone ortwo ancestors, even though, forexample, just
three generations back peoplealso havesix othergreat-grandparents or,four generations back, 14other
great-great-grandparents.
1396-Critics also argue that commercial genetic testingis onlyas good as thereference collections to whicha
sampleis compared.
Databases used bysomecompanies don’t rely ondata collected systematically butrather lumptogether
information from different research projects.
This means that a DNA database maydiffer depending onthecompany that processes theresults.
In addition, thecomputer programs acompany uses to estimaterelationships may bepatented and not
subject topeer review or outsideevaluation.
26.In paragraphs1and2,the text showsPTK’s _________.
[A]easy availability
[B]flexibility inpricing
[C]successful promotion
[D]popularity with households
27.PTK is usedto __________.
[A]locate one's birth place
[B]promote geneticresearch
[C]identify parent-child kinship
140
[D]choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believethatancestry testing failsto__________.
[A]trace distant ancestors
[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines
[C]fully usegenetic information
[D]achieve the claimed accuracy
29.In thelastparagraph, aproblemcommercial genetictesting faces is__________.
[A]disorganized data collection
[B]overlapping database building
[C]excessive samplecomparison
[D]lack of patent evaluation
30.An appropriatetitle forthe text ismost likelyto be__________.
[A]Fors andAgainsts of DNAtesting
[B]DNA testing andIt's problems
[C]DNA testing outsidethelab
[D]lies behind DNA testing
1412009-1 Text 3
1-The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries iswidely
misunderstood byeconomists and politicians alike.
Progress in botharea isundoubtedly necessary for thesocial, political andintellectual development ofthese
and all othersocieties; however, the conventional view that education should beone ofthevery highest
priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poorcountries is wrong.
Weare fortunate that is it,because neweducational systems there and putting enough peoplethrough them
to improveeconomic performance would require two or three generations.
The findings of aresearch institution have consistentlyshown that workers in allcountries can betrained
onthe jobto achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higherstandards ofliving.
2-Ironically, the firstevidence for thisideaappeared in theUnited States.
Not long ago, withthe country entering a recessing andJapan at itspre-bubble peak,the U.S. workforce
was derided as poorly educated and oneof primary cause ofthepoor U.S. economicperformance.
142Japan was, and remains, the global leader inautomotive-assembly productivity.
Yet theresearch revealed that theU.S. factories ofHonda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of
the productivityof theirJapanesecounterparts -aresult ofthe training that U.S. workers received onthe
job.
3-More recently, whileexamininghousing construction, theresearchers discovered that illiterate,
non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas,consistently met best-practice labor
productivity standards despitethecomplexity ofthe building industry’s work.
4-What is thereal relationship between education and economic development?
Wehave tosuspect that continuing economicgrowth promotes thedevelopment of education evenwhen
governments don’t force it.
After all, that's howeducation got started.
When ourancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000years ago, theydidn’thave timeto wonder much
about anything besides findingfood.
143Only when humanity began toget its foodin amore productiveway was there timefor otherthings.
5-As education improved, humanity’s productivitypotential increased as well.
When thecompetitiveenvironment pushed ourancestors toachieve that potential,, they could in turnafford
more education.
This increasingly high level ofeducation is probably a necessary, but not asufficient, conditionfor the
complex political systems required byadvanced economicperformance.
Thus poorcountries might not beable to escapetheir poverty traps withoutpolitical changes that may be
possibleonlywith broader formal education.
A lack offormal education, however, doesn’t constrain theabilityof thedeveloping world’s workforce to
substantially improveproductivity for theforested future.
On thecontrary, constraints onimproving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more
quickly there than it is.
14431.Theauthorholds inparagraph 1thattheimportant ofeducation inpoorcountries ___________.
[A]is subject groundless doubts
[B]has fallen victimofbias
[C]is conventional downgraded
[D]has beenoverestimated
32.It isstated inparagraph 1thatconstruction of aneweducationsystem __________.
[A]challenges economists and politicians
[B]takes efforts ofgenerations
[C]demands priority from thegovernment
[D]requires sufficient laborforce
33.A majordifference between theJapaneseandU.S workforces isthat __________.
[A]theJapanese workforce isbetter disciplined
[B]the Japanese workforce is moreproductive
[C]the U.Sworkforce has abetter education
[D]theU.S workforce is moreorganize
34.Theauthorquotes theexample ofourancestors to showthateducation emerged __________.
[A]when peoplehad enoughtime
[B]prior tobetterways offinding food
[C]when people onlonger went hung
[D]as aresult ofpressure ongovernment
35.According to thelastparagraph ,developmentof education__________.
[A]results directly from competitiveenvironments
[B]does not depend oneconomic performance
[C]follows improved productivity
145
[D]cannot afford political changes2009-1 Text 4
1-The mostthoroughly studiedin thehistory ofthe newworld are theministers and political leaders of
seventeenth-century New England.
According to thestandard history ofAmerican philosophy, nowhere elsein colonial America was “somuch
important attached to intellectual pursuits”.
According to many books and articles, New England’sleaders established thebasic themes and
preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition inAmerican intellectual life.
2-To takethis approach to theNew Englanders normally mean tostart with thePuritans’theological
innovations andtheir distinctiveideas about thechurch -important subjects that we may not neglect.
But in keeping with ourexamination ofsouthern intellectual life, wemay consider theoriginal Puritans as
carriers ofEuropean culture,adjusting toNew worldcircumstances.
The New England colonies were the scenes of importantepisodes in thepursuit ofwidely understood ideals
ofcivility andvirtuosity.
1463-The early settlers ofMassachusetts Bay included men ofimpressiveeducation and influence inEngland.
Besides theninety or solearned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in thedecade after 1629,
there were political leaders likeJohn Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official oftheCrown
before he journeyed to Boston.
There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New Worldand Old World audiences, and
giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
4-Weshould not forget ,however, that mostNew Englanders were less well educated.
While few craftsmen orfarmers, let alonedependents and servants, left literary compositionsto be
analyzed, it is obvious that theirviews were less fully intellectualized.
Their thinkingoften had atraditional superstitions quality.
A tailornamed John Dane, who emigrated in thelate1630s, left an account ofhis reasons forleaving
England that is filled with signs.
147Sexual confusion, economicfrustrations, and religious hope -all name togetherin adecisive moment when
he opened theBible, told his father thefirst linehesaw would settlehisfate, and read themagical words:
“Comeout from among them, touch nounclean thing, and Iwill beyour God andyou shall bemy people.”
One wonders what Dane thought ofthecareful sermons explainingtheBible that heheard in puritan
churches.
5-Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as oneclergyman learned in
confronting folk along thecoast who mocked that they had not cometo theNew world for religion.
“Ourmain end was to catch fish.”
36.Theauthornotes thatin theseventeenth-century New England_________.
[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed aliberal environment.
14837.It issuggested in paragraph2that NewEnglanders __________.
[A]experienced acomparatively peaceful early history.
[B]brought with them thecultureofthe Old World
[C]paid littleattention to southern intellectual life
[D]were obsessed with religious innovations
38.Theearly ministers andpoliticalleaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A]were famous inthe New Worldfortheir writings
[B]gained increasing importance in religiousaffairs
[C]abandoned high positions before coming to theNew World
[D]created anew intellectual atmosphere in NewEngland
39.Thestory of JohnDaneshows thatless well-educated New Englanders were often __________.
[A]influenced bysuperstitions
[B]troubled with religious beliefs
[C]puzzled bychurch sermons
[D]frustrated with family earnings
40.Thetext suggests thatearly settlers inNew England __________.
[A]were mostlyengaged in political activities
[B]were motivated byan illusory prospect
[C]came from different backgrounds.
[D]left few formal records for laterreference
149
