夜雨聆风Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
Scientists in France say they have discovered the building blocks of the incredible diversity of birdsong.
A team analysed more than100,000 songs from 3,000 bird species and revealed that they are all composed of eight fundamental types of sound that the researchers call "motifs".
Each song, they say, is made up of combinations of these motifs - three types of trill, three types of whistle, chaotic notes and harmonies.
Birdsong is one of the natural world's most sophisticated forms of sound-based communication.
Its variety and complexity has fascinated biologists, but with so many different songs, it has been difficult to study on a global scale.
Lead researcher and University of Saint-Etienne PhD student Quentin Bacquelé explained: "The diversity is huge. And if you go to Asia, Africa, Amazonia, you will hear totally different songs."
In a new study, he and his colleagues used a global database of birdsong - recordings uploaded by thousands of volunteers. This meant they could analyse about 116,000 songs from more than 3,000 birdsong species.
They studied patterns in the songs - how each song shifted and changed through time. And with the help of AI, they could then compare the thousands of songs to each other - to find what connected them.
The scientists said this unveiled "a simplicity underlying the spectacular diversity of birdsongs".
A key finding was that the environment the birds evolved in - from tropical forest to temperate landscape - shaped how they "composed" their songs.
So birds adapted for tropical forests use different acoustic building blocks, or motifs, to those from temperate regions.
Simpler motifs, like flat whistles, Bacquelé explained, are often found in tropical environments, apparently because they help the birds make themselves heard through the busy, biodiverse soundscape and dense vegetation.
More complex compositions - with ultrafast trills and combinations that contain lots of information - are more common in temperate forests, where birds tend to communicate at closer range.
It's a kind of evolutionary trade-off: A very complex song provides a lot of information, but it is difficult to transmit that information over long distances in complex environments.
This link between the environment and its natural soundscape, Bacquelé explained, is being transformed by human activity.
"I think this research has opened up a new way to see songs as something [intrinsically] linked with the environment," he told BBC News.
"So, we could try to use these motifs to help us understand how birds could adapt to the new background noise [that we produce]."
Natural sound, Bacquelé added, is an an important part of our own connection to nature and is worth conserving.
"If you think of a forest, near your town or near your house, you think about the songs of the birds in the morning when you go outside.
"And if a bird in a forest has a specific song, if you destroy the forest, then that song may not be adapted any more to the new environment."
21. Which of the following best describes how the researchers arrived at their findings about birdsong structure?
[A] they used artificial intelligence to detect shared patterns across a vast, crowd-sourced collection of recordings
[B] they conducted controlled experiments on captive birds raised in a laboratory setting
[C] they relied exclusively on recordings personally collected by members of the research team
[D] they focused primarily on identifying differences between individual bird species rather than shared patterns
22. According to the text, birds in tropical environments tend to use simpler motifs mainly because ____
[A] tropical birds communicate primarily at close range and therefore need less complex signals
[B] tropical species face less evolutionary pressure to develop complex vocal abilities
[C] simpler sounds are more likely to carry through dense vegetation and a noisy acoustic environment
[D] simpler motifs require less energy to produce, which suits the warmer tropical climate
23. The text suggests that the trade-off between song complexity and environment involves ____
[A] the energy cost of singing competing against the risk of attracting predators
[B] information richness competing against the practical difficulty of transmitting that information over distance
[C] the need to attract mates competing against the need to avoid rival species
[D] older, more established species competing against newer, evolving ones for acoustic space
24. What does Bacquelé hope the concept of motifs could eventually help explain?
[A] how to train birds to produce entirely new types of song
[B] how climate change is altering the migratory patterns of tropical bird species
[C] how to eliminate background noise from human activity in natural habitats entirely
[D] how birds might adjust their songs in response to noise generated by human activity
25. What point does Bacquelé make in the final part of the text about destroying a forest?
[A] birds are generally able to adjust their songs quickly enough to remain well suited to a changed habitat
[B] most bird species would likely relocate to tropical forests if their original habitat were destroyed
[C] a bird's song, shaped by its original habitat, may no longer suit an altered environment
[D] the loss of a forest primarily threatens the survival of individual bird species rather than their songs specifically
附注：根据历年考研英语真题阅读题源外刊等，摘选最新文章，模拟仿真出题。
参考答案见以下。
Quick look: ACBDC
21.【正确答案】A
【解析】题型：细节理解题
定位：原文提到研究团队使用了全球志愿者上传的鸟鸣数据库，并借助AI比对数千首歌曲以找出其中的共性。
分析：研究方法的核心是"众包式全球数据库＋AI辅助的模式比对"，选项A准确概括了这一方法。
干扰项：[B]"对实验室饲养的圈养鸟类进行了对照实验"——无中生有，原文未提及任何实验室圈养实验；[C]"完全依赖研究团队成员自行采集的录音"——事实相反，原文明确说明数据来自"数千名志愿者上传"，而非研究团队自行采集；[D]"主要关注识别不同鸟类物种之间的差异，而非共性"——事实相反，研究的核心发现恰恰是"多样性背后的简单性"，即物种间的共性而非差异。
22.【正确答案】C
【解析】题型：细节理解题
定位：原文解释简单的"平调"（flat whistles）等简单音节动机在热带环境中更常见，是因为这有助于鸟类的声音穿透嘈杂、生物多样性丰富的声景和茂密植被。
分析：选项C准确复述了这一原因——简单的声音更容易穿透茂密植被与嘈杂的声学环境。
干扰项：[A]"热带鸟类主要在近距离交流，因此需要更简单的信号"——事实相反，原文说的是温带鸟类倾向于近距离交流并使用更复杂的音节，热带环境恰恰相反；[B]"热带物种面临较小的进化压力去发展复杂的发声能力"——无中生有，原文未从"进化压力大小"的角度解释；[D]"简单动机耗能更少，更适应炎热的热带气候"——无中生有，原文并未提及能耗或气候适应性的解释。
23.【正确答案】B
【解析】题型：推理判断题
定位：原文指出这是一种"进化权衡"——非常复杂的歌曲能传递大量信息，但在复杂环境中很难将这些信息远距离传输。
分析：选项B准确概括了这一权衡的两端——信息丰富度与远距离传输难度之间的博弈。
干扰项：[A]"歌唱的能量成本与吸引捕食者的风险相权衡"——无中生有，原文未提及捕食者风险；[C]"吸引配偶的需求与避开竞争物种的需求相权衡"——无中生有，原文未提及配偶吸引或物种竞争；[D]"更古老、更成熟的物种与更新、仍在演化中的物种争夺声学空间"——无中生有，原文讨论的是环境（热带/温带）与歌曲复杂度的关系，并非物种新旧之间的竞争。
24.【正确答案】D
【解析】题型：细节理解题
定位：原文引用Bacquelé的话——希望借助这些"动机"framework来帮助理解鸟类可能如何适应人类产生的新背景噪音。
分析：选项D准确复述了这一研究展望。
干扰项：[A]"训练鸟类发出全新类型的歌声"——无中生有，原文未提及训练鸟类发声；[B]"气候变化如何改变热带鸟类的迁徙模式"——无中生有并偷换概念，原文讨论的是人类噪音对鸟鸣的影响，而非气候变化对迁徙的影响；[C]"彻底消除自然栖息地中人类活动产生的背景噪音"——程度夸大，原文说的是理解鸟类"如何适应"噪音，而非"消除"噪音本身。
25.【正确答案】C
【解析】题型：主旨/推理题
定位：原文末尾提到，如果森林中某种鸟拥有特定的歌声，一旦森林被破坏，这种歌声可能就不再适应新的环境。
分析：选项C准确概括了这一收尾论点——鸟鸣是由原生栖息地塑造的，栖息地一旦改变，原有歌声可能不再适应。
干扰项：[A]"鸟类通常能够足够快地调整歌声，以适应改变后的栖息地"——事实相反，原文强调的正是歌声"可能不再适应"新环境，而非能够快速调整；[B]"如果原栖息地被破坏，大多数鸟类可能会迁往热带森林"——无中生有，原文未提及迁徙至热带森林这一选项；[D]"森林的消失主要威胁的是鸟类物种本身的生存，而非其歌声"——以偏概全，原文的落脚点恰恰是"歌声"与环境的适配关系，而非泛泛谈物种生存。
【词汇注释】
motif: noun (PATTERN) a distinctive or recurring pattern, feature, or theme 主题；动机（文中指构成鸟鸣的基本声音单元）
trill: noun (SOUND) a rapid alternation between two musical notes, or a similar vibrating sound 颤音
soundscape: noun (SOUND ENVIRONMENT) the combination of sounds that characterises a particular environment 声景；声音环境
biodiverse: adjective (VARIED LIFE) containing a wide variety of plant and animal species 生物多样的
trade-off: noun (COMPROMISE) a balance achieved between two desirable but incompatible outcomes 权衡；取舍
intrinsically: adverb (INHERENTLY) in a way that belongs naturally to something; essentially 内在地；本质上
conserve: verb (PROTECT) to protect something, especially an environmentally or culturally important place or thing, from damage or destruction 保护；保存
【长难句】It's a kind of evolutionary trade-off: A very complex song provides a lot of information, but it is difficult to transmit that information over long distances in complex environments.
冒号前It's a kind of evolutionary trade-off为总起句，冒号后对这一"权衡"做具体说明；
冒号后由but连接两个对立的分句：A very complex song provides a lot of information（复杂歌曲信息量大）为让步内容，but it is difficult to transmit that information over long distances in complex environments（但在复杂环境中难以远距离传输该信息）为转折后的核心内容，二者构成典型的"利弊并陈"结构。
【参考译文】
法国科学家表示，他们已经发现了鸟鸣惊人多样性的构成要素。
一个研究团队分析了来自3,000种鸟类的超过100,000段鸣叫，并揭示出它们全都由八种基本声音类型组成，研究人员将这些声音类型称为“主题”。
他们指出，每种鸟鸣都是由这些“母题”的组合构成的——包括三种颤音、三种哨音、无序音符以及和声。
鸟鸣是自然界中最复杂的基于声音的交流形式之一。
其多样性和复杂性一直令生物学家着迷，但由于鸟鸣种类繁多，很难在全球范围内进行研究。
首席研究员、圣埃蒂安大学博士生昆汀·巴克莱解释道：“鸟鸣的多样性极其丰富。如果你去亚洲、非洲或亚马逊地区，你会听到截然不同的鸟鸣。”
在一项新研究中，他和同事们利用了一个全球鸟鸣数据库——其中收录了数千名志愿者上传的录音。这意味着他们能够分析来自3,000多种鸟类的约116,000段鸟鸣。
他们研究了鸟鸣中的模式——即每种鸟鸣随时间推移的变迁与变化。借助人工智能，他们得以将数千段鸟鸣相互比较，从而找出其中的共同点。
科学家们表示，这揭示了“鸟鸣惊人多样性背后蕴含的简单性”。
一项关键发现是，鸟类进化所处的环境——从热带森林到温带景观——塑造了它们“创作”鸟鸣的方式。
因此，适应热带森林的鸟类所使用的声学“构建模块”（即乐句）与温带地区的鸟类不同。
巴克莱解释说，在热带环境中，通常能听到较简单的乐句，例如平直的哨声，这显然是因为它们有助于鸟类在喧闹、生物多样性丰富的声景和茂密的植被中让自己的声音被听到。
而更复杂的歌声——包含超快颤音以及蕴含大量信息的组合——则在温带森林中更为常见，因为那里的鸟类往往在较近的距离内进行交流。
这是一种进化上的权衡：非常复杂的歌声能提供大量信息，但在复杂环境中很难将这些信息传递到远处。
巴克莱解释说，环境与其自然声景之间的这种联系正因人类活动而发生改变。
“我认为这项研究开辟了一种新视角，将鸟鸣视为与环境[本质上]紧密相连的事物，”他告诉BBC新闻。
“因此，我们可以尝试利用这些乐段，帮助我们理解鸟类如何适应[我们产生的]新的背景噪音。”
巴克莱补充道，自然之声是我们与自然建立联系的重要组成部分，值得加以保护。
“如果你想到一处森林——无论是你所在城镇附近还是家附近——你脑海中浮现的往往是清晨出门时听到的鸟鸣。
“如果森林里的一只鸟拥有独特的歌声，而你破坏了这片森林，那么这种歌声可能就不再适应新的环境了。
附注：
