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2017年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
TTcic Bj1 V% <*1 V cl1*
• • • • —• • •«
❶Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?每天一个拥抱能使人远离医生吗？
句子主干 Could a hug...keep the doctor away?（一般疑问句：情态动词+主+谓语动词+宾+宾补）
I名词短语作时间状语，表频率
—级修饰 a day
❷ The answer may be a resounding "yes!” 答案也许是一个响亮的"是!”
句子主干 The answer may be a resounding "yes!"（主+系+表）
"通汇注屈:resounding [rrzaundi时a.响亮的;十足的
❸ Besides helping you feel close and connected to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a host of health
benefits to your body and mind.除了帮助你感到和自己关心的人之间的亲密联系外，事实证明，拥抱还能够给身
心健康带来许多益处。
二级修饰
you care about,
省略关系词（whom/that）的定语从句，[修饰people
Y修饰
Besides helping you feel close and connected to people
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 it turns out如[业更里巴堕恶共史史奂辿也坝空业（主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作状语J表对象
一级修饰 to your body and mind.
turn out证明是;原来是 b*enefit [ -benifit] n.益处;裨益观.对……有好处vi.受益
❹ Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you avoid getting sick this winter.信不信由你，一个温暖的拥抱
甚至可能帮助你在这个冬季避免生病。
—级修饰 Believe it or not,
___________ l插入语
句子主干 a warm embrace might even help you avoid getting sick （主+谓+宾+宾补）
i名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 this winter.
:词汇注释:e*mbrace [i*bmreis] 几.拥抱仇.欣然接受 a*void [© void]仇.避免;躲避;避让
113-第二段
❶ In a recent study involving over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania
examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing
the common cold after being exposed to the virus.在最近一项涉及400多名健康成年人的研究中,来自宾夕法尼
亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究者们对“感知到社会支持和获得拥抱对参与者接触到病毒之后易患普通感冒程度
的影响”进行了研究。
二级修饰 involving over 40（• healthy adults,
1现在分词次
豆语作后置定语，修饰a recent study
n a recent study
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania
1介词短语作后置定语，修饰researchers
句子主干 researdiers...examined the effects （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，Wthe effects
of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰the effects
on the participants9 susceptibility
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the p*articipants susceptibility
二级修饰 to developing the common cold
］介词短语作时间状语
三级修饰 after being exposed to the virus.
:词汇洼将]perceiv*e [ P*si9iv] vt.感知到;领会;认为 r*eceipt [n si:t] n.收到;收据;收到的款项
suscefiitibiUt y [ sa^epta-bibti] n.易受影响（或伤害等）的特性;敏感性
expos<5* [ik•spwz] vt.使接触;显露;揭露 v*irus [wags] n.病毒
❷ People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated
that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.感受到更多社会支持的
人患感冒的可能性越小,研究人员估算，拥抱的减压效果解释了患感冒的概率降低这一有益影响的约32%。
—级修饰 who perceived greater social support
| who引导的定语从句，修饰People
（l）People...were less likely to come down with a^cold,（主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and the researchers calculated （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句J作calculated的宾语
that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.
[词汇注释！ c*alculate [ •kaelkjuleit] vt.估计;预测;计算 “ e*xplain [ik splem] v.解释;说明
❸ Even among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less
severe symptoms.甚至在那些已患感冒的人当中,感受到更多社会支持且获得更频繁拥抱的人的症状也更
轻微。
114二级修饰 who got a cold,
! who引导的定语从句，修饰those
-由磁
Even among those
I介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
句子主干 the ones...had 寒ygg （主+谓+宾）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰the ones
一
who felt greater social support
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓语
and received more frequent hugs
： f*requent [，fri：kw°nt] a.频繁的;经常发生的 symptom * [ *simptam ] n.症状；征兆
O " Hugging protects people who are under stress from the increased risk for colds that's usually associated with stress,"
notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie.拥抱保护那些处于压力之下的人免受患感冒概率增
加的风险,而这一风险往往和压力相关”，卡耐基梅隆大学的心理学教授谢尔登-科恩指出。
that's usually associated with stress,"
一级修饰
句子主干
notes Sheldon Coheq,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
| Sheldon Cohen 的同位语
一级修饰 a professor of psychology at Carnegie.
=词汇注释； increased [in，kri：st] a.增加的;增强的 associated [a*saujieitid] a.相关的;有联系的
@ Hugging " is a marker of intimacy and helps generate the feeling that others are there to help in the face of difliculty. ”
拥抱“是亲密的标志，且有助于产生这样一种感觉:在你面对困难时，其他人会伸出援手”。
_级修饰 of intimacy
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a marker
Hugging “is a marker （主+系+表）
''"■niB ' — ----- ----------------------—
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and helps （to） generate the feeling
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the feeling
痂
that others are there to help
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in the face of difficulty."
i
:要点注释 本句中，句子主干的系表结构可看作复合谓语。
:词汇注释'、' intimacy [-mtimasi] n.亲密;熟悉;亲密的言语 g*enerate [ -dsenareit] vt.产生;造成;引起
,•第四段••
O Some experts attribute the stress-reducing, health-related beneHts of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called
115"the bonding hormone" because it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their
newborn babies, 一些专家将拥抱的减压以及与健康有关的益处归因于催产素（通常也被称为“黏合荷尔蒙”）的
释放,因为它可以促进关系的依恋，包括母亲和新生儿之间的依恋。
二级修饰 1 often called *t*he bonding h**ormone
过去分词短语作后置定语,!修饰。xytocin
—级修饰 to the release of oxytocin,
l介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 Some experts attribute g[些理理（主+谓+宾）
] because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because it promotes attachment in relationships,
T 补充说明relationships
二级修饰 including that between mothers and their newborn babies.
•通汇洼释:a*ttribute [a^nbjuit]仇.把... 归因于 r*elease [rrli：s] n.释放;发行vt.放开;发泄
oxytocin [ （Dksrtdusin]几催产素 attachment [ MaetJmont ]几.依恋;连接;附属物
❷ Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream.
催产素主要产生于大脑的中下部，其中一些被释放到体内循环的血液中。
_级修饰 primarily in the central lower part of the brain,
I介词短语作（1）句的地点状语
（1） Oxytocin is made （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and some of it is released （主+谓）
|介词短语作（2）句的地点状语
_级修饰 into the bloodstream.
:国汇洼释:primarily [ praimarali] <«/.主要地;根本地 bloodstream [ •blAdstrizm]几•体内循环的血液;血流
❸ But some of it remains in the brain, where it influences mood, behavior and physiology.但是其中还有一些催产素
还保留在大脑中，影响着人们的情绪、行为和生理机能。
句子主干 But some of it remains （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 in the brain,
[ where引导的非限定性定语从句,补充说明the brain
二级修饰 where it influences mood, behavior and physiology.
；情无函祢! i*nfluence [ influans] vt./n.影响;支配（力） p*hysiology [ .fizi-olodsi] n.生理机能;生理学
Part A
Text 1 “
• • • .
O First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a
domestic flight, at least at some major U. S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.最初是两个小时，现在
116是三个小时——这是官方建议人们搭乘国内航班时需提前到达机场的时间，至少在安检队伍越来越长的一些
美国的主要机场是这样。
一级修饰 First two hours, now three hours
解释说明this
―this is how far in advance authorities are recommending （主+系+表从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句,Jf^are recommending的宾语
people （should） show up
动词不定式短语作目的状语["
to catch a domestic flight,
一级修饰 介词短辟地点瞬
at least at some major U. S. airports
介词短语作后置定语，修饰 airports
二级修饰 with increasingly massive security lines.
:婴成注释:how引导的表语从句中,主语是authorities，谓语are recommending,省略引导词(that)的宾语从句,
作are recommending的宾语;该从句中,主语为people,谓语为(should)show up0
顶无连鹿]in advance提前;预先 a*uthority [o： 0Drati]几官方;当局;权力;专家;批准
d*omestic [ds mestik] a.国内的;家庭的 m* assive [ .maesiv] a.大规模的;巨大的;严重的
• • •第^ ,, • • • «
O Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety.美国人愿意忍受
耗时的安检流程以换取更高的安全保障。
句子主干 Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in return for increased safety.
j t*[o.>erate tDbreit] u.忍受;容忍;能经受 p*rocedure [] n•程序;步骤;手续
❷ The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another
tragic reminder of why,埃及航空804航班疑遭恐怖分子袭击，于地中海上空坠落，这一悲剧再次提醒人们为什
么要这样做。
句子主干 The crash...provides an^CT trafflcrgni inder （主+谓+宾）
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰The crash'
of EgyptAir Flight 804,
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， I^Wanother tragic reminder
0'why.
which引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明EgyptAir Flight 804
二级修饰 which terrorists may have downed
t介词短语作地点状语
三级修饰 over the Mediterranean Sea,
c*rash [ kref] n./v.坠机；坠毁；碰撞 terrorist [ -teranst] n.恐怖分子;恐怖主义者
d*[doawunn] vt.击落 a.沮丧的 （«/.向下 Mediterranean [ imedityrembn] a.地中海的
117❸ But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the
process.但是对航空旅客要求太多或是相应地向他们提供的安全保障太低，会削弱公众对这一过程的支持。
句子主干 But demanding...or providing...in return undermines public support （主+谓+宾）
■ , ,，，“，， . ' .......... ‘ , " ' ' ---------------—-------
厂.* 介词短语作后置定语j修饰public support
—级修饰 for the process.
:要点注释:本句的主语是or连接的两个并列的动名词短语demanding too much of air travelers和providing too
little security in return。
:却汇注将:u*ndermine [ lAnda mam] vt.逐渐削弱;破坏p*rocess [ praoses] n.过程;步骤vt.处理;加工
❹ And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans, economic and private lives, not to mention infiiriating.而这也是
理所应当的:浪费掉的时间对美国人的经济生活和私人生活来说是一种拖累，更不用说它还令人心生愤怒。
句子主干 And it should （undermine public^upport for the process）:（主+谓+宾）
___________ '解释说明
一级修饰 Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives,
___________ I补充说明
二级修饰 not to mention infuriating.
；要点注释：本句是一个省略句，句子主干补充完整为And it should undermine public support for the process；
should后内容因与上句重复，故省略。
:词汇注释'、'd*rag [draeg]几.拖累;累赘侃.拖;生拉硬拽 infuriating [*fjmuarieitig] a.使人极为生气的
•第三段••
❶ Last year, the Transportation Security Administration （TSA） found in a secret check that undercover investigators
were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.去年，美国运输安
全管理局（TSA）在一次秘密检查中发现,卧底调查员能偷偷携带武器——不管是假的还是真的——通过机场
安检，几乎是屡试不爽。
一级修饰 in a secret check
___________ 介词短语作句子主干的状语]
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration （TSA） found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that弓|导的宾语从句，[作found的宾语
that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons...past airport security
‘‘ 插入语T
—both fake and real—
一级修饰 everytime引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
nearly every time they tried.
:可无注程:undercover [ .Anda^Avafr） ] q.秘密的;私下进行的 investigator [ m vestigeita⑥]n.调查者
s*neak [sni：k] vt.偷带;偷拿vi.偷偷地走；溜 f*[afekiek] a.假的几假货vt.伪造
❷ Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil
prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.从那以后，强化了的安检
措施,再加上由于经济好转和低油价引起的航空旅行人数增加，已导致旅客在诸如芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场这样
的主要机场长时间等待。
118二级修饰 due to the improving economy and low oil prices,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a rise in airline travel
一一级修饰-
combined with a rise in airline travel
]过去分词短语作插入语，补充说明Enhanced security measures
句子主干 Enhanced security measuiys.・・ have resulted in longv^ite （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
since then,
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰long waits
at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.
i词汇注释1 enhanced [nrhomst] a.增强的;提高的;扩大的 result in导致;结果是;引起
❸ It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.航空安检的有效性
提升了多少尚不明确，但是安检队伍（变长）是显而易见的。
how much more effective airline security has become
句子主干 I It为形式主语，how引导的主语从句作真正的主语
It is not yet clear （主+系+表）
[补充说明
_级修饰 — ut the lines are obvious.
:词汇注释1 e*ffective [rfektiv] a.有效的;生效的 o*bvious [ obvias] a.显而易见的;公认的;无创意的
,,第四段••
O Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now
rushing to get new screeners on the line.部分问题在于政府并没有预料到航空旅行人数会急剧增长，所以TSA
如今正急于招募新的安检人员。
that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,
I that引导的表语从句
句子主干 （l）Part of the issue is...（主+系+表从）
I SO连接的并列句，表因果
（2）so the TSA is now rushing tojgetjiew^creeneire on the line.（主+谓+宾）
国无注斯! a*nticipate [aen tisipeit] vt.预料;先于……做 s*[stteiep sp] a.急剧的;陡峭的;过分的
r*[ruAsfh] v.急着（做）；忙碌n.匆忙 screener [ .skri：na（r） ] n.检查者;筛选器;过滤网
❷ Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes,部分问题是机场只有有限的空间用作
安检通道。
Part of the issue is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 ]that引导的表语从句
that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.
:问汇洼应screening [.skrimirj] n.检查；审查;放映 l*[alenien] n.道;车道;胡同;小路
❸ Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,
though the airlines strongly dispute this.另外一个因素可能是，为免交行李托运费，更多旅客试图把随身行李袋塞
得满满的，即使航空公司强烈反对这种行为。
119句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释：carry-on随身携带的;手提的 dispute * [ drspjuzt] v.反驳；争论n.纠纷;争端
•…第五段•…
❶ There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people
in the PreCheck program. TSA可采取一项既不需要改造机场又不需要急聘员工的措施:让更多人加入预检计划。
句子主干 There is （Hie step （There be句型：There + is + 主）
厂词氐呈福'、、remodel vt.改造;重塑;重建 e*nroll [inTaul] v.（使）加入;登记;注册
❷ PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.对于旅客和 TSA来说，预检计划应该是一个双赢
的措施。
句子主干 PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win （主+系+表）
___________ 介词短语作状语J表对象
不修饰 for travelers and the TSA.
!词关函降-be supposed to be/do sth.（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当 win-win双赢（的）
❸ Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.通过背景审查的旅客有资格
使用快速安检通道。
—级修饰 to use expedited screening lanes.
I动词不定式短语作状语
句子主干 Passengers…are eligble （主+系+表）
| who引导的定语从句，修饰Passengers
—级修饰 who pass a background check
「面巳主裕;eligible” .elidjabl] a.有资格的;具备条件的；中意的 expedite [ ,ekspadait] vt.加快;加速
❹ This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved.这能使 TSA将精力
集中到危险性更高的旅客身上，节省每一个相关人员的时间。
120句子主干 This allows the TSA to focus on travelers （主+谓+宾篌补）
who引导的定语从句,j修饰travelers
who are higher risk,
—级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
saving time for everyone involved.
:翅汇荏释■ f*ocus [ -foukos]。.集中;关注几.焦点 involved [ mwolvd] a.参与的;卷入的
❺ The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. TSA 欲将 2500 万人纳入预检计划。
句子主干 The TSA wants四,竺史!]癸回奥ogpg哩0（主+谓+宾）
\介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in PreCheck.
第六段••-
❶ It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years
to process their background checks.但实际人数却与之相差甚远,一个主要原因在于（背景审查）惊人的价格:旅
客每五年须支付85美元进行个人背景审查。
一级修饰 close to that,
形容词短语作后置定语,[修饰anywhem
（l）It has not gotten anywdiere （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and one big reason is sticker shock:（主+系+表）
| 解释说明sticker shock
_级修饰 Passengers must pay $85 every five years
]动词不定式短语作目的状语
二级修饰 to process their background checks.
面云注释匚sticker shock价格震惊（发现价格比想象的要高得多）p*[ay pei] 支付;付酬;偿还;缴纳
❷Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.从一开始，这个标价就一直是预检计划的致命缺陷。
_级修饰 Since the beginning,
___________ i介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 this price tag has been j^ChecVs fatjd flaw.（主+系+表）
:通无注幕〕a.致命的;灾难性的;导致失败的 f*[lfalw 3!] n.缺点;裂痕;错误;瑕疵
© Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.即将到来的改革可能会使价格降至更合理的
水平。
Upcoming reforms might bring flieprke （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 |介词短语作the price的补足语
to a more reasonable level.
\ \ upcoming EpkAmi时a.即将发生（或来临）的r*easonable [ riiznobl] a.合理的;明智的;公道的
121❹ But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other
ways.但国会应当通过对预检注册进行资助或者以其他方式削减成本，直接介入此事。
句子主干 But Congress should look into doingso directly,（主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment
一级修饰 1 or连接并列的动词不定式短语
or to cut costs in other ways.
:词汇注释：finance [ •famaens] vt.资助;提供资金几财政 enrollment [ inTaulmant ] n.注册;登记
…第七段…
O The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers
in unnecessary lines.当大多数旅客承受着没有必要的排队时,TSA不能再继续将资源投入到未充分利用的预检
通道上。
句子主干 The TSA cannot continue diverting resources （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
into underused PreCheck lanes
一级修饰 while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.
[词汇注释j divert Af[dai V3：t] vt.转移;使转向;使分心 underused [ |Andaju：zd] a.未充分利用的;浪费的
s*uffer [.SAfaCr）] v.遭受;受苦 vi.变差 unnecessary [Airnesgri] a.不必要的;多余的
❷It is long past time to make the program work,早就该让预检计划发挥作用了。
It is long past time （主+系+表） ,
句子主干 ]It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to make the program work.
Text 2
■ ..第—段.「
O “The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,M wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897.
“古夏威夷人都是天文学家，”夏威夷最后一位执政君主利留卡拉尼女王于1897年这样写道。
*The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,
句子主干 [直接引语作wrote的宾语
wrote Queen Liliuokalani,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[Queen Liliuokalani 的同位语
Hawaii's last reigning monarch,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语 “
in 1897.
:词汇函两:a*ncient [ emjant] a.古代的;古老的;年代久远的 astronomer [ Q-stronamoCr） ] n.天文学家
reigning [ -reimg] a.统治的;本届的;在位的 m* onarch [，mwwk] n.女皇;君主;帝王
122❷ Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.观星师曾是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的成
员之一
O
句子主干 Star watchers were among the most esteemed members （主+系+表）
. ■ , — — , •' ，"、，,，，'•'，、，'侦，-、，，-、，—、”，I* ，，，r" "^***，，八-
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the most esteemed members
一级修饰 of Hawaiian society.
薛精瘤澈阳廓硬奶5%"
「诃五注程：watcher [ .wotjsfr） ] n.观察者;观察员 esteemed [ rstiimd] a.受尊敬的;受敬重的
❸Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.可悲的是，在如今的夏威夷，天文学的处境却不尽如人意。
句子主干 Sadly, all is not iggQ （主+系+表）
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 with astronomy in Hawaii today.
❹ Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope （TMT） , a giant observatory that promises to
revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.当地爆发了抗议活动，反对建造三十米望远镜（TMT）:—*座很有可
能彻底改变人类宇宙观的巨型天文台。
句子主干 Protests have erupted （主+谓）
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope （TMT）,
| the Thirty Meter Telescope （TMT）的同位语
二级修饰 a giant observatory
that引导的定语从句,
三级修饰 that promises to revolutionize h*sumanity view of the cosmos.
protest * [ prautest ] n.抗议[protest ] v.抗议 e*rupt [rrApt] vi.爆发;突然发生颅发
observatory [ 3b Z3：vatri] n.天文台;气象台 revolutionize [ ireva-luifsnaiz] vt.完全变革
h*umanity [ hjurmaenati] ".人类;人性;人道 cosmos [ .kozmos]几.宇宙
…第二段…
❶ At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the pUco,
that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.争议的焦点是TMT的计划选址位于莫纳克亚山，它是被许多夏
威夷人信奉为“P痴（夏威夷本地语言中代表“大海的浪花”“冲浪运动”，并引申有“阳光”“生命”"健康”等含
义）”的休眠火山，夏威夷人认为此山连接着夏威夷群岛和众天神。
句子主干 AHssue is the TMT、planned location （倒装句：表+系+主）
二级修饰
三藏修饰
三级修饰
[词汇注释:at issue争论中的;待解决的;有分歧的 dormant [-dozmant] a.休眠的;蛰伏的
w*orship [.wazjip] v.敬奉;崇拜n.爱慕;崇敬 h*eaven [ hevn] n.诸神;神；天堂;极乐之地
❷ But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.但莫纳克亚山也是世界上—些顶尖望
远镜的所在地。
123句子主干 But Mauna Kea is also home （主+系+表）
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰home
一级修饰 to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.
❸ Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planefs dense atmosphere, where
conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.莫纳克亚山坐落于太平洋，其顶峰高耸于地球
大部分稠密的大气层之上，那里的条件使得望远镜能够获取无比清晰的图像。
■■级修饰 Rested in the Pacific Ocean,
［过去分词短语作状语
句子主干 Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere,（主+谓）
［where引导的非限定性定语从句,补充说明Mauna Kea's peak
一级修饰 where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
，迥汇洼群」 r*est [rest] v.置于;休息n.剩余部分 r*[risaeiz] vi.高耸;上升;起立
the bulk of大部分;大多数 d*ense [dens] a.稠密的;浓重的;难懂的
unsurpassed [ （Ansa-passt] a.无比的;卓绝的 c*larity [ kterati] n,清晰;明确
…第三段…
❶Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new,反对在莫纳克亚山建造望远镜并不是什么新鲜事。
句子主干 Opposition...is nothing new.（主+系+表）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰Opposition
-级修饰 to telescopes on Mauna Kea
:词汇注释： opposition [,Dp3.Zijn] n.（强烈的）反对;反抗;竞争者;对立
❷ A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred
land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. 一个由夏威夷人和环境保护论者
组成的人数虽少却直言不讳的群体一直以来都认为，这些望远镜的存在是对这片圣地的亵渎，是对曾经主权国
家遭受占领的痛心提醒。
一级修饰 A small but vocal group of
］名词短语作前置定语，ftWHawaiians and environmentalists
Hawaiians and enviromnentalists have long viewed （主+谓成+宾补）
句子主干 介词短语作their presence的补足语|
as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the occupation |
一级修饰 of what was once a sovereign nation.
j
"要京注释 介词短语of what...nation中,what引导的宾语从句,作介词of的宾语。
，通汇注释: v*ocal [ -vaukl] a,直言不讳的；发声的 disrespect [ ,disri-spekt] n.不尊敬;轻蔑；无礼
s*acred [ .seiknd] a,神圣的;受崇敬的;神的 -s*overeign [ .SDvnn] a.完全独立的n.君主;元首
…第四段…
❶Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.反对者将当前争议的部分责任归咎于天文学家。
124句子主干 Some blame...belongs to astronomers.（主+谓+宾）
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Some blame
一级修饰 for the current controversy
「商W遂释]b*lame [bleim] n.责任;指责vt.把……归咎于 c*ontroversy [ -kontravaisi] n.争论，辩论
❷ In their eagemess to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.
他们渴望建造更大的望远镜，却忘记了科学并非了解世界的唯一途径。
一级修饰 In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,
［介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 th' ey :fo__r_g_o_t［ t hat 竺sci< 姬呼也四史（主+谓+宾从）
■ — M , -----—
介词短语作后置定语,］修饰the only way
一级修饰 of understanding the world.
❸ They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the i*slands inhabitants.
他们并没有始终优先考虑保护莫纳克亚山脆弱的生态系统及它在岛上居民心中的神圣地位。
They did not always prioritize the protection （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后语J UMftthe protection
一级修饰 of Mauna K*sea fragile ecosystems or its holiness
介词短语作后置定语 its holiness
二级修饰 to the islands' inhabitants.
:词汇注释: prioritize [ prarnrataiz] vt.优先考虑;给... 优先权 f*ragile [ ,fraedsail] a.脆弱的;易碎的
holiness [ .haulinas]几.神圣;圣洁;圣座 inhabitant^ [ m'haebitant ] n.居民;栖息动物
❹ Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past； it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.夏威夷文化并非过
去的遗物;而是一种鲜活的文化,现今正在历经复兴。
-级修饰 of the past;
介词短语作后置定语,［修饰a relic
（l）Hawaiian culture is not ar^c （主+系+表）
句子主干 并列句
(2)it is a living culture (主+系+表)
\现在分词短语作后置定语,
修饰a living culture
一级修饰 undergoing a renaissance today.
i词汇注释: relic [-relik] n.遗物;遗迹;圣骨;遗风 M* ving [ livirj] a.活的;在实施的n.生计
u*ndergo [ lAnda gw] vt.经历,经受;遭受 renaissance * [ rr neisns ] n.复兴;复活;复燃
第五段•••
❶ Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.然而，科学也有文化史，其
根源可以追溯到文明的开端。
句子主干 Yet science has a cultural history, too,（主+谓+宾）
I with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.
「商汨^ 3°°小[皿t] n.根源;根部v.生根;搜;翻 d*awn [dsn]几开端;黎明vi.开始;出现
125❷ The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires
astronomers today to explore the heavens.探索地平线之外世界的好奇心最先把早期波利尼西亚人带至夏威夷海
岸，也正是同样的好奇心激励着当今的天文学家去探索天空。
that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores
—级修饰 that引导的定语从句,修饰The same curiosity
to find what lies beyond the horizon
、,[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰The same curiosity
句子主干 Hie same curiosity...inspires astoonomere today to explore the heavens.（主+谓携+^卜）
；戛应注释:动词不定式短语to find...horizon中,what引导的宾语从句，作find的宾语。
；词汇淫蒋;c*uriosity [ ikjusri-Dsati]几好奇心;求知欲;珍品 i*nspire [ m^paiafr）]凯.激励;启发;鼓舞
❸ Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy
and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.
要求拆除莫纳克亚山上所有望远镜或禁止未来对那里开发的呼吁忽视了这样一个事实:天文学和夏威夷文化
都在试图回答关于我们是谁，我们从何而来以及我们将去往何处这样的重要问题。
一级修饰 to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there
I or连接并列的动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰Calls
句子主干 Calls...ignorethereaM^y （主+谓+宾）
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the reality
—级修饰 that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰big questions |
二级修饰 about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.
:要福注臀」介词短语about...going中,and连接三个并列的宾语从句作介词about的宾语。
:迥汇注群 '、、disassemble [ idiss'sembl] vt.拆卸 vi.散开;分散 b*[baanen] vt.禁止;取缔 n.禁令
i*gnore [ig・no:（r）]仇.忽视;佯装未见;不顾 s*[seie:kk] vt.试图;寻求;征求
❹ Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral
homes.或许这就是我们要探索星空的原因，就好像在回应一个原始的呼唤,即了解我们自己和我们祖先的真正家园。
—级修饰 Perhaps
_______________ I插入语
句子主干 that is西冬亟史切（主+系+表从）
[ as i号|导的状语从句，作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 as if （we are） answering a primal calling
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰a primal calling
二级修饰 to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
:词汇连释:starry [ -sta:ri] a.布满星星的;明亮的 primal [ praiml] a.原始的;最初的;根源的
k-------------------- U
。…第六段…
❶ The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.天文学界正在做出妥协，以改变
其对莫纳克亚山的利用方式。
126句子主干 The astronomy community is making compromises （主+谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to change its use of Mauna Kea.
:词汇函亩■ c*ommunity [k/mjumSi] n.界;社区;共享 c*ompromise [•kompramaiz] n. /vi.妥协;折中
❷ The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and
environmental impact. TMT的选址将最大程度地降低望远镜在夏威夷岛周边的可见性，并避免对考古和环境造成
影响。
句子主干 The TMT site was chosen （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island
一级修饰 I and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.
[词汇注释 '、、m* inimize [*minimaiz] vt.使最小化;贬低 visibility [ jVizs^bibti]几.可见性;能见度
archaeological [ iazkia lodsikl] a.考古学的 i*mpact [ impaekt] n.影响;撞击;冲击力
❸ To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites
returned to a natural state.为了限制莫纳克亚山上望远镜的数量，旧望远镜达到使用年限时将会被拆除,它们的
原址将会被恢复到自然状态。
To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
at the end of their lifetimes
l介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（1） old ones will be removed （主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and their sites （will be） returned （主+谓）
?介词短语作（2 ）句的状语
_级修饰 to a natural state.
❹ There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the
stars.没有理由不欢迎所有人去莫纳克亚山拥抱当地的文化遗产、研究星体。
句子主干 There is no reason （There be句型：There + is +主）
| why引导的定语从句，修饰reason
一级修饰 why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea
| and连接并列的动词不定式短语，作everyone的补足语
二级修饰 to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
''、国汇荏将：w*elcome ['welkam] vt.欢迎;欣然接受 n.迎接 h*eritage [*heritid3] n.遗产;传统
Text 3
・第一段
❶ Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures ** everything except that which makes life worthwhile.
罗伯特-F.肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的GDP能够衡量“一切，除了那些使生活有价值的东西”。
127Robert F. Kennedy once said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that弓I导的宾语从句J作said的宾语
that a c*sountry GDP measures ^everything
介词短语作后置定语J修饰everything
: * -,
_级修饰 except that
which引导的定语从句Jl^Wthat
二级修饰 which makes life w**orthwhile.
:词汇注释:m* easure [ •mesafr） ] v.衡量;测量n.措施;程度 w*orthwhile [ （W3：0*wail] a.有价值的;重要的
❷ With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely
moment to assess what he was referring to.随着英国投票决定将要脱离欧盟，且GDP增速已预计会因此放缓，此
时正是考量肯尼迪言下之意的最佳时机。
and （with） GDP already predicted to slow as a result,
一级修饰 | and连接并列的独立主格结构
With Britain voting to leave the European Union,
[With独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 it is now a timely moment （主+系+表）
T动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a timely moment
—级修饰 to assess what he was referring to.
要点注释:动词不定式短语to assess...中,what引导的宾语从句作assess的宾语。
迥汇遂辱:p*redict [prrdikt]小.预测;预言;预报 t*imely [ Tamili] g.适时的;及时的
a*ssess [a^es]讯评估;估算;评定;考查 refer to提到;涉及;查阅;适用于
第二段•…
❶ The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. GDP 及其可用性这一问题
已经困扰了政策制定者们半个多世纪。
句子主干
_级修饰
J商汇函者:a*nnoy [a noi] vt.使烦恼;使恼怒;打扰 poUcymaker [ •polisi.meika] n.政策制定者;决策者
❷Many argue that it is a flawed concept.许多人认为，它是一个有缺陷的概念。
句子主干 Many argue that it is a flawed concept.（主+谓+宾从）
:： flawed [fl3：d] a.有缺陷的;有错误的;有瑕疵的 c*oncept [ -konsept] n.概念;观念
❸It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.它衡量那些无关紧要的东西，却遗漏了真正重要的
东西。
128—级修饰 that do not matter
| th砒引导的定语从句，修饰things
It measures tilings （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and misses things “
| that引导的定语从句，修饰things
一级修饰 that do.
❹ By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and
high growth figures.据最近评估,英国的GDP—有着创纪录的低失业率及高经济增长率---直令西方世界
羡慕不已。
:词汇注释:e*nvy [ *envi] n. /vt.羡慕;忌妒 r*ecord [ Tekozd] n.纪录;记录;唱片
u*nemployment [ iAnim-pbimant] n.失业；失业人数 f*igure [ •figaCr） ] n.数字；人物；图表
❺ If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what
it could do to their country's economic prospects?如果一切都进展得如此顺利，那么为什么即使面对“脱欧”将会
影响本国经济前景的警示,还是有1700多万人投票支持“脱欧”呢？
兰级修饰
If everything was going so well,
[If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—~• ... . .• ~
句子主干 then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit,
]介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
一级修饰 despite the warnings
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the warnings
二级修饰 about what it could do
介词短语作状语J表对象
三级修饰 to their c*sountry economic prospects?
句子主干是一个特殊疑问句，由“特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾”构成;介词短语
about...do中,what引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语。
:可汇注辱一:vote for投票赞成 d*espite [ drspait] prep.即使；尽管；不管
warning [ ,woinig] n.警示;警告a.警告的 prospect * [ prospekt] n.前景;希望;风景
…第三段…
O A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that
question.最近一项关于“不同国家及其将经济增长转变为幸福感的能力”的年度研究在某种程度上解释了这一问题。
129句子主干 A recent annual stujy...sheds some light on that^uestion.（主+谓+宾）
j介词短语作后置定语，修饰A recent annual study
.-
—级修饰 of countries and their ability
动词不定式短语作后置定语,[修饰their ability
二级修饰 to convert growth into well-being
:诃汇注释：a*nnual [・aenju01] a.年度的;每年的n.年刊 c*onvert [kanwazt] v.转变;改变信仰
well-being [ -wel bi：ir）] n.幸福;健康;安乐 shed light on阐明;使（问题等）较容易理解
❷ Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is
translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens.在被评估的163个国家中，英国在“确保将经济增长转变
为有意义的民生改善”方面是表现最差的国家之一。
一级修饰 Across the 163 countries measured,
[介词短语作状语，表范围
句子主干 the UK is one of the poorest performers （主+系+表）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
in ensuring
一级修饰 | that引导的宾语从句，作ensuring的宾语
that economic growth is translated
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 into meaningful improvements for its citizens.
:词汇注释:performer [ p9-fo：ma（r）]几.表现得....者;演员 e*nsure [mjua（r）] vt.确保;担保;保证
t*ranslate [ traensdeit] v.（使）转变；翻译 improvement [ im^pruivmant] n.改善；改进
❸ Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 difierent sets erf criteria from health, education and civil society engagement
have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.该研究不只关注 GDP,还
涵盖医疗、教育及公民社会参与度领域的40多套不同的衡量标准，以便对各国表现做出更为全面的评估。
一级修饰 Rather than just focusing on GDP,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 over 40 different sets of criteria...have been measured （主+谓）
一级修饰
二级修饰
:要点注释:介词短语of how...中,how引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。
:词汇注释1 s*et [set] n. 一套;一伙人;布景vt.放置 c*riterion [ krartiarian] n.（戒 criteria）标准
c*ivil [ *sivl] a.公民的;政府的；民事的 engagement * [ m-geidsmant ]几.参与;约定;订婚
rounded [ *raundid] 全面的;圆形的;完善的 assessment [a-sesmsnt]几评估;看法;鉴定
130…第四段…
❶ While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes.尽管所有这些国家都
面临着各自的挑战，但还存有许多基调一致的问题。
一级修饰 While all of these Countries face their own challenges,
I While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 there are a number of consistent themes. （There be句型：there + are + 主）
[词汇注释1 c*onsistent [kan-sistant] a.—致的;连续的;相符的 t*heme [ei：m] n.主题;题目；主旋律
❷ Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as
health and education, major economies have continued to decline.确实，自 2008 年全球危机以来，经济复苏已初现
苗头，但在诸如医疗和教育等领域的关键指标方面,主要经济体仍在继续下滑。
一级修饰 since the 2（X）8 global crash,
[介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（1） Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery （There be句型:there + has been +主）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but...major economies have continued to decline.（主+谓+宾）
[介伺短语作（2）句的状语
in key indicators
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰key indicators
in areas such as health and education,
迥汇注释」budding [*bAdig] q.崭露头角的;萌发中的 r*ecovery [n^Avsri]巾复苏;恢复;取回;回升
indicator [ -mdikeitsCr） ] n.指标;迹象;指示物 d*ecline [drklam] vi.衰落;减少;下降 v.谢绝
❸Yet this isn't the case with all countries.然而并非所有国家都是如此。
句子主干 Yet this isn't tihecase （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语修饰the case
with all countries.
❹ Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income
equality and the environment,有些相对贫穷的欧洲国家在公民社会、收入公平和环境等指标上已经取得了巨大
的进步。
句子主干 Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements （主+谓+宾）
\介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 across measures
介词短语作后置定语,|修饰measures
二级修饰 including civil society, income equality and the environment.
:词汇注释：relatively [Tebtivli]诚.相对地;相当地 e*quality [i kwolati]几.平等;均等;相等
第五段••二
❶ This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a c*sountry
131success, the world looks very different.富裕国家可以吸取这条教训：当GDP不再被视为衡量一国成就的唯一标
准时，世界看起来会大不相同。
句子主干 This is a lesson （主+系+表）
[that引导的定语从句，修饰a lesson
that rich countries can learn:
一级修饰 解释说明a lesson
the world looks very different.
| When引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 When GDP is no longer regarded
]介词短语作GDP的补足语
三级修饰 as the sole measure of a country's success,
；迥汇注释:r*egard [rrgaid] vt.把....视为;看待n.尊敬;注意 s*ole [soul] a.唯一的;专有的几.脚掌
第六段,,
❶ So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic
activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.所以,肯尼迪的言下之意是，尽管GDP一直是衡量国家经
济活动最常用的方法，但作为一项衡量标准，它已经不够用了。
So, what Kennedy was referring to was...（主从+系+表从）
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
:要点注释:句子主干的主语是what引导的主语从句，该从句的主语是Kennedy,谓语是was referring to,引导
词what在从句中作宾语。
❷ It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes—all things that contribute to
a p*serson sense of well-being.它没有将诸如环境质量或教育成果等重要因素包含在内，而所有这些都有助于提
升个人幸福感。
句子主干 It does not include姬gffjgg迪业史（主+谓+宾）
| such as...举例说明important factors
such as environmental quality or education outcomes
—级修饰 important factors的同位语
all things
T that引导的定语从句，修饰all things
二级修饰 that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.
i 词汇注释 i i*nclude [in.kluid] vt.包含;把....算入 o*utcome [.autkAm] n.成果;结果;效果
contribute to有助于;是... 的部分原因;促成 s*ense [sens] n.感觉;理解力;意义
132•第七段…
❶ The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we
depend on for our weU-being and for growth.据预测，全球和英国的经济增长都将遭受重大打击，这可能会导致我
们维持幸福感和促进个人发展所依赖的日常服务（水平）有所下降。
predicted around the world and in the UK
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰The sharp hit
to growth
,, l介词短语作后置定语，修饰The sharp hit
句子主干 The sharp hit...could lead to a decline （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a
decline
in the everyday services
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句J修饰the everyday services
二级修饰 we depend on for our well-being and for growth.
s*harp [ja:p] a.强烈的;急剧的;锋利的;敏锐的hi也hit] n.打;击v.打击;碰撞;命中
❷ But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid
the forecasted doom and may even see progress,但是如果政策制定者们重新将力量集中在提升幸福感上，而不是
仅担忧GDP数字，就有可能避免可预见的厄运,甚至可能取得进步。
rather than simply worrying about GDP figures
二级修饰 | rather than连接并列的动名词短语，肯定前者，否定后者
on improving well-being
I介词短语作状语
_级修饰 who refocus efforts
]who引导的定语从句，修饰policymakers
But policymakers.. .could avoid the forecasted doom （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and may even see progress.
面无注移]f*08St [心ka:st] vt./n.预测;预报 d*oom [du:m] n.厄运;劫数;悲观议.注定
Text 4
• • • __
❶ In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia
governor, Robert McDonnell.在一项为数不多的一致裁决中，美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯
特•麦克唐纳的腐败定罪。
一级修饰 In a rare unanimous ruling,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the corruption conviction
一级修饰 of a former Virginia governor,
I a former Virginia governor的同位语
Robert McDonnell.
133:词汇注群;unanimous^ [ju naemmas] a. 一致通过的;无异议的 ruling [ tuiIiij] n.裁决;判决a.统治的
overturn^ [ 1Wv3 t3：n] v.推翻;倾倒;撤销 corruption [ka rApJn] n.腐败;贪污;腐蚀
conviction * [ kanwikjn] n.定罪；深信；肯定 g*overnor [・gAV°nMr）]几.州长;统治者
❷ But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and
a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.但最高法院在这么做的同时，对他（麦克唐纳）的
行为所体现的道德操守嗤之以鼻，其行为包括收受一家寻求与政府接触的企业赠送的诸如劳力士手表和法拉
利轿车等礼物。
句子主干 But it did so （主+谓）
"'while+现在分词短语”结构作句子主干的让步状语
_级修饰 while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,
which引导的非限定性定语从句,[补充说明his conduct
二级修饰 which included accepting gifts
such as...举例说明gifts]
三级修饰 such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a company]
四级修饰 seeking access to government.
成点注就 在上述“while +现在分词短语”结构中，因其主语与主句中的主语相同,故省略了主语it和系动词
was,从而形成了Mwhile +非谓语动词”结构。其相当于一个时间状语从句，即:while it was holding its
nose...governmento此外，此从句中的it和句子主干中的it均指代❶句中的the US Supreme Courto
:词汇注释：ethics [ eOiks] n. 道德准则；伦理学 c*onduct [ -kondAkt] n.行为[kmdAkt] v.执行
。The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his
Mofficial acts," or the former govemofs decisions on uspecificM and Munsettledn issues related to his duties.最高法
院的判决指出，审判麦克唐纳先生案件的法官并未告知陪审团必须只关注其“公务行为”，即这位前州长在与其
职责相关的“特定”和“未确定”问题上的决策。
The high court's decision said （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作said的宾语
句子主干 the judge...failed to tell a jury
"that引导的宾语从句作failed to tell的直接宾语
that it must look only at...or...decisions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the judge
in Mr. McDonnell's trial
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰decisions
on "specific" and "unsettled" issues
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰"specific" and "unsettled" issues]
二级修饰 elated to his duties.
；词汇注释t*rial [ -traisl] n.审判;试验;试用期 j*ury [ ^gri]几.陪审团;评判委员会
s*pecific [spa-sifik] a.特定的;具体的 unsettled〔Airsetld] a.未解决的;不安定的
•••第三段:•・•
O Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is
not corruption, the justices found.（最高法院的）法官们裁定，仅帮助一个送礼者接近其他官员，并不属于腐败，
除非怀有明确的意图要对那些官员施压。
134—级修饰 to other officials,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰access
句子主干 Merely helping a gift・giver gain access. ..is not corruption,（主+系+表）
unless引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
unless (it is) dong with clear inient
一级修饰 插入语
1he justices found.
动词不定式短语作后置定语， {^Wintent
二级修饰 to pressure those officials,
为五连暮]m*[.meriely 3U] ad.仅仅;只不过 intent [m tent] n.意图a.专注的;坚决的
p*ressure [，prejo（r） ] vt.对....施加压力 n.压力 j*ustice [ dsAStis]儿法官;公平;合理
...第四段…
❶ The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is udistastefulM and “nasty”.最高法院的确
指出，收受好处并因此为他人开“方便之门”的行为“令人不快”且“卑鄙龌龊”。
The court did suggest （主+谓+宾从）
句子主于 J that引导的宾语从句，作suggest的宾语
that accepting favors...is "distasteful" and "nasty".
]介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in return for opening doors
罢底洼鹿」did位于谓语suggest前,表示强调。
卤无注卷〕f*avor [.feiv3(r)] n.恩惠;支持;偏爱vt.较喜欢 in return for作为回报;作为……的报酬
distasteful [ dis'teistfl] a.使人不愉快的;讨厌的 n*asty [ -naisti] a.卑鄙的;龌龊的
❷ But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete beneRts, such as approval of a contract or regulation.
但根据反贿赂法,构成腐败罪的证据必须是实实在在的好处，如批准一项合约或法规。
句子主干 But...proof must be made of concrete benefits,（主+谓）
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
under anti-bribery laws,
一级修饰 such as…举例说明 concrete benefits
such as approval of a contract or regulation.
，通汇洼将]bribery [ -braibari] n.贿赂;行贿;受贿 c*oncrete [ kDr）kri：t] a.具体的;有形的 n.混凝土
a*pproval [ aTni:vl] n.批准；赞成；嘉许 c*ontract [ ^ontraekt] n.合约[koirtraekt] v.签合同
❸ Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an " official act".仅仅安排一次会面
打一通电话或主办一场活动都不属于“公务行为” O
句子主干 Simply arranging..., making..., or hosting...is not an "official act".（主+系+表）
:要点注释j本句的主语由or连接的三个并列的动名词短语arranging a meeting,making a phone call和hosting
an event构成。句首的副词Simply作状语。
;词汇注释[a*rrange O'reind3] v.安排;整理;改编(乐曲) h*ost [haust] vt.主办;做东n.主人;主办国
135•第五段・
。The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.最高法院的裁决界定了一种
不构成犯罪的偏袒行为，这在法律上是合理的。
句子主干 The court's ruling is legally 迎|巴0 （主+系+表）
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in defining a kind of favoritism
▲
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a kind of favoritism
二级修饰 that is not criminal.
! : legally [中li] ad.法律上;合法地 d*efine [di-fam] vt.界定；给……下定义；阐明
favoritism [ .feivontizam] n.偏袒;偏爱 c*riminal [ ,knmml] a.犯罪的;刑法的 n.罪犯
❷ Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for
bribery.当选的领导人必须被允许帮助其支持者处理官僚问题而无须担心被起诉收受贿赂。
句子主干 Elected leaders must be allowed （主+谓）
|动词不定式短语作Elected leaders的补足语
—级修饰 to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems
|介词短语作状语
二级修饰 without fear of prosecution for bribery.
「词无注翳、'、' bureaucratic [ ,bjuar3 kr®tik] q.官僚的 prosecution [ 1PrDSI.kju：fn]几.起诉;实施;检举
❸"The basic compact underlying representative government,M wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, "assumes
that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns. “ 最高法院首席法官约翰,罗伯茨写
道:“构成代议制政府基础的基本契约认为，公职人员应听取选民意见并就他们关心的事情采取行动。”
wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,
一级修饰 插入语
underlying representative government,
|现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰The basic compact
“The basic compact…"assumes （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句,[作assumes的宾语
句子主干 that public officials will hear from their constituents
| and连接的并列谓宾
and （will） act on their concerns.'1
词汇连辉;c*ompact [ kompaekt] n.契约;协议;协定 u*nderlie [sndo，lai] vt.构成……的基础
r*epresentative [ ,repri zent3tiv] a.代议制的;典型的 a*ssume [3.sju：m] vt.认为;承担;假装
c*onstituent [kan-stitjuant] n.选民;成分 a.组成的 c*oncern [kms3：n] n.关心;忧虑 vt.影响
…第六段:"
❶ But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of
access to government.但是,这项裁决强化了公民及其所选代表，而非法院，确保公平接近政府的必要性。
136句子主干 But the ruling reinforces tihe need （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式的复合结构作后置定语，[修饰the need
_级修饰 for citizens..., not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.
:要点注释:动词不定式的复合结构for citizens... government中，介词for引出动词不定式短语to... government
的逻辑主语 citizens and...courts。"
:词汇注释:reinforce * [ tr*foinn ：s ] vt.强化；使更结实;增援 c*ourt [ ko：t]几法院;法庭
❷ Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an
individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.官员一定不能仅仅因为个人或团体向其提供
了竞选捐助或赠送了私人礼物，就在提供信息或安排会面时有所偏袒。
一 81 修饰 to play favorites
|动词不定式短语作Officials的补足语
句子主干 Officials must not be allowed （主+谓）
'。施接并列的介词短语,［作句子主干的状语
in providing information or in arranging meetings
-级修饰 because弓1导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.
面无注释：c*ampaign [虹m，pem]n.活动;战役vi.参加运动 donation [dau-neifn] n.捐赠;捐赠物
❸ This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of oflicial meetings,
rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.这种类型的廉正需要在政务透明化
（如公务接见记录、游说规则及每位当选领导人的财富来源信息）方面有实施得力的法律。
句子主干 This type of integrity requires wdl-enforced laws （主+谓+宾）
一级胸
二级修饰
问汇注将」i*ntegrity [ln,tegr3ti] n.正直;诚实;完整 transparency [tnens-psransi] n.透明;显而易见
l*obby [ -lobi] 游说n.大厅;游说团体 w*ealth [wele] n.财富;富有;众多
…第七段…
Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.官员接见中存在的偏袒行为会激起公众对于
腐败的看法。
句子主干 Favoritism...can fan四|座pj既ggg奥塑（主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰Favoritism
in official access
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰public perceptions
of corruption.
137:词汇世释:f*[afanen] vt.激起;扇（风）n.风扇；迷 perception [pa-sepfn] n.看法;知觉;洞察力
❷ But it is not always corruption.但它不一定就是腐败。
句子主干 But it is not always c.orruption.（主+系+表）
❸ Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. 相反，官
员必须避免使用双重标准，或者说避免对普通人和富人采取不同的接见方式。
句子主干 Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语修饰different types of access
-顼裕成
for average people and the wealthy.
词汇注释 double standard双重标准;双重道德标准 a*verage [ avands] a.普通的;平均的n.平均数
❹ If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by
government—is undermined.如果可以靠金钱买关系，那么民主社会的基本前提-政府对待所有人都应一视
同仁——就遭到了破坏。
If connections can be bought,
一级修饰 的1导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—that all are equal in treatment by government—
句子主干 a basic premise...is undermined.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a basic premise
一级修饰 of democratic society
c*onnection [ka nekjn] n.关系;联系;连接 p*remise [ -premis] n.前提;假定;办公场所
d*emocratic [ .dema kraetik] a,民主的;平等的 treatment [・tri：tmont ] n.对待；治疗；处理
government [ gAvanmant] n.政府；治理 u*ndermine [ lAnda-main] vt.损害;逐渐削弱
❺ Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.善政良治有赖于对每个人固有
价值的理解。
句子主干 Good governance rests on aiMinderstanding （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an understanding
一级修饰 of the inherent worth
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the inherent worth
二级痂
of each individual.
国无注释〕 rest on依靠;依赖;凝视 i*nherent [m hidrant] a.固有的；内在的
…•第八段…
❶ The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.最高法院的裁决是
在同腐败和公务偏袒的斗争中向前迈出的一步。
句子主干 The court's ruling is a^tep forward （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a step -
—级修饰 in the struggle
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the struggle
二级修饰 against both corruption and official favoritism.
138，京注释:句子主干中，方位副词forward在此用作后置定语，修饰a step；副词一般不作定语，当表示时间、
方向、方位和地点时，也可以用作定语，但其须置于名词之后。
:商汇生释:f*orward [ .fo-wad] ad.向前;提前a.向前的 s*truggle [ -strAgl] n. /vi.斗争;努力;搏斗
Part B
第一段•••
O Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.
对于很多人来说,查尔斯-狄更斯或许是19世纪英国最著名、最伟大的小说家。
句子主干 Charles Dickens is probably...En^ishjooyelist of the 19th century.（主+系+表）
形容词最高级作定语，:修饰English novelist
Y修饰 the best-known and,...the greatest
[插入语
二级修饰 to many people,
robably [ .probsbli] ad.或许;大概;可能 novelist [ novahst] n.小说家
❷ A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the
panorama of English society.作为一名伦理学家、讽刺作家和社会改革家，狄更斯精心设计的复杂故事情节和性
格鲜明的角色刻画了英国社会的全貌。
一级修饰 A moralist, satirist, and social reformer,
[Dickens的同位语
句子主干 Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句 J 修饰complex plots and striking characters
_级修饰 that capture the panorama of English society.
词汇注释:moralist [.moralist] n.伦理学家;道德学家 satirist [,saetonst] n.讽剌作家
c*raft [krarft] vt.精心制作n.工艺;手艺;船 s*triking [ -straikiij] a.显著的;俊秀的
c*apture [ -kaeptfaCr） ] vt.刻画；引起（注意）n.捕获 panorama4 [ ipaena-raima] n.全貌;概述
• • • ~~- • • •心
❶Dickens was bom in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast.狄更斯出生于英格兰南海岸的朴次茅斯。
:：
句子主干 Dickens was bom （主+谓）
I介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
一级修饰 in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast.
；而丢函c*oast [kaust] n.海岸;海滨痴.惯性滑行;应付
❷ His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but with little social status.他的父亲
是英国海军出纳室的职员一工作虽体面，但没有什么社会地位。
句子主干 His father was clerk （主+系+表）
' |介词短语作后置定语，修饰a clerk
in the British Navy pay office
一级修饰 补充说明a clerk
—a respectable position, but with little social status.
139:词汇汪释:c*lerk [klaik]几.职员;店员;办事员;文书 respectable [rrspektabi] a.体面的;值得尊敬的
p*osition [pa zijn]几.职位;位置;姿态;处境 s*tatus [ *steit9s] ".地位;状况;重要性
© His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and
Dickens later concealed their background.其祖父母一位是男管家,一位是女管家，更没有什么社会地位,一直都
是仆人，狄更斯后来隐瞒了他们的背景。
一级修饰
（l）His paternal grandparents,...possessed even less status,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and Dickens later concealed their background.（主+谓+宾）
i i
词汇注释 s*teward [.stjuiad] n.管家;（男）服务员;乘务员 c*onceal [k3n-si:l] vt.隐瞒;掩盖;掩饰
❹ D* ickens s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.据说，狄更斯的母亲来自一个相对体面的家庭。
句子主干 Dickens's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.（主+谓+宾）
，，，，，，，—，，- ...........~”―j, ，，匕-
，迥汇注释:supposedly [sapauzidli]彼据说;据信
❺ Yet two years before Dickens' s birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return.然而
就在狄更斯出生的前两年，他的外祖父因被发现盗窃而后逃往欧洲，再也没有回来。
一级修饰 two years before D*s ickens birth,
I名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
Yet...his mother's father was caught （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and fled to Europe, never to return.
his mother's father的补足语
二级修饰-
stealing
；商元遂籍：flee*[fli:] V.逃走;逃离
❻ The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,
a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman."日渐贫困的家境迫使
狄更斯12岁就辍学去华伦黑鞋油仓库打工，那是一家鞋油工厂，在那里，其他打工的男孩嘲笑狄更斯是“小
绅士
句子主干 The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 （主+谓+宾+宾补）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
—级修饰 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,
| Warren's Blacking Warehouse的同位语
二级修饰 a shoe-polish factory,
where引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明a shoe-polish factory
三级修饰 where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman."
i司正生释！ Poverty★ [ .pDV9ti] n.贫困;短缺 mock女[mok] s嘲笑;模仿;欺骗a.虚假的;模仿的
140❼His father was then imprisoned for debt.随后狄更斯的父亲因负债被捕入狱。
句子主干 His father was then imprisoned （主+谓）
I介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for debt.
:词汇注释:imprison [im-pnzn] vt.关押;监禁;束缚 d*ebt [det] n.负债;借款;恩情
❽ The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and
became his deepest secret.父亲入狱及自己在黑鞋油厂做工的经历所带来的羞辱给狄更斯造成了巨大的创伤，
也成了他心底最深的秘密。
-级修饰 of his father's imprisonment
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The humiliations
The humiliations.・・ and his labor...formed Q座栏gggig里半ijgj （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and became his deepest secret.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰his labor
—级修饰 in the blacking factory
:要店生释:became his deepest secret为系表结构,可整体看作一个复合谓语。
:词汇注释:humiliation [hju：i*emijnil]i n.羞辱;耻辱;蒙羞 s*ecret [ sizkrat] n.秘密;奥秘;诀窍a.秘密的
❾ He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
他甚至无法向妻子倾诉这一切，尽管这些经历为他的小说创作奠定了潜在的基础。
句子主干 He could not confide them even to his wife,（主+谓+宾）
| although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
_级修饰 although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
:坷汇注释:confide [kan faid]饥倾诉（或吐露）秘密 unacknowledged [ lAnak^nolidsd] a.未被意识到的
f*oundation [ faun-deijn] n.基础;创建;地基 f*iction [ ffikjn] n.小说；虚构的事
第三段•••
❶ Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.他的父亲出狱后不
久,狄更斯就在律师事务所找到了一份相对不错的跑腿差事。
_级修饰 Soon after his father's release from prison,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Dickens got a better job as errand boy （主+谓+宾）
___________ ]介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
二疫荷
in law offices.
:词汇注暮:errand [ ersnd]几.跑腿;差事;差使
❷ He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.
后来，他自学速记,从而找到了一份更好的工作一法庭速记员和议会记者O
141句子主干 He taught himself shorthand （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
■■■■■■ , ■ , ‘ —-—— — —.>_«.—_—
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
一级修饰 to get an even better job later
[and连接的并列介词短语作后置定语，修饰an...betterjob
二级修饰 as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.
:词汇注释:s*horthand [ Joithaend] n.速记（法） stenographer [s*ntD9grafa （r） ] n.速记员
❸ At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporters eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or
odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.与此同时,狄更斯以记者的视角将身边的生活，尤其是趣闻
怪事都记录下来，并将这些短篇随笔投稿给一些不知名的杂志。
—级修饰 At the same time,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Dickens,...submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.（主+谓+宾）
| who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Dickens
—级修饰 who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,
___________ j补充说明
二级修饰 especially anything comic or odd, |
:词汇注释:transcribe [ traeir skraib ] vt.记录；改编；誉写 submit * [ sab-mit ] v.呈递；服从；主张;投降
s*ketch [sketJ] n.随笔;素描;草稿 vt.概述 obscure^ [ab-skjua（r） ] a.无名的 vt.使模糊
,,,第四段…
❶ The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to D* ickens s eyes when he discovered it in the
pages of The Monthly Magaziru>.狄更斯第一次发表的随笔是《白杨道旁的晚餐》，当他在《每月杂志》上看到这篇
随笔时热泪盈眶。
“A Dinner at Poplar Walk"
—级修饰 The first published sketch的同位语
to Dickens's eyes
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 The Hrst published sketch,...brought tears （主+谓+宾）
| when§|导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
_级修饰 when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine.
[词汇注释:p*ublish ['PAblif]仇.发表;出版;刊登;公布 d*iscover [drskAva（r） ] m看见;发现;了解
❷ From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest
reputation.从那以后，他以“博兹”为笔名在《纪事晚报》上发表的随笔，为他赢得了一定声誉。
—级修饰 From then on
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 hissketches,.. .earned him a modest rej）ptation.（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
| which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明his sketches
—级修饰 which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle,
:词汇连释 '、、chronicle [•kromkl] n.编年史;历史 vt.记载 r*eputation [ irepjuleijn] n.名誉;名声;声望
142…第五段•••
❶ Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as
a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story.
《博兹札记》问世后不久，一家出版社找到狄更斯,建议他以每月连载的方式为当时著名画家罗伯特-西摩的系
列木版画创作背景故事，而该故事的原创构想来自罗伯特-西摩。
—级修饰 Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,
| after引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story （主+谓+宾+宾补）
1介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
in monthly installments,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
as a backdrop
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a backdrop
二级修饰 for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Robert Seymour |
三级修饰 who had originated the idea for the story.
:词汇注释 '、、approach * [ a prwtf ]。.找....提出建议;接洽 i*nstallment [ in-sto：lmant ] n.（分期连载的）部分
backdrop [ 'baekdrop] n.（事件的）背景;衬托 woodcut [*wudkAt] 几.木版画;木刻
❷ With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.
怀着特有的自信心，狄更斯坚持认为西摩的画应该描绘自己（狄更斯）创作的故事。
•-级修饰 With characteristic confidence,
!介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
Dickens successfully insisted （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句作insisted的宾语
that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.
:词汇注释：c*haracteristic [ ikaerakta nstik] a.特有的 n.特征 c*onfidence [ -konfidans] n.自信心;秘密
i*llustrate [ ibstreit] vt.阐明;给（书）加插图 i*nstead [m sted] ad.反而;代替;却
❸ After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithfill
enough to his prose.第一期连载作品发表后，狄更斯写信给西摩，要求其修改一幅他认为不够忠实于自己散文的
画作。
_级修饰 After the first installment,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
Dickens wrote to the artist （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and asked him to correct a drawing
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句J修饰a drawing
—级修饰 Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose.
:祁汇洼住！ c*orrect [kaTekt] vt.修改;改正 f*aithful [ •feiOfl] a.忠实于原文的;忠诚的;准确的
❹ Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing silicide.西摩做了修
改,随后走进自己的后院，以自杀的方式表达了自己的不满。
143Seymour made th^change,（主+谓+宾）
I并列谓宾
句子主干 went into his backyard,
| and连接的并列谓宾
and expressed his displeasure
I介词短语作方式状语
—级修饰 by committing suicide.
:词汇注释 '、、displeasure [dis，ple3Q（r）]儿不满;烦恼;生气 s*uicide [ .sunsaid] n.自杀；自杀者
❺Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.对此，狄更斯和他的出版商只是找了 一位新画家，
继续这项工作。
句子主干 Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.（主+谓）
,；目汇注释〔press on坚定地继续;继续前进
❻ The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first
published in book form in 1837.（他的）喜剧小说——《匹克威克外传》以连载的方式于1836年至1837年陆续问
世，并于1837年首次以书籍形式发行。
_级修饰 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,
]The comic novel 的同位语
The comic novel,...appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and was first published
I介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in book form in 1837.
■迥汇汪群:posthumous ['postjumas] g.死后出版的;身后的serially [•siariali] 连载地;连续地
第六段•*••
❶ The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame.如今,众所周
知，《匹克威克外传》的巨大成功确立了狄更斯的声望。
—级修饰 of The Pickwick Papers,
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰The runaway success
句子主干 The runaway success…secured Dickenses fame.（主+谓+宾）
___________ I插入语
—级修饰 as it is generally known today,
;国汇注释'：runaway [ TAnawei] a.迅速的;失控的;逃跑的 s*ecure [srkjua（r）] vt.确立;缚牢a.牢固的
❷ There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national
figure.当时出现了匹克威克外套和匹克威克雪茄，而那个胖胖的、戴眼镜的男主人公一塞缪尔-匹克威克则
成了一个全国性的人物。
（1） There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, （There be句型：There + were + 主）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and the plump, spectacled hero,...became anationaHigure.（主+系+表）
| the plump, spectacled hero的同位语
_级修饰 Samuel Pickwick,
144:词汇注释:phunp [ pUmp] a.微胖的;松软的vt.使丰满 spectacled [*d,]spekt a.戴着眼镜的
…第七段・・
O After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.《匹克威克外传》发表之后，狄更斯陷入一个较为阴暗的世
界中。 ”
—级敬ft After Pickwick,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Dickens plunged into a^biBaK^rwond.（主+谓+宾）
顶无注释]plunge into sth.陷入（不快的事） b*leak [bH：k] a.暗淡的;荒凉的;无望的
❷ In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.在《雾都孤儿》
中，他记述了一个孤儿从济贫院到伦敦罪犯贫民窟的成长轨迹。
—级修饰 In Oliver Twist,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
. -
句子主干 he traces an orphan s progress （主+谓+宾）
—L=，， - -------------------------------—
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
_级修饰 from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.
:词汇连暮:workhouse [ waikhaus] n.济贫院;劳动救济所 slum^tslAin] n.贫民窟;棚屋区
❸ Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.接着，他的另一
篇小说《尼古拉斯-尼克贝》结合了《雾都孤儿》的黑暗和《匹克威克外传》的光明。
一级修饰 his next novel,
| Nicholas McA/e妍的同位语
句子主干 Nicholas NH 时 y,・..combines也兴兰虫熙汶匹以（主+谓+宾）
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 with the sunlight of Pickwick.
"通汇连福j combine * [ kam-bam] v.使结合;混合;合并;兼备
❹ The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
这些小说的流行巩固了狄更斯作为国内乃至国际著名作家的地位。
The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 [介词短语作Dickens的补足语
as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
:词汇注释：popularity [ .pDpju^aerati] n.流行;普及;受欢迎 consolidate^ [kan solideit] vt.巩固；加强;合并
celebrated [ •selibreitid] a.著名的；闻名的 man of letters 作家；文人
Part C
第一段
❶ The growth of the use of English as the world's primary language for international communication has obviously been
continuing for several decades.英语作为世界上国际交流的主要语言,其使用人数显然已经持续增长了几十年。
145句子主干 The growth of the use of English...has obviously been continuing （主+谓）
介词短语作后置定语,|修饰English
as the world's primary language
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
for several decades.
介词短语作后置定语, HH^language
二级修饰 for international communication
:问汇建释] p*rimary [ •praimori] a.主要的;最初的;基本的obviously [ •obviasli]配.明显地;不言而喻
❷ But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the
language may fade within the foreseeable future.但是，尽管讲英语的人数在进一步增加，却有迹象表明:在可预见
的未来，英语的全球主导地位可能会衰落。
一级修饰 even as the number of English speakers expands further
as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But...there are signs （There be句型:there + are + 主）
\ that引导的同位语从句，解释说明signs
一级修饰 that the global predominance...may fade
介词短语作后置定语，J global predominance
of the language
二级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
within the foreseeable future.
1
:词汇注释 e*xpand [*sipkaend] 仇增加;扩大;扩展 predominance [pn'dommans]几.主导地位;优势
fade^ [feid]航.衰落;逐渐消逝;变暗仇褪色 foreseeable [forshabl] 0.可预见的;可预知的
…第二段•*
❶ Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of
English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage
would consequently face new pressures.复杂的国际、经济、技术和文化变革可能开始削弱英语作为世界市场语言
的主导地位,而在英语的广泛使用方面享有优势的英国利益相关者将因此面临新的压力。
Complex international, economic, technological and cultural
一级修饰 and连接并列的形容词（短语）作前置定语，修饰changes
of English as the language of the world market,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the leading position
（l）changes could start to diminish the leading positioii （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and UK interests.. .would consequently face new pressures.（主+谓+宾）
J which引导的定语从句，修饰UK interests
_级修饰 which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage
:词汇注释：d*iminish [drminij] v.削弱;减少 贬低 c*onsequently [ •konsikwantli] ad.因此;所以
❷ Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.大卫•格拉多尔提交的研究中
就强调了这些现实的可能性。
146句子主干 Those realistic possibilities are highlighted （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 in the study
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the study
二级修饰 presented by David Graddol.
❸ His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of
English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities. 因
此，他的分析会让一些人的自满就此终结，这些人可能认为，英语的全球地位非常稳固，所以英国的年轻一代不
需要学习其他语言。
句子主干 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,［修饰any self-contentedness
一级修饰 among those
who引导的定语从句,［修饰those
who may believe
二级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，［作may believe的宾语
that the global position of English is so stable
1 so...that引导的结果状语从句
三级修饰 that the young generations.. .do not need additional language capabilities.
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰the young generations
四级修饰 of the United Kingdom
:通汇注努: contentedness [ ksn tentidnas ] ".满足;满意 additional * [ s^ijanl] a.额外的;附加的;添加的
* • • •第^ 三目^ . . •-
❶ David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingiial
youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global
companies and organisations.大卫•格拉多尔得出了论：随着其他国家符合条件且掌握多种语言的年轻人在全
球公司和组织里不断证明他们比英国同行们更具竞争优势，只懂一门语言的英国毕业生将面临黯淡的经济前景。
David Graddol concludes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 T that引导的宾语从句，作concludes的宾语
that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future
| as引导的时间状语从句
-级修饰 as qualified multilingual youngsters...are proving to have a competitive advantage
介词短语作后置定语J修饰youngsters
'CM凝泮5惫点 from other countries
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰a competitive advantage
over their British counterparts
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰their British counterparts
三级修饰 in global companies and organisations.
!通汇洼粹一 monoglot [»mDnaglDt]几.只说 种语 3 的人 qualified [ kwolifaid] a.具备....资历的
multilingual [ .niAlti-liggwal] a.说多种语言的 c*ounterpart [ kauntspazt]几职位相当的人
147❷ Alongside that, many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren
and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.与此同时，许多
国家正在将英语纳入小学课程,但是英国的大、中、小学生似乎并未受到更大的鼓舞去熟练掌握其他语言。
Alongside that,
一级修饰 插入语
into the primary-school curriculum
__________ [ l介词短语作状语
（1） many countries are introducing En^ish （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but British...students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语,|修饰greater encouragement
—级修饰 to achieve fluency in other languages.
:词汇注释[a*longside [ajorj^aid] prep.与....同时;在....旁边 c*urriculum [ ka-nkjahm] n.全部课程
…第四段•
❶ If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education
markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and
international business process outsourcing in other languages such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.女口果
任其发展,随着人们对西班牙语、阿拉伯语和普通话（汉语）等语言的教育资源需求的增长，以及使用日语、法
语、德语等其他语言的国际业务流程外包服务的不断蔓延，这些趋势将削弱英语在国际教育市场的相对
优势。
一级修饰 If （they are） left to themselves,
[If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 such trends will diminish the relative strength （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the relative strength
of the English language in international education markets
as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 as the demand for educational resources in languages,...grows
| and连接的并列句
and international business process outsourcing...spreads.
such as...举例说明languages
such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰outsourcing
in other languages such as Japanese, French and German,
:商无遂亩：relative* [ .rebtiv] a.相对的;相关联的n.亲属洞类事物outsourcing [ -auts□:siij] n.外包
,•第五段•,
❶ The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK's providers of English language
teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.大卫•格拉多尔所指出的这些变化都
148为向其他国家的人提供英语语言教学的英国个人和组织机构，甚至更为广泛的教育行业领域带来了显而易见
的巨大挑战。
■■级修而
identified by David Graddol
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰The changes
句子主干 The changes...all present clear and major challenges （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
-~
to the U*s K providers of English language teaching
一级修饰 | and连接并列的介词短语
and to broader education business sectors.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰English language teaching
二级裕福
to people of other countries
❷ The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other
education related exports earn up to £10 billion a year more.英语教育行业直接为英国赚取了近13亿英镑的无形
出口收入,而其他教育相关出口每年会额外赚取高达100亿英镑的收益。
一级修饰 ftit tihe OK in invisible exports !
___________ 介词短语作（1）句的状语]
（1） The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion （主+谓+宾）
------- - — — — — _— —i_ —_—i_— i— -
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and our other education related exports earn up to £10 billion （主+谓+宾）
|名词短语作（2）句的时间状语
一级修饰 a year more.
，词汇注释：s*ector [ *sekta（r）]几行业;部门；区域，地带 i*nvisible [mwizabl] 0.无形的;察觉不出的
, As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the numbers of international students studying in
the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent
such sUppage.随着国际教育市场的不断扩大，近来在几个主要的英语国家学习的留学生人数有所下降,这种下
降趋势可能会持续下去，尤其是在缺乏有效的战略政策来阻止这一趋势的情况下。
一级修饰 As the international education market expands,
! As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the recent slowdown...is likely to continue,（主+谓）
if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
especially if there are no effective strategic policies
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语,修饰the recent slowdown
in the numbers of international students
现在分词短语作后置定语修饰international students
studying in the main English-speaking countries
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰effective strategic policies
to prevent such slippagt
；商无淫幕；strategic [ strQ^i：d3ik] a.战略性的;根据全局安排的 slippage [ slipids] n.下降;滑动;逾期
149…第六段…
❶ The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: It gives a basis to all organisations
which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a
very different operating environment.这项研究对需求的可能性变化所做的预测意义重大:它为致力于推动英语
学习和使用的所有机构提供了一个基础，从而使它们能够制定计划来应对迥然不同的运营环境带来的各种可
能性。
句子主干 The anticipation of possible shifts in demand...is significant:（主+系+表）
provided by this study
—级修饰 解释说明
It gives a basis
介词短语作状语j表对象
to all organisations
二级修饰 a basis的同位语
a basis for planning to meet the possibilities
which引导的定语从句，修饰all organisations
which seek to promote the learning and use of English,
介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the possibilities
of what could be a very di能rent operating environment.
;要点注释：介词短语of...environment中,what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。该从句的主语为what,系动
词为 could be,表语为 a very different operating environmento
词汇注释! anticipation [eenitisrpeifn] n.预料;预期；盼望 e*nvironment [ in-vairanmant ] n.环境;工作平台
❷ That is a necessary and practical approach.这是一种必要且实用的方法。
❸ In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.在这方面以及其他许多方面，那些
希望影响未来的人必须做好准备。
—级修饰 In this as in much else,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 those…must prepare for it.（主+谓）
| who引导的定语从句，修饰those
—级修饰 who wish to influence the future
150
