文档内容
第三节
文章主旨题：做题时要把每段第一句话都有的单词划出来，然后在选项中一定
要有这些单词或同义词，一般并不用看最后一句。除非选不出来，再去找例如
例子的结论等等。
［００１］
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to
blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have
always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with
modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust
their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain
problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child
relationships. （几个that并列，都不重要，不用看）I think it is true that parents
often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they
themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their
choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their
motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been
accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out
that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate
their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior,
at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.
注：1. critical 吹毛求疵的，很重要的
22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____.
(A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
注：段落主旨，B 和 C 只说了一部分。
［００２］
Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality
of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every
lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea.
At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement
than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the
importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right
way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the
functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants
are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the
scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function
of greenspace facilities.注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。（阅读中名词永远都不重要，不用认识，
但是动词非常重要！）
The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which
for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion
resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home,
whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative
possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the
conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we
do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home.
So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of
the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as
possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities
can also have a recreative aspect.
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a
pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the
streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can
nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you
only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after
you.
40. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
(A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
（只有第２段的内容）
(B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the
quality of our life
(C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did
many years ago
(D) priority must（灭绝） be given to the development of obligatory activities
［００３］
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of
inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae
(幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can
survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are
the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the
south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are
often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of
grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two
to five years, these eggs hatch ( 孵 化 ). Then the water is soon filled with
millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and
animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week,the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5
centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in
the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race
against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre
long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by
this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the
thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the
shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will
survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch,
and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth,
adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form
a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even
longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years,
sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case,
the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus,
on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures
its survival.
23. The passage mainly deals with ______.
(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
(B) the survival of desert shrimps (C) the
importance of water to life
(D) life in the Mojave Desert
注：三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life span没出
现过。
［００４］
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" ---feeling
important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense
"pleasure"-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are
told "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :"
You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a
happy family life." or "You have a wonderful husband and children--What's all
this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop
both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being（幸福，being **的状态）
has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a
sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression.Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity.
Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction
and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two
are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in
pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but
whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in
control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of
well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were
encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being.
But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems
to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed
women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not
employed.
A woman's well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple
roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a
combination of roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the
highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____.
(A) The well-being of Career Women (B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being
(D) Freedom Roles Women in Society
注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项
［００５］
The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a
race to get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in
this environment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors'
role when making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are
changing their products, then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain
competitive. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster person
computers, the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE, in anticipation of the
introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple' s major competitors.
Apple' s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its
earlier models. The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that
previously were impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible
programs. This compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new
attitude of giving customers the features they want. Malting Apple computers
capable of running IBM software is Apple' s effort at making the Mackintosh
compatible with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, whereApple hopes to increase sales, Users of the new Apple can also add
accessories to make their machines specialize in specific uses, such as
engineering and writing.
The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but
they also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will
slow down buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple
wants to stay in the high price end of the personal computer marker to finance
research for even faster, more sophisticated computers.
Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies
realize that their competitor's computers have certain features that their own
models do not. The Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated
color graphics, where-as the IBM machines have always been favored in
offices. In the future, there will probably be more compatibility between the two
companies' products, which no doubt will require that both Apple and IBM
change marketing strategies.
30. The best tittle for the passage would be_________.
A) Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead
of（既是竞争competition） IBM
B) Apple's New Computer Technology C) Apple's New
personal Computers
D) Apple's Research Activities
［００６］
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the
information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental
change in the way we work. Already we' re partly there. The percentage of
people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the
Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two
thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the
number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before.
There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the
breadth of the economic transformation can' t be measured by numbers alone,
because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature
of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to
succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers-all these are
being challenged.
We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead.
No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in
which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its
applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots.
Tomorrow' s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even
some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramaticchanges. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become
even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in
manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.
Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read
and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of
performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind
ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way
you do your job.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A) Computers and the Knowledge Society. B) Service industries
in Modern Society.
C) Features and Implications of the New Era.
D) Rapid Advancement of information Technology
注：一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。
主旨题的迷惑选项：末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。
[007]
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"-physical objects
that can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a
culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of
life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to
understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course,
are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any
musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so
we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures it the
remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence:
instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art. Through the study
of instruments, as well preserved Paintings, written documents, and so on, we
can explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a
thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to
Europe that results in the development of most of the instruments on the
symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once
defined folk music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear
rather than from print, but research show mutual influence among oral and
written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America,
printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet
they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to
read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it
becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.
One more important part of music's material culture should be singled
out the influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder,television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing
computers and other developments. This all part of the "information
revolution," a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial
revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to
modem nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.
25. Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage?
A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be
replaced by computers.
B) cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.
C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets
D) The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspect
[008]
Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing
a "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information
on l, 000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford
Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus
encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and
Culture is the LME plus cultural information.
The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a
distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the
way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct
comparisons between the three difficult.
While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and
cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear
difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas
Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the
English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more
vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the
latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural
perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC
dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million
words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of
Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries
are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The
intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who
will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening
comprehension.
In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider
range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced
with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the veryleast have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which
are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners
from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how
user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and
appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries.
25. What is the passage mainly about?
A) different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new
English dictionaries.
B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three
new English dictionaries.
C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.（最后
一段，，迷惑项）
D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.
[009]
Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues
to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell
us a good deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and
social outlook.
注：critical重要的
Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can
use them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes
particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur.
An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young
adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's
education, background, or interests.
注：manipulate控制，操纵
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent
girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装),
including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they
smoke or d rink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV,
are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are
dressed conservatively. And collage students who view themselves as taking
an active role in their inter personal relationships say they are concerned about
the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many
of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we
felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have used clothing to
gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job
interview, or a court appearance.
In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role
models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good manywomen in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of
"masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional
clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater
than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more
favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine"
grooming( 打 扮 )-shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored
clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is
definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."
35. What is the passage mainly about?（本文需要全读）
A) Dressing for effect.
B) How to dress appropriately.
C) Managerial positions and clothing.
D) Dressing for the occasion.（偶尔、临时）
[010]
[方法例外]
The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of
management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged
to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a
fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the
forces that shape everyone's experience in the organization.
Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of
getting ahead（这句话其实是个例子，因为有人名、有大写）. Coleman is
black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management
development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, CocaCola,
Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big
companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career
success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and
exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that（例子代表的含义） excellent
job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may
win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He finds that
（例子代表的含义）advancement more often depends on how many people
know you and your work, and how high up they are.
Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and
members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物)
have dropped from their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work
under false beliefs," says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management
consultant who helps corporation s deal with these issues. "They think that if
you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in authority will reach down and
give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened
that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that
they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: learn theways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the
spotlight.
40. The best title for this passage would be __________.
A) Role of Women and Minorities in Management
B) The Importance of Being Visible
C) Job Performance and Advancement
D) Sex and Career Success
注：关键句在concludes that那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。
怎么蒙？看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释
看前面细节题--把题干关键词加起来（一般主旨都在最后一题，没
时间就把前四个题的题干关键词加起来，蒙！）
[011]
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺骗
性的) packaging rumpus (喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that
the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were
becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5
ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they
had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a
store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice,
almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
25. The author is critical mainly of _________.
A) inferior packaging
B) dishonest packaging
C) the changes in package size
D) exaggerated illustrations on packages
