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【一轮复习讲义】2024年高考英语高频考点题型归纳与方法总结（新高考通用）
第 16 讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（精讲）
题型目录一览
段落大意
标题概括
一、知识点梳理
这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。要求考生在理解全文的
基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总
结，语言一般简洁、凝练，其干扰项的设置往往比较有迷惑性，属于高层次的阅读理解题。
技巧点拨
1.标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。
它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能涵盖全文，其确定的范围要
恰当，不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2.主旨大意题，要搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，
进行综合归纳。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是
围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，
即高频词，也叫主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
题型一段落大意
【典例1】
(2022·全国甲卷)
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia.The city
discovered its harbor.Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort
of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that
makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.I
spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.After our third run Andrew
shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways—he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I'll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans.Catamarans are faster, but they're not so elegant,
and they're not fun to pilot.But that's progress,I guess.”Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords(口号), and
traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in its
rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest
buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself,” she said.“We can't seem to make up our minds
whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better
at resolving(解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this
when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.“Many people say that we lack
culture in this country,” he told me.“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to
Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more
still.We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young
country.It's a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.Sydney's striking architecture.
B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C.The key to Sydney's development.
D.Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.
【典例2】
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to
the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common
than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led
to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called
labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland,
has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned
(对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the
upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce
such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture
in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as
much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound
of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably
during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of manyhunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when
human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not
necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of
speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological
change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
34.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
题型二标题概括
【典例1】
(2022·全国甲卷)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo
penguins(企鹅)longing to say hello.These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-
started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel.Throughout her
career(职业)as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further.
When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to
take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the
world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she
discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off
Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to
go,” she says.“I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do
it.And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the
journey towards Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience
was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says.“I remember
the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature
and I thought it was smiling at us.You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making
underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest
things that hit home to Ginni.
31.What is the text mainly about?A.A childhood dream.
B.An unforgettable experience.
C.Sailing around the world.
D.Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【典例2】
(2022·全国甲卷)
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have
similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the
wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment,
cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a
“keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose
from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it
will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical( 对称的)
shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it
will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”.In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were
able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-
error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffin's
cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,
similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【题型训练】
1. A new study shows that increases in extreme winter weather in parts of the US are linked
to quickened warming of the Arctic.
Over the past four decades, warming in the Arctic has been far more definite than that in the
rest of the world and has caused a rapid decrease of summer sea ice. Heating in the Arctic has
ultimately disturbed the circular pattern of winds known as the polar vortex (旋涡). As a result, it
got stretched out of shape and slid southward off the pole. Scientists believe this vortex stretching
process led to the deadly Texas cold wave in February this year.
1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A. The explanation given by scientists. B. The formation of Texas cold wave.
C. The decrease of summer sea ice. D. The polar vortex’s being disturbed.
2.Alex Dunedin threw his smartphone in the rubbish bag 2 years ago. “Culturally, we have
become addicted to these tools,” says this educational researcher and technology expert. “They are
weakening cognition (认知) and impeding (妨碍，阻碍) productivity.” Dunedin says another
reason behind his decision was environmental concerns. “We are wasting large amounts of energy
and producing large amounts of CO emissions.”
2
2.What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. The benefits Alex Dunedin’s smartphone brought.
B. The characteristics of Alex Dunedin’s smartphone.
C. The reasons why Alex Dunedin abandoned his smartphone.
D. The ways Alex Dunedin reduced time spent on a smartphone.
3.The review points to disappearing and degraded habitat—resulting from climate change,
urbanization, agricultural intensification, and international trade—as the leading driver of bird
declines worldwide. In a note of hope, the authors cite a 2020 study indicating that restoring just
5% of habitat in priority areas around the world could avert 60% of likely extinctions.
Lead author Alexander Lees, a research associate at the Cormell Lab, also points to the need
for substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses. “Loss and degradation of
habitat is often driven by demand for resources,” says Lees. “We need to better consider how
commodity flows such as beef, oil, and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to
reduce the human footprint on the natural world.”
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Extra reasons for bird extinction. B. Possible solutions to habitat loss.
C. Substantial changes in human behavior. D. The prospect of biodiversity loss.
4. I started playing the piano when I was around four years old—that was 15 years ago!—and
since then, the longest I haven’t touched piano keys was probably two months. This was an
enormous amount of devotion to something that I wasn’t even planning to make money off of it—
so there must have been something worth holding on to, right?
The easy guess is that I was always so purely in love with music and piano that I couldn’t
bear to let them go. However, it’s a bit more complicated than that. I struggled a lot with piano. I
felt pressure to improve, innovate, and be the best in order to prove something to others. The seed
of my musical interest was grown with competition and doubt.
It’s difficult to learn to love something that you didn’t choose in the first place. But somehow,
sometime, love grew. And by high school, it was strong enough that I found the strength to hold
on tighter, dig further, and find something of my own to grow. In a way, I had to start over.
And so, I took a pause. I switched teachers, and got incredibly lucky with one who
encouraged me and helped me tunnel into what I loved, not what I was told I should learn.
Anything I had was good enough to be loved.This summer, I started learning the guitar. I deliberately wanted to learn on my own—this
was just for me, to form a new relationship to music. Even though my guitar skills are miles lower
than my piano skills, I feel I can express myself even more wholly through strings than keys.
There’s just something about doing it all for myself that has helped me heal the damages to my
relationship to music.
The love and hate I’ve had for the piano were both planted and grown. If you too have
learned to hate something you once loved—or something you never chose—remember that with
dedication, it can be uprooted, and love can make a home in its place. There is always time. There
is always room.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A. Practice makes perfect B. Love cannot be forced
C. Love is a thing that grows D. There is no end to learning
5. “Regrets, I’ve had a few. But then again, too few to mention,” Frank Sinatra chanted in his
1969 hit “My Way”. The song’s idea is attractive: that anyone can just declare what’s done is done
and move on. Some take the declaration a step further and claim they have no regrets at all.
Whether a boast or an actual attitude, “no regrets” suggests that life can and should be lived
without looking through the rear-view mirror.
Easier said than done, though. In 2020, author Daniel H. Pink launched the World Regret
Survey, the largest ever survey on the topic. With his research team, Pink asked more than 15,000
people in 105 countries, “How often do you look back on your life and wish you had done things
differently?” 82% said regret is at least an occasional part of their life; roughly 21% said they feel
regret “al1 the time.” Only 1% said they never feel regret.
If you are of the “no regrets” type, you might think that all this regret is a recipe for
unhappiness. But that isn’t the case. True, being overwhelmed by regret is indeed bad for you. But
going to the other extreme may be even worse. To rid yourself of regrets doesn’t free you from
shame or sorrow; it leads you to make the same mistakes again and again. To truly get over our
guilt requires that we put regret in its proper place.
As uncomfortable as it is, regret is an amazing cognitive (认知) achievement. If today your
relationship with your partner has soured, your regret might mentally take you back to last year.
You would remember your being mean and sensitive, and then imagine yourself showing more
patience, being kind instead of hurtful at key moments. Then you would fast-forward to today and
see how your relationship could be progressing instead of languishing.
But regret doesn’t have to be left unmanaged. The trick is to acknowledge it and use it for
learning and improvement. You can be honest with yourself about what went wrong and use that
knowledge to enjoy better relationships in the future.
5.What might be a suitable title for the text?
A.Regret to become smarter—if you let it.
B. Long for a different past? Regret it!C. Regret? Not my way!
D. Stay away! Regret will heal itself.
6. Every summer artists perform at Fringe (边缘) Festivals around the world. Fringe
Festivals are a celebration of strange art. They have all kinds of performers—from dancers,
musicians and actors to everything in between. The shows give artists a chance to create unusual
art. For festival goers, each show is a time to experience something different.
The first Fringe Festival was held in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1947. That was also the year of
the first Edinburgh International Festival. Artists from around the world traveled to Scotland for
the Edinburgh International Festival. They performed at arts centers throughout the city. Eight
local theater companies did not receive an invitation, however. In response, they performed at
smaller spaces around Edinburgh. These artists performed wherever they could, including
churches and even on the street. They started their own cultural event and named it the Edinburgh
Festival Fringe.
6.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. Why Edinburgh became the global art center.
B. How the first Fringe Festival came into being.
C. When the Edinburgh International Festival was held.
D. Where the Edinburgh Festival Fringe was celebrated.
7.There may be a reason why astronauts are crazy about the view from space but never
mention the food. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station must drink meals out of a
plastic squeeze-bag because of zero gravity. Food in space can only be reheated instead of being
cooked fresh. Besides, meals for each crew member must be stored in advance and eaten in order.
All of this may sound a little difficult to accept.
Therefore, it was one small step for interstellar (星际的) cuisine when U. S. astronaut Megan
McArthur recently posted photos of herself holding a pancakes gorged with beef, tomatoes and a
fresh hatch chilli (红番椒) grown aboard the International Space Station itself.
“Best space pancakes yet,” she shared online.
Pesquet, a French astronaut, posted on Instagram, “It is such a joy to grow (and eat) your own
food, and necessary for further exploration of our Solar System.” It seems there is a suitcase-sized
space garden aboard the ISS (International Space Station) that holds about six “pillows” stuffed
with clay and fertilizer, and a LED light. Astronauts have grown several kinds of vegetables
including Chinese cabbage and red Russian kale (羽衣甘蓝) in this micro-plot, to test which
plants might grow best during a long space voyage.
We called Melva Aguirre, who owns the Pepper Pot in Hatch, N. M., home of hatch chilli.
She says the harvest of their famous local crop in outer space is the talk of the town. “Now the
whole universe knows how great our chilli are,” she said. When I asked if she could recommend a
hatch chilli recipe, Aguirre told me, “Just stuff it.” “Stuff it?” I asked, and she laughed and said, “I
mean, in your mouth.” A recipe even I can follow.7.What is the best title for the passage?
A. Challenges Astronauts Face in Space.
B. The Best Food Ever for Space Voyages.
C. Fine Dining on the International Space Station.
D. The Constant Steps of Human’s Space Exploration.
8.With climate change on track to destroy the world’s coral reefs, scientists race to create a
new super-coral that can survive extreme temperatures.
A type of microscopic algae called Symbiodiniaceae lives within most coral’s tissues. The
two organisms have been living dependently for hundreds of millions of years in a way that
resembles the relationship between humans and trees. The algae consume coral’s waste products,
and coral consumes nutrients that the algae photosynthesize. Coral also provides shelter for algae.
But when exposed to too much heat or light, the algae release harmful chemicals, so the coral
casts them out. Left without their main energy source, the coral will starve to death. This is also
bad news for the algae. But natural evolution has provided a biological feedback loop that can
help the two reunite.
One of the compounds that algae release when water becomes hot, called DMs, bubbles up to
the surface of the water and forms a thin layer, which shields the coral like a natural, on-demand
layer of sunscreen. With this protection, the water cools down and algae can return to the coral and
reestablish their partnership unless the water is too hot, in which case the coral consumes the
components that make up DMs before it can form.
Climate change is becoming too intense for coral and algae to naturally adapt fast enough.
Therefore, scientists are testing out different ways to accelerate that adaptation through various
methods of assisted evolution. Some teams are currently conducting small field trials of selective
breeding, where they identify the most heat-tolerant members of a sample of corals. Then they
breed them together to create offspring that can be used to help restore coral reefs. Others are
focusing their efforts on speeding up the algae’s adaptation, attempting to increase its heat
tolerance in labs.
Ultimately, scientists may implement a cocktail of solutions to save coral reefs. “To create a
super-coral, we could, for example, selectively breed heat-tolerant corals and combine that with
enhanced algae,” says van Oppen.
8.What is the passage mainly about?
A. The role played by the algae within the coral.
B. The way to create a super-coral to save reefs.
C. Selective breeding conducted among corals.
D. Scientists’ efforts to increase algae’s heat tolerance.
9.Could a sudden sharp increase in the size and variety of ancient life have been linked to
dramatic changes deep inside the Earth? About 550 million years ago, in the Cambrian (寒武纪)
period of prehistory so many new animals appeared that the event is referred to as the “Cambrianexplosion”. Scientists have long wondered what triggered the change, after billions of years in
which life was mostly extremely small. Now it seems that the formation of Earth’s inner core—a
solid iron ball at the centre of Earth—was crucial.
The inner core lies about 3,000 miles below Earth’s surface and is 1,500 miles across. It is
surrounded by a liquid-metal outer core and is slowly growing as the liquid metal cools. Heat from
the inner core powers swirling (旋转) movements in the liquid layer, which create a strong
magnetic field (磁场) around Earth—a barrier that protects life by blocking harmful particles from
outer space.
The magnetism-driving inner core seems to be a recent arrival, however. In 2019 a team led
by Professor John Tarduno at the University of Rochester, New York, Us, analysed chemicals in
ancient rocks from Quebec Canada, which trap a record of the magnetic field at the moment they
formed. The team found that 565 million years ago, Earth’s magnetism had less than 10% of its
strength today. This suggests that the swirling of liquid metal, which had always produced a
protective magnetic force, was growing weak.
Now, further work has shown that the field’s strength started to recover just before the
Cambrian explosion—almost certainly driven by the newly formed inner core providing a fresh
power source. It seems highly likely that the two events are somehow linked.
“I don’t think that the return of Earth’s magnetic field and the subsequent explosion of life on
Earth can be unconnected” says Tarduno. Working out the exact nature of the connection,
however, will need a lot more scientific research.
9. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. The inner core’s features. B. The inner core’s structure.
C. The inner core’s motion. D. The inner core’s development.
10.A change to organic dairy farming around the nature reserves could significantly reduce
damage done to the areas by nitrogen (氮) produced by solid waste from cows, according to a
research.
Concentrated animal farming near Natura 2000 areas was banned in 2002. However, 800
farms still remain in the outer edge of these protected areas, some of which are particularly
damaging to the environment.
Researchers looked at 34 organic farms to see how organic farming practices compared with
those large-scale factory farms. They found that cows at organic farms produced 22% less
nitrogen in their waste, while the amount of emissions per hectare (公顷) was 53% lower.
“The reason why organic farming is less polluting is that farms generally have fewer cows
and don’t use fertilizer,” said researchers. Organic cows are also put out to grassland more often
and aren’t given concentrates (精饲料) to the same degree, which also limits emissions.
While organic dairy farms would make a good protective barrier against nitrogen around the
nature reserves, this doesn’t hold true for organic chicken and pig farms, the research showed.
“Despite the good it would do, not many dairy farmers are likely to make the change,”researcher Gerard Migchels said. “The organic sector is currently relatively small. Growth is only
possible if there is enough market demand. That would make it possible to come to a realistic
price for organic milk,” he said.
In 2019, some 40,000 cows in the Netherlands were farmed organically, accounting for just
1% of the Dutch herd of 3.8 million.
According to a government report, 46% of nitrogen compound (复合物) pollution around
nature reserves is down to agriculture, to which dairy farming contributes 60%. The new law on
nitrogen emissions aims to reduce pollution by 40% by 2025 and 74% by 2035.
10. What’s the author’s main purpose of writing this text?
A. To introduce the benefit of organic dairy farming.
B. To compare different types of farming practices.
C. To seek financial support for organic dairy farming.
D. To encourage people to drink more organic milk.
