Section 1 语言基础(word )(5页) 有问有答 · 153个问题全面破解高考英语语法(理论+练习+真题) ()
Section 1 语言基础理论
【本节问题索引】
Question 1 作为一种语言,其基本的结构系统是如何的呢?
Question 2 英语的语法结构是怎样的呢?
Question 3英语中的词缀都有哪些?都有什么作用?
【问答释疑】
Question 1 作为一种语言,其基本的结构系统是如何的呢?
作为语言,英语也是一种社会交际的工具,是意义结合体,词汇和语法的体系,其关系图如下:
语音——语音系统
语言(英语)语义——语义系统
语法——结构系统
词汇
词汇是语言的建筑材料,它通过语法赋予语言意义和内容。
语法是语言的组织规律,它赋予语言以结构系统。在语言的三种系统中,结构系统(即:语法)是中心成分,是结合语音(或文字)、语义系统的枢纽。(图示如下)
语义 —————— 语法 —————— 语音/文字
Question 2 英语的语法结构是怎样的呢?
英语的语法,有五个不同的层次:词素、词、词组、分句和句子。后一层皆由一个或几个前一层构成。
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构成层次 |
各层次分类 |
解释 |
举例 |
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词素 (最小的语法和语义结构,仅含有一个元音或元音组合)。 |
自由词素——即:简单词 |
本身具有完整意义、可单独使用。 |
boy, dog, book, this, he, an, the, dry, cold, so, and |
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粘附词素——即:词缀 |
分为前缀和后缀。 |
en-, pre-, -ment, -ly |
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词 (根据不同的标准,可对词进行不同的分类) |
构词法 |
简单词 |
即:单词素词。 |
boy, dog, book, this, he, an, the |
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派生词 |
由词根+词缀构成。 |
un-happy, happiness |
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复合词 |
由两个或两个以上的词合成的词。 |
playground, pencilbox |
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新古典合成词 |
技术术语。 |
telescope |
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语法功能 |
名词 |
用来表示世间万物名称的词。 |
book, apple, table |
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形容词 |
用来描述、修饰、限定名词或代词所指的人、物、事件的词。 |
beautiful, cold, hot |
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副词 |
用来描绘动作、状态的词。 |
beautifully, quickly |
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主动词 |
有实际意义的动词。 |
do, eat |
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介词 |
用来表示名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与句中其他词之间的关系的词。 |
in, up, on |
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代词 |
用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、-to do、-ing、从句或句子。 |
this, he, anybody |
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限定词 |
对其他词类或结构起描绘、修饰、限定作用的词。含:形容词、冠词、数量词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词等等。 |
a, an, my, this, that, beautiful, cold, dry, clever |
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助动词 |
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词。 |
have, do, will, be |
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连词 |
用来连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成分,一般不重读。 |
but, and, what, why, although |
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基数词 |
表示数目多少的词。 |
one, hundred |
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序数词 |
表示顺序的词。 |
first, second |
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语气词 |
用来表达语气的词。 |
Oh, ouch, well |
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词组 |
由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位。根据其中心词的不同,可以分为:名词词组、动词词组、形容词组、副词词组、介词词组等。 |
名词词组an interesting book 动词词组would be finished 形容词词组quite good 副词词组naturally enough |
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分句 |
由一个或一个以上的词组构成的语法单位。分为简单分句(仅包含一个主谓结构的分句)和复杂分(包含多个主谓结构的分句)。简单分句又叫简单句,复杂分句又叫复杂句或复合句。 |
简单句:It is not true. 复合句:What you said is not true. |
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句子 |
最高级的语法结构。分为:完全句和不完全句(即:省略句);简单句(一个主谓结构)和多重句(如:并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句) |
—What is your name?(完全句,简单句) —Tom.(不完全句,简单句) |
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The book he gave me is interesting.(完全句,多重句) |
2.1尝试分辨这五种层次。
1. I don’t know who he is.
2. Can you tell me when he will leave for Beijing?
3. It is Tom who broke the window.
4. English is very difficult for me and I feel puzzled.
5. Today, it is so cold that I have to wear my heavy thick clothes.
Question 3英语中的词缀都有哪些?都有什么作用?
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词缀分类 |
功能 |
举例 |
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前缀 |
一般情况下,仅改变词性,不改变词义。 |
un- im- re- |
happy (adj.) possible(adj.) write (v.) |
unhappy (adj.) impossible (adj.) rewrite (v.) |
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后缀 |
一般情况下,仅改变词义,不改变词性。 |
-ment -ness -ly |
punish (v.) happy (adj.) possible(adj.) |
punishment (n.) happiness (n.) possibly (adv.) |
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特例 |
把原词改为及物动词。 |
en- |
large (adj.) courage (n.) |
enlarge (vt.) encourage (vt.) |
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-en |
less (adj.) quick (adj.) |
lessen (vt.) quicken (vt.) |
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也有一些后缀仅仅改变词义,而不改变词性。 |
-hood身份、地位、生活状况 |
boyhoodchildhoodneighborhood |
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-ship 身份、职位、状态 |
friendshipcitizenshiprelationship |
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(一) 前缀
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功能 |
词缀 |
举例 |
功能 |
词缀 |
举例 |
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表示否定/相反 |
un- |
unfair, unfamiliar, unhappy |
表示错误 |
mis- |
mistake, misunderstand, mislead |
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non- |
non-smoker, non-violent |
表示程度 |
super- |
supermarket, superman, superstar |
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in- |
inexact, inconvenient |
over- |
overeat, overcrowded |
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im- |
impossible |
mini- |
mini-car, miniskirt |
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dis- |
disloyal, discover |
semi- |
semi-killed |
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il- |
illegal, illogical |
表示时间 |
pre- |
prewar, preschool, preview |
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ir- |
irregular |
post- |
postwar |
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de- |
decrease |
pre- |
foretell, forecast |
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ab- |
abnormal |
表示方位 |
sub- |
subway |
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表示向背 |
anti- |
antiterrorism |
inter- |
international |
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表示重复 |
re- |
repeat, retell |
under- |
underground |
(二) 后缀
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功能 |
词缀 |
举例 |
功能 |
词缀 |
举例 |
|
动词→名词 |
-ation |
liberation, transportation |
形容词→名词 |
-ness |
happiness |
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-ment |
appointment, arrangement |
-ity |
activity |
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-al |
refusal, proposal |
-sm |
capitalism |
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-ee |
trainee, employee |
-ist |
terrorist |
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-er |
writer, reader |
形容词→副词 |
-ly |
happily |
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-or |
translator |
名词→形容词 |
-y |
hairy, sunny |
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-(s)sion |
expression, expression |
-ish |
boyish, foolish |
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-age |
coverage, package |
-some |
troublesome |
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名词、形容词→动词 |
-ize |
memorize |
-ous |
nervous, poisonous |
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-ify |
identify |
-ious |
serious |
3.1猜猜下列单词的意思.(历年全国I卷中出现)
intellectualize
neighborhood
awareness
wilderness
gratefulness
significance
reconsider
recontextualization
reopening
percentage
emergency
tasteless
hopeless
psychologist
tourist
non-runner
lengthen
deepen
wonderful
helpful
successful
thankful
discovery
unavoidable
uncertain
unfortunately
uncomfortable
unpleasant
unintended
unpredictable
unfailingly
unemployed
reflective
expensive
positive
attractive
productive
nutritious
various
presenter
viewer
newer
researcher
consumer
homeowner
instructor
donor
taster
exporter
freezer
embarrassing
displace
discourage
summarize
development
entertainment
accomplishment
refreshment
survival
universal
environmental
international
social
educational
digital
financial
traditional
spiritual
shiny
electronic
scientific
optimistic
artistic
decision
important
significant
changeable
unavoidable
accessible
unpredictable
understandable
comfortable
suitable
relationship
availability
diversity
productivity
necessity
majority
infinity
popularity
responsibilitymentality
monthly
likely
friendly
vividly
adequately
cheaply
differently
lightly
perfectly
cheaply
increasingly
eventually
naturally
normally
directly
regularly
elderly
gradually
heartily
bodily
frequently
sympathetically
urgently
particularly
importantly
exploration
inspiration
celebration
communication
globalization
distribution
extinction
evaluation
assumption
contribution
emission
solution
presentation
donation
reservation
discrimination
starvation
admission
preservation
admiration
expansion
contraction
exhibition
collaboration
adaptation
destination
industrialization
world-famous
takeaway
footstep
background
hunter-gatherer
lifestyle
throughout
readout
box-set
household
desktop
greenhouse
environment-friendly
grandmaster
upgrade
hard-earned
overweight
inquiry-based
heartbreaking
insight
natural-loving
built-in
salesperson
showman
masterwork
homemaker
well-being
limestone
wrongdoer
夜雨聆风