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《关于 AI 助手的未来，谷歌和苹果正与欧盟展开激烈博弈》

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文章导读

欧盟正依据《数字市场法案》要求苹果和谷歌向第三方AI代理开放底层权限，以打破其在全球近50亿部手机市场的垄断。值得注意的是，两大巨头以危及隐私安全为由强烈抗拒。由此可见，平衡反垄断竞争与数据安全，已成为AI时代监管的核心难题。

双语正文

Google and Apple have a big leg up in the AI race: their control of billions of smartphones around the world. That’s according to the EuropeanCommission, which is now cracking down on what that means for AI assistants. Apple and Google have long dominated the smartphone market, combining for roughly 5 billion active Android phones and iPhones worldwide, according to market research firm Omdia. And as AI continues to become more ubiquitous and specialized, the two tech giants are enabling their AI assistants to help complete tasks rather than just answer questions.

Google 和 Apple 在 AI 竞赛中占据了巨大的先机：它们掌控着全球数十亿部智能手机。欧盟委员会也指出了这一点，并正对这种主导地位对 AI 助手市场带来的影响展开监管打击。市场研究公司 Omdia 的数据显示，两家巨头长期统治着智能手机市场，全球活跃的 Android 手机和 iPhone 总数合计约达 50 亿部。随着 AI 变得无处不在且日益精细，这两家科技巨头正推动其 AI 助手从“单纯解答疑问”向“协助执行具体任务”演进。

But the EuropeanCommission wants other virtualassistants to be just as prominent on smartphones as Google’s Gemini and Apple’s Siri. It’s now demanding that Google give other AI agentsbroaderaccess to Android by July 2027. The EU’s mandate is part of the Digital Markets Act, a set of Big Tech regulations that went into effect in the region in 2023. The EuropeanCommission believes this new mandate could help level the playing field in the AI race. About 427 million iPhones and Android phones fall under EU regulation, according to Omdia.

然而，欧盟委员会希望其他虚拟助手也能在智能手机上获得与 Google 的 Gemini 和 Apple 的 Siri 同等的地位。该机构目前要求 Google 在 2027 年 7 月前，向其他 AI 智能体开放对 Android 系统更广泛的访问权限。欧盟的这项指令是《数字市场法案》的一部分，该法案是一套针对大型科技公司的监管法规，已于 2023 年在欧盟地区生效。欧盟委员会认为，这项新规有助于在 AI 竞赛中创造公平的竞争环境。据 Omdia 统计，约有 4.27 亿部 iPhone 和 Android 手机属于欧盟监管范围。

The commission wants EU Android users to have a “wider and more feature-rich range of options to choose from, both when it comes to their AI services on Android and to search services,” according to a press release last week. EU users should be able to access other AI agents with their voice and use third-party AI agents to operate apps on their behalf on Android as they would with Gemini, the commission says. It also wants Google to share search data with other search engines and AI chatbots so that other companies can offer a similar experience to Google Search. Google must start sharing search data in January under the new mandate.

根据上周发布的新闻稿，欧盟委员会希望欧盟的 Android 用户在“使用 Android 上的 AI 服务和搜索服务时，拥有更广泛、功能更丰富的选择范围”。委员会表示，欧盟用户应该能够通过语音使用其他 AI 智能体，并像使用 Gemini 一样，让第三方 AI 智能体在 Android 系统上代为操作应用程序。此外，欧盟还要求 Google 与其他搜索引擎和 AI 聊天机器人共享搜索数据，以便其他公司也能提供类似 Google Search 的体验。根据这项新规， Google 必须从明年 1 月起开始共享搜索数据。

Apple and Google, however, say opening up their platforms could raise serious privacyconcerns. Apple announced in June that it would not launch its new Siri AI assistant on iPhones and iPads in the EU because of the Digital Markets Act. Experts agree that allowing external services to access Apple’s and Google’s operating systems could be dangerous for security and user privacy. But some also question whether privacy is Google’s primary motivation for pushing back on the EU’s rules.

然而， Apple 和 Google 表示，开放平台可能会引发严重的隐私问题。今年 6 月， Apple 宣布，受《数字市场法案》影响，将不会在欧盟地区的 iPhone 和 iPad 上推出搭载 AI 功能的新版 Siri 。专家们也认同，允许外部服务接入 Apple 和 Google 的操作系统，可能会对设备安全和用户隐私构成威胁。不过，也有人质疑，隐私问题是否真的是 Google 抗拒欧盟新规的首要动机。

“I would say that we have to take these tech companies’ arguments with a grain of salt and look at whether they’ve cared about privacy up to the point where suddenly a decision was affecting them in ways they don’t like,” Calli Schroeder, seniorcounsel and director of the AI & Human Rights program at the Electronic Privacy and Information Center, told CNN. Google says the Android changes would pose a majorsecurity risk because it would give external apps “sensitive and powerfuldevicepermissions,” Kent Walker, Google and Alphabet’s president of globalaffairs, wrote in a statement on Thursday. He added that sharing search data would also “weaken citizen privacy, risk business trade secrets and endangernationalsecurity.”

“我认为，我们对这些科技公司的说辞应保持怀疑态度。不妨看看在此之前它们是否真的重视隐私，还是说只有当某项新规损害到自身利益时，它们才突然开始关心隐私，”电子隐私信息中心 AI 与人权项目高级顾问兼主任 Calli Schroeder 在接受 CNN 采访时表示。 Google 和 Alphabet 全球事务总裁 Kent Walker 在周四的一份声明中写道，对 Android 系统的这些改动将带来重大的安全风险，因为这将赋予外部应用“敏感且高级的设备权限”。他补充说，共享搜索数据还会“削弱公民隐私，使商业机密面临风险，并危及国家安全”。

Sameer Samat, Google’s Android president, said in an X post on Friday that the EuropeanCommission “is on the wrong track” with its rules and that users can choose to switch to another assistant on their own. Android phones have an option to change the default AI assistant in the settings menu. Apple cited similar privacyconcerns, saying the EU’s requirements would force Apple to “give any virtualassistant direct access to users’ private data.” Apple said it proposedsolutions that were rejected by the EU but it will continue to work with regulators. A EuropeanCommissionspokesperson said it has been in regularcontact with Apple on the matter. Large tech companies that fall under the DMA, known as gatekeepers, “can implementappropriateprivacy, security and integritysafeguards,” the spokesperson said.

Google 的 Android 业务总裁 Sameer Samat 在周五的一条 X 帖子中表示，欧盟委员会的这些规定“走错了方向”，并指出用户完全可以自行选择切换到其他助手。目前， Android 手机的设置菜单中已经提供了更改默认 AI 助手的选项。 Apple 也提出了类似的隐私担忧，称欧盟的要求将迫使 Apple “允许任何虚拟助手直接访问用户的私人数据”。 Apple 表示，其提出的解决方案遭到了欧盟的拒绝，但公司将继续与监管机构合作。欧盟委员会的一位发言人表示，该机构一直就此事与 Apple 保持着定期沟通。该发言人指出，受 DMA 管辖的大型科技公司（即所谓的“看门人”）“完全有能力实施适当的隐私、安全和系统完整性保障措施”。

The enforcement of regulations like the Digital Markets Act could also potentiallyimpact Apple and Google’s influence over their smartphonesoftware. ChatGPT is already installed on about 30% of EU smartphones, and the EU’s rules could give OpenAI a further edge, Bjorhovde wrote. “The question is what the implications for Google or the consumer might be if the user can utilize ChatGPT to book an Uber, completelybypassing the need to engage with Android,” Runar Bjorhovde, an analyst with Omdia, told CNN over email.

《数字市场法案》等法规的实施，还可能动摇 Apple 和 Google 对其智能手机软件生态的掌控力。 Bjorhovde 写道，目前欧盟约 30% 的智能手机已经安装了 ChatGPT ，而欧盟的新规可能会让 OpenAI 获得更大的竞争优势。“问题在于，如果用户可以直接用 ChatGPT 叫一辆 Uber ，从而彻底绕过 Android 系统的交互，这会对 Google 或消费者带来怎样的深远影响？” Omdia 分析师 Runar Bjorhovde 在给 CNN 的邮件中表示。

The EU’s new mandate also highlightscritical questions over privacy in the AI era — and the challenges tech companies and regulators face in solving them. Without proper protections built into the software, giving apps deeper access to Android or iOS could allow them to sneakily siphon information from users’ phones, Schroeder said. And what happens if the AI assistantmalfunctions? The consequences could be critical if an agent has access to a user’s messages, location, and their device’s screen and microphones. “It could exercise the user’s delegatedauthority to do other things that maybe the user might not have wanted it to happen,” said Michael Stokes, senior vice president of emerging technologies at Veilant, a company that sells secureinfrastructure and communications products. If AI agents are granted those types of permissions, phone makers like Samsung would be the ones to make those decisions and vet them, Google says.

欧盟的这项新规也凸显出 AI 时代下尤为关键的隐私痛点，以及科技公司和监管机构在解决这些问题时所面临的重重挑战。 Schroeder 表示，如果缺少系统底层的防护机制，盲目向第三方应用开放 Android 或 iOS 的深层访问权限，可能会让它们悄无声息地从用户手机中窃取信息。此外，如果 AI 助手出现故障会怎样？当一个智能体能够访问用户的短信、位置，甚至调用设备的屏幕和麦克风时，一旦失控，后果将不堪设想。销售安全基础设施和通信产品的 Veilant 公司新兴技术高级副总裁 Michael Stokes 表示：“它可能会滥用用户授予的权限，擅自去干一些完全背离用户意图的事。” Google 则表示，若真要向 AI 智能体开放此类高级权限，那么像 Samsung 这样的手机制造商将不得不承担起最终的决定权与审核责任。

Advancements in technology have historically required some type of privacy tradeoff, like giving apps access to your location for more accuraterecommendations. But AI systems are often trained by scraping huge amounts of data from the internet, which could include a user’s personal information without their knowledge. “We also want to make sure that users are aware of the risks they’re taking when they engage with AI systems,” Schroeder said. “And I think that awareness is where we really need to catch up a little bit more.”

回顾历史，技术的进步往往需要人们在隐私上做出某种妥协，比如允许应用获取你的位置信息以换取更精准的推荐。但 AI 系统通常是通过从互联网上抓取大量数据来训练的，这很可能在用户不知情的情况下包含了他们的个人信息。“我们还需要确保用户清楚地知道，在与 AI 系统交互时他们正在承担怎样的风险，” Schroeder 说，“我认为，在提升这种风险意识方面，我们确实还有很长的一段路要走。”