文档内容
六级与四级的区别： 并列关系。例如：A and B，问A就把B内容填进去。
一、词——词汇量5500。 解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。
二、句——出题考长句子。 例如：
三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But, Yet, However 转折连词后面是重 30. “An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ______.
点，常考点。 A) who serves as a model for others
四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。 B) who is always successful
C) who can be depended upon
原文重现：原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。 D) who has been rewarded for his success
尽量少读：六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。 （文章前四段省略）
Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he
六级题型： becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of
1. 主旨题（Sum Up/Title）--看文章每段第一句 situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and
24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation. 注：把握and前后是并列关系。
B) Labour and the effects of automation.
C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation. 3. 细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示
D) Social benefits of automation. 例如：
注：文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然在选 31. It is implied that fifty years ago ____________ .
项中出现。 A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories
B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as
productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in that of industrial workers
production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that
fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called of industrial workers
the "Second Industrial Revolution".
注：refers to 下定义 34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _______ .
A) less important than awareness of being a good employee
Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations
employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the C) more important than employer- employee relations
view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization
automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast
industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one
equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else.
of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty
emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand,
by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal
and improved living standards. education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and
注：labour 雇员 technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these
last fifty years: middle-class and upper - class employees have been the fastest-
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker,
adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance
unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in despite the expansion of industrial production.
such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a
strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can
in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.
requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s
length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets
calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have
that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in
the fruits of automation. government, employeeship is more important to success than the special
注：union 工会，和雇员有关 professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not
2. 词汇题——找词所在句子关系 know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately
转折关系。例如：六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But, Yet, However。 possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get intoadministrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the
organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly
controversial
4. 作者态度题（attitude）——正负态度 issue?
凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度 A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect.
凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度 B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species.
例外：中立题 C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.
D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.
25. The writer’s attitude towards the use of the telephone is ______. 注：细节题。第一段economic interests
A) affectionate ●表示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点；如果出现在选项中，很可能是不
B) disapproving 对的。
C) approving 全无：non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-
D) neutral neither...nor
●例子：例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而言之， 全有：all-every-full-either…
例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。 唯一：only-exactly- best-most
例子开始的标志：for example，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内容。
例子含义的标志：show, tell, prove, demonstrate, find, clearly 37.According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________.
A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty.
[Page72] B) benefits developed countries rather than developing countries.
In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a C) should take priority over the control of human population.
highly controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered D) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries.
Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and 注：细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就
policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the 对了。
1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged
legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The 38.According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food _______.
challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl(猫头鹰), whose A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries.
remaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for B) is but a short-term relief to the food problem.
survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those C) can hardly alleviate the shortage of food.
of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and D) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations.
legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in 注：对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。
mid-1992.
注：1. controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharply political issue”，contro表示“反” 39.Among“humanity's current problems” (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the
2. for example前句子是重点 scientists
3. problematic悬而未决的 is _______.
A) the impoverishment of developing countries.
Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many B) the explosion of the human population.
people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in C) the reduction of biological diversity.
tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. D) the effect of global warming.
But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations 注：第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。
growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid
worsening poverty and starvation. 40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________.
注：1. tension张力，冲突 A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems.
2. 看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。 B) to present the different views on humanity's current problems.
3. But转折是重点 C) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current
problems.
D) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through the
Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob
cooperation of nations.
the planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer (臭氧层),
注：看最后一句话，cooperation of nations 对应coordinated international efforts。
for example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing
ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out
[Page80]
species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to
only through coordinated international efforts to control human population,
affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example,
stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's
complex web life. behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver,gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with
turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of
groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often
and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when
response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and
turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the
over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and
注：1. vulnerable易受伤害的 society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary
2. immune defense 免疫系统 or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment.
3. found之后是试验告诉我们的观点 They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style
4. depress压抑，de往下 and taste.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of 注：1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的
Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli 40. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed (A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they (B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of
later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings our life
reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness (C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many
is one of the most harmful factors in depression. years ago
注：1. 看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。 (D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities
2. passive被动的
Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of
21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or
could turn off the electricity ______. every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is
A) was strengthened generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a
B) was not affected closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in
C) was altered the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however,
D) was weakened that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about
注：定位文章第一段found之后 the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex
subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the
recreative function of greenspace facilities.
22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______.
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli
注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。
B) turn off the electricity
C) become abnormally suspicious The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for
D) behave passively in controllable situations many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted
注：定位第二段But之后那句话 in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was
relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct
neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right,
23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______
because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is
.
used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air
A) they disliked its taste
has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as
B) it affected their immune systems
many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that
C) it led to stomach pains
more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
D) they associated it with stomachaches
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant
walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the
22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____.
risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for
(A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents
enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
after the street-door of your house is closed after you.
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children
23. The passage mainly deals with ______.
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
注：段落主旨，B和C只说了一部分。
(B) the survival of desert shrimps
(C) the importance of water to life
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame
(D) life in the Mojave Desert
them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always
注：三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life span没出现过。
complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways;her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being
seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look
addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both
years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through
live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in
States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. mastery than did women who were not employed.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains A woman's well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At
of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-
these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite
about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also warnings about stress and strain.
grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 30. The best tittle for the passage would be_________.
1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. A) Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead of IBM
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake B) Apple's New Computer Technology
equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the C) Apple's New personal Computers
twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs D) Apple's Research Activities
form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the
lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to
final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this
ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water environment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors' role when
evaporates. making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are changing their
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once products, then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive. Apple
again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster person computers, the Macintosh II
and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs and Macintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of
will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very Apple' s major competitors.
occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake Apple' s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier
that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of models. The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that previously were
growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible programs. This
considerably, which further ensures its survival. compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new attitude of giving
customers the features they want. Malting Apple computers capable of running IBM
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____. software is Apple' s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers
(A) The well-being of Career Women and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales, Users of
(B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure the new Apple can also add accessories to make their machines specialize in specific
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being uses, such as engineering and writing.
(D) Freedom Roles Women in Society The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also
注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项 cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down buyers
who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the high
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" ---feeling price end of the personal computer marker to finance research for even faster, more
important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding sophisticated computers.
life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told "You can't have it all." Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that
Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't their competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The
expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated color graphics, where-as the
husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to IBM machines have always been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably
understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about be more compatibility between the two companies' products, which no doubt will
themselves. require that both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low A) Computers and the Knowledge Society.
levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, B) Service industries in Modern Society.
to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of C) Features and Implications of the New Era.
happiness, satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side D) Rapid Advancement of information Technology
of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and 注：一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。
low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but
whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of 主旨题的迷惑选项：末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out the
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and
age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other
work. Already we' re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by developments. This all part of the "information revolution," a twentieth century
making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These
in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music-
the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force cultures all over the globe.
than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But
the breadth of the economic transformation can' t be measured by numbers alone, 25. What is the passage mainly about?
because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work A) different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English
itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even dictionaries.
the relation between individuals and employers-all these are being challenged. B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new English
We have only to look behind to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one dictionaries.
looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.
invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.
computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow' s achievements in
biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a
produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and "new" feature . The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on l, 000
knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's
work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman
Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LME plus cultural information.
write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly
routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, " cultura l " as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which
information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons
between the three difficult.
25. Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage? While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and cultura l
A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced by entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries , there is a clear difference . Oxford
computers. lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates
B) cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded. on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can
C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication
D) The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspect because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the
cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"-physical objects that can dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words
be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over
technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and
the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is
vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English
ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the and a developed skill in listening comprehension.
phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of
music-cultures it the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation
evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art. Through the where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-
study of instruments, as well preserved Paintings, written documents, and so on, we cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even
can explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a thousand hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not
years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to Europe that only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views
results in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra. about the scope and appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk
music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear rather than from 35. What is the passage mainly about?
print, but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources during the A) Dressing for effect.
past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety B) How to dress appropriately.
because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new C) Managerial positions and clothing.
and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching D) Dressing for the occasion.
effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a
whole. Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues towho people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%.
deal about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that
注：critical重要的 while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big
promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people
Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use know you and your work, and how high up they are.
them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of
significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle- minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from
class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young adult who is dressed in their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel
an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal
interests. with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in
注：manipulate控制，操纵 authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and
blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks:
can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the
number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. spotlight.
Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more
convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And 25. The author is critical mainly of _________.
collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal A) inferior packaging
relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play B) dishonest packaging
these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the C) the changes in package size
clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. D) exaggerated illustrations on packages
Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful
situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺骗性的)
packaging rumpus (喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of
In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and
for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction
business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the
"feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that
clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions 文章中出现的语言现象：对比关系（极端对比、一般对比）、转折、例子、绝对
when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every
makeup, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows
attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job." that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly
[方法例外] opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the
40. The best title for this passage would be __________. Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
A) Role of Women and Minorities in Management 注：点名文章讲的脱口秀，而且是JS和OW脱口秀
B) The Importance of Being Visible Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(废话)". The topics
C) Job Performance and Advancement on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the
D) Sex and Career Success ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and
注：关键句在concludes that那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。 morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and
怎么蒙？看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释 exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (灾难),yet people are willing to eat up the
看前面细节题--把提干关键词加起来 intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah
The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and
the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility,
The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors.
sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being
experience in the organization. dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small
Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where
ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in most people will learn something very valuable.
management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, 注：dump倾销，反倾销anti-dump
CocaCola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience
companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, andstability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with
more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods
olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing
They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to
show's exploitation. produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the
While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both 注：第一段说selling，第二段说marketing
have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer
considered pioneers in the talk show world. satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to
注：1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有讽刺意味的 every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied
21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that
Winfrey are______. the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A
A) more family - oriented striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in
B) unusually popular mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the
C) more profound new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of
D) relatively formal the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
注：第一段
26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______.
22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the A) the practice of turning goods into money
audience______. B) making goods available for purchase
A) remain fascinated by them C) the customer - centred approach
B) are ready to face up to them D) a form of persuasive salesmanship
C) remain indifferent to them 注：原文第三段，cater to customer基于客户的，A和B是两者共同特征，D对应第一段
D) are willing to get involved in them selling。
注：第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。
27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was
23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? widely accepted?
A) A new type of robot. A) The needs of the market.
B) Racist hatred. B) The efficiency of production.
C) Family budget planning. C) The satisfaction of the user.
D) Street violence. D) The preferences of the dealer.
注：第三段最后举了三个例子。 注：第一段第二句。
24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________. 28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3
A) ironical -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”.
B) sensitive A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods
C) instructive B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
D) cynical C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
注：instructive-in引导+struct结构→有启发的，cynical愤世嫉俗的 D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production
25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______. 29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A) have monopolized the talk show circuit A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C) appear at different times of the day C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D) are targeted at different audiences D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
注：monopolise垄断，D对应倒数第二段。
30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______.
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the A) its main characteristic
difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries B) its social impact
concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on C) its possible consequence
"persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such D) its theoretical basis
production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then 注：写作方法题。答题要问What? 能回答，选项是对的。本文讲市场营销的特点。
convert them into money.33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means
A) valuable The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one.
B) useful An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make
C) doubtful sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy
D) helpful our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and
注：烂的，没意义的 moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make
Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire,
find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we
promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to
mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the
skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health
employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to
government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the
knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the socially accepted thing to do.
requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the
skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into 24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the (A) inactive
organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. (B) strong
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____. (C) alert
(A) quarrels (D) soft
(B) worries
(C) disadvantages If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once
(D) agreements again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying,
注：不平衡的行为 and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs
will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake
and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of
money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies
requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and considerably, which further ensures its survival.
privacy (不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing 33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means
act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three _____.
times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an (A) misleading
alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (约会), so I either had (B) embarrassing
to hide away or meet them at friends' house." (C) stimulating a goal wit
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____. (D) upsetting
(A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit 注：焦虑anxiety
(B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
(C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more
(D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to
注：做算术题和背文章指人 work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research
paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if
through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to you use the help this book can give you.
add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.
"We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr. David. 21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______.
"Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to A) appreciate
concentrate." B) obtain
37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means C) interpret
_____. D) identify
(A) to "live a decent life"
(B) to "live an inactive life"
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or
(C) to "live a life of vice"
other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and
(D) to "live a life with complete freedom"
wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint hisor her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict
we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and
with a two-second glance. desirable element of human societies.
31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" . 33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.
A) implication A) early acts for men to follow as examples
B) contradiction B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance
C) interpretation C) things that men should agree upon
D) confusion D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models
social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the
is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d
our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of
knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men.
however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions
approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of
able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An
reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."
systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be
seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems 29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ".
on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part A) vegetables preserved for future use
in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat
sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford
though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. D) meat canned for future consumption
26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______".
A) misfortune This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to the
B) instability animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry,
C) disadvantage the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.
D) burden
31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone A) thrive on
thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have B) account for
more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for C) originate from
finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive D) descend from
circle, beauty can become a liability.
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive
28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.
probably means "_______". Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad
A) betray each other breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually
B) harm one another curable condition.
C) help to collaborate with each other
文章中的并列关系·怎样对付阅读的长句
D) benefit on another
小的并列：成分并列，不容易出题。如果出题，选项应该概括所有并列成分，否则是错误选
项。
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of
大的并列：只出一题，应该提纲挈领。
the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce
some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its
against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among
existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ①It has saved lives by getting
social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply.
rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ②By joining with the elevator
Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are.
to make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for
Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the
better or worse - the modern city. ③By bringing about a great leap in the speed and
process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These
ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the
definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competitionrate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ④it advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than
has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ⑤It has made the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest
living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no
played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming . Given this
multi-generational household. ⑥It has made the war chillingly more efficient than information why do commercials sound so loud?
formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可证实), it has prevented wars that might The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level.
have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use
Or perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal of such factors. ①One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is
conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular
scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates ( 传 播 ) the useful programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels
knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.
affectionate and the malice (恶意) of the malicious. ②Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can
mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out
22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______. the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的) impact
A) has made letter writing an art in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that
B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication they stay within such a frequency band. ③Another approach is to write the script so
C) has made the world different from what it was that lots of consonants ( 辅音 ) are used, because people are more aware of
D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts consonants than vowel (元音) sounds. ④Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials
注：A应该是削弱 with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the
commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer an attention. For
adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ①promotion of supplementary example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.
unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to
such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may
strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their
in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.
requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on
length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which 31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from
calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, commercials _______.
that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in A) does not exceed that of programs.
the fruits of automation. B) is greater than that of programs.
C) varies over a large range than that of programs.
32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end D) is less than that of programs.
to believe that certain types of clothing can __________. 注：文章第一段no difference
A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle
B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex 32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ .
C) make them competitive in the job market A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.
D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels.
C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.
can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits(套装), including the 注：第二点
number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink.
Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be 33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ .
more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And A) pop songs attract viewer attention.
collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal B) it can increase their loudness.
relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs.
these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials.
clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. 注：第四点
Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful
situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. 34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that
________ .
[Page 71] A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact.
Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality.C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-
message. nots.
D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is
happening. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling
注：第三段Because，B选项like太主观。 of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we
35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ . apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and
A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention. what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will
B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome. accept.
C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads. 倒装句，正常的顺序是a social feeling of agreement comes out of our emotional
D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads. experiences.
注：文章最后一段
The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing(把…固定) legal
jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless
not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other abandon(放任).
benefits.
Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic in-centives and friendly
They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays-
(耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.
executives, accountants , and security staff.
An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure
adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's is the single most important responsibility?
education, background, or interests.
36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?
Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial A) Performing physical examinations.
positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, B) Locating places which attract terrorists.
moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing. C) Detecting drugs and water contamination.
Feminine女权主义者；Masculine男子气概的 D) Monitoring food processing.
注：从本题定下文章基调，人工鼻子是个新东西。
The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management,
the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. 37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is
越多的妇女和少数民族越往上爬，她们越想说以前最好不说的事情。 _______.
A) negligence of public safety
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging B) an abuse of personal freedom
rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed C) a hazard to physical health
by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a D) a threat to individual privacy
decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. 注：推出原文可能有转折
The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his 38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means“______ ”.
package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his A) preset
product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one- B) entered
pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc. C) processed
D) simulated
Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use 注：词汇题，找上下文并列、转折、解释的线索
of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential
famine relief protein food. 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______ .
Famine饥荒 A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
billion in 1994.
40. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' works is ______.
The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the A) approvingB) overenthusiastic water for contamination.
C) cautious The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry
D) suspicious are astonishing. But so, too ,are the possibilities for abuse; Such machines could
注：作者态度题，应该选正态度 determine whether a woman is ovulating ( 排卵 ),without a physical exam - or even her
knowledge.
怎样先看题再看文章？ One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been impossible
1. 什么题型？回原文应该怎么做？ to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.
2. 能不能看出作者评价？ Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever
3. 可能对应文章的语言现象 seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of
★同义转换的正确选项： chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into
一、同义词 二、句式 三、双重否定 the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the
★错误选项特征： electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a
一、绝对的 二、长得像的——断章取义 computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.
三、跨段 四、难词——杯弓蛇影 Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail - size chip with thousands of
odor receptors(感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a
36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? dog's nose.
A) Monitoring food processing.
B) Performing physical examinations. 跨段 31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________.
C) Locating places which attract terrorists. 难词 A) wrong
D) Detecting drugs and water contamination. B) oversimplified
C) misleading
D) unclear
37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is
注：文章第一句
_______.
A) negligence of public safety
32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________.
B) a hazard to physical health
A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict
C) a threat to individual privacy
B) the real value of conflict
D) an abuse of personal freedom
C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7)most probably means “______ “.
注：文章第二段
A) preset
B) simulated
33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.
C) entered
A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
D) processed
B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations
C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways
39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______.
D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict
A) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
注：文章第三段
B) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______.
D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
A) there is no end of conflict
B) expression of different opinions is encouraged
There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell C) decisions must be justifiable
it, you can find it. D) success lies in general agreement
Myers is the founder of Aubum University's Institute for Biological Detection 注：文章第四段，justifiable合法化
Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an
artificial nose. 35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________.
For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips A) seem to be difficult to satisfy
tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the B) are free to express diverse opinions
belts of police, arson(纵火)investigators and food - safety inspectors. C) are less effective in making decisions
The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably that, D) find it easier to reach agreement
within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such 注：C和D出现比较级，不选
devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs,
bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too littleconflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. 跨段
divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.
creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.
Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be
optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple great, wouldn't it?
generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently,
Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for- but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a
profit organizations. compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain
Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins
systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not- and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So
for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their it's up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be 注：eliminate消除
achieved in the absence of conflict.
Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat
conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the
their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all.
effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠)“grab” molecules of regular fat
organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is
terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial made up of three molecule of substances called fatty acids.
indicators. The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential
In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of
the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the
associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict bloodstream.
led to more considered and acceptable decisions. Olestra , which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for
the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken
36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______. down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that
A) contains plenty of nutrients makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of
B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent
C) makes foods easily digestible vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of
D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious carotenoids ( 类胡萝卜素 ), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart
disease, etc.
37.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_______. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their
A) commercially useless products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat
B) just as anticipated unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how
C) somewhat controversial many calories they are consuming.
D) quite unexpected
简短回答题评分原则及标准
38.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______. 1. 评分原则
A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed 简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时应
B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body 同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。
C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease 2. 给分标准
D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins 2分--答出全部内容，语言正确；
1分--答出部分内容，语言正确；
39.What is a possible negative effect of olesira according to some critics? 0分--没有答对问题。
A) It may impair the digestive system. 扣分标准
B) It may affect the overall fat intake. （1）语言有错误扣0.5分（不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误），每题由于语言错误
C) It may increase the risk of cancer. 扣分不能超过0.5分；
D) It may spoil the consumers' appetite. （2）涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分；
（3）整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分；
40.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olesira? （4）考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。
A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins. Part IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes)
B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary. Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurancecompany. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas A) reduce their scale of production
tank at a self-service gas station. But moments latter as he was paying the money he saw the B) make full use of their land
truck being driven away. C) adjust the prices of their farm products
In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States-one every 20 D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production
seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two
million by the end of the decade. 24.The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed
Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million that the Act ______.
victims a year. The cost is astonishing. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products
Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a B) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power
major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers
parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200.000 cars are smuggled out of the country every D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others
year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe.
Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments 25.It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were
routinely conduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often aimed at ______.
sentence them to probation (缓刑), not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are A) reducing the cost of farming
overcrowded with violent criminals. B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation
One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on C) lowering the burden of farmers
the state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's auto- D) helping farmers without shifling the burden onto other taxpayers
theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth.
How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries
model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity ( 紧缩 ) programs to reduce
engage automatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump the fuel pump and the their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more
starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer
states, you may be able to sue a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were
tracked by police. also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained
constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were
Questions: made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout
71. What is the passage mainly about? the 1939s.
________________________________________________________ In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was
72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for? organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand,
Leaving the key in the truck and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability
73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could in the United States for farmers.
in 1989? President Hoover's successor attached even more importance to this problem.
________________________________________________________ One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took
74. What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars? office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed
________________________________________________________ by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce
75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car? production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their
________________________________________________________ land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise
prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds
21.What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However,
A) The impact of the Great Depression. new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and
B) The shrinking of overseas markets. providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil
C) The destruction caused by the First World War. conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil
D) The increased exports of European countries. was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense
of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could
22.The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.
1920s was ______.
A) to increase farm production 26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ______.
B) to establish agricultural laws A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object
C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior
D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's
D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language
23.The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ______.27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ______. from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each
A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be
B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.
programs Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally
C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains
D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels
and brain cells could turn out to be the only game in town.
28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to 11. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ____________.
______. A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds
A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers B) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves
B) build a computer using a clever network of switches C) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciously
C) find out how intelligence developed in nature D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest
D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought
12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______________.
A) they have to watch out for possible attacks
29.What's the author's opinion about the new AI movement?
A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon B) their brain hemisphere take turns to rest 跨段
die out. C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured 没
B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions 反
C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.
D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future 13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _____________.
prospects. A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread
B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security
C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security
30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town"
D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror
(Line 3, Para. 4)?
A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.
14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to
B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.
__________.
C) The only area worth studying in computer science.
A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy
D) The only game they would like to play in town.
B) emerge from water now and then to breathe
C) be sensitive to the ever-changing environment
In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this
D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents
century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be
performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to
15. By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para.8), Siegel suggests that
achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike
____________.
behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful
A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather
computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary
B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved
of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.
C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers
A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The
D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species
problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most
abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with
Birds that are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other
logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a
sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of
closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence.
sleeping ducks.
Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal
Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The
logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and
brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain
transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early
waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful
efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement
hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres
is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.
resting at once.
Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction,
Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The
says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an
brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain
important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were
waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful
made up of color-coded transistors", he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network
hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres
of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells
resting at once.
themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stemDecades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the
more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers, Sure enough, the end birds tended to 20. What can we learn from the passage?
watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.
showed no preference for gaze direction. B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories.
Also, birds dozing（打盹）at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.
sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotaing 16 birds D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.
through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep
during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment
spots. that ends up debunking（揭穿．．．的真相）a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic（治疗）touch (TT for short), whose
and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say. advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say
The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single- some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't
hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for be detected, even by trained TT practitioners（行医者）. Obviously mindful of the
opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to
pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by mirror. declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science."
The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against
stayed open. TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned
Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000
mammals（哺乳动物）as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they
brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UGLA until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal
says he wonders if birds' half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg（冰山）". He wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT
speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth
species. patients' energy, sometimes during surgery.
Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT
16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced? therapists would have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't
A) TT has been in existence for decades. been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to
B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch. anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one
C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals. taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay
D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment. their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says
注：D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。 Emily: "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."
The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms
17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs-left or right-and the
____________. practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd
A) they didn't take the offer seriously done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field,
B) they didn't want to risk their career they couldn't feel it.
C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret
D) they thought it was not in line with their practice 21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways
注：争议题，B、C皆可。 __________.
A) are being planned
18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ____________. B) are being modified
A) to see why TT could work the way it did C) are now in wide use
B) to find out how TT cured patient's illness D) are under construction
C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field 注：on the drawing borad就是planned
D) to test whether a human energy field really existed
注：对应文章第三段首句 22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that
________________.
19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment? A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways
A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing. B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency
B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun. C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles
C) It was more straightforward than other experiments. D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles
D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment. 注：A选项说反了
注：对应文章第三段末句，no harm对应innocent，little girl对应fourth-grade23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? 26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured n terms
A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations. of one's ability to read, write and compute _____________.
B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system. A) is a widely held but wrong concept
C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it. B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice
D) The driver should share the automated lane with those f regular vehicles. C) is the root of all mental distress
注：对应第二段开头 D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment
注：作者态度题，应该选负选项
24. We know form the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane
_____________. 27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree _____________.
A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems
B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices B) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents
C) through a specially guarded gate C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak
D) after all trespassers are identified and removed D) does not meat that one is highly intelligent
注：争议题
28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows _____________.
25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ___________. A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths
A) should harmonize with newly entering cars B) how to find the best way to achieve success in life
B) doesn't have to rely on his computer system C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile
C) should watch out for potential accidents D) how to persuade others to compromise
D) doesn't have to hold not to the steering wheel 注：对应第二段第一句话
注：文章最后一段
29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that _____________.
What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on A) difficulties are but part of everyone's life
what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life反
board. The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances反
for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence
would share the road with partially automated or manually driven cars. A special-
purpose land system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing 30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?
highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway （高速公路） capacity . A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer
before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place, form N. B. D.'s.
automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against
special-purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic trying circumstances.
in two different ways . One method would use a special onramp（入口引道）. As the 注：文章最后一句
driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside
would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At
that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve
passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve
automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and
take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of
conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have
driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very
The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for good at some form of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled
automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would presumably with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of
be well respected, because all trespassers（非法进入者）could be swiftly identified by intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of
authorities.) every day.
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are
movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you
here should allow for smooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose
for accidents. and once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the drive would be happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are
free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big
N. B. D-Nervous Break Down."Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is
themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize
know how go deal with the problems of their lives. that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is
choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much a sign of farewell.
the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany
social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to
part of what it means to be human Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as
natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away form others. Latins
human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans
and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D. uncomfortable.
Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness Our linguistic（语言上的）and cultural blindness and the casualness with which
by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other
most rare . countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of
21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public
Easterners would most probably ______________. buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual（多语的）guided tours. Very few
A) stand still restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and
B) jump aside policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often
C) step forward we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
D) draw back When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English
注：对应文章第二段 is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-
usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's
22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ___________. diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
A) cultural self-centeredness For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and
B) casual manners linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free
C) indifference toward foreign visitors world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
D) arrogance towards other cultures But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are
注：对应文章第四段首句 slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris
poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant
23. In countries other than their own most Americans _______________. role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next
A) are isolated by the local people century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
B) are not well informed due to the language barrier
C) tend to get along well with the natives 26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels?
D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants A) The multi-functional use of high heels.
注：对应文章第五段，inform对应information B) Their attempt to show off their status.
C) The rich variety of high heel styles.
24. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will D) Their wish to improve their appearance.
____________. 注：B选项show off炫耀，C是迷惑选项。
A) affect their image in the new era
B) cut themselves off from the outside world 27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant
C) limit their role in world affairs ______________.
D) weaken the position of the US dollar A) to be ironic
注：对应倒数第二段 B) to poke fun at women
C) to be fair to the fashion industry
25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that D) to make his point convincing
________. 注：讽刺意味的
A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs 28. The author uses the expression "those babies" (Line 3, Para.2) to refer to high
C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places heels __________.
D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures A) to show their fragile characteristics
注：B反了 B) to indicate their feminine features
C) to show women's affection for themD) to emphasize their small size B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
C) the musical setting American readers require for reading
29. The author's chief argument against high heels is that ____________. D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class
A) they pose a threat to lawns
B) they are injurious to women's health 33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ___________.
C) they don't necessarily make women beautiful A) their fondness of music and TV programs
D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature
C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding
30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should _______________. D) their inability to focus on conflicting input
A) see through the very nature of fashion myths
B) boycott the products of the fashion industry 34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of
C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice poetry or prose is ____________.
D) avoid following fashion too closely A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it
B) to analyze its essential features
In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their C) to think it over conscientiously
outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value
styles, textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in
the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels - a woman's worst 35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ____________.
enemy (whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern A) upset
society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or B) uncertain
sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as C) alarmed
long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or D) pessimistic
purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and 注：对应最后一段
psychological suffering.
For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of
heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating（使通气）lawns. Anyone who has ever literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million
worn heels on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than
pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides sufficient to survive in our society.
the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elementa l
lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even
enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those
sharp, deadly fashion accessories. luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the
Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high classic act of reading. it has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's
heels is harmful to one's physical health. Talk to any podiatrist（足病医生）, and you literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise
will hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. (music) in the background or a television screen flickering （ 闪烁） at the corner of their
High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with
The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should
for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates the be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude（独处的状态）
threat of getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate（阴沟栅）and being goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-
thrown to the ground-possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts
wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human
she tries to comfort her swollen, aching feet. being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it
by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.
31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of
_____. reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic（心理的）, and social
A) rather bleak transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by
B) fairly bright Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now
C) very impressive know it, took a long time; its effects are still begin debated. The information revolution
D) quite encouraging will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in
注：选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光 the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've
known it.
32. The author's biggest concern is ____________.
A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics 36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknownplaces in the past was ______________. interplanetary space?
A) to display their country's military might With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been.
B) to accomplish some significant science The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this
C) to find new areas for colonization day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had
D) to pursue commercial and state interests abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that
注：对应文章第一段 bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite（陨石）from valuable data about the
range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that
37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth,
ventures is _____________. the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all
A) international cooperation of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.
B) nationalistic reasons
C) scientific research
D) long-term profits
注：对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除
38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?
A) To find out if life ever existed there.
B) To see if humans could survive there.
C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.
D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration.
39. By saying "With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever
been" (Line 1, Para.4), the author means that _________________.
A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures
B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high
C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before
D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue
注：争议太多，对应末段
40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _______________.
A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life
B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite
C) reveal the kind of conditions under which lie originates
D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe
For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for
reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went
west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of
Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the
U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed
to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.
Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives,
the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going
where no scientists had gone before.
Today Mars looms（隐约出现）as humanity's next great terra incognita（未探明之
地）. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a
rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in
large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will
have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface.
Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last
destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are
there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments
provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across
