文档内容
2022年考研英语(-)真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
❶ The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s.“植物有一定程度的意识”
这一观点最早在21世纪初深入人心。
—级修饰 that plants have some degree of consciousness
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明The idea
句子主干 The idea.,.first took root in the early 2000s.（主+谓）
:词汇注释:consciousness [ •kon/asnas] n.意识；知觉 take root深入人心；植根
❷ The term "plant neurobiology'' was coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be compared to
intelligence in animals. “植物神经生物学”这一术语被创造出来是以这样一个概念为中心的——植物行为的某
些方面可能与智力在动物身上的表现相似：
句子主干 The term "plant neurobiology" was coined （主+谓）
,介词短语作状语
around the notion
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the notion
一云而
that some aspects of plant behavior could be compared to intelligence in animals.
:词汇注释 '、、neurobiology [ (njuarau(bai oladsi] n.神经生物学 coin [kom]以.创造(新词语)n.(—枚)硬币
❸ Though plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses
that hinted at consciousness, researchers previously reported.研究人员此前曾报道，尽管植物没有大脑，但它们茎
叶中电信号的发射却能触发某些反应,这些反应暗示了植物是有意识的。
一级修饰 Though plants 也ck brains,
[Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the firing of electrical signals...nonetheless triggered responses （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语[修饰the firing of electrical signals
in their stems and leaves
that引导的定语从句，修饰responses
一级修饰 that hinted at consciousness.
插入语
researchers previously reported.
!词汇注释: firing [ *fai9riQ] 儿发射;射击;解雇 electrical signal 电信号
t*rigger [ -trigaCr） ] vt.触发；引起 hint at.暗示...
第二段】
❶But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article.但根据一篇新的观点类论文的说法，这一观点是没
有事实依据的。
113句子主干 But such an idea is untrue,（主+系+表）
__________ *插入语
—级修饰 according to a new opinion article.
❷ Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it differs so greatly from that of animals that so-called evidence of plants'
intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.这篇论文的作者写道：植物的生理习性复杂且有趣，但它与动物的
生理习性差异如此之大，以至于所谓的植物有智力的证据没有说服力。
（l）Plant biology isand fascinating,（主+系 +表）
句子主干 [but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but it differs so greatly from that of animals （主+谓）
"so...that引导的结果状语从句，作（2）句的结果状语 $ .
that so-called evidence of p*lants intelligence is inconclusive,
一级修饰 插入语’
the authors wrote.
[词汇注释 biology^ [bai oladsi]儿生理 inconclusive [ jnkan klujsiv] a.不能使人信服的；无定论的
。
第三段
Beginning, in 2006, some scientists have argued that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and
neurotransmitters, forming "a plant nervous system, analogous to that in animals," said lead study author Lincoln
Taiz.从2006年开始，一些科学家就已经主张植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的神经元样细胞，形成“类
似于动物神经系统的植物神经系统”，该论文的主要研究作者林肯•泰兹说
一级修饰
二级修饰
；通汇注释:neuron-like cell神经元样细胞 interact with,与……相互作用;与……相互交流
h*ormone [ ho:maun] 激素；荷尔蒙 neurotransmitter [ njusrwtraenzmitsCr） ] n.神经递质
nervous system 神经系统 analogous [ynaelogos] a.类似的;相似的
❷“They even claimed that plants have * brain-like command centers1 at their root t*'ips. "他们甚至声称植物的根尖处有
'类似大脑的指挥中心’。”
句子主干 "They even claimed虫四卫1 竺伊坦些也回七眺，_£251巴2熨一竺巫芝:（主+谓+宾从）
j介词短语作状语
—级修饰 at their root tips."
114要点注释 本句作❶句中said的宾语。
第四段】
O This perspective makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, reducing it to an array of electrical
pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.如果把复杂的大脑的工作简化为一系列电脉冲，
这种观点就是说得通的；植物的细胞也通过电信号进行交流。
二级修饰 reducing it to an array of electrical pulses;
[现在分词短语作伴随状语
一级修饰 if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,
I if引导的条件状语从句，作（1）句的条件状语
（1） This perspective makes sense （主+谓）
I
句子主干 并列句
（2） cells in plants also communicate （主+谓）
[介词短语作（2）句的方式状语
一级修饰 through electrical signals.
诃汇注释:p*erspective [pa spektiv] n.观点；态度 make sense讲得通；有意义
s*implify [ simplifai] m 使简化;使简易 reduce...to...将....简化为....
an array of 一系列；一批 electrical pulse 电脉冲
❷ However, the signaling in a plant is only superficially similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more
than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,M Taiz said.然而,植物发射信号与复杂的动物大脑发射信号
只是表面上相似，复杂的动物大脑不只是“通过电来交流的大量细胞”，泰兹说。
Taiz said.
:插入语
However, the signaling in a plant is only superficially similar （主+系+表）
T
介词短语作状语
to the firing in a complex animal brain,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a complex animal brain
which is more than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,M
:词汇注释 superficially [ .suipa-fijali] ad.表面地;肤浅地 a mass of大量;大批
第五段】
❶ 44 For consciousness to Evolve, a brain with a threshold level ofcomplexity and capacity is required," he added."意识
的形成需要一个具有一定复杂性和容量的大脑,”他补充道。
For consciousness to evolve,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
with a threshold level of complexity and capacity
1
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a brain
...a ）rain...is required/' he added.（宾+主+谓）
'词汇注释 e*volve [i-volv] v.进化形成;进化 threshold [ erejhauld] n.界；阈
❷ **Since plants don't have nervous systems, the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.""既然植物没
有神经系统，那么它们有意识的可能性实际上是零广
115一级修饰 "Since plants don't have nervous systems,
[Since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句在干
the chances...are effectively zero?, （主+系+表）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the chances
that they have consciousness
❶ And what's so great about consciousness, anyway?那么意识到底有什么了不起的呢？
And what's so great （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+表）
1
介词短语作句子主干的状语
about consciousness,
一级修饰 插入语 ；
anyway?
n away from danger, so investing energy in a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain
would be a very poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article.这篇论文指出：植物无法逃离危险，因此，将能
量输入到一个识别威胁并能感觉到疼痛的机体系统中将是一种非常糟糕帝进化策略。
二级修饰
from danger,
[介词短语作状语
（1） Plants can't run away （主+谓）
句子主干 I s。连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so investing energy...wovld be £*口卫姬既 （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语
in a body system
一级修饰 插入语
according to the article.
which引导的定语从句，修饰a body system
which a threat
i and连
二级修饰 and连接的并列谓语
and can feel pain
要点注释 which引导的定语从句中，系表结构can feel pain构成复合谓语。
词正注释 i*nvest [in vest] W.投入（时间、精力等） r*ecognize [ reksgnaiz] vt.辨别出；意识到
evolutionary [ lijva lujanri] a.进化的；演变的
Section U Reading Comprehension
✓ //✓////////// / / / // // // // // //✓ / JPart 、,、、'、、
XWW X \ AAXWXWWW A\\w WWWWXWWX
Text 1
第一段
O People often complain that plastics are too durable.人们经常抱怨塑料物品太耐用。
句子主干 People often complain t|i芝 岂史殳jgg 业（主+谓+宾从）
116:词汇注释：complain^[kgm plem]。.抱怨;发牢骚 durable [ djuarabl] a.耐用的；持久的
❷ Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash li[t尊planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because
plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily.因为塑料物品无处不在且不易分解，从珠穆朗玛峰到马里亚
纳海沟，地球上到处都是水瓶、购物袋和其他耄威
句子主干 Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet,（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明句子主干
from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,
一级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily.
trash^[traej] n.垃圾;劣质品 litter力[・lit9（r）]仇.使乱七八糟;使凌乱
p*lanet [ plaenit] n. （the-）地球（尤指环境） Mount Everest珠穆朗玛峰
trench亡[trentj] n.海沟；战壕 break down分解；出故障;垮掉
❸But some plastic materials change over time.但是一些塑料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。
句子主干 But some plastic materials change over time.（主+谓）
❹They crack and frizzle.它们开裂并卷曲；
句子主干 They crack and frizzle.（主+谓）
[诃无注再j crack^tkrsk] m裂开此猛击几.裂缝 frizzle [ fnzl]"（使）（头发等）卷曲仇.把……烤焦
❺ They "weep" out additives.它们“析”出添加剂。
句子主干 They "weep" out additives.（主+谓+宾补+宾）
:迥汇座释:w*[weiep ：p] v.渗出，流出（液体） additive [ aedativ] n.添加剂，添加物
❻They melt into sludge.它们逐渐与淤泥融为一体：
句子主干 They melt into sludge.（主+谓+宾）
]通汇注释j melt into逐渐融入;渐渐与某物成为一体 sludge [sUdj] n.淤泥;生活污物
❼ All of which creates huge headaches for institutionsf such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects.
所有这些都让博物馆等试图保护重要文物的机构头疼不已。
All of whi.h creates J｝竺至虫竺（主+谓+宾）
W [分词短语作句子主干的状语
for institutions,
i ^4 k
such as...举例说明institutions
such as museums,
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰institutions
trying to preserve culturally important objects.
；词汇注释: h*eadache [ hedeik]儿令人头痛的人（或事物）；头痛 p*reserve [pri Z3：v] vt.保护;保养
❽ The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from
Disney films, the first artificial heart.面临风险的塑料物品种类繁多，令人眼花缭乱:早期的收音机、前卫的雕
塑、迪士尼电影中的赛璐珞动画剧照以及第一颗人造心脏。
117句子主干 The variety of plastic objects at risk is dHzzjing:（主+系+表）
[举例说明The variety of plastic objects at risk
—级修饰 early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills...the first artificial heart.
.... 介词短语作后置定语，[修饰celluloid animation stills
二级修饰 from Disney Elms,
通汇注释 dizzying [ diziirj] a.令人晕眩的;使人头昏眼花的 avant-garde [ .aevo ga:d] a.前卫的;先锋派的
s*culpture [ skAlptfa（r） ] n.雕塑品；雕像 celluloid [ seljubid] n.赛璐珞片；电影
animation [ taenrmeifn] n.动画制作;动画片；活力still *[stil] 几.剧照湿.仍然Q.静止的
artificial * [ laztrfijl ] a.人造的；人为的;假装的
第二段】
O Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art .didn't always know how to tnix
ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for
decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.在荷兰文化遗产局工作了数f年，直到几年前才退休
的聚合物化学家西娅•范•欧斯汀说道，某些手工艺品特别容易受到损坏，因为塑料艺术品的一些先驱并不总
是知道如何正确地调配各种成分。
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
四级修饰
词汇注释：artifact [ aztifaekt j n.（亦作 artefact）手工艺品 v*ulnerable [ •VAlnarobll a.易受损害的;脆弱的
p*ioneer [ 1paia nig（r） ] n.先驱；拓荒者 ingredient • [ in grijdisnt] n.成分；要素
polymer [ pohmaCr） ] n.聚合物；多聚体 h*eritage [ ,hentidj]儿遗产；传统
❷“It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amountst it goes wrong/' she says.这就像烤蛋糕一样：如果你用
量不精准，它就会出错，”她说。
|由
二级修饰 rou don't have exact amounts,
If引导的条件状语从句
一级修怖 it goes wrong,"
解释说明
“It's like baking a cake:
l直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
she says.（宾+主+谓）
通汇汪群]bake^[be!k] v.（在烤炉里）烘烤;焙 amount * [ a maunt] n.量；数量;金额
118❸"The object you make is already a time bomb. ” “你制作的物品已经是一颗定时炸弹了。
m魅...
句子主干 uThe object...is already a timej）omb.M （主+系+表）
---------- [省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰The object
—级修饰 you make
:本句为❷句中says的宾语。
「商无函降匚bomb^bom] n.炸弹;爆炸装置以.轰炸;对……投炸弹
第三段】
❶And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault.而有时，这并不是艺术家的错。
一级修饰||
sometimes,
I句子主干的状语
句子主干 And...it's not the artist's fault.（主+系+表）
❷ In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces, 20 世纪 60 年
代,意大利艺术家皮耶罗-吉拉迪开始创作数百件明亮又多彩的泡沫艺术作品。
I In the 1960s,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
the Italian artist
[Piero Gilardi的同位语
句子主干 Piero Gilardi began 空JiJjtB也包目皿匝坦竺卫 1丝箜（主+谓+宾）
"诃汇汪释:f*oam [fsum] n.泡沫疝.起泡沫 piece^Lpiis] n.艺术品；片；块
❸ Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen ** nature carpets"—large rectangles
decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons.那些艺术作品包孑舌小型玫瑰花圃和其他东西，以及
几十块“天然地毯”一用泡沫南瓜、泡沫卷心菜和泡沫西瓜装饰的大矩形块「
—级修饰 of roses and other items
” :介词短语作后置定语，修饰small beds
Those pieces included small beds （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 as well as连接的并列宾语
as well as a few dozen ^nature carpets^
‘‘f’ ’泌
解释说明 a few dozen *4nature carpets"
一级修饰 t r —large rectangles
尊声分词短语作后置定语，修饰large rectangles
二级修饰 decorated with foam pumpkins. cabbages, and watermelons.
:词汇注释]carpet [ kaipit]几.地毯m铺地毯 rectangle rektaeggl] m矩形；长方形
decorate * [ dekgreit ] vt.装饰；点缀 pumpkin [ -pAmpkmJ n.南瓜
cabbage kaebids] n.卷心菜 watermelon [ woztamebn j n.西瓜
❹ He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.他希望观看者能在地毯上来
回走动一这意味着它们必须经久耐用。
句子主干 He wanted yjg半史 to walk around on the carpets （主+谓+宾+宾补）
., [补充说明
—级修饰 一which meant they had to be durable.
119要点注释 破折号后的句子中，省略引导词that的宾语从句they had to be durable,作meant的宾语。
第四段
❶ Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.令人遗憾的是，他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身是
不稳定的。
Unfortunately,
[插入语
句子主干 the polyurethane foam...is inherently unstaHe.（主+系+表）
[省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the polyurethane foam
he used
词汇注释:polyurethane [ .poli juaraOein] n.聚氨酯 inherently [irrhigntli] ad.固有地；内在地
Q It's especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's Rumpkiiis, roses, and other figures were
spUtting and crumbling,这种泡沫特别容易受到光照的损坏，到20世纪90年代中期，吉拉迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其
他塑像开始裂开并坍塌
（1） It's especially vulnerable to light damage,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） an（L.Gilanli's pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumblings （主+谓）
[介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
一级修饰 by the mid-1990s,
词W生释; f*igure [.figaW] m 塑像;数字 iplit* [ split] m 裂开;（使）分裂
crumble [ krAmbl] vi.坍塌;损坏;崩溃;瓦解v.（使）破碎
❸Museums locked some of them away in the dark.博物馆只好把其中一些锁藏在了黑暗中。
句子主干 Museums locked somejrfthem away in the dark.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
❶ So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures.因此，范•欧斯汀和她的同事们致力于保
护吉拉迪的雕塑作品。
句子主干 So van Oosten and her colleagues worked （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语 [
一级修饰 to preserve Gilardi's sculptures.
❷ They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.他们给其中一些注入了具有稳定和加固作用的
化学物质：
They infused some （主+谓+宾）
"介词短语作状语
with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.
infuse [in-fju：z] vt.注入（某特性）；全面影响 stabilize [ steibalaiz] v.（使）稳定，稳固
consolidate [ kan solideit] v.加固；合并 chemical * [ kemikl] n.化学制品 a.化学的
© Van Oosten calls those chemicals sunscreens' because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuildworn polymer fibers.范•欧斯汀将那些化学物质称为“防晒霜”，因为它们的目的是防止进一步的光照损坏并
重塑磨损的聚合物纤维。
[词汇注释！ sunscreen [ sAnskri:n] n.防晒霜 f*urther [ f3：da（r） ] a.更进—■步的 ad.更远
worn [worn] a.磨损的;用坏的；疲惫的f*iber [，faibo（r） ] n.（亦作fibre）纤维;纤维素;纤维制品
❹ She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases, 让
她感到自豪的是，有几件雕塑作品甚至已经再次展出了，尽管有时会套着保护套。
"箜成崖髀:句中的albeit为正式语体用词，由all be it三个词合成而来,其英英释义为“although it may be”。其
中,it为主语,be为动词原形式虚拟语气（无论主语是什么人称，谓语一律用原形形式），倒装置于
主语之前。因为albeit这个词本身就包含了主语（it）和谓语动词（be）,所以其后直接跟副词、形容
词或介词短语。albeit引导的从句主要用来提供一个额外信息，该信息使得之前的话口气有所减
弱，故该从句一般不用于句首，而是用在句末或插入句中。
:词汇至标 1 d*isplay [displei] n./vt.展出；陈列 albeit [,3：lbi：itl conj.尽管;虽然
b*eneath [brni:0] prep.在……下面 protective [pra tektiv] a.保护的；防护的
第六段】
O Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder.虽然有范,欧斯汀这样的成
功故事，但塑料物品的保存可能会变得更加困难。
二级修饰 like van Oosten's,
[举例说明 success stories
Deqttc success stories
?[介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
preservation of plastics will likely get harder.（主+系+表）
词汇注释■ despite" [drspait] prep.虽然；即使 preservation : ,preza-veijn] n.保存；维持
❷ Old objects continue to deteriorate.旧的物品不断老化。
句子主干 Old objects continue to deteriorate.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释：d*eteriorate [ drtiariareit] vi.变坏;恶化;退化
❸ Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.更糟糕的是，为了可分解而设计
的可生物降解塑料物品越来越普遍C
121—级修饰 Worse,
!插入语
句子主干 biodegradable plastics,...are increasingly common.（主+系+表）
j过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰biodegradable plastics
一级修饰 designed to disintegrate.
词汇注释 biodegradable [ ibaiaudrgreiddbl] a.可生物降解的 disintegrate [disuntigreit] oi.分解；分裂
a
第七段，
❶And more is at stake here than individual objects.此外,这里有风险的不仅仅是个别物品。
曜就
individual * [ iindrvidjual ] a.个别的；单独的
❷ Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology,
notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after
examining artifacts in museums.里斯本新大学科技学院保护与修复助理教核乔安娜•利亚•费雷拉指出，考古学家
对博物馆中的手工艺品进行考察后，首次定义了人类历史上伟大的材料时代一石器时代、铁器时代等等。
at the NOVA School of Science and Technology,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an assistant professor
an assistant professor of conservation and restoration
Joana Lia Ferreira的同位语
Joana Lia Ferreira,...notes （主+谓+宾从）
一级修饰
词汇注释 a*[assistant sistant] a.助理的；副的 conservation * [ ,konsa veifn] n.保护；节约
restoration [ ^esta reijn] n.修复;恢复；复位 define*[di fam] vt.给... 下定义；解释
❸ We now live in an age of plastic, she says, "and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will
have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen. ”我们如今生活在一个塑料时代，她说，"并且我们今天决
定收藏什么，我们决定保存什么……将对我们未来的形象产生重大影响丁
一级修饰 she says,
!插入语
（l）We now live in an age of plastic,（主+谓）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
一级修饰
122要成注释！ on how..,中，how in the future well be seen整体作on的宾语，其中，how为方式状语。
厘氐连唇二a*[egied3 〕n.时代佬化 have an impact on...对... 有影响
Text 2
第一段：
O As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth
considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as
they start the third stage of their educational journey.当最新一批学生填写他们的本科申请表并仔细考虑他们可
选择的学校时，或许值得思考的恰恰是大学学位的意义、目的和价值已经发生了怎样的变化，以及Z世代在开
启他们教育旅程的第三阶段时需要考虑什么。
要点注释 并列的主语从句中,how引导的主语从句由“主语(the point, purpose and value of a degree) +谓语(has
changed )M构成,引导词how在从句中作方式状语;what引导的主语从句由“主语(Generation Z) +
谓语(need) +宾语(to consider) °构成，引导词what在从句中作consider的宾语。
词汇注释 c*rop [krop] n. 一批(人)；一•堆(物) p*[peenn] vt.写;关起来n,钢笔;笔
application * [ iaepirkeijn] n.申请；申请表;应用 weigh up仔细考虑;权衡;评估
p*urpose [ Tsrpas] n.目的；用途 educational [ icdsu-keijanl] a.教育的
I
第二段
<•
:* “ •"芙.
❶ Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life.千禧一代曾被
告知，如果你在学校表现出色，获得了不错的学位，那么你就不用为生活发愁了。
Millennials were told （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作were told的宾语
1 .
that...you would be set up for life.
if引导的条件状语从句，作宾语从句的条件状语
if you did well in school, got a decent degree,
通汇洼释：d*[ecent di：snt] a.相当不错的;像样的 set sb. up经济上帮助某人
123Q But that promise has been found wanting.但是结果却发现这一承诺并未兑现。
句子主干 But that promise has been found （主+谓）
▲ -
I that promise的补足语
-级修饰 wanting.
:土& w
词汇注释:promise *[ promis] n.承诺;诺言 wanting [ -wontig] a.缺乏的；不令人满意
❸ As degrees became universal, they became devalued. 随着大学学位的普及，它们开始贬值。
一级修饰 As degrees became universal,
引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 they became devalued,（主+系 +表）
词汇注释 universal * [ tju：m V3：sl] a.普遍的;全体的;普遍存在的;广泛适用的
❹Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility.学校教育不再是社会流动的可靠途径o
句子主干 Education was no longer a secure route （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a secure route
一级修饰 of social mobility.
词汇注释:s*ecure [ si kju3（r） ] a.可靠的;安全的 mobility [mwbibti] n.流动能力
❺ Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles" percentage which is double the average among
OECD countires.如今，英国28%的大学毕业生从事着无需大学耳凭的工作，这一比例是经济合作与发展组织成
员国平均水平的两倍，
i
一级修饰 in the UK
介词短语作后置定语，修饰28 per cent of graduates
句子主干， Today, 28 per cent of graduates...are 皿巴竺里兰业理 爻竖（主♦系+表）
[补充说明28 per cent
一级修而
a percentage
which引导的定语从句，修饰a percentage
二级修饰 which is double the average
球词短语作后置定语，修饰the average
三级修饰 among OECD countires.
词汇注释 percentage * [ pa sentidj J n.百分比；百分率 d*ouble [*dAbl] a.两倍的v.是... 的两倍
第三段，
O This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the
switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.这并不是说获得大
学学位没有意义.而是强调大学学位并不适合所有人，从（高中的）教室到（大学的）报告厅的转变并不是照例必
有的事，还有其他选择。
124:要点注释 but rather （to） stress...available中，三个that引导的并列宾语从句，均作stress的宾语。
顶汇注髀 p*oint [point] n.意义；目的;重点 s*witch [switj]几.转变，改变s （使）改变
i*nevitable [m evitabl] a.照例必有的 a*vailable [aweibbl] a.可获得的；有空的
•第四段.
O Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial
predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.值得庆幸的是，有迹象表明这
种情况已经在发生了,Z世代试图向千禧一代的前辈们学习，即使父母和老师往往固守学位观念。
一二反修饰
even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.
levenifil导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 Thankfully, there are signs （ There be句型：there + are + 主）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明signs
一级修饰 that this is already happening,
[ith独主圭格第杪作代随多语
二级修饰 with Generation Z seeking to leam from their millennial predecessors,
:词汇注释 predecessor [ -priidisesaCr） ] n.前辈；前任 mindset [・maindset] n.观念模式；思想倾向
❷ Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed
and loyal employees than graduates.雇主们早就领会了雇用中学毕业生的好处，这些学生往往证明他们是比大学
毕业生更尽心尽力、更忠诚的员工。
句子主干 Employers hhve long seen the advantages （主+谓+宾）
__________ 介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the advantages
顷修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
:词汇注释 school leaver中学毕业生 prove [pru：v] vt.证明；显示（自己的才能）
committed [ka mitid] a.尽心尽力的;坚信的 l*oyal a.忠诚的;忠实的
125❸ Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.许多雇主也逐渐明白对某些
职位取消大学学位要求的好处。
句子主干 Many too are seeing theadyantages （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语, | 修饰the advantages
一级修饰 of scrapping a degree requirement
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a
degree requirement
二级修饰 for certain roles.
词汇注释 s*crap [skrap] vt.取消；抛弃n.碎片 r*equirement [rrkwaiamant] n.必要条件
第五段】
O For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the'first of many,对于那些把获得大
学学位看作理想途径的人来说，要考虑到这个学位很可能是很多学位中的第一:个。
一级修饰 For those for whom a degree is the desired route,
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
consider （祈使句：谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作consider的宾语
that this may well be the first of many.
要点注释 For those...route中，介词for + whom引导的定语从句，修饰thoseo
@ In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.在这个全才时代，掌握特定的知识或技能是
有好处的。 r
一级修饰 In this age of generalists,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
it pays （主+谓）
Tit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
to have specific knowledge or skills.
词汇注释 generalist [ dsenralist] n.全才;通才 p*ay [pei] v.受益;划算;支付
❸ Postgraduates now eam 40 per cent more than graduates.研究生现在的收入比本科生高40% o
句子主干 Postgraduates now earn 40 r cent more （主+谓+宾）
than...作比较状语
一级修怖 than graduates.
❹ When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.当我们中越来越多的人拥有一个学位时，拥
有两个学位是明智的。
一级修饰 When more and more of us have a degree.
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
it makes sense （主+谓）
句子主干 | it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to have two.
«伺汇注释 make sense是明智的；有意义;讲得通第六段]
❶ It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with ed知ation at 18 or 21 ； they w山 need to be constantly up-skilling
throughout their career to stay employable. Z世代在18或21岁结束学业是不太可能的，他们需要在整个职业生
涯中不断提高技能，以保持就业能力
that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21;
]It为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 (l)It is unlikely (主+系+表)
并列句
（2）they will need tobe constantly up-skilling （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
throughout their career
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作(2 )句的目的状语
to stay employable.
词汇注释：constantly [ -konstontli]诚.重复不断地;始终 employable [ im pbiabl] a.具备雇佣条件的
❷ It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for persona] fulfilment and
desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different
careers.据估计，由于技术的压力、对个人成就的期望及对多元化的渴望，'这一代人将在他们的职业生涯中受雇
于17个不同的雇主，并从事5种不同的职业.
It has been estimated （主+谓）
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that this generation,...will work for 17 different employers
and连接的并列谓语
and （will） have five different careers.
介词短语作原因状语
due to the pressures...and desire for diversity,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
over the course of their working life
:要点注释 due to... diversity 中，and 连接并列的名词短语 the pressures of technology、the wish for personal
fulfilment 和 desire for diversity 作 due to 的宾语。
词汇注释 e*stimate [ estimeit] vt.估计;估价 due to 由于；因为
fulfilment [ful・filmant]（亦作 fulfillment）.成就感 diversity [darvazsati]几.多元性；多样性
© Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z,s career trajectory. 教育，而
不仅仅是在校园里获得的知识,将成为Z世代职业轨迹的核心要素：
顼修饰一
of Generation Z*s career trajectory.
介词短语作后置定语J修饰：
ia core part
句子主干 Education,...will be a core part （主+系+表）
[补充说明Education
一级修饰 and not just knowledge gained on campus.
词汇注释 c*[koore:(r)] a.主要的；最重要的 trajectory g gkSri]几.轨迹，轨道，弹道
127第七段」
❶ Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: 41 am a geographer' or * I am a
c*.iassist 老一辈人经常用现在时和第一人称谈论他们的学位:“我是一名地理学家”或“我是一名阶级主义者”。
about their degree
!介词短语作状语
一级修饰
in the present and personal tense:
. [介词短语作方式状语修饰talk
句子主干 Older generations often talk (主+谓)
[补充说明
一级修饰 ,1 am a g*eographer or *1 am a ciassist'.
词汇注释 p*ersonal [ p3：sanl] a.人称的 geographer [dsi ografa(r) ] n.地理学家
,.博 y _
❷ Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing； it's as if they already know that their degree won't define them in
(he same way.他们的儿女们绝不会说这样的话;就好像他们已经知道他们的学位不会以同样的方式成为自己
的特征。
(l)Their sons or daughters would never say 史Lgg；(主+谓+宾)
i
并列句
句子主干 (2)iFs竺[f也£些迎Y-K理些(主+系+表从)
that引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语
that their degree won't define them in the same way.
词汇注释 d*efine ；drfam] m是...的特征；给....下定义
Text 3
a
第一段
❶Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.具有启发性、挑战性、激励性和乐趣。
句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，补充完整为h's enlightening, challenging, stimulating, funo其结构为“主语
(It) + 系动词(is) +表语(enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun)"。
词汇注释 enlightening [ m laitnig] a.具有启发性的 challenging [ ttfaelmd3ir)] a.挑战性的
stimulating [ stimjuleitig] a.激励人的；刺激的
❷ These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a
series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.这些是《自然》杂志的读者在一系列关于艺术家
和研究人员合作的文章中描述他们自己的艺术-科学合作经历时所用的一些词汇。
句子主干 These were some of the words (主+系+表)
that引导的定语从句，修饰the word;
一级修饰 that Nature readers used
动词不定式短语作目的状语
to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations
二级修饰 :介词短语作状语
in a series of articles
!介词短语作后置定语，修饰articles
M级修t布 on partnerships between artists and researchers.
词汇注释 experience * [ ik spiarians] n.经历；经验 vt.经受 collaboration [ kajaeba reijn]儿 合作；协作
s*eries [ siari：z] n.—系列；连续；接连 partnership [ paitnajip] n.合作；合作关系❸ Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists ；
and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.在对一项附带民意调查做出回复的约 350 人中，近 40%
#的人表示，他们与艺术家合作过;而且几乎所有人都表示，他们将来会考虑这样做。
who responded to an accompanying poll
who引导的定语从句修饰the roughly 350 people
（1） Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people...said （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作said的宾语
they had collaborated with artists;
| and连接的并列句
（2） and almost all said （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作said的宾语
they would consider doing so in future.
、、'询汇注释 roughly [ rAfli] ad.大约;大致 accompanying [a kAmpaniig] a. 伴随的;陪伴的
p*oll [paul] n.民意调查;选举投票
第二段：
❶Such an encouraging result is not surprising.如此鼓舞人心的结果并不令人意外。
句子主干 Such an encouraging result is not 四采虫[嗫（主+系+表）
❷ Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences. 科学
家们正越来越多地寻求视觉艺术家来帮助他们将自己的研究成果传达给新的受众。
句子主干 Scientists are increasingly seeking out visuad artists （主+谓+宾）
' …[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to help them to communicate their work to new audiences.
:词汇注释 seek out追寻到;找到 v*isual [ vi3ual] a.视觉的；视力的
c*ommunicate [ka mjuznikeit] v.传达，传递 a*udience [ •□•dians] n.观众，听众
❸ u Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning,M one
respondent said. M艺术家帮助科学.家接触更广泛的受众，并与他们建立可以加强学习的情感上的联系。”一名
调查对象说道。 二.
:词汇注释: broad* [bro：d] a.广泛的;广阔的 emotional [i maujanl] a.情感的;感情的
e*nhance [in'hams] m 增强;增进;提高 respondent [rrspondant] n.调查对象；被告
129第三段
❶ One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony
Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. 个月.悉尼交响乐团演奏了安东尼
奥-维瓦尔第的《四季》改编版.这是艺术家和科学家如何共同打造感官盛宴的一个范例
of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses
介词短语作后置定语，修饰One example
One example...came last month （主+谓）
when引导的定语从句,[修饰last month
when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a reworked version |
of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.
:词汇注释〔r*[ronckk] m使震惊;使震动 rework [jrij wark]仇.修改；重写
❷ They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by
Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub.他们通过添加莫纳什大学气候变化交流研究中
心提供的每个季节的最新气候预测数据,重新构想了这个有着300年历史的乐谱°
句子主干 They reimagined the 300-year-old score （主+谓+宾）
T
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
二级彼饰 by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season
I 补充说明 the latest climate prediction data
二级修饰 —rovided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub.
:词汇注释 score *[ sko: （r） ] n.总谱；配乐 i*nject [m djekt] vt.（给... ）添加，增加（某品质）
prediction [prrdikjn] n.预测；预言
❸ The p>erformani（c e was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in
Glasgow, UK. 这场表演先于11月英国格拉斯哥举行的联合国气候变化大会，是对人们行动的一次创造性
呼吁。
一级修饰 to action
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰a creative call
句子主干 The performance was a creative call （主+系+表）
t
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
、词汇注释 ahead of在... 之前;早于 c*onference [ 'konfarans] n.会议，研讨会
第四段】
❶ But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.但真正的合作必须是互利的
句子主干 But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释 genuine 7 [ d3enjum] a.真正的；可信赖的 two-way street责任互惠或共同行动的安排或情况
@ Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll； however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply-
assist scientists with their communication requirements.回复《自然》杂志民意调查的艺术家比科学蒙少，然而，一
些调查对象指出，艺术家不仅仅是在帮助科学家满足他们的传播需求。
CESBto the Nature poll;
一级修饰| “ *词短语作(1 )句的状语，表对象
than scientists
' ,, [than...作(1)句的比较状语
(l)Fewer artists...responded (主+谓)
| however^接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 (2)however, several respondents noted (主+谓+宾从)
that引导的宾语从句，[作noted的宾语
that artists do not simply assist scientists
i介词短语作状语
—级修饰 with their communication requirements.
；通汇注释:assistY1[3.SiSt] v.帮助;协助 requirement * [ n kwaigmant ]几.需求;要求
❸Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.他们的作品也不应仅仅被视为研究对象。
句子主干 Nor should their work be considered (倒装句：Nor +情态动词+主+谓语动词)
T介词短语作their work的补足语
—级修饰 only as an object of study.
0 The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design
it and can critique each others work.当科学家和艺术家在一个项目中有着共同的利益，能够共同规划这个项目，
并且能够评判彼此的工作成果时,这种联合才是最有价值的。
句子主干 The alliances are most yduable (主+系 +表)
when引导的时间状语从句，[作句子主干的时间状语
when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project,
i并列谓宾
—级修饰 are able to jointly design it
and连接的并列谓宾
and can critique each other's work.
[诃后生祢]a*lliance ".lagns] n.联合，联盟 v*aluable [ valjuabl] a.有价值的;很有用的
stake"steik/.重大利益,重大利害关系 critique [krrtizk]皿评判；对……发表评论
❺ Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.这种方法既可以促进新的研究，也
可以催生有影响力的艺术8、.
Such an approach can both prompt new research (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | both...as well as连接并列的谓宾
as well as result in powerful art.
要点注释、、该句中，both...as well as相当于both...and。
第五段
O More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies
(CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture.半个多世纪前，麻省理工学院开设了其高级视觉研究中心
(CAVS),以探索科技在文化中的作用。
131一级修祐
More than half a century ago,
[副词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the Massachusetts…Technology opened 迪旦州鱼旦住（主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
二®修饰- to explore the role of technology in culture.
❷ The founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the * visual studies' in the name. 创始人们有意
将他们项目的重点放在“光”上一于是，名字里面就有了“视觉研究”。
旬子主干 The founders deliberately focused 虫巨蛭皿竺想（主+谓+宾）
[介伺二二:
介词短语作状语
around light
一级修饰 补充说明
—hence the * visual s*tudies in the name.
词汇注释 founder [ «fauncfo（r） ] n.创建者，创办者 deliberately [drhbarstli] 故意；蓄意
p*roject [ prodsekt] n.项目；方案 h*ence [hens] M 因此；由此
❸ Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of
collaboration.光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西,因此可以成为合作的基础。
一级修饰 that both artists and scientists had an interest in,
| that引导的定语从句，修饰a something
Light was a^some^ing （主+系+表）
[and连接并列的系表结构
句子主干
and therefore could form the basis
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the basis
-级修饰 of collaboration.
词汇注释:f*[foorm ：m] link. v.成为……的一部分 b*asis [ beisis] n.基础；要素
❹ As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking
to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.随着科学和技术的进步，
以及它们被划分为更多的分支学科，该中心同时也在展望这样一个时代:杰出的研究人员也能成为艺术家、作
家和诗人，反之亦然。 ,
and divided into more sub-disciplines,
I
一级修饰 I and连接的并列谓语
As science and technology progressed,
[as*i导的时间状语从句，祐句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the centre was simultaneously looking to atune （主+谓+宾）
when引导的定语从句，修饰a time t
—级修饰 when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
词汇注释：p*rogress [pra-gres] vi.进步;进展 d*ivide [di vaid] v.分成;分开
simultaneously [ .siml'temiasli] ad.同时发生地 vice versa [ （vais，v3：so]。.反之亦然
第六段
O Nature's poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but. to make a collaboration work, both sides need to
132invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge.《自然》杂志的民意调查结果表明，这种趋势-如既往地强烈，但
是，要想使合作奏效,双方都需要投入时间，并欣然接受意外和挑战。
that this trend is as strongas ever,
that? I导由宾宿从有[作suggest的宾语
(l)NaZure's poll findings suggest (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)but,...both sides need to invest time,(主+谓+宾)
and连接的并列宾语
and (to) embrace surprise and challenge.
动词不定式短语作（2）句的目的状语
_级修饰 to make a collaboration work,
词汇注释 t*rend [trend] n.趋势;趋向 e*mbrace [ im breis]沉.欣然接受;信奉
❷ The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants
must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.艺术-科学合作的范围要不仅限于研究的传播这一必要目的，
参与者也一定不能落入对彼此抱有刻板印象的陷阱。
i词汇注释: tie・up [ lai ap] n.(两家公司的)合作，联合 participant * [ paitisipant ]几.参与者;参加者
❸ Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
艺术家和科学家都沉浸在发现和发明中,挑战和评判也是他们最重要的事情
一级修饰 in discovery and invention,
[介词短语作状语
(l)Artists and scientists alike are immersed (主+系+表)
句子主干 and连接的并列句
(2)and challenge and critique are core to both, too.(主+系+表)
词汇注释: a*[olike laik] aJ.两者都；同样地 immersed [i m3：st] a.专心致志的
discovery *[di skAV9ri] n.发现；发觉 invention*[ m1 venfn] n.发明；创意
Text 4
a
第一段：
❶ The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from
firing an employee without good cause.新西兰于2000年通过的《雇佣关系法》(ERA)的个人申诉条款防止雇主无
正当理由解雇雇员。
133—级修饰 of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act 2000 （ERA）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰The personal grievance provisions
句子主干 The personal grievance provisions...prevent anem^oyer （主+谓+宾）
J介词短语件状语
~~级修饰 from firing an employee
|介词短语作状语
二级修饰 without good cause.
词汇注释：grievance [，gri：v°ns] n.申诉;抱怨；牢骚 p*rovision [pra'v^n] n.条款，规定；供应品
❷Instead, dismissals must be justified.相反，解雇必须是有正当理由的。
句子主干 Instead, dismissals must be justified.（主+系+表）
.________
词汇注释：dismissal [dis,misl] n.解雇；开除 justified [ ^AStrfaid] a.（做某事）有正当理由的
❸Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.雇主必须说明理由，并在程序上以公正的方式
行事。
Employers must both show cause （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | both...and连接的并列谓语
and act in a procedurally fair way.
第二段】
❶ Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from "unjustified dismissals". 个人
申诉程序旨在保护普通员工的工作免受“不正当解雇”的影响。
句子主干 Personal grievance procedures were designed （主+谓）
…[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to guard the jobs of ordinary workers
词短语作状语
二级修饰 from "'unjustified dismissals".
词汇注释t d*esign [drzam]以.旨在；意欲;设计 o*rdinary 】 P：dnri] a.普通的;平常的;一般的
❷ The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by
management.其前提是，合同判例法缺乏充分的保护措施来保护员工免受管理层任意解雇行为的侵害。
词汇注释:premise * [ premis] n.前提;假定 safeguard [ seifga：d] n.保护措施 vt.保护
arbitrary^ [ ,a:bitrari] a.任意的;武断的 c*onduct [ kondAkt] n.行为;举止;管理方法
❸ Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice,老板仅用一纸合同通知就能解
雇员工的日子早已一去不复返了。
134句子主干 Long gone are the days （倒装句：表+系+主）
| when引导的定语从句，修饰the days
—级修饰 when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
a
第三段.
O But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives.但是，当这
些条款应用于高薪的经理和高管时，就会给公司带来困难。
_级修饰 for businesses
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 But these provisions create 虫坦刨巨竺（主+谓+宾）
when引导的条件状语从句J作句子主干的条件状语
一级修蔺 when （they are） applied to highly paid managers and executives.
@ As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-eaming
managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.正如无数董事会和公司所有者将证明
的那样，限制公司解雇高薪低能的经理是提高生产率和整体业绩的一个手刹。
*
As countless boards and business owners will attest,
一级修饰 As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers
,,I介词短语作状语
句子主干 constraining a handbrake （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a handbrake
一级修饰 on boosting productivity and overall performance.
'词汇注释' board *[bo ：d] n.董事会，委员会;木板 attest [s test]。.证实;是....的证据
handbrake [ haendbreikj n.手刹车，手闸，手制动器b*oost [burst]次.使增长;推动;促进;使兴旺
❸ The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or
failure. C级和A级经理之间的区别很可能就是公司成功与失败之间的区别。,
要点注释: 句子主干中,may very well用于加强推测语气，表示具有很大的可能性。
❹Between preserving the Jobs of otdinan workers or losing them.是保住普通员工的工作还是失去工作之间的区别。
句子讲解:这是一个介词短语，与❸句中的between business success or failure并列，均作❸句中第二个the
difference的后置定语。此处为进行语义上的强调，使其单独成句。
❺Yet mediocrity is no longer enough lo justify a dismissal.然而,平庸已不再足以成为解雇的理由。
句子主干 Yet mediocrity is no longer 竺丝使（主+系+表）
''动词不定式短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 to justify a dismissal.
:词汇注释 mediocrity [ imiidi okrati]几.平庸；普通；平常 no longer不再;不复
第四段.
O Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at
135risk.因此一自相矛盾的是一为保护普通员工的工作而出台的法律可能会将那些工作置于危险之中。
二级修饰 —and paradoxically—
补充说明
Consequently
句子主干的状语
laws...may be placing t坦竺j迦at risk.(主+谓+宾+宾补)
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰law.
一级修饰 introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers
词汇注释： paradoxically [ (paera doksikli] ad.自相矛盾地
第五段
❶ If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing
underperforming managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity And therefore on workers' wages, 就算就
业保护法没有将那些工作置于危险之中，其在一定程度上限制公司所有者解雇表现不佳的经理，也会使公司生
产率受限，从而使员工薪资受限。
四级修饰 from dismissing underperforming managers,
；［介词短语作状语
三级修饰 employment protection laws constrain business owners
省略引导词(that )的同位语从句，修饰the extent
二级修饰 to the extent
I介词短语作状语，表程度
—级修饰 If not placing jobs at risk,
_ ［if引*语导瓜的句让步 ，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 those laws act (主+谓)
__________ \介词短语作状语
—级修饰 as a constraint
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰a constraint
二级修饰 on firm productivity and therefore on workers, wages.
❷ Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand's Productivity Paradox0 (2014) , the Productivity Commission
singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country's poor productivity growth record. 事实
上，在《关于新西兰生产率悖论的国际视角＞(2014)中，生产力委员会特别指出，管理能力低下是新西兰生产率
增长纪录不佳的一个原因。
136词汇注幕:single out单独挑出
managerial [ ,maen9 d3iari9l] a.管理的；经理的
第六段[
❶ Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA's unjustiGed dismissal procedures.
高薪的经理自身也无法免受ERA的不正当的解雇程序所造成的伤害。
句子主干 Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune （倒装句：Nor +系+主+表）
................... J介词短语作状语
—级修饰 ftom the harm
「二:I" 过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰the ham
二级修饰 caused by the ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures.
质正注施项i*mmune [i mjurn] q.免除的，豁免的，受保护的;有免疫力的;不受影响的
❷ Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new
staff.由于就业保护法使得解雇雇员的成本更高，因此雇主在聘用新雇员时更加谨慎*
to fire an employee,
I
一级修饰 it为形式宾语，[动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
Because employment protection laws make it costlier
\ Because引导的原百状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 employers are咬殂c迎ioqs （主+系+表）
' |介词短语作状语
—级修饰 about hiring new staff.
£通汇注斥]c*[autious ko：Jas] a.谨慎的;小心的 s*taff [sta:f] n.全体雇员；工作人员
❸ This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment.这使得边缘经理更难获得就业机会：
This makes it harder （主+谓+宾+宾补）
jit为形式宾语，动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
for the marginal manager to gain employment.
:要点注释:for the marginal...employment中，介词for引出动词不定式短语to gain employment的逻辑主语the
marginal manager 0
i marginal气，皿心叫a.边缘的;非主体的;微不足道的;不重要的
❹ And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong. 而且，由于公司承
受着就业安排出错的负担，所以公司付给雇员的工资更少。
句子主干 And firms pay staff less （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
[because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 because firms carry the burden
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the burden
二级修饰 of the employment arrangement going wrong.
要点注释 '、、of the employment...wrong 中，the employment arrangement going wrong 是动名词的复合结构，整体作
介词of的宾语。其中，the employment arrangement是going wrong的逻辑主语。
第七段
❶ Society also suffers from excessive employment protections.社会也遭受过度就业保护的影响。
137句子主干 Society also supers （主+谓）
T介词短语作状语
—级修饰 from excessive employment protections.
:词汇注释\ s*[-uSfAfebr （r）] vi.受苦，受难，受折磨 e*xcessive [ ik sesiv] a.过度的;过分的
❷ Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall
well-being.严格的解雇规定会对生产率增长产生不利影响.阻碍社会繁荣和整体福利。
Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect 四丈坚也迎 （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
词汇注释 stringent [ stnndsant] a.严格的;严厉的;短缺的 adversely [ •®dy3：sli]技.不利地;有害地
h*amper [ haempoCr） ] vt.阻碍;妨碍;阻止 well-being [ 'welbing ] n.福利；幸福;健康
第八段
❶ Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a
specified Mhigh-income threshold" from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.在塔斯曼海的另一边，澳大利亚
通过将收入超过规定的“高收入门槛”的雇员排除在其不公平解雇法的保护之外,来应对不正当的解雇悖论。
一级修饰 Across the Tasman Sea,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox （主+谓+宾）
]介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by excluding employees
T现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰employees
earning above a specified "high-income threshold"
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.
诃汇汪释:e*xclude [i*skklu ：d] vt.把... 排斥在外;不包括 threshold[ -Orefbauld]几.门槛;门口
❷ In New Zealand, a 2016 private members' Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the
unjustified dismissal regime.在新西兰,2016年的一项私人成员法案设法允许公司和高收入雇员退出不正当的
解雇制度。
—级修饰 In New Zealand,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
a 2016 private members' Bill tried gjgg鲸也嗟秒竺gjgy竺（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |动词不定式短语作firms and...employees的补足语
to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime.
:词汇注释:p*[pearmit mit] vt.允许;准许 contract out of退出（或不参加）... 合约
regime *[rei 3i：m]几.管理体制；统治制度
© However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government
later that year.然而，提议的机制难以运作，该法案在当年晚些时候政府换届后被否决。（1） However, the mechanisms proposed were 坚削虫虫（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and the Bill was voted down （主+谓）
]介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
—级修饰 following the change in government later that year.
[通汇连释〕mechanism * [ mekamzam J n.机制;方法;机械装置p*ropose [Pr3 P^z] vL提议;建议
unwieldy [ An widdi] a.难控制的;运转不灵的 vote down投票否决;投票击败
/，/〃，////‘/.'/，/，/〃〃〃//✓ -////✓ ///////.//• jPart \、\、\、\、'，\\、'. 、、\、'\、•、、、、、、、、、、、、、\\、、、、
v
第一段
❶I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years,我曾在动物园和野生动物园工作多年；＞
:
句子主干 I was a zoo and wildlife park employee （主+系+表）
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 for years.
顶汇洼释j wildlife ［ waildlaif］ n.野生动物;野生生物 e*mployee t 儿受雇者；雇工；雇员
❷ Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.
野生动物园和动物园都声称为了动物的利益和出于保护动物的目的而运营。
句子主干 Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed 竺些您史典gg （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作目的状语
fbr the beneGt of the animals
一级修饰 and连接并列的介词短语
and for conservation purposes.
顶无击释］c*laim ［Weim］以.声称;断言几.宣称;声明 operate"'咿也it］祈.经营，营业
for the benefit of...为了... 的利益
❸This claim was false.这种说法与事实不符。
句子主干 This claim was false.（主+系+表）
❹ Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation.这两者实际上都没有
为动物研究或保护工作做出过任何贡献。
句子主干 Neither one of them actually participated in 些y 独jjggg （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［单饰any contributions
-级修饰 to animal research or conservation.
❺ They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.它们是营
利性机构，其最终的损益比动物的健康状况重要得多。
句子主干 They are proftoble institutions （主+系+表）
whose引导的定语从句,［修饰profitable institutions
一级修饰 whose bottom line is much more important
［ than...作比较状语
二级修饰 than the condition of the animals.
139词汇注释 p*rofitable [ profitabl] a.可盈利的;有益的 bottom line [ ibotom lam] n.最终赢利（或亏损）；底价
第二段
❶Animals despise being captives in zoos.动物厌恶被圈禁在动物园里c
句子主干 Animals despise 坦应_竺Rtiy竺 in zoos.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 despise^ [drspaiz] vt.厌恶;鄙视 captive[ kaeptiv] n.囚徒;俘虏a.被关起来的
❷ No matter how you "enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise.无论你
如何“改善”圈养的地方，它们都不能使动物无拘无束、享受到天然的食物或者得到足够的运动。
—级修饰 No matter how you MenhanceM enclosures,
「_ j No matter how引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
they do not allow for freedom,（主+谓+宾）
* -------------------）----
并列宾语
句子主干 a natural diet
| or连接的并列宾语
or adequate exercise.
词汇注释：e*nhance [m hams] vt.增强;增进 enclosure^ [ m klou3a（r） ] n.圈用地；围场
a*llow [a lau]以.使可能 adequate * [ aedikwat ] a.足够的；充分的
❸Animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead.动物最终会变得焦虑、虚弱或死亡。
句子主干 Animals end up （主+谓）
' and连接并列的形容词作状语
stressed and unhealthy
一级修饰 。遂接并列的形容词
or dead.
词汇注释 end up最后处于;最终成为 stressed [ strest] a.焦虑不安;心力交瘁
❹ It's past time for transparency with these institutions, and ifs past time to eliminate zoos from our culture. 早该让这
些机构透明化了，也早该把动物园从我们的文化中清除了。
二级修希
■
「前修福
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
140: J transparency [traens-paeransi] n.透明性;显而易见 e*liminate [rhmmeit j w.清除;排除
第三段
❶ As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel.作为一名动物学教授，我认
同埃玛-马里斯的观点一动物园展出可能是可悲且残忍的。
一级修饰 / is a zoology professor,
介词短语作状语
酉— ——
agree with Emma Marris （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作agree的宾语
that zoo displays can be sad and cruel.
:要点注释 介词短语with Emma Marris作句子主干的状语;that引导的宾语从句中,zoo displays作主语,can be
是系动词,and连接并列的形容词sad和cruel作表语。
顷无注应]zoology [zou Dlad3i] 动物学 c*ruel [kruzal] a.残忍的;引起痛苦的
❷ But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.但她低估了动物园的教育价值：
句子主干 But she underestimates gjgggU四型 ygjyg （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定 岂 语 语 J j修 修伫 饰 the educational value
一级修怖 of zoos.
:词汇注释 u*nderestimate [lAndor estimeit]仇.低估，对……估计不足;对……认识不足（或重视不够）
Q 第四段，
O The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that
led them to major in biological sciences.我所在大学的动物学课程吸引了一些学生，对他们而言，参观动物园是
至关重要的成长经历，这些经历促使他们主修了生物科学专业。
一级修饰 at my university
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰The zoology program
句子主干 The zoology program...attracts students （主+谓+宾）
介 介词 词 f f o o r r + + w w h h o o m m引 引 导 导 的 的 定 定 语 语 从 从 句 句 , ， [ I修 修饰 饰s s t t u u d d e e n n t t s s
for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience
that引导的定语从句，修饰the crucial formative experience
二级修怖 that led them to major in biological sciences.
词汇注释 c*rucial [ kruijl] a.至关重要的;关键性的 formative [ f3：m3tiv] a・（与）成长（有关）的
major in 主修 biological [ .baia lodjikl] a.生物学的；生物的
❷ These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national
parks.这些学生大多数是小时候没有机会去自然保护区、野生动物保护区或国家公园旅行的学生。
141句子主干 These are mostly students （主+系+表）
J
who引导的定语从句 修饰students
一级修饰 who had no opportunity
|介词短语作状语*
as children
介词短语作后置定语， 修饰 o pportunity
to travel to wilderness areas,
二级修饰 并列的名词短语
wildlife refuges
| or连 ....— .
；接并列的名词短语
or national parks.
m*[.ostly m3OStli] ad.大多地;一般地;通常 r*efuge [ .refjG:d3] n.避难所;庇护;避难
词汇注释
❸ Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo
visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience.虽然好的电视节目有助于激发孩子们对动物保护的兴
趣,但它们并不能取代动物园参观这种强烈的、身临其境的且具有互动性的体验所带来的兴奋感。
句子主干 they cannot replace thjeexcitement （主+谓+宾）
j
介词短语作后置定语 修饰the excitement
一级修饰 of a zoo visit
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a zoo visit
二级修饰 as an intense, immersive and interactive experience.
「商E函降=stir“st3：（r）] u.激发;打动;搅拌 i*ntense [ln.tens] a.十分强烈的;很大的;激烈的
immersive [rm3：siv] a.沉浸式虚拟现实的 interactive [,mt3r ®ktv] a.互动的；相互影响的
❹ Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos' treatment of animals with their educational potential.
当然,必须有一些折中的方法来平衡动物园对待动物的方式和动物园的教育潜力。
句子主干 Surely there must be some middle ground （There be句型：there + must be +主）
J
that引导的定语从句 修饰some middle ground
一级修饰 that balances z*oos treatment of animals
t
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 with their educational potential.
而元生释】middle ground [.mldi graund] n.折中办法；中间观点 p*otential [p3.tenjl] n.潜力a.可能的
第五段]
O Emma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly
to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet.埃玛•马里斯的文章是对成千上万热情、敬业的动物工作者
的侮辱和伤害，他们不知疲倦地工作，以改善动物的生活并保护我们的星球。
142句子主干 Emma Manris's article is anjng型t ajtid_ ?爽半［vige (主+系+表)
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰an insult and a disservice
二级修饰一
to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people
who引导的定语从句,T修饰the...dedicated people
二级修饰 who work tirelessly
［动词不定式短语作目的状语
to improve the lives of animals
三级修饰 | and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and (to) protect our planet.
:词汇注释！ insult •• [ msAlt] n.侮辱[in-SAlt] m 辱骂 disservice [dis sazvis] n.伤害；损害；危害
passionate [ paejanat] a.热情的；狂热的 dedicated [ dedikeitid] a.献身的；专心致志的
❷ She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to
connecting children to a world beyond their own.她利用过时的研究和几十年前的例子，贬低了一些组织"致力于
让儿童接触他们自我世界以外的世界”.的崇高使命，
句子主干 She uses丝坦些g 琴虫空主竺蛆竺堕p]竺（主+谓+宾）
i动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to undermine the noble mission of organizations
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰organizations
三®修福一 committed to connecting children
I介词短语作状语
M面 to a world beyond their own.
词汇注释：u*ndermine [ tAnda main]此损害，削弱 n*oble ［ naubl］ a.崇高的;宏伟的;高贵的
m*ission [ mifn]几.使命；军事行动 c*ommit ［ka mit］。.使致力于;投入;献身
第六段
❶ Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each
species in its natural habitat.动物园处于动物保护的最前沿，其在不断发展以改善它们照顾动物及保护自然栖息
地中的每一个物种的方式。
一级修饰 of conservation
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the forefront
Zoos are at the forefront (主+系+表)
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and (are) constantly evolving
J动词不定式短语作目的状语
to improve
how引导的宾语从句，作improve的宾语
一级修饰 how they care for anim&ls
and连接的并列谓宾
and protect each species
WMSMBlW -
介词短语作后置定语」修饰each species
二级修饰 in its natural habitat.
143罢点注释 句子主干中，系表结构are at the forefront可整体看作复合谓语。
❷Are there tragedies?有悲剧发生吗？
句子主干 Are there tragedies? （There be句型的一般疑问句：Are + there +主）
❸Of course.当然有。
:句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，对❷句进行回答，补充完整为“Of course there are tragedies”。
❹But they are the exception,not the norm that Ms. Marris implies.但它们都是特例，而不是马里斯女士所暗示的
常态。
,汇注释'：e*xception [ik sepjn] n.—般情况以外的人（或事物）n*orm [norm] n. （the ~）常态；正常行为
❺ A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.动物园里的一b
只身体虚弱的动物得到的治疗与我们大多数人在当地医院得到的治疗一样好，或者更好。
* I
—级修饰 in a zoo
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰A distressed animal
句子主干 A distressed animal...will get as good or better treatment （主+谓+宾）
Jthan...作比较状语
! 一级修饰 than most of us
介词短语作后置定语j修饰us
二级修饰 at our local hospital.
伺汇注释 distressed [drstrest] a.身体虚弱的;烦恼的 treatment [ -triitmant] n.治疗;对待;处理
第七段
❶ As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp
as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos.作为环保主义者、动物保护倡导者和长期素食主义者的同行人，在动物园问
题上，我本应理所当然地和埃玛-马里斯站在同一阵营。
and longtime vegetarian,
一级修饰 | and连接并列的名词短语
As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 I could properly be in the same camp （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
，
as Emma Marris
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
on the issue of zoos.
❷ But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose.但我相
信，经营良好的动物园，以及遭受圈禁的英勇的动物，确实是为一个更为高尚的目的服务。
144But I believe （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作believe的宾语
that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals...do serve a higher purpose.
that引导的定语从句，修饰the heroic animals
一级修饰 that suffer their captivity,
:词汇注释 heroic*[ haTwik] q.英勇的；英雄的 captivity [kaep tivoti] n.圈养；困住
© Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven
by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek outfdisturb and even hunt them down.如果不是有机会在家附近
观察这些美丽的野生动物，更多的人就会被它们的魅力所驱使从而前往野外寻找、打扰甚至追捕它们。
三级修饰
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰these beautiful, wild creatures
二蚯希 to observe these beautiful, wild creatures
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰opportunities
Were it not for opportunities
省略引导词（If）的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 many more people would be driven （主+谓）
二介词夕y引出动作的发出者
by their fascination
-级修饰 动词不定式短语作many more people的补足语
to travel to wild areas
动词不定式短语作目的状语
to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.
:要点注释 Were it not for...是If it were not for...（若不是……，要不是……）的变体，即省略引导词（If）,并将
were提至句首。省略引导词（If）的条件状语从句使用了虚拟语气的倒装结构，其主语是it,系动
词是 were not,表语是 for opportunitieso
:词汇注释 disturb ?[drst3：b] vt.打扰;干扰;妨碍 hunt down追捕到;找到
a
第八段：
O Zoos are, in that sense,similar to natural history and archaeology museums,serving to satisfy our need for contact with
these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.从这个意义上讲，动物
园类似于自然历史和考古博物馆，能够满足我们与这些活生生的动物接触的需求，同时让绝大多数生物在它们
所处的自然环境中不受干扰kg 〜
145商汇注祢:a*rchaeology [ ,a:ki Dbd3i]几•考古学 c*ontact [ kontaekt ] n.接触；联系，联络
第九段
❶ Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research.埃玛•马里斯选择性地描述和歪
曲了我们的研究结果。
句子主干 Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the findings
_级修饰 of our research.
词汇注释:selectively [ si lektivli]费.选择性地 misrepresent [ （inis.repn zent]讶.歪曲；误传
❷ Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data
points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit,我们的研究侧重于动
物园体验对人们如何看待自己和自然的影响,而且从我们的研究中提取的数据点绝对不是在贬低参观动物园
所学到的东西。
一级修饰 on how people think about themselves and nature.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the impact of zoo experiences
.■ •.-
（l）Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and the data points...do not, in any way, discount what isl^med in a zoo visit （主+谓谈从）
T过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the data points
一级修饰 extracted from our studies
要点注释 介词短语on how...nature中,how引导的宾语从句,作介词on的宾语;从句中，主语是people,谓语
是think,介词短语about themselves and nature作状语，表对象,how作方式状语。
词汇注释 extract☆ [ik-straekt] tit.提取;提炼;摘录 in any way 无论如何
d*iscount [ dis'kaunt ] vt.贬低;打折扣
第十段
O Zoos are tools for thinking.动物园是思考的工具。
句子主干 Zoos are tools for thinking.（主+系+表）
❷ Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. 我彳|]的研
究为动物园在将人与动物和自然联系起来方面的价值提供了强有力的支持。
句子主干 Our research provides里史理戈业ggff （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 for the value of zoos
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the value of zoos
二级修饰 in connecting people with animals and with nature.
❸ Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection.动物园为动物保护和环境保护发出了重
要的呼声。
146句荏干
Zoos provide a critical voice （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作状语，表对象
二成修希 for conservation and environmental protection.
❹ They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to
springbok or salmon,to better understand the natural world we live in.它们为不同背景的人们提供了一个机会，让
这些人邂逅各种各样的动物，从雄蜂到跳羚或!8鱼，从而更好地了解我们所生存的自然界。
They afford gg gppg史皿y （主+谓+宾）
:介词短语作状语，表对象
for people from all backgrounds
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰an opportunity
:词汇注释 e*ncounter [m kaunta（r）]以.与……邂逅；遭遇 drone [draun]几雄蜂；嗡嗡声
springbok ［ spngbok］儿跳羚 salmon [^aemanj几.酷；大麻哈鱼
PartC
/ /// ///// / / / // ✓/// //✓/✓///✓ V / V//// V \ \ \ A \ \ A \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\\・\\\\\\\\\
第一段】
❶ Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula （comprising Spain and Portugal） was the scene of a titanic and
merciless struggle, 1807年到1814年间,伊比利亚半岛（包括西班牙和葡萄牙）曾发生过一场艰巨而残酷的战争。
一级修饰
一级修饰
；词汇注释 Iberian Peninsula伊比利亚半岛 Portugal [ •poztfugl] n.葡萄牙（欧洲西南部国家）
titanic [tai taemk] a.极艰巨的；极重要的 merciless [,maisibs] a.残酷的；残忍的
@ It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon's French Army and the angry inhabitants ； between the
British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor's difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in
check ； between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.这场战争在许多不同
层面展开:在拿破仑的法国军队和愤怒的当地居民之间;在一直渴望加剧（法兰西）帝国困境的英军和从巴黎派
来的试图阻止他们的法军将领之间；在科学及精英领导体系主导的新势力和保守主义及血统主导的旧势力
之间。
147句子主干 It took place on many different planes:（主+谓）
________ '解释说明句子________________
between Napoleon's French army and the angry inhabitants;
|并列的介词短语
—级修饰 between the British,...and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check;
并列的介词短语
between new forces...and old ones of conservatism and birth.
补充说明the British
二级修饰 ever keen to exacerbate the emperor's difficulties,
要点注释 介词短语 between the British...in check 中，过去分词短语 sent from Paris to try to keep them in check
作后置定语，修饰the marshals o llr
§诃汇注释 p*lane [plem]儿水平，程度 exacerbate [ ig-zaesobeit]仇.使加剧；使恶化
emperoL[，empg（r）] n.皇帝；（帝国的）君主 marshal [ ma:Jl] n.（英国）陆军元帅，空军元帅
keep sb. in check制止某人;约束某人 meritocracy [ （men tokrasi] n.精英领导体制
❸ It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made
codes and those who broke them.它也是一场发生在加密者与破译者之间的战争，这一点甚至许多熟知这一时期
历史的人都不知道。
三改修饰
well read about the period,
形容词短语昴后置定语,[修饰many
people
▼
一级修饰 and this is unknown even to many people
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 It was also,...a battle （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a battle
一级修饰 and those
who引导的定语从句，i修饰tho
who made codes
二级修饰 who引导的定语从句, 修饰those
broke them.
词汇注释 well read [ （wel -red] a.（某方面书籍）读得多的c*[koadued] n.密码;暗码;编码
第二段
❶ I first discovered the Napoleonic code-breaking battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic
History of the Peninsular War.几年前，我在阅读查尔斯-欧曼爵士的史诗巨著《半岛战争史》时，第一次注意到拿
破仑时期的密码破译战。
句子主干 I first discovered也?町坦堂坦，虫理一地叫。（主+谓+宾）
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 a few years ago
when引导的定语从句，补充说明a few years ago
二级修饰 when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War.注释 Napoleonic [ na.pauli Dmk] a.拿破仑一世时期的epic [ epik] n.史诗般的作品
❷ In volume V he had attached an appendix, "The Scovell Ciphers."他在第五卷加了附录"斯科韦尔密码
—级修饰 In volume V
… [介词短'语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 he had attached anjBrppendix,（主+谓+宾）
J an appendix的同位语
—级修饰 "The ScoveU Ciphers.”
；商吏味释 v*olume [ VDlju：m]几.（书籍的）卷;体积 appendix" [ a pendiks]几.（书、文件的）附录
❸ It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been
revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.该附录列出了许多从驻扎西班牙的
法军处缴获的加密文件，这些文件的秘密已经通过英国司令部的一位名叫乔治-斯科韦尔的军官的工作得以
揭开。
，将汇注释:’l*ist [list] vt.列出(清单)；列举 c*apture : •kaeptja(r) ] vt.夺取;夺得
r*eveal [n vi：l] vt.揭露；使显露 headquarters[ ^ed kwoitoz] n.司令部;大本营
❹ Oman rated ScovelVs significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that he could not
analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or
indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.欧曼对斯科韦尔的重要性给予了高度评价，但同时，他的《半
岛战争史》概括性的特点意味着他无法细致分析这位鲜为人知的军官具体为那次国家间的大战做出过什么贡
献，也确实无法告诉我们关于这位军官本人的多少事情。
词汇注释 rate*[reit] 评价;评估儿速度 obscure^ [ab-skjua（r）] a.鲜为人知的；费解的vt.使模糊
149❺ Keen to read more, I was surprised to find that Oman's appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing
that had been written about this secret war.我渴望读到更多史料记载,却惊讶地发现，1914年出版的欧曼附录是
记载这场秘密战争的唯一一篇经过深思熟虑的文章。
要点注释I动词不定式短语to find that Oman's... thing中，that引导的宾语从句，作find的宾语。从句中,
Oman's appendix 作主语,was 是系动词，the only considered thing 作表语。
词汇注释！ k*[keien ：n] a.渴望的;热衷的 considered [kon sidad] a.经过深思熟虑的
第三段,
❶ I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of
German codes in the Second World War.我开始相信这个故事完全就像二战中的恩尼格玛密码机和德国密码的
破译一样激动人心且意义重大。
convinced [ (k*vmonst] a.坚信;深信 be every bit as...as sb./sth. 完全和某人/某物一样……
❷The question was, could it be told?问题是，它能被公之于众吗？
句子主干 The question was, could it be told?(主+系+表从)
J本句中的表语从句为“情态动词(could) +主语(it) +谓语动词(be told)"构成的一般疑问句。其
中，谓语动词be told使用了一般现在式的被动语态。
第四段】
O Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and
copious notes about his work in the peninsula.在伦敦的英国公共档案馆研究斯科韦尔的文件时，我发现他留下了
一本内容广泛的日记和大量关于他在半岛上工作的笔记C
150—级修饰 Studying ScovelFs papers at the Public Record Office, London,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
- ry ▼
句子主干 J found [坦t史 坦迎竺半竺坐！（主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作后置定语，[修fficopious notes
一级修饰 about his work in the peninsula.
词汇注释；journal*[ djaznl] n.日记，日志;刊物 copious ['ksupissJ n.大量的；丰富的
❷ What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection. which, I realized, was
priceless.更重要的是，这些文件中还保存着许多法国军事急件的原稿，我意识到这是极其珍贵的。
—级修饰 What was more,
__________ ,，插入语
句子主干 many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection,（主+谓）
. j which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 which,...was priceless.
__________ [插入语
二级修饰 I realized,
迥汇遂释：dispatch[drspaetf] n.急件,快信;派遣 collection*L ka lekfn] n.作品集；收藏品
❸ There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely
difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.拿破仑战争期间可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但要
找到真正由这些人提供或处理过的材料通常十分困难。 、
—级修饰 during the Napoleonic Ware,
[介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（l）There may have been many...officers （ There be句型：There + may have been + 主）
| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but it is usually extremely difficult （主+系+表）
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to find the material
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修Wthe material
—级修饰 they actually provided or worked on.
；词汇荏群』spy [ spai ] n.间谍;密探 intelligence * I in telidjans]几.情报人员；情报
第五段】
❶ As I researched Scovelfs story, I found far more of interest besides his intelligence work.在研究斯科韦尔的故事时,
我发现了更多除他的情报工作以外的有趣之处，
—级修饰 As I researched Scovell's story,
•―:… ]as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 I found far more of interest （主+谓+宾）
1 1
金词短语作状语
—级修饰 besides his intelligence work.
151❷ His status in Lord Wellington's headquartere and the recognition given to him for his work were bound up with the
class politics of the Army at the time.他在威灵顿公爵司令部的地位以及他工作上受到的认可都与当时军队的阶
级政治紧密相关。
—级痂 in Lord Wellington's headquarters
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰His status
每子主干 His status...and the recognition...were bound up with ctass pcjUtics.（主+谓+宾）
J过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the recognition
given to him for his work
介词短语作后置定语，修ffithe class politics
of the Army at the time.
词汇生释 recognition * [ jekagnijn] n.认可；识别 be bound up with...与... 密切相关
❸ His story of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography/in its own right, but represents
something more than that.他自我提升、努力工作的故事本身就是一部引人入胜的传记，但它所代表的意义不止
于此。
-级修饰]
词汇注释 biography [ barografi] n.传记 represent * [ [epruzent] vt.代表；象征
❹ Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the
promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.正如密码破译对那场争夺西班牙的战争有更广泛的意义
一样，他攀登晋升阶梯的种种努力也充分反映了英国社会的情况。
一级修饰 Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle fbr Spain,
as引导的状语从句，作句子主干的状语
句子主干 so his attempts... speak volumes about Britislhsociety.（主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰his attempts
一级修饰 to make his way up the promotion ladder
要点注释 as引导的状语从句中，the code-breaking作主语，has作谓语，名词短语its wider relevance作宾语,
介词短语in the struggle for Spain和副词Just均作状语。
词汇注释 relevance [ rebvans] n.意义；相关性 promotion [pra maufn] n.晋升；提升;促销
l*adder [ *lxdd(r) ] n.阶梯；梯子 speak volumes about 充分表明
152
