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2022年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
a
第一段】
O Harlan Coben believes that if you're a writer, you'll find the time; and that if you can't find the time, then writing isn't a
priority and you're not a writer.哈伦•科本认为，如果你是一名作家，你准会抽出时间写作；如果你抽不出时间，
那么写作就不是你最重要的事，你也就算不上一名作家。
二蚯希
if you're a writer,
if引导的条件状语从句，1作宾语从句的条件状语
that...you'll find the time;
j that引导的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
Harlan Coben believes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
*
and that...then writing isn't a priority
and连接的并列句
and you're not a writer.
if引导的条件状语从句，作宾语从句的条件状语
一级修饰 if you can't find the time,
词汇注释； priority *[prafDr9ti]札最重要的事；首要事情；（车辆的）优先通行权
❷For him, writing is a normal job—a job like any other.对他而言，写作是一份正常的工作 就像其他任何工作一样c
一级修饰 For him,
［介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
句子主干 writing is a normal job （主+系+表）
［补充说明a normal job
—级修饰 —a job like any other.
❸ He has compared it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes
today.他曾将其与管道施工'输匕技，并指出，一位管道工不会一觉醒来就说自己今天不能从事管道工作了。
C * W -■
句子主干 He has compared it （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
with plumbing,
现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 pointing out that a plumber doesn't wake up and say
that弓导的宾语从句，作doesn't wake up and say的宾语
that he can't work with pipes today.
要点5主释 pointing out…中，that引导的宾语从句，作pointing out的宾语c
词汇注释 plumber" ['piAm9（r）] n.管子工；水暖工 PjPe * [paip] n.管道；管乐器w.用管道输送
67❶If, like most writers these days, you're holding down a job to pay the bills, it's not easy to find the time to write.如果，
你像现在的大多数作家一样，是为了支付账单而要晚住*作，那么抽出时间写作并不容易。
to pay the bills,
动词不定式短语作目的状语
like most writers these days,
插入语
If,...you're holding down a job
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
it's not easy （主+系+表）
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to find the time to write.
词汇注释i hold down保住（工作或地位） pay the bill付账；买单
❷But it's not impossible.但这并非不可能。
句子主干 But it's not imposgj妙（主+系+表）
❸ It requires determination and single-mindedness.它需要决心和专心：,
句子主干 It requires '冬竺皿!!竺ion竺@ 迎曲理况兰些竺.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 determination [di.ta^i'neijh] n.决心；果断 single-mindedness [tsiggl 'mamdidnas] n.专心致志
❹ Remember that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.别忘了，
大多数畅销书作家是在从事其他工作维持生计时开始写作的c
句子主干 Remember巾夷jn竺。竺竺臾理aytporg pggan 四tigg （祈使句：谓+宾从）
when引导的时间状语从句，[作宾语从句的时间状语
—级修饰 when they were doing other things
''动词不定式短语作目的状语
二级修饰 to earn a living.
:词汇注释 bestselling [.best'selig] a.（作者）畅销书的 earn a living 谋生
❺ And today, even writers who are fairly well-known often have to do other work to supplement their writing income.
如今，即使是相当著名的作家，也通常不得不从事其他工作来补充他们的写作收入。
—级修饰 who are fairly well-known
]who引导的定语从句，修饰writers
句子主干 And today, even writers...often have to do 叫史以°些（主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to supplement their writing income.
词汇注释 fairly' ['feali] ad.相当地；一定地 su叩 lement * [sApli'ment] w.补充；增补
第三段
❶As Harlan Coben has suggested, it's a question of priorities.正如哈伦•科本所认为的那样，这是一个优先级的问题。
68—级修饰 As Harlan Coben has suggested,
] As弓i导的非赢性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 ifs a question of priorities.（主+系+表）
❷ To make writing a priority, you'll have to sacrifice some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.
为了把写作放在首位，你将不得不牺牲一些日常活劫和一些你真正喜欢的事情。
一级修饰 To make writing a priority,
['动词不危'短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 you'll have to sacrifice some of your day-to-day activities and some things （主+谓+宾）
省略关系词（that ）的定语从句，修饰some things
—二画修饰i
you really enjoy.
翰涵矿
sacrifice * ['saeknfais] vt.牺牲；献出 day-to-day [.dei ta 'dei] a.日常的；逐日的
© Depending on your interests and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to
music, though some people can write while they listen to music.根据你的爱好和生活方式而定，这可能意味着花
更少的时间看电视或听音乐，尽管有些人可以在听音乐的同时进行写作
❹ You might have to cut down on the amount of exercise or sport you do. .你可能不得不减少你的锻炼量或运动量。
句子主干 You might have to cut down （主.谓）
介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰
「商汇味释.
cut down （On s航）削减,缩小（尺寸、数量或数目）
❺ You'll have to make social media an occasional activity rather than a daily, time-consuming habit.你必须得让使用
社交媒体成为一种偶尔的活动，而不是一种日常且耗时的习惯。
You'll have to make social media an occasional activity （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 rather than连接的并列补足语，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than a daily, time-consuming habit.
词汇注释: occasional [^keijsnl] a.偶尔的 time-consuming['taim k9nsju:mig] a.耗时间的
❻ There*11 probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with your family.你可能不得不减少与朋
友之间的来往，并减少与家人在一起的时间 ；・> ，
69—级修饰 with your friends
介词短语作后置定语,］修饰less socialising
There'll probably have to be less socialising （There be 句型：There + will...have to be + 主）
句子主干 | and连接的并列主语
and less time
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰less time
_级修饰 with your family.
词汇注释：socia|ise ［Sujblaiz］ w.（和他人）交往，交际以使适应社会
❼It's a tough learning curve, and it won't always make you popular.这是一个艰难的学习过程，而且它并不总是会
让你受欢迎:
（1） Ifs旦坦9曲［竺四i理gujrye,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and it won't always make you popular.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
第四段
O There's just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, in addition to your writing—and that's reading.
除写作以外.只有一件事你应该尽力至少留出一些时间去做一5就是阅读。
in addition to your writing
补充说明句子主干 ."
一级修饰
you should lr）to keep at least some lime for,
'省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰。ne thing
句子主干 There's just one thing （There be 句型：There + is + 主）
解释说明one thing
一级修饰 —and that's reading.
词汇注释 at least至少；不少于 in addition to 除....以外（还）
❷ Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it's the one indispensable supporter—~ omething you can't
do without.任何一个作家都需要尽可能多地、广泛地阅读，它是一个不可或缺的支撑者一你写作不能没有的
东西。’
一级修饰 as they can （read）;
［as引导的比较状语从句，作（1 ）句的比校状语
（l）Any writer needs to read as much and as widely （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
（2）ifs 也gQngincjimpgns他lg§upport?r （主.系+表）
［补充说明（2）句
二园饰
—something you can't do without.
要点注释 something you can't do without 中，省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰 somethingo
第五段：
O Time is finite.时间是有限的。
句子主干 Time is finite.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 finite☆ ［Tainait］。.有限的；限定的
70❷The older you get, the quicker it seems to go.年纪越大，时间似乎就流逝得越快。
一级修饰 The older you get,
\比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 the quicker it seems to go.（主+谓）
要点注释]本句使用了 “the +比较级……，the +比较级……”结构，表示一方的程度随另一方的变化而变化
❸We need to use it as carefully and as productively as we can.我们需要尽可能谨慎地且有效地利用时间©
句子主干 We need 坦u竺 i] as carefully and as productively （主+谓+宾）
[as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
—级修饰 as we can （use it）.
:词汇注释 j carefully [^eafsli] ad.谨慎地；小心地 productively [p^'dAktivli] ad.富有成效地
❹ That means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.这意味着要按优
先级排列我们的活动,这样我们就能把大部分时间花在我们真正想做的事情上，
句子主干 That means prioritising our activities （主+谓+宾）
J so that引导的目的状语从句，作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 so that we spend most time on the things
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the things
二级修饰 we really want to do..
❺If you're a writer, that means—above all—writing.如果你是一个作家，那就意味着----最重要的是---- 写作n
—级修饰 If you're a writer,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 that means...writing.（主+谓+宾）
____________ [插入语
一级修饰 —above all—
Section U Reading Comprehension
Part A A'WWVAA \ \、、\\、\・\\\\\、\\ \、•、、、、'、、
✓////////// ////✓///////✓f / / ✓ /. / / / / / / / ✓.
Text 1
第一段
❶ On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas,在最近一个阳
类明照的日子里，空尊再肾物夏地分镇,1.3万只鸡漫步在拉里•布朗的40英亩迎风的土地上。
—级修饰 On a recent sunny day,
耳词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 13,000 chickens roam （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 over Larry Brown*s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas.
舟汇注释 roam [gm] y.漫步；徜徉；闲逛 windswept ['windswept] a.迎风的；受大风吹的
❷Some rest in the shade of a parked car. 一些鸡在一辆停放着的车的阴凉处休息c
句子主干 Some rest in the shade （主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the shade
一级修饰 of a parked car.
71❸Others drink water with the cows.另一些鸡在和奶牛一起喝水。
句子主干 Others drink water （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 with the cows.
❹ This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big
thing: climate-friendly eggs.这一切看似都很随意'但却是有意为之，价值61亿美兀的美国鸡蛋行业所押注的
部分内容将会是该行业的下一件大事：“气候友好型”鸡蛋
（l）This all seems random,（主+系+表）
I
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but it's by design,（主+系+表）
（
2）
解释说明 句
part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its nexjt big thing:
解释说明 its next big thing |
二级修饰 climate-friendly eggs.
要点注释 part of...big thing中，what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。从句中,the $6.1 billion U.S. egg
industry作主语，bets作谓语，what作宾语。
词汇注释： random * ['rzendam] a.随意的，随机的 by design有意；故意地
bet [bet] v.下赌注（于）；期待；希望
Q 第二段
OThese eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and
animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture—pecial techniques to
cultivate rich soils that can trap green-house gases.这些鸡蛋正以8美兀一•打的高价首次在货架上亮相，，它们仍然
贴着有机和动物友好的标签，但此外.它们还产自生活在使用再生农业技术的农场里的禽类，再生农业技术
即用于培养能够吸收温室气体的肥沃土壤的特殊技术。
二级修饰 for as much as $8 a dozen,
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 which are making their debut now on shelves
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明These eggs
（l）These eggs,...are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,（主+谓）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but they 're also from birds （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，修饰birds
that live on farms
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰farm
二级修而
using regenerative agriculture
解释说明 regenerative agriculture
「三级修浦
.pecial techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green-house gases.
要点注释 （1 ）句中的 organic and animal-friendly 作主语These eggs 的补足语。破折号后的 special techniques...
green-house gases 中，动词不定式短语 to cultivate rich soils 作后置定语，修饰 special techniques;
that引导的定语从句，修饰rich soilso从句中，that代替先行词rich soils作主语，谓语是can
trap, 宾语是 green-house gasesc
词汇注释 debut ☆ fdeibju:] 首次亮相；初次登台 dozen ' [*dAzn] n.（ 一）打；十二个
regenerative [n'djenarstiv] a.再生的；有再造能力的 trap*[tr3ep]w.吸收；收集；使落入险境
72❷Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.这种鸡蛋可以被宣传为有助于对抗气候变化c
句子主干 Such eggs could be marketed （主+谓）
[介词短语作Such eggs的补足语
—级修饰 as helping to fight climate change.
词汇注释i market * ['ma:kit] vt.推销；促销”.市场；商场；需求量
第三段
❶"I'm excited about our progress/* says Brown, who is aciding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the
chickens to eat. 我对我们的进展感到兴奋”，布朗说，他正在添加更多的覆盖作物，这些覆盖作物吸引蠕虫
和蟋蟀供鸡食用。
其中介词for引出动词不定式to eat的
逻辑主语the chickens c
词汇注释 crop*[krop]«作物；庄稼；收成 draw ^[dro:] vt.吸引v.画，描绘，描画
worm * [w3：m] n.蠕虫；幼虫 cricketi ['knkit] n.蟋蟀；蝴蜘；板球（运动）
❷The birds, waste then fertilizes fields.这些鸡的粪便随后成为田地的肥料:
句子主干 The birds' waste then fertilizes fields.（主+谓+宾）
词汇生释! fertUizeCfelalaiz] w.给……施肥；使肥沃 field*[fi:Id] 田；地；牧场
❸ Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens,
and the eggs that we supply to pur customers/'这样的改进"使我们的母鸡能够寻到更高质量的天然饲料，这些
天然饲料将对土地、母鸡和我们供应给客户的鸡蛋都有利” C
Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed （主+谓+宾+宾补）
that 引导的定语从句，修饰 higher-quality natural feed
二蚯时
that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs
that引导的定语从有，修饰the eggs J
-三蚯福
that we supply to our customers.
1
"词汇:主释 improvement[im'pru:vmont] n.改进处；改善的事物 forage「版血]诅（人，动物）搜寻食物
第四段
❶ The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next
premium offering.美国鸡蛋行业所做的努力是对再生农场生产的动物产品能否成为下一个优质产品的第一次
重大测试。
73句子主干 The egg industry's push is the first major test （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the first major test
一级修饰 of whether animal products...can become the next premium offering.
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰animal products
二级修饰 from regenerative farms
要点注释 介词短语of whether...offering中，whether引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。从句中，animal
products 作主语，can become 是系动词，the next premium offering 作表语。
词汇注释 premium['pri:miam] a.优质的；高昂的 offering ['o^ng] n.出售品；用品；剧作；作品
❷ In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to
being sold at Walmart.在仅仅十多年的时间里，有机鸡蛋从在天然食品商店里被视为小众产品而无人理睬，发
展到了在沃尔玛出售：
一级修饰 In barely more than a decade.
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 organic eggs went （主+谓）
I
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 from being dismissed as a niche product...to being sold at Walmart.
介词短语作后置定语，|修饰a niche product
二级修饰 in natural foods stores
词汇注释 barely * ad.仅仅；刚好；不超过 dismiss * [dis'mis] vt.不予考虑；摒弃；摒除
niche [ni：J]n小众市场，缝隙市场
❸ More recently there were similar doubts about prbbiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major
supermarket categories.最近.人们也曾对益生菌和植物肉产生了类似的疑虑，但它们都已经突然爆发式地成
了超市的主要（销售）品类。
More recently
一级修饰 句子主干的时间状语
about probiotics and plant-based meats.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰similar doubts
（l）there were similar doubts （ There be 句型：there + were + 主）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but both have exploded （主+谓）
T 2
介词短语作（ ）句的状语
—级修饰 into major supermarket categories.
词汇注释 probiotic [.praobai'ntik] n.益菌0.益菌的 explode into突然活跃起来；突然做起.... 来
❹ if the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.
如果可持续鸡蛋的推出获得成功，它可能会为再生牛肉、西蓝花等更多产品打开闸门。
一级修饰 If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful.
If引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 it could open the floodgates （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.
词汇注释 sustainable [sa'steinsbl] a.可持续的 rollout ['raul.aut] n.新产品的推出；正式上市
open the floodgates 打开闸门 broccoli ['brokoli] n.西蓝花；绿菜花
74囱第五段」
❶ Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Juiie Stanton, associate
professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.宾夕法尼亚州立大学布兰迪万河校
区农业经济学副教授朱莉•斯坦顿说，再生产品可能很难销售，因为这个概念很难快速定义。
句子主干 Regenerative products could be a hard sell,（主+系+表）
because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because the concept is tough to define quickly,
一级修饰 |插入语“
says Julie Stanton,
t Julie Stanton 的同位语
associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.
【词汇注释 tough ★ [tA0 Q难办的；难解决的m暴徒 associate *[^ojbt] a.副的；非正式的
❷ Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products （though some producers say their eggs
have more protein）.这种农场生产方式如果对食品有改善的话，那也是微乎其微的（尽管一些生产商声称他们
的鸡蛋含有更多的蛋白质）e ________
一级修饰
插入语
句子主干 Such fanning also brings minimal,...improvement （主+谓.宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
to the food products
一级修饰 though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
（though some producers say their eggs have more protein）.
要点注释 让步状语从句中，some producers作主语，say作谓语，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作say的
宾语；宾语从句中，主语为their eggs,谓语为have,宾语为more proteinc
词汇注释 minimal ['minimal] a.极小的；最低限度的 proteill t ['pr3uti:n] 〃 蛋白质
第六段：
O The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and
pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.美国鸡蛋行业期待，愿意为散养、非转基因和牧场饲养鸡蛋等优
质特性支付更多费用的消费者们同样会接受可持续性这一特性。
The industry is betting （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作is betting的宾语
that the same consumers...will embrace sustainability.
j
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰thesame consumers
一级修饰 paying more for premium attributes
such as...举例说明 premium attributes
二级修饰 such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs
词汇注释 attribute * [*®tnbju:t] n.特性；属性；性质 free.range [.fri: *remd3] a-（动物）散养的，放养的
pasture ☆ ['pasgr）".牧场；牧草地 embrace ★ [im'breis] vt.欣然接受，支持
❷ Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant
based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment, i周查显ZK ♦ 年轻
一代更加关心气候变化，而且植物肉的一些成功可以归因于想要表达自己对环境保护的渴望的购买者°
75❸ Young adults "really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell, president of Egg- Innovations.年轻人“真的很关
心地球”，Egg Innovations公司的总裁约翰•布伦奎尔说g
❹ **They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing."“他们
毫无疑问正在改变食物链，这超出了我的想象，甚至超出这些年轻人对自己正在做的事情的理解”。
'"They are absolutely altering the food chain （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
beyond what I think
,补充说明
even they understand what they're doing."
介词短语beyond what I think中，what引导的宾语从句，作介词beyond的宾语；从句中，主语为I,
谓语为think,宾语为whatc此夕卜，本句作上句中says逻辑上的宾语。
词汇注释 absolutely [*bsolu:tli]ad.彻底地；完全地 alter Mr）] v.（使）改变，更改，改动
................. even*n：vn]^.（强调出乎意料）甚至.连,即使
Text 2
Q 第一段,
❶ More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce
model.更多的美国人选择在退休后继续工作，这一日益增长的趋势可能会颠覆旧的劳动力模式。
句子主干
二级修饰
词汇注释 opt ☆ [npt] v.选择；挑选 retirement[n'taiamant] n.退休；退职
Q 第二段】
❶ One in three Americans who are at least 40 have, or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according
76to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade,哈里斯民意调查机构为 TD Ameritrade （亚美利交易控股公
司）开展的一项调查显示，在40岁及以上的美国人中，有三分之一的人已经或计划在退休后继续T作，为更
长远的人生做准备。
who are at least 40
who引导的定语从句，修饰Americans
One in three Americans...have （a job）,（主4■谓+宾）
or连接的并列谓宾
or plan to have a job
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in retirement
动词不定式短赢句子主干的目的状语
to prepare for a longer life,
插入语
according to a survey
1
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a survey
二级修饰 conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.
❷ Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees"——those who plan to work in retirement or went back to
work after retiring—aid they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the
survey shewed.更令人惊讶的是，该调查显京，超过一半的“不退休者”、一那些计划退休后继续工作或退休
后重返工作岗位的人一表示即使已经有足够的钱过安定的生活，他们也会在晚年继续就业C
要点注释 两个破折号之间的内容中，who引导的定语从句，修饰thoseo从句中，who代替先行词those作
主语，or连接并列的谓宾：谓语一是plan,其宾语是to work,介词短语in retirement作时间状语；
谓语二是went back to,其宾语是work,介词短语after retiring作时间状语。
第三段］
❶ Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend.经济需求并不是形成"不退休'趋势的唯一原因□
句子主干 Financial needs aren't the only culprit （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the only culprit
一级修饰 for the "unretirement" trend.
词汇注释 financial* [fafnaenjl] a.财务的；财政的culprit☆ ['kAlpnt]儿（造成问题或麻烦的）原因；肇事者
❷ Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom
or avoiding depression.这项研究显示，其他原因还包括个人满足，例如保持精神健康、防止无聊或避免抑郁「
77一级修饰 according to the study,
[插入语
句子主干 Other reasons,...include personalftilfillment （主+谓+宾）
J such as...举例说明 personal fulfillment
—级修饰 such as staying mentally Hl, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.
词汇注释 fulfillment [ful'filmant]（亦作 fulfilment） n.满足感 mentally ['mentgli] ad.精神上；智力上
prevent* [pn'vent] w,防止；预防；阻止 boredom「bo&m] n.无聊；厌烦
avoid i [g'void] w.避免；防止；回避 depression [dfprejh] n.抑郁；沮丧
a
第四段】
❶ The concept of retirement is evolving,M said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement-at TD Ameri
的概念正在演变”，TD Ameritrade退休部门高级经理克里斯蒂娜•拉塞尔表示一心
'The concept of retirement is evolving,0 「
句子主干 [直接司痴莅said南宾i*'
said Christine Russell,（倒装句:宾+谓+主）
Christine Russell 的同位语
—级修饰 senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.
词汇注释:concept * Clcnnsept] n.概念；观念 evolve* [i*vnlv] v.演变；进化
❷“h's not just about finances.这不仅关乎财务状况c
句子主干 "It's not just about finances.（主+系+表）
❸ The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."工作的价值也促使人们在退休后继续工作,
The value of work is also driving folks （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 I动词不移式短语作folks的补足语
to continue working
=介词短语作时间状语
-级修饰 ' past retirement."
要点注释 本段❶句引号中的内容、❷句及❸句均为直接引语，共同作。句中said的宾语。
第五段：
❶ 0ne reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer.退休模式发生变化的一个原因是：美
国人的寿命延长了。
二级修饰 In retirement patterns:
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the change
—级修饰 for the change
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰0ne reason
句子主干 （There is） One reason （There be 句型：There + is + 主）
解释说明One reason
—级修饰 Americans are living longer.
❷ Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce.在美国，老年人也是劳动力中增长最快
的群体° ，L . • " , 、 ％” * 艺"• .. • ■
句子主干 Older Americans are also 也典史州也哩哽seg!理四！（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the fastest-growing segment
—级修饰 of the U.S. workforce.
78词汇注释:segment * ['segmant] n.部分；份；片;段[seg'ment] vt.分割;划分
❸ The percentage of retirement-age people in lhe labor force has doubled over the past three decades.在过去 30 年里，
退休年龄A口在劳动力中的比例翻了一番：
一级修饰 over the past three decades.
!介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The percentage...has doubled （主 + 谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The percentage
—级修饰 of retirement-age people
介词短语作后置定语J修饰retirement-age people
-1二级修饰 "（ft the labor force
❹ About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February 2019, up from an all-time low of 10% in January
1985, according to money manager United Income.根据资金管理公司 United Income 的数据・ 2019 年 2 月,约有
暨的0岁及以上人口参加工作,该数据高于1985年1月的10%这一历史最低点：
—级修饰 In February 2019.
；介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce （主+系+ 表）
|补充说明句子主干
up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985,
一级修饰 |介词短语作句子主干的状语
according to money manager United Income.
第六段
❶ Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, lhe TD Ameritrade
study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. TD Ameritrade 调查 了 2000 名 40 岁到 79 岁的成年人，
研究结果显示，由于寿命延长，美国人也在增加积蓄以保存自己的储备金。
—级修饰 Because of longer life spans,
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 Americans are also boosting their savings （主 +谓+宾.）
一级修饰
二灰祖希"
三级疯T
词汇注释: boost* [bu:st] vr使增长；使兴旺 nest egg ['nest eg] n.储备金；备用的钱
❷ Six in 10 "unretirees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life.因为预计寿命会延长，60% 的"不
退休者”正在增加他们的积蓄一， ,
句子主干 Six in 10 "unretirees" are increasing their savings （主+谓+宾）
“介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in anticipation of a longer life.
❸ Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing
life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.该公司表7K,这些"不退休者 增加积蓄
最普遍的方式之一是减少总开支、购买人寿保险或最大限度地增加退休账户供款一
79Among the most ways...is by reducing their overall expenses,（倒装句:表+系+主）
并列的动名词短语
securing life insurance
| or连接并列的动名词短语
or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.
!省略（in which ）或关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰the most popular wayi
they are doing this,
，插入语
the company said,
词汇注释 expenses* [ik'spensiz] n.[p/.]开支；花费 maximize ['maeksimaiz] w.使增加到最大限度
第七段
❶ Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about
making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-fbunder at Baltimore-based Gnancial-planning firm Facet
Wealth,总部位于巴尔的摩的财务规划公司Facet Wealth的联合创始人布伦特•韦斯说，不幸的是，许多选择
退休后继续工作的人正准备这样做.因为他们担心晚年的收支平衡问题。
一级修饰
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
词汇注释 make ends meet使收支相抵；勉强维持生计
❷ He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial advisor to set long-term financial goals.他建议，即将退
休的人应该与财务顾问谈谈，以制定长期的财务目标。
❶'The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring/* Weiss said.“人
生中最具挑战性的时刻是结婚、组建家庭和最终退休”，韦斯说。
80and ultimately retiring,M
[and连接并列的动名词短语
starting a family
[并列的动名词短语
句子主干
*The most challenging moments in life are getting married,
\直接引语作said的宾语
Weiss said.（倒装句：宾+主+谓）
伺汇注释 challenging [Xfaehnd3】9] q 具有挑战性的 ultimately ['Altimstli] ad.最终；最后
® a financial decision, but an emotional one.这不仅是一个财务决策,也是一个情感决策。
MICs not just gfinanc辿dgcisi^n,（主+系+表）
句子主干 |not just...but （also）连接的并列表语
blit （also） an emotional one.
❸Many people believe they can't retire."很多人认为自己不能退休o
Many people believe (主+谓+宾从)
'省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作believe的宾语
they can*t retire.**
本段❶句引号中的内容、❷句及❸句均为直接引语，共同作。句中said的宾语。
Text 3
a
第一段，
❶ We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives.无论是在个人生活还是职业生活中，我
们都曾遇到过它们。
句子主干 We have all encountered them,（主+谓+宾）
Jz词短语作句子主干的状语
in both our personal and professional lives.
encounter * [in^aunt^r）] w.遇到，遭遇 professional * [pra'fefanl] a.职业的；专业的
❷ Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up
process but was later difficult to cancM.想想那些令你感觉被欺骗或感到沮丧的时候：会员或订阅的注册过程很
流畅，但后来却难以取消：.
Think about the times （祈使句：谓+宾）
；省略(at which )或关系词(when/that)的定语从句，修饰the times
you felt tricked or frustrated
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 by a membershipor subscription
that引导的定语从句，修饰 a membership or subscription
that had a seamless sign-up process
三级修饰 but连接的并列谓语
but was later difficult to cancel.
词汇注释 trick，[tnk] w•欺骗；欺诈 membership [^embajip] n.会员，成员
subscription [sdb^kripjh] ".订阅，订购 seamless ['si:mbs] a.无缝的；不停顿的
❸ Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that
impair consumer choice. 一些本应简单且易懂的东西可能会有意或无意地以影响消费者选择的方式变得复杂=
81一级修饰 that should be simple and transparent
| that引导的定语从句，修饰Something
句子主干 Something...can be complicated,（主+系+表）
" [or连接并列的副词作状语
intentionally or unintentionally,
一级修饰 介词羸语作状语
in ways that impair consumer choice.
要点注释i介词短语in ways...中，that引导的定语从句.修饰ways,
词汇注释！ transparent * [traens'paerant] a.易懂的 complicated * ['knmphkeitid] a.复杂的；难懂的
intentionally [m'tenfdnoli] ad.有意地 impair * [im'pea（r）] w.妨碍；损害；削弱
❹These are examples of dark patterns.这些都是黑暗模式的例子。 ，
句子主干 These are坚呗妙竺（主+系+表）
|介词短语作后置定语.修饰examples
—级修饰 of dark patterns.
Q 第二段
❶ First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, "dark patterns*' is a catch-all term for practices that
manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.用户体验专家哈里•布里纳尔于 2010
年许次提出了 “黑暗模式”,它是操纵用户界面以影响用户决策能力的做法的统称。
二级修饰 by user experience expert Harry Brignull.
介词by引出动作的发出菖,
一级修饰 First coined in 2010
去分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 "dark pattems,, is a catch-all term （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a catch-all term
—级修饰 for practices
that引导的定语从句,[修饰practices
二级修饰 that manipulate user interfaces
_____ |动词不定式短语作目的状语
三级修饰 to influence the decision-making ability of users.
词汇注释:coin * [koin] w.创造（新词语） catch-all ['kaetf o:I] a.笼统的；无所不包的
manipulate 玲[ma'nipjuleit] w.操纵；操作 interface fmtofeis] ".界面；接口
@ Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark, patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to "roach motel/'
where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.布里纳
尔发现了 12种常见的黑暗模式：从误导和隐形费用到“蝉螂汽车旅馆”（指一旦进入，便很难脱身），在
这些模式中，用户体验一开始看起来简单易懂，但当用户试图离开时就变得困难C
82:词汇注释:identify * [ai'dentifai] vr 发现；找到；识别 range 1 [remd3] w.包括
motel ☆ [mau'tel] n.汽车旅馆 intuitive [m'tju:itiv] a.易懂的；使用简便的
第三段
❶ In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these
design practices.在2019年的一项对53000个声品贪面和11000个网站所进行的研究中，研究人员发现，大约
十分之一的产品月烈和网站采用了这些设计手毛
二级修饰 of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a 2019 study
一级修饰 In a 2019 study
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 researchers found坦陞兰坦ut竺e 竺pig史些竺虫si既巴竺匹竺（主+谓+宾从）
❷ Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.尽管广泛盛行，但黑暗模式的概
念仍然没有被充分理解。
—级修饰 Though (it is) widely prevalent,
j Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the concept...is still not well understood.(主+谓)
[ [介词短语作后置定语，修饰the concept
—级修饰 of dark patterns
:：坷汇注释i widely ['waidli] ad.广泛地；普遍地 prevalent * ['prevabnt] a.盛行的；普遍存在的
❸ Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender,企业
和非营利组织的领导人应该亍解黑暗模式.并尽量避免它们所造成的灰色区域：
Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and (should) try to avoid the gray areas
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the gray areas
—级修饰 ” they engender.
词汇注释:nonprofit [.nDn'profit] a.非营利的 engender [in*d3enda(r)] vt.产生，引起
O Where is the line between etWcal, persuasive design and dark patterns?合乎道德的劝导式设计和黑暗模式之间的
界线在哪里？
句子主干] 芝is the line （特殊疑间句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the line
一级修饰 between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?
词汇注释L ethical ['eOiklJ a.合乎道德的；伦理的 persuasive [ps'sweisiv] a.能说服人的
❷ Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy,
and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's
user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and
promotions.企业应该与信息技术、合规、风险和法律团队展开对话，以审查他们的隐私政策，并将负责公
司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计师和编码人员，以及负责注册、购物车、定价和促销活动的市场营销人员
和广告商列入与会名单。
83词汇注释 compliance [kam'plaisns] n.遵从；顺从 review * [n'vju:] w.审查；审核
checkout ['tjekaot] n.结账 promotion [pro'maujh] n.促销活动；推广
❸ Anv or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception/' 任何一个团队，或者说全部团队
都看可能在制造或避免“数字欺骗”方面发挥作用
句子主干 Any or all these teams can play a role （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in creating or avoiding "digital deception?'
词汇注释 digital * [*did3itl] a.数字式的；数码的 deception [dfse|jfh] n.欺骗；蒙骗
❶ Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state
level.立法者和监管机构正慢慢开始解决黑暗模式的不明确性，最近是在州一级。
一级而 around dark patterns,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the ambiguity
句子主干 Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity （主+谓+宾）
补充说明句子主干
二级修饰
most recently at the state level.
词汇注释 address * [a'dres] w.设法解决；处理 ambiguity [,3embi'gju：3ti] n.不明确；模棱两可
❷ In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California
Consumer Privacy Act （CCPA） that "ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise
their data privacy rights."今年3月，加州司法部长宣布批准了《加州消费者隐私法案》（CCPA ）的补充规定，
它们“确保消员者试图行使其数据隐私权时不会被迷惑或误导” •
一级修饰 In March,
……［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the California Attorney General announced the approval （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the approval
二级修饰
一三灰画f
84矍铤主理 that引导的定语从句中，第二个that引导的宾语从句，作ensure的宾语
商定,生际 Attorney General [o,t3：ni 々enrol] n.（美国的）司法部长
mislead * Lmis'li:d] w.误导；引入歧途 exercise ['eksosaiz] vt.行使；使用 v.锻炼
❸ The regulations aim to ban dark patterns—this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or
unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt
out."这些规定旨在禁用黑暗模式——这意味着禁止公司使用“迷惑性语言或不必要的步骤，如迫使消费者
点进多个屏幕页面或听信那些他们不应该退出的理由”
The regulations aim to。竺 卫兰，四（主+谓+宾）
三级修饰
「商液矿
click through点击（链接网站） opt out决定退出；选择不参与
第六段
OAs more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need （or greater accountability from within the
business community.随着更多的州考-虑颁布补充规定,商界内部有必要采取更严格的I可责制。
一级修饰 As more states consi
As
引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 there is a need （There be 句型：there + is + 主）
坯词短语作后置定语，修饰a need
fbr greater accountability
介词短语作状语 "
from within the business community.
「商汇释］ promulgate ['promlgcit] w.颁布，宣布 accountability [d.kauntd'bildti]儿问责；负责
❷ Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,
not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best praptices and standards.黑暗模式也可以在自我监管的基础
上得到解决，但前提是企业要对自己负责，禾仅要对法律规定负责,还要对行业最佳实践和标准负责。
一级修饰 on a self-regulatory basis,
3
拓锅短语作 子主干的状语
句子主干 Dark patterns also can be addressed （主+谓）
J only if引导的参件状语凶句，企句了主亍的条件状语
一级修饰 but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,
介词短语作状语
not just to legal requirements,
I
二级修饰 not ju8t...but also连接并列的介词短语
but also to industry best practices and standards.
Text 4
第一段
O Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.虽然伦理课
在世界各地都很普遍，但科学家们不确定他们的课程是否能真正改变行为；无论哪种方式的依据一赖于
人为的实验室测试，还是有时不可靠的自我报告——都不具有说服力:
一级修饰 Although ethics classes are common around the world,
Although引导的让步状语从句,作（1）句的让步状语
if their lessons can actually change behavior;
]if引导的宾语从句，作复合谓语are unsure的宾语
句子主干 （1） scientists are unsure （主+谓+宾从）
I并列句
（2） evidence either way is weak,（主+系+表）
[解释说明either way
'G
二级修饰
relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports
词汇注释 ethics * ['eGiks] n.伦理学 contrived [kan'traivd] a,人为的；矫揉造作的
laboratory [Is'bDratri] n.实验室；实验大楼 unreliable [^nn'laiabl] a.不可靠的；不能信赖的
❷ But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have
had lasting effects.但发表在《认知》杂志上的一项新研究发现，至少在一种现实情况下，一堂伦理课可能会
产生持久的影响。
published in Cognition
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a new study
But a new study…found （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句, 作found的宾语
that,...a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
、介词短语作宾语从句的条件状语
in at least one real-world situation.
词汇注释 cognition [kog'nijn] n.认知；感知；认识 lasting [la:stig] a.持久的；耐久的；继续存在的
❶The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat.研究人员调查「一堂课对吃肉的影响?
句子主干 The researchers investigated one class session's impact （主.谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰impact
一级修饰 on eating meat.
词汇注释 investigate * [in'vestigeit] v.调查，侦查（某事）session ['sejh] n.—节；一场；一段时间
❷ They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher
at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on-the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily
measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm
and animal suffering.研究合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克•施威茨格贝尔表示，他们选择（吃肉）
这种特定行为有三个原因：学生对这个话题的态度是多变且不稳定的，吃肉行为易于考量，以及伦理学文献
多半认为少吃肉是好的，因为这可以减少环境危害和动物的痛苦.
86二级修饰
•句子主干
二级修饰
词汇注释 philosopher * [fs'lDsafaCr）] n.哲学家；深思的人 measurable ['mejarsbl] a.可测量的；可度量的
literature * ['Iitr9tf9（r）] n.文献，著作；文学作品 suffering ['sAfsnq] n.痛苦；折磨；苦难
© Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally
watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. 4 个大型哲学班中，一半的学生阅读
了一篇关于工厂化养殖肉类伦理的文章，有选择地观看了一段关于这个话题的时长11分钟的视频.并参加
了一场50分钟的讨论。
句子主干
:词汇注释:philosophy * [fs'lossfi] n.哲学；哲学体系；思想体系 join a discussion参加讨论
❹ The other half focused on chargble giving instead.另一半学生则专注于慈善捐赠。
句子主干 The other half focused on charitable giving instead.（主+谓+宾）
❺ Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly
14,000 receipts for almost 500 students,然后，在学生们不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们这一学期匿名
餐卡的购买情况一~近500名学生的近14000张收据。
句子主干
87词汇注释 anonymize [a'nnnimaiz] w 使匿名化 receipt , [n*si:t] n.收据；收条；接收；收到
•第王段
❶ Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not
differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books.
施威茨格贝尔曾预测此次干预不会产生任何影响，此前，他就已经发现伦理学教授在包括投票率、献血以及
归还图书馆图书在内的一系列行为上与其他教授没有什么不同。
the intervention would have no effect;
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作predicted的宾语
（1） Schwitzgebel predicted （主+谓+宾从）
I
并列句
（2） he had previously found （主♦谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作had...found的宾语
that ethics professors do not differ from other professors
'介词短语集状备，表隽面
on a range of behaviors,
补充说明behaviors
including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books.
词汇注释 intervention [.mts'venfh]"干预，介入，干涉 professor * [pro惟sa(r)]儿教授；(大学的)讲师
donation [dau'neijh] n.捐赠；赠送；捐赠物 return * [n*t3：n] w.归还；退还；带回；送回
❷ But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45
percent—and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks.但在讨论过肉类伦理的学生受试群
体中，含肉食品的购买比例从52%下降到45%——而且这一结果在研究持续的几周内保持稳定。
among student subjects who discussed meat ethics,
_级修饰 "介词短语作句子主干的状语
containing meat
:现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰meal purchases
句子主干 But...meal purchases...decreased （主+谓）
, [介词短语作句子主干的状语
from 52 to 45 percent
一级，饰 ______________补充说明句子主干
—and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks.
要点注释 介词短语among student...ethics中，who引导的定语从句，修饰student subjects;该从句中，关
系词who代替先行词student subjects作主语，discussed作谓语，meat ethics作宾语°
词汇注释 subject *[*sAbe [nAdj] n./vt.轻推
KZ —
'弟』
O Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence— lassmates or teaching assistants leading the
discussions may have shared lheir own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable ur ore common.施威茨格贝尔觉彳寻
最大的影响来自社会影响一引导讨论的同学或助教可能分享了他们自己的素食主义观念.表明这是可以实
现的或更普遍的。
89句子主干 Schwitzgebel suspects the既竺竺竺理 匝111。竺jjj凹11竺箜（主+谓+宾从）
解释说明 social influence
一级修饰. —classmates or teaching assistants...may have shared their own vegetarianism,
现在分词短语作后置定语，[修饰classmates...assistants
leading the discussions
二级修饰 现在分词短语作伴随状语
showing iitt aast _ach：.i：e—vabL：le— or .m..ore common.
要点注释 showing it...more common 中，介词短语 as achievable or more common 作 it 的补足语。
词汇注释 suspect * [ss'spekt] v.觉得 w.怀疑 vegetarianism [.ved39'te9rianizam] ”.素食主义
Second, the video may have had an emotional impact.其次，那段视频可能产生f情感上的影响。
句子主干 Second, the video may have had an emotional impact.（主+谓 4•宾）
Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.他认为，
情感影响最小的是理性讨论，尽管他的合著者说理性可能会发挥更大的作用。
一级修饰 he thinks,
]插入语
句子主干 Least rousing,...was rational argument,（倒装句：表+系+主）
T although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
although his co-authors say
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作say的宾语
一级修饰
reason might play a bigger role.
:词汇注释 rousingCrauzii）］a激动人心的；充满活力（或激情）的rational*「碰。1］理性的；明智的；合理的
❹ Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, leaching assistants' eating habits and students*
video exposure.现在研究人员正在探索教学风格、助教的饮食习惯和学生观看视频的具体影响。
句子主干 Now the researchers are probing the specific effects （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the specific effects
一级修饰 of teaching style, teaching assistants' eating habits and students* video exposure.
词汇注释 probe A ［praob］ v,探究；盘问；追问 exposure ★ ［ik'spgp（r）］ 接触；遭受（危险或不快）
© Meanwhile Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.与此同时，施威茨格贝尔----他
曾预测不会产生任何影响一将会收回前言。
一级修饰 —who had predicted no effect一
]补充说明 Schwitzgebel
句子主干 Meanwhile Schwitzgebel...will be eating his words.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 eat one's words收回前言；食言
////////////////////////////// Part B 、、、、、、'、、、、、 、、、、、、、、、、'.、.'■、、、、、、、、、
vaaa
第一段］
O Getting back into exercise after a break can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise
classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start.在最佳时期，运动中断后重新开
90始运动可能都是一种挑战，而现在很多人不能去健身房，也无法上面对面的健身课程，要知道从哪里开始会
更难，
—级修饰 in the best of times,
［介词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
（l）Getting back into exercise after a break can be a challenge （主+系+表）
| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but...it can be ttjgjcy （主+系+表）
''fit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to know where to start.
with独立主格结构作（2 ）句的伴随状语
一级修饰 with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits
____________ 介词短语作状语，表对象’
二级修饰 to many people these days.
词汇注释 off-limits IX 'limits］ a禁止使用或拥有的；不准进入的
@ And it is important to get the right dose of activity.而且适当的活动量也很重要°
And it is ［呼四迎（主+系+表）
I
句子主干
it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to get the right dose of activity.
词汇注释：dose * ［dous］一份；一次；一点".给（某人）服药
© 'Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout," says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology
department at Indiana University in Bloomington.“过多过快的运动要么让人身体受伤，要么让人精疲力竭”，
印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校运动机能学系的教员玛丽•优克博士说。
'"Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,"
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Mary Yoke,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[Mary Yoke的同位语
一级修饰 PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the kinesiology department
二级修饰
at Indiana University in Bloomington.
词汇注释 result in导致，造成 burnout「b3：naut] 精疲力竭；过度劳累
faculty £ ['faeklti] n.全体教师；系，院 kinesiology [虹ni:si‘Dlad3i] n.运动机能学
❹ The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.以下这些简单的策略将帮助你
在中断后安全地恢复运动。
句子主干 The following simple strategies will help you (to) return to exercise safely (主+谓+宾+宾补)
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
after a break.
词汇注释 strategy * ['straetsdsi] 〃.策略；计策 break玄［breik］ 间断；休息；间歇机（使）破，裂
第二段］
❶ Don't try to go back to what you were doing before your break.不要试图恢复你中断前的运动水平。
91句子主干 Don't try to go back （祈使句：谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
二灰修饰 to what you were doing before your break.
要点注释 介词短语to what...break中，what引导的宾语从句，作介词to的宾语。该宾语从句的主语为
you,谓语为were doing,弓I导词what作宾语，介词短语before your break作时间状语。
❷ If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three
sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other
days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps,如果你以前每天步行3英里，每周打二次18洞高尔夫’或
者举10磅重的哑铃进行三组10次的练习，那么在恢复运动后，则应将活动量减少到每隔一天步行半英里，
或者每周打 -次9洞高尔夫，其他日子则进行短距离散步，或者用5磅重的哑铃进行一组10次的练习
词汇注释 lift* [lift] V.（被）举起，提起 dumbbell ['dAmbel] n.哑铃；笨蛋
© Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually.逐渐增加运动的时间、距离和强度。
句子主干 Increase Qn此七 di§t里竺0 jntgrigity gradually.（祈使句:谓+宾）
词汇注释 i intensity * [in'tensati] n.强度；烈度 gradually fgraedsuali] ad.逐渐地；逐步地
❹'Fiis isn't something you can do overnight," says Keri L. Denay, MD, lead author of a recent American College of
Sports Medicine advisory that encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic.“这
不是一夜之间就能做成的事情”，医学博士克丽・L.德奈说道，她是美国运动医学会最近一项报告的主要执
笔人，该报告劝告美国人不要忽视在疫情期间运动的好处
t4This isn't something you can do overnight/'
句子主干 直接引语作says的宾语
says Keri L・Denay,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
Keri L. Denay的同位语
MD, lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory
that 引导的定语从句，[修饰 a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory
二级修饰 that encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic.
词汇注释 overnight [.auva'nait] ad. 一夜之间；突然 advisory [ad'vaizari] n.报告；公告
overlook * [.suvs'luk] w.忽略；未注意到 pandemic [paen'demik] n.流行病❺ But you'll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.但你会马上收获一些好处，比如焦虑的
减轻厢睡眠质量的提高。 "
句子主干 But you'll reap benefits...right away.（主+谓+宾）
such as...举例说明 benefits
such as less anxiety and improved sleep
❶If you're breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off.如果你呼吸太困难，无法说出完整的句子，那就
停下来休息。
to talk in complete sentences,
动词不定式短语作结果状语
If you're breathing too hard
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 back off.（祈使句：谓）
:词汇注释j back off放弃（采取行动）；退让；退缩，退却
❷If you feel good, go a little longer or faster.如果你感觉不错，那就多走一会儿或走快一点°
If you feei good,
I If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 go a little longer or faster.（祈使句：谓）
© Feeling wiped out after a session?—次运动结束后感觉筋疲力尽？
句子主干 （Are you） Feeling*ut （ —般疑间句:助动词+主+系+表）
|介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 after a session?
:词汇注释：wiped out [,waipt 'aut] a.筋疲力尽；十分疲劳 session [*sefn] n.—场；一节；会议
❹Go easier next time. F次可以轻松点i
句子主干 Go easier next time.（祈使句:谓）
❺ And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or
faintness, and seek medical attention immedd iately.同时要对严重的症状保持警惕,如胸痛或胸闷、严重的呼吸
有这些时要立即就医：
短促或头晕、 晕厥,
二级修饰 chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness,
such as...举例说明 serious symptoms
二蚯饰一 to serious s：
[介词短语作状语，表对象
（1） And stay alert （祈使句：系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
（2） and seek medical attention immediately.（祈使句：谓+宾）
:词汇注释: alert * [o'13：t]警惕的；戒备的 symptom * ['simptam] n.症状；征兆
dizziness ['dizinds] 〃.晕眩；头昏眼花 faintness ['femtnas] n.接近昏厥；眩晕
第四段
O Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.连续的运动是让身体更强壮、培养
93忍耐力和持久力的关键d
句子主干 Consistency is thekey （主+系+表）
, 侬却短语作后置定语,修饰the key
—级修饰 to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.
词汇注释 consistency [ksn'sistgnsi] n.连贯性；一致性 endurance [m'djusrsns] n.忍耐力；耐久力
❷ Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz. DPT, a physical therapist at the University of
Miami Hospital.迈阿密大学医院拥有DPT学位（临床博士学位，是目前在美国执业的理疗师的入门级学位）
的理疗师马库斯-杰克维茨说，每天运动十分钟是一个良好的开端。
句子主干 Ten minutes of activity per day is ajoo£start,（主+系+表）
_____ [插入语
—级修饰 says Marcus Jackovitz, ，
T Marcus Jackovitz 的同位语
DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.
❸ All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise.我
们采访过的所有专家都强烈推荐步行，因为它是最简单、最容易实现的运动方式。
一级修饰 we spoke with
]省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰All the experts
句子主干 All the experts...highly recommend walking （主+谓+宾）
| because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
二级修饰
because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise.
❹ Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity,
walking is also a great first step.尽管步行本身可以是一种体育锻炼，但如果你的目标是重新开始上尊巴舞课、
打网球、骑自行车或进行任何其他活动，步行也是个不错的开始。.
—级修饰 Although it can be a workout on its own,
I Although^引导的让步扁从句，出苛子主干的让步状语
句子主干 walking is also a great first step.（主+系+表）
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity,
第五段
❶ Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves.即使你还不能做最喜欢的运动，你也可以练
习它的动作。
—级修饰 Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity,
I Even if引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 you can practice the moves.（主+谓+宾）
❷With or without a club or racket, swing like you're hitting the ball.不管有没有球杆或球拍，都像你正在击球一样挥拍二
一级修饰 With or without a club or racket.
or连接并列的介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 swing （祈使句：谓）
[like引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
_级修饰 like you're hitting the ball.
词汇注释 racket* [•raekit] n.球拍；喧哗；诈骗 swing * [swirj] v.朝 打去；（使）摆动
94❸Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe.像你在皮艇或划艇上那样划桨
句子主干 Paddle （祈使句:谓）
[like引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 like you're in a kayak or canoe.
词汇注释]paddle Cpaedljv.用桨划船〃.船桨 kayak fkaiaek] n.皮艇，独木舟
canoe [k^nu:] n.划艇；独木舟w.划（或乘）独木昴
❹Mimic your favorite swimming strokes.模仿你最喜欢的游泳姿势c
—
句子主干 Mimic your favorite swimming strokes.（祈使句：谓+宾）
词汇注释i mimic ['mimik] w.模仿n.会模仿的人（或动物）stroke点[strsok] n.游泳姿势
❺ The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there
ag：in.芹兰动作会让你回想起运动曾带给你的快乐,并使你的肌肉为恢复运动做好准备-
—级修饰 the activity brought you
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句,]修饰the joy
The action will remind you of the joy （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （will） prime your muscles
[介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 fbr when you can get out there again.
要点注释:介词短语for when...again中，when引导的宾语从句，作介词for的宾语。
云词汇注释：prime * [praim] w.把（事物）准备好 muscle ' ['mAsl] n.肌肉；肌
第六段：
❶ Exercising with others "can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you're more likely to do it again," Jackovitz
says.与他人一起运动“可以让你对自己负责•也可以让运动更有趣，所以你更有可能会再次运动”，杰克维茨说。
and (can) make it more fun,
:and连接的并列谓宾
句子主干 (—Exercising with others "can keep you accountable (主+谓+宾+宾I卜)
I SO连接的并列句
⑵ so you're more likely to do H again,"(主+谓+宾)
[插入语
—级修饰 Jackovitz says号
"词汇注释：accountable [5'kaunubl] a.(对自己的决定、行为)负有责任，有说明义务
:........... : 冬 <•
❷ You can do activities sOch as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant.你可以和别人一
起进行高尔夫球、网球之类的活动或散步，但仍然保持社交距离、
—级修饰 such as golf and tennis
I such as...举例说明 activities
You can do activities...with others (主+谓+宾)
or连接的并列谓宾
句子主干 or (can) take a walk •
and连接的并'列谓语
and (can) still be socially distant.
要点注释:and (can) still...distant 中,系表结构(can)...be...distant 构成复合谓语c
95❸But when you can't connect in person, consider using technology.但是当你不能跟别人面对面交流时，可以考虑使
用科技手段。
一级修饰 when you can' t connect in person,
__________ I when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But...consider upjng tgchnglggy.(祈使句：谓+宾)
❹ Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood.当你在社区附近散步的时候，可以和朋
友打电话聊天
句子主干 Chat on the phone with a friend (祈使句：谓)
__________ | while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 while you walk around your neighborhood.
❺FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.当你在家进行力量训练^戈做伸展运动时，可以通
过FaceTime与亲戚视频聊天
句子主干 FaceTime with a relative (祈使句：谓)
| as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 as you strength train or stretch at home.
"套点函障«本句中，FaceTime本身是名词.但在口语化表达中.可理解为动词，表示“通过FaceTime与某
.人视频聊天” O
❻ You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.你也可以力口入直播或点播健身课o
句子主干 You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.(主+谓+宾)
Section IH Translation
a
第一段】
❶ Although we Iry our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned.尽管我们尽了 自己最大的努
力，但有时我们的绘画很少能达到预期的效果。
一级修饰 Although we try our best,
I Although引导的让步状语从句
句子主干 sometimes our paintings rarely turn out （主+谓）
as引导的方式状语从句J作句子主干的方式状语
.. *1 2 3 4
as (are) originally planned.
要点注释 句子主干中的turn out整体视为不及物动词，后跟方式状语.表示“以某种特定方式发生、结束
或发展”之意。
语法课堂
英语正在朝着表达简洁的方向发展，as planned是as引导的方式状语的一种省略结构，as之后省略了 be动词,
即as planned = as is/are planned,两者可互换，意义相同。句中的as虽引导方式状语从句，但表示比较意义。注意,
通常没有as it is/are planned这种结构。
1) That didn't develop as planned. ( V )
2) That didn't develop as was/had been planned. ( V )
3) That didn't develop as it was/had been planned that it should. ( V )
4) That didn't develop as it was/had been planned. ( x )
3)中，it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句that it should作真正的主语。此时，形式主语it和that引导的主
语从句要么同时保留，要么同时省略。省略that引导的主语从句却保留形式主语it为错误的语法现象。it和that
引导的主语从句省略后，be动词可以省略，也可以不省略。
96❷ Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that
what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.光线的变化、绘画材料的局限
以及经验和技能的缺乏，都意味着你最初想要呈现的效果也许并不会如你所愿那样生动逼真。
of experience and technique
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰 the lack
of your painting materials,
介词短语作后置定番[修饰the limitations
Changes in the light, the limitations...and the lack...mean （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作mean的宾语
that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life
the way that弓导的方式状语从句
the way that you expected.
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中，what引导的主语从句作主语，may not come to life作谓语。the way (that)
引导的方式状语从句一般出现在非正式文体中，例如：Do it the way (that) you were told.要按照告
诉你的那样去做。
词汇注释 limitation * [jimi'teijh]机局限；限制 technique * [tek'ni:k]札技能；技艺
start ou最初想要；开始从事 come to life活灵活现；苏醒过来
❶ Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you.虽然这可能令
人沮丧和失望，但事实证明，这实际上可能对你有好处。
—级修饰 Although this can be frustrating and disappointing,
I Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
it turns out (主+谓)
句子主干 ,it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that this can actually be good for you.
词汇注释 frustrating [frA'streitig] a.令人沮丧的 disappointing [.disd'pdmtiij] a.令人失望的
❷ Unexpected results have two benefits： you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one
door closes, another opens.意想不到的结果有两个好处：你很快就能学会处理失望情绪，并意识到当一扇门关
闭时，另一扇门就会打开。
旬子主干 Unexpected results have two benefits： （主+谓+宾）
解释说明two benefits
you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment
一级修饰 and连接的并列谓宾
and realise that...another opens.
when引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
三级修饰 when one door closes,
要点注释 and realise...opens中，that引导的宾语从句，作realise的宾语。
词汇注释： unexpected * [.Anik'spektid] a.想不到的；出乎意料的 benefiti [*benifit] n.好处；益处
❸ You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and
thinking outside the box will become your second nature.你也能很快学会适应并想出创造性的办法来解决绘画
中出现的问题，而且跳出固有思维模式将成为你的第二天性。词汇注释 come up with想出，想到 present * [prfzent] w.使发生；展现
think outside the box 跳出传统的思维框框 second nature [.seksnd 'neitfX1*）] n 第二天性;习性
第三段
- 1- 》
❶ In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to
find a solution when a problem arises.实际上，创造性地解决问题的技能在日常生活中十分有用，掌握这种技能,
你就更有可能在问题出现时找到解决办法。
句子主干 In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life,（主+系+表）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明creative problem-solving skills
一级修饰 with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution
when引导的时间状语从句，作非限定性定语从句的时间状语
二级修饰 when a problem arises.
要点注释 with which...solution 中,主语是 you，谓语是 are...likely to be able to find，宾语是 a solution, more 作状语。
词汇注释！ incredibly [m'kredabli] ad.非常；极其 arise [a'raiz] w.出现；产生
98
