文档内容
2020年考研英语(-)真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
O Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a
share this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast.尽管一家人不再像以前那样经常坐 F来
一起吃饭了，但数百万英国人仍将在本周末参与该国的一大传统活动:周日烤肉
—级修饰 Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before,
I Even if引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share （主+谓+宾）
''名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
this weekend
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a share .
of one of the nation's great traditions:
解释说明one of the nation's great traditions
三妞饰
the Sunday roast.
:词汇注释:nonetheless1^ ^Ando les] ad.尽管如此 roast [raust] n.烤肉 v.烤 a.烤的
© On a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can match it.在一个寒冷的冬日，几乎没有离饪乐事能与之媲美
—级修饰 On a cold winter's day,
l
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 few culinary pleasures can match it.（主+谓+宾）
"丐汇荏释：cutinary [Mhnari〕a.烹饪的；食物的 m*.]atch mW。vt.比得上；与……相配n.比赛
© Yet as we report now. the food police are determined that this enjoyment should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure
guaranteed to damage our health.然而，正如我们现在所报道的，食品安全警察坚信，这种乐事应该被视为又一
种必定会损害我们健康的罪臀的愉＜悦＞
—级修饰 as we report now,
― W Jas引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
Yet...the food police are detenmned (主+谓+宾从)
J
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句 作复合谓语are determined的宾语
that this enjoyment should be rendered
[补充说明this enjoyment
—级修饰 yet another guilty pleasure
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰another guilty pleasure
二级修饰 guaranteed to damage our health.
「商无函障I r*]ender ,render) ] m使成为;使变得 g*uarantee [砰使必然发生第二段】
❶ The Food Standards Authority （ FSA） has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide
that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.英国食品标准局（FSA）就--种名为丙烯酰胺的化合物的风险
发布了一则公开警告，这种化合物产生于一些以高温烤制的食物中。
句子主干 The Food Standards Authority （FSA） has issued a public warning （主+谓+宾）
J
介介词词短短语语作作后后置置定定语语，修修饰饰aa ppuubblliicc wwaarrnniinngg
一级修饰 about the risks of a compound
过去分词短语作后置定语,
二级修饰 called acrylamide
J
tthhaatt引引导导的的定定语语从从句句，修修饰饰aaccrryyllaammiiddee
三级修饰 that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.
词汇注释 c*ompound [ kompaund]几.化合物；混合物 acrylamide [a kribmaid]几.丙烯酰胺
. . .&、＜• ?
❷ This means that people should avoid crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only partially toast their
bread.这意味着人们应该避免将土豆烤得很脆，拒绝薄皮比萨饼，只将面包烤到差不多熟即可。
词汇注释 c*risp [knsp] v.（使）变脆n.炸薯片 crust7 [krASt] n.酥皮;面包皮;硬层
❸But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?但是，支持这种危言耸听的建议的证据在哪里呢？
句子主干 But where is the evidence （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the evidence
一级修饰 to support such alarmist advice?
词汇注释 e*vidence [ evidans] n.证据;人证 alarmist [ s la：mist] a.危言耸听的；骇人的
❹ While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no conclusive evidence that
it causes cancer in humans.虽然已有研究表明丙烯酰胺会造成小鼠神经损伤，但并没有确凿的证据表明它会导
致人类患癌。
that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice.
—级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，[作have shown的宾语
While studies have shown
[while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 there is no conclusive evidence （There be句型:there + is +主）
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明conclusive evidence
一级修饰 that it causes cancer in humans.
词汇注释 neurological [ ^juara lodjikl] a.神经系统的 conclusive [ kan klursiv] a.确凿的
a
第三段]
O Scientists say the compound is likely to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.科学家表示，这种化合物可能
42会致癌，但并没有确凿的科学依据。
the compound is likely to cause cancer
|省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作say的宾语
句子主干 Scientists say （主+谓+宾从）
]but连接的并列谓宾，表转折
but have no hard scientiGc proof.
❷ On the basis of the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is advisable to follow the FSA advice.基于预
防原则，听从英国食品标准局的建议可以说是明智的。
—级修饰 On the basis of the precautionary principle,
[介词短语作句子主车的条件状语
it could be argued （主+谓）
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that it is advisable
"it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to follow the FSA advice.
:词汇注释 precautionary [pn koijanari] a.预防的；防备的 p*rinciple [ pnnsapl] n.原则；规范;定律
❸ After all, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
毕竟，吸烟致癌的传言流传了多年后才找到证据证明这一联系。
After all,
一级修饰 插入语
before the evidence was found to prove a connection.
before引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
it was rumoured （主+谓）
句子主干 it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that smoking caused cancer for years
词汇注释 r*umour [ ru：ma（r） ] vt.谣传;传说 n.谣言;传闻 c*onnection [ka nekjn] n.联系；连接;连接点
第四段.
O Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be served up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the
Yorkshire pudding and no wine:.毫无疑问，一块水煮牛肉总是可以在周日与一些清蒸蔬菜一起被端上餐桌，没有
约克郡布丁，也没有葡萄酒O "
alongside some steamed vegetables,
_级修饰 ’"介词短语作伴随状语I
on Sunday
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语I
~ F ~
句子主干 Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be served up （主+谓）
补充说明句子主干]
—级修饰 without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.
:词汇注释 doubtless [也侦1" 无疑地;肯定地 boiled [boild] a.煮熟的;烧开的
serve up端上（食物）；提供;给出 s*team [sthm] 0.蒸（食物）疝.蒸发儿水蒸气❷But would life be worth living?但这样的生活还值得过吗？
句子主干 But would life be worth living?(一般疑问句：情态动词+主+系+表)
'一,■ ----- ---------------------
❸ To be fair, the FSA says it is not telling people tQj^ytvQUt roast foods entirely, but to reduce lheir lifetime intake.公平
地说,英国食品标准局表示，不是建议人们完荃不吃烤制食品，而是减少他们一生中烤制食品的摄入量’
一级修饰 To be fair,
________ !插入语
the FSA Mys （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句.作says的宾语
句子主干 it is not telling people to cut out roast foods entirely,
not...but连接的并列成分
but （telling people） to reduce their lifetime intake.
............. " 孕
词汇注释 lifetime [laiftaim] a.—生的;终身的 intake [ inteik） 摄入量;纳入的人数
- '* — : _____
❹ However, its campaign risks coining across as being pushy and overprotective.然而，它的运动冒着给人留下一•意
孤行且过分保护的印象的风险。
句子主干
词汇注释:campaign * [ kaem pem J n.运动v.参加运动come across给人以... 印象;使产生....印象
pushy [ pufi] a. 一意孤行的；有进取心的 overprotective [加vopmtektiv] a.过分保护的;袒护的
❺Constant health scares just end up with no one listening.持续不断的健康恐吓只会以无人听信告终。
句子主干 Constant health scares just end up （主+谓）
,介词短语作伴随状语
一级修饰 with no one listening.
词汇注释'、、constant *[ konst ant] a.持续不断的；重复的 scare [ skea(r) ] n.恐吓；恐慌;恐惧
Section D Reading Comprehension
Part A '、、、、、、、、、、、、'、'、、'、、、、'、、、、、、、
Text 1
第一段：
❶ A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK °town of
culture,' award. 一群工党议员，其中包括伊薇特•库珀，在迎接新年之际,呼吁在英国设立一项“文化之镇”奖。
句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释：instituteTinstitju：t]讥.设立，制定几.机构 award*[ 3 wo：d]几.奖；奖品；奖金
❷ The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which Was held by Hull in 2017, and has
been awarded to Coventry for 2021.该提议指出，“文化之镇”奖应与现有的“文化之城”称号并存。赫尔市在2017
年获得了“文化之城”的称号.而2021年的“文化之城”称号则被授予了考文垂市。The proposal is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 T that引导的表语从句
that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,
♦； f % - 一.、
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the existing city of culture title
which was held by Hull in 2017,
and星银独务谓语
一级修饰
and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
:词汇注释;p*roposal [pra'pauzl] n.提议；建议;求婚 a*longside [sJoij-said] prep.与... 一起;在....旁边
❸ Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an
avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.库珀和她的同僚们认为，赫尔市摘得的“文化之城 这一桂冠
为其带来了 2.2亿英镑的投资，并使艺术作品大量涌现，这样的成功不应局限于城市。
Cooper and her colleagues argue （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，:作argue的宾语
that the success of the crown for Hull,...ought not to be confined to cities.
where引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Hull
一级修饰 where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,
:迥汇注释 avalanche [ 'aevalamf] n.大量;雪崩 confine [kan-fain] vt.使受局限；限制;监禁
❹ Britain's towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to
beat their bigger competitors,确实，英国的小镇没有被阻止去申请这二称号，但它们普遍缺乏资源以倾全镇之
力击华愚捋劲的竞争对手。 _______
—级修饰 it is true,
[插入语
（l）Britain's towns,...are not prevented from applying,（主+谓）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but they generally lack the^resources （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰the resources
—级修饰 | to put together a bid
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
二级修饰 to beat their bigger competitors.
:词汇生释 b*id [bid] n.努力尝试 competitor〔konrpetitW） ] n.竞争者，对手
❺ A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.他们认为，
“文化之镇”奖可以成为一项年废活动,吸引资金并创造就业机会。
—级修饰 it is argued,
_______ :插入语
句子主干 A town of culture award could,...become an^nnudeyent,（主+系+表）
___________ [and连接并列的现在分词短语，作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 attracting funding and creating jobs.
:词汇注释:a*nnual [-aenjual] a.年度的;一年一次的 funding [ fAndirjj n.资金;基金;提供资金
第二段
❶ Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more
prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in
452008,有些人可能会把这项提议视为一个安慰奖，因为英国已无法再申请更有声望的“欧洲文化之都”称号了,
格拉斯哥和利物浦分别于1990年和2008年获得了这一备受追捧的奖项。
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
四级修饰
五级修饰
词汇注释 booby prize安慰奖;末名奖；自惭形秽 prestigious [pre'stid3as] a.有声望的;声誉高的
sought-after （因稀有或质优而）受欢迎的;受青睐的b*[baag:g] 把……收入囊中n.袋子；手提包
❷ A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its
desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow—village of
culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?怀疑者或许会推测，英国不顾一切地想要在脱欧后的世界重塑自
我，即将消失在无休止的自我庆祝热潮中:继“文化之镇”后，谁知道接下来会是什么呢一文化乡村？文化郊
区？抑或是文化小村庄？
A cynic might speculate （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作might speculate的宾语
that the UK is
介词短语作状语
into an endless fever of self-celebration
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:
[补充说明
二级修饰 after town re, who knows what will follow
补充说明
三级修饰 —village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
要点注释 after town of...follow中,who knows what will follow为“特殊疑问词+谓语+what引导的宾语从句”结构。
词汇注释 s*[.peculate spekjuieit] v.推测；猜测 on the verge of接近于;濒临
in one's desperation to do sth.不顾一切做某事 reinvent [ ,ri：in'vent]。匚彻底改变
Brexit英国脱欧 suburb*[ SAb3：b] n.郊区;城外
a
第三段]
❶It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.我们还要清醒地认识到，这些称号并不是治愈一切的灵
丹妙药。
It is also wise （主+系+表）
9海 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 to recall
[that引导的宾语从句，作recall的宾语
that such titles are not a cure-all.
46词汇注释:r*[necall k3：l] vt.记得;使想起 cure-all [ kjuor o:l] n.灵丹妙药;万灵药
❷ A badly run **year of cultureM washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no
lasting benefits to the community.运作不力的“文化年”如潮水般反复冲刷一个地方,虽然带来了短期声望，但没
有给当地带来持久的利益。
句子主干 A badly run "year of cultu^e,, washes （主+谓）
一级修饰
词汇注释: tide^ftaid] n.潮水；潮；潮汐 prominence [叩rnmmons] n.声望；突出
spell *[spel] n. 一段短暂时间；魔法。.拼写 community * [ ka mjumsti ]几.社会;社区
❸ The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in
high-profile arts events and good press for a year,那些真正成功的此类称号的拥有者除了在这一年内使酒店满
房、引入二手关注的艺术活动以及媒体的正面报道外;还会做很多事情。
—级修饰 of such titles
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰The really successful holders
句子主干 The really successful holders...are th^e （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句修饰those
—级修饰 that do a great deal
补充说明[
more than fill hotel bedrooms
二级修饰 | and连接的并列谓宾
and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.
凄成注管]more than fill...中,more than后跟动词时，意为“不仅仅，不只”，对其后的动词起强调作用。
:词汇注释：a great deal大量，许多 p*[prreesss] n.新闻报道;记者，报刊n压
❹ They transform the aspirations of the people who live there； they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and
more optimistic light,它们改零地更民的愿望;它们将城市的自身形象逐渐推向更自信大胆、更乐观的一面°
二级修饰 ° t who live there;
who引导的定语从句,j修饰the people
—级修饰 of the people
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the aspirations
（1） They transform the aspirations （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） they nudge the self-mage （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the self-image
of the city
一级修饰 介词短语作（2）句的状语
into a bolder and more optimistic light.
47词汇注释 aspiration Laesp^reijn]几强烈的愿望;抱负 nudge [nAdj]讶.轻推，轻触
b*old [bauld] a.大胆自信的;敢于冒险的;轮廓突出的 optimistic * [ loptimistik] a.乐观的
❺ ft is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the
private sector, community gro叩s and cultural organisations,这很难做到，需要非凡的远见卓识，以及城市当局、私
营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作C
to get right,
[It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
It is hard （主+系+表）
句子主干 land连接的并列谓语
=-一 - in - I Jn“ — 「 ...... • -一
and requires a remarkable degree of vision,
| as well as连接的并列成分
as well as cooperation 冬
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰cooperation
—级修饰 between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations.
要成洼释 句子主干中，系表结构is hard可整体看作复合谓语。
词汇注释 remarkable * [rrmazkgbl] a.非凡的；显著的 a*uthority [orGorati] n.当局;官方;权力
❻ But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of
factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.但这是可以做到
的:格拉斯哥作为“欧洲文化之都”的那一年，无疑可被视为将这座城市变成延续至今的艺术、音乐以及戏剧重
镇的一系列复杂因素中的一个因素-
句子主干 But it can be done:（主+谓）
7
解释说明句子主干
二级修希
Glasgow's year..,can certainly be seen
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Glasgow's year
*
as European capital of culture
I
二级修饰 |介词短语作Glasgow's year的补足语
as one of a complex series of factors
that引导的定语从句，修饰a complex series of factors
that have turned the city
介词短语作the city的补足语]
三级修饰
into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre
that引导的定语从句，1修饰the powerhouse...and theatre
that it remains today.
词汇注释 c*omplex [ kompleks] a.复杂的；复合的n.建筑群powerhouse [pauohaus]几强大的集团（或组织）
第四段
O A ** town of culture** could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities—helping sustain its high
street, s叩porting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. 文化之镇'可能不仅与艺术有关，还与尊重小
镇的持色有关一一帮助维持其商业街运营,资助当地的设施建设，最重要的是，歌颂当地人民。A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts （主+系+表）
not just...but连接的并列表语
but about honouring a town's peculiarities
解释说明
—helping sustain
, 并列的动名词短语
supporting local facilities
i and连接并列的动名词短语
and above all celebrating its people.
:词汇注释 peculiarity [pi.kjuili^aerati] n.特色；特性;怪癖 f*acilities [fa-silitiz] n. [pl.]设施;设备
❷ Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action. 英国
文化大臣杰里米-赖特应该欣然接受这一积极向上、充满希望的提议,并将其转化为行动。
—级修饰 the culture secretary,
J Jeremy Wright的同位语
Jeremy Wright,...should welcome p史画v?：垣匹-以1叫 propop®,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [and连接的并列谓宾
and （should） turn it into action.
:商汇函^ s*ecretary [•sekratri] n.大臣;部长;秘书 p*ositive [ pozativ] a.积极的；自信的
Text 2
第一段
❶ Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.长期以来，科学出版业一直是一本万利的行业。
句子主干 Scientific publishing has long been a licence （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a licence
一级修饰 to print money.
:商汇注篇:s*cientiHc [ .saian tifik] a.科学的;关于科学的 a licence to print money —本万利;摇钱树
❷ Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.
因为科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究成果，听以他们会无偿地向期刊提供论文
一级修饰 in which to publish their research,
:“介词in+which+动词不定式短语”结构作后置定语，修饰journals
（1） Scientists need journals （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 卜。连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so they will supply 也g*san]c （主+谓+宾）
T介词短语作（2 ）句的方式状语
—级修饰 without monetary reward.
:要点注释 一级修饰in which to publish their research是定语从句的一种简略形式，可还原为in which they can
publish their research o
「词无注臀 publish * [ •pAbliJ] v.发表；出版 monetary * [ mAmtri] a.金钱的
❸ Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of
status and the production of scientific knowledge.其他科学家也会免费进行同行评审的专业性工作，因为同行评审
是获得（学术）地位和产出科学知识的一项核心要素。
49also for free,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
of peer review
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the specialised work
句子主干 Other scientists pe^1111 （主+谓+宾）
because引导的原因状语从句J作句子主干的原因状语
SW
二 because it is a central element
二级修饰
商无注暮 specialised [-spejolaizd] a.专业的；专用的 acquisition* [ ^kwrzijn] n. 获得;购置
第二段：
❶ With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only to find a market for its journal.由于论文内容是
免费获得的，因此出版商只需为其期刊寻找市场。
RM
介坷短语作状语]
—级修饰 With the content of papers secured
With独W主格结构作句的原因状语
--r-T------------ ' >
句子主干 the publisher needs only to find a. market （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
—级修饰 for its journal.
商汇生释:s*ecure [srkjua（r）] vt.获得;取得a.安心的 publisher [ TAbhJa（r） ] n.出版商；出版公司
❷ Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.本世纪之前，大学图书馆对价格还不是很敏感。
—级修饰 Until this century,
[介词短语作句子主干的日间状语
句子主干 university libraries were not yery^nce^ensiUve.（主+系 +表）
词汇注际 u*niversity [juzm vaisati] n.大学;大学人员 s*ensitive [ sensativ] a.敏感的;机密的
❸ Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the
publishing industry is in an existential crisis.科学出版商照例报告他们的企业利润率接近40% ,而与此同时，其
他出版业正处于生死存亡之际。 、
一级修饰 on their operations,
介词短语作后置定语,：修饰profit margins
句子主干 Scientific publishers routinely report R史里空兰迎度虫j理四关（主+谓+宾）
干的时间状语
—级修饰 at a time
j when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
二级修饰 when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
要点注释：句子主干中,profit margins approaching 40%是动名词的复合结构，其中，profit margins是approaching
的逻辑主语。
商汇生释：Profit margin利润率;利润幅度;毛利 existential [ .egzi stenjal] a.有关（生死）存在的
50第三段
O The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of
more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access
their own publicly funded research ； both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to
change them,荷兰（科学出版业）巨头爱思唯尔公司声称出版全球25%的科学论文,其去年盈利超过9亿英镑，
而仅英国的大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑以使科研人员能够访问他们自己在公费资助下的研究。尽
管人们越来越拼命努力去改变这两个数字，但它们的上升似乎势不可当。
in the world,
.
过去分词短语作后置定语，I修饰the scientific papers
which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers
I which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明The Dutch giant Elsevier
⑴The Dutch giant Elsevier,...made gjrfits of more than £900m last year,（主+谓+宾）
while连接的并列句，表对比
wdiile UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 （主+谓+宾）
并列句
（2）both figures seem to rise unstoppably （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作目的状语j
to enable researchers
动词不定式短语作es的补足语！
to access their own publicly funded research;
介词短语作(2)句的让步状语
despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
要点注释 (1)句中，介词短语of more than £900m作后置定语，修饰profitso
词吼:洼稗 publicly [ pAblikU] Qd.公共地;公开地 unstoppably [ An^topabli] ad.不可阻挡地
i*ncreasingly [m kriisirjU] ad.越来越多地;渐增地 d*esperate [ desparat] a.拼命的；渴望的
第四段：
❶ The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier
for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.
对此，最猛烈且完全非法的反击当属Sci-Hub的出现，其创建于2012年，相当于一台全球性的科学论文复印机,
如今它宣称，可以提供自2015年以来发表的每一篇网络付费论文的访问权。
set up in 2012,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Sci-Hub
a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,
我知*Sci-Hub的同位语[“
The most drastic,...reaction has been [晚竺丝皇竺二旦皿,（主+系+表）
插入语
and thoroughly illegal,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Sci-Hub
which now claims to offer access
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰access
to every paywalled article
过去分词短语作后置定语,［修饰every paywalled article
published since 2015.
51诃汇注释:drastic r [ draestik] a.猛烈的;激烈的 emergence [i，m3：d3°ns] n.出现;兴起
photocopier [ fautaukopiaCr） ] n.复印机广 paywalled [ -peiwozld] a.（网络）付费的
❷ The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the
legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed »o that it works for all participants.
Sei-Hub的成功有赖于研究者们传播自己合法获取的文献副本，其成功表明合法的（科学出版）生态系统已经在
其用户中失去了合理性，必须对该系统进行改革以便它能为所有参与者服务。
二级修饰 they have themselves legally accessed,
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰copies
—级修饰 which relies on researchers passing on copies
| which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明The success of Sci-Hub
The success of Sci-Hub,...shows （主+谓+宾从）
' .......... -7------ • . r
了省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
句子主干 the legal ecosystem bas lost legitimacy among its users
i and连接的并列谓语
and must be transformed
"so that引导的目的状语从句
一级修饰 so that it works for all participants.
:词汇注释 ecosystem ['iikausistam] n.生态系统 legitimacy [lrd3itimasil n.合理性；合法性
transform * [ traens'form] w.改革；转换 participant * [partisipant]几.参与者;参加者
第五段：
❶ In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.在英国，向开放获取出版（模
式）的转变是由资助机构推动的。
In Britain
一级修饰 ［介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
! towards open access publishing
［［介词短语作后置定语，修饰the move
句子主干 the move...has been driven （主.谓）
,. ［介町by弓|出烈作的发出者
—级修饰 by funding bodies.
❷In some ways it has been very successful.在某种程度上，它已经非常成功了。
—修饰 In some ways
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 it has been yerj^successfiil.（主+系+表）
❸ More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from
the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed
on general release.现在，英国一半以上的科研成果都是按照开放获取的条款发表的：要么从发表那一刻起就可
以免费获取，要么在一年或更长时间内通过网络付费获取，以使出版商能在（科研成果）向公众开放前获利。
52词汇注释！ available*[a veibbl] a.可获得的；有空的 publication*[iPAblrkeiJn] n.发表；出版物
第六段：
❶ Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.然而，新系统尚未成功为大学降低开支。
句子主干 Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper （主+谓）
., 介词短语作句子主干的状语，|表对象
—级修饰 for the universities.
田汇注释：system*[ -sistsm] n.系统;体系;方法 work out成功地发展;锻炼身体
❷ Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to
cover the costs of preparing an article.出版商已经通过"向作者收费来支付论文出版准备工作所需费用”这一方
式对“免费向读者开放文献”这一要求做出了回应。
三级修饰
句子
介词短语作方式状语
—级修饰 by charging their writers fees
?动词不定式短语作百的状语
to cover the costs
介词短语侔后置定语J修饰the costs
of preparing an article.
词汇注释 respond*[rrspond] v.回应；回答 charge*[tfa:d3] vt.向... 收费;使负责;控告
costs*[ kosts] n. [pl.]花费；成本 article*[ a:tikl]儿论文，文章;物品
❸ These range from around £500 to $5 ,000.该费用从 500 英镑到 5000 美元不等。
—级修饰 from around £500 to $5,000.
[介词短语论状语，表范围
句子主干 These range （主+谓）❹ A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these uarticle preparation costs" had been steadily
rising at a rate above inflation.去年的一份报告指出*T 阅费和这些“论文出版准备费用” 一直在以高于通货膨
:词汇注释: subscription [sotrsknpjn] n.订阅，订阅费 i*nflation [m fleijri] n.通胀率;通货膨胀；充气
❺ In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in
exchange for the hope of status f while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.在某种程度
上，科学出版模式类似于社交网络经济:人们免费提供劳动以期换取（社会）地位，而赚取巨额利润的则是少数
经营市场的大公司。
一级修饰 In some ways
〕插入语
句子主干 the scientific publishing model resembles the economy （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，I修饰the economy
of the social internet:
补充说明
-级修饰 labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,
while连接的并列句，表对比
while huge profits are made
[介词by引出动作的发出者
-二级修饰一
by a few big firms
who引导的定语从句，|修饰a few big firms
三级修饰 who run the market places.
词汇注释 r*esemble [n zembi｝仇.类似;与...相似 l*abour [ -leibafr） ] n.劳动;劳动力;劳工
❻In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.在这两种情况下，我们都需要重新平衡权力。
一级修饰 In both cases,
1
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 we need a rebalancing of power.（主+谓+宾）
Text 3
Q 第一E殳：
❶ Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.进步人士通
常支持多样化指令，将其作为一种实现平等和打造公平竞争环境的方式。to level the playing field.
项汇洼群:progressive * [ pro gresiv ] n.进步人士 a.进步的 diversity [dai v3：sati] n.多样化
mandate [，maendeit] n.正式命令;授权 level the playing field创造公平的竞争环境
❷ But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does
little to help average people,但这种政策往往是一种体现美德的虚伪形式，只会让最享有特权的人受益，而对普
通人几乎没有帮助。
-级修饰
句子主干
通汇连将:v*[irtue 'V3：tJu：] n.美德;优点 privileged [ pnvalidsd] a.有特权的；受特别优待的
第二段
❶ A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,
to ensure Mgender parity” on boards and commissionsf provide a case in point.由马萨诸塞州参议员杰森,刘易
斯和众议院临时议长帕特里夏-哈达德提出的两项议案便是恰当的例子,这两项议案旨在确保各委员会中的
“性别平等” O
and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,
一级修饰 | and连接的并列成分
Sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰A pair of bills
句子主干 A pair of bills...provide a case in jpoint.（主+谓+宾）
" [动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰A pair of bills
_级修饰 to ensure “gender parity”
_____ [介词短语作后置定语，修饰“gender parity”
二级修饰 哼 boards and commissions,
罢应注释：过去分词短语 sponsored...中 ,Massachusetts state Senator 为 Jason Lewis 的前置同位语，House
Speaker Pro Tempore 为 Patricia Haddad 的前置同位语。
:词汇注释'、、sponsor ，spuns9（r） ] m提交（法案等）；赞助几.赞助商 parity [ paerati]几平等;相同；对等
b*oard [bo:d] n.委员会;理事会；木板 commission*[ ka mijn] n.委员会;佣金
55第三段：
❶ Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-govemment boards are less than 40 percent female.哈达
箜史维堑担心的是，超过一半的州政府委员会中，女性所占比例均不足40% o
Haddad and Lewis are concerned （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作复合谓语are concerned的宾语
that more than half the state-govemment boards are less than 40 percent female.
❷ In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas.
夷理堕奕女性能拥有更多这样的机会，他们已经提议实行政府配额制。
that elite women have more such opportunities,
一级修饰 | that引导的宾语从句，作ensure的宾语
In order to ensure
［动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语 亏“
句子主干 they have proposed imposing government quotas.（主+谓+宾）
要点注释 句中』n order to ensure that...为动词不定式短语的特殊形式。
词汇注释:elite*[ei B:t] a.精英的;最优秀的 quota*［ kwaut^］ n.配额；定额
❸ If fhe bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by
2022.如果这两项议案成为法规，那么该州各委员会将被要求在2022年之前为女性预留出50%的委员会席位。
-级修饰 If the bills become law,
If引导的条件状语町鬲子主干的条件状语
句子主辛
state boards and commissions will be required （主+谓）
［动词不定式短语作state boards and commissions的补足语
一级修饰 to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women
［介词短语作时间状语
二级修浦一
by 2022.
词汇注释：set aside留出；省出；把……放到一旁;暂时不考虑;驳回
第四段
❶ The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require
gender quotas for private companies.这两项议案与加利福尼亚州最近通过的一项法规相似，该州去年成为首个
要求私营企业实行性别配额制的州。
F
句子主 The bills are similar （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 to a measure
I
过去分词短语作后置定语, 修饰a measure
二级修序
recently adopted in Califo J rnia,
which引导的非限定性定语从句 补充说明California
which last year became the first state
动词不定式短语作后置定语：修饰the first state
四级修"
i
介词短语作状语，表对象
五级修饰 for private companies.
词汇注释:a*[9dopt dopt] vt.正式通过；采纳v.收养 gender quota性别配额
56❷ In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the
basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.在签署该法规时，加利福尼亚州州长杰里•布朗承认，这条将人明确按
照性别分类的法规很可能是违反宪法的C
一级修饰
句子主干
二级修饰
通汇洼释:signet sain]仇.签署;在... 上签名 expressly [ ik spresli] ad.明确地，清楚地
classify *[ klaesifai]仇.将... 分类 unconstitutional l .An^onstrtjujanl] a.违背宪法的
第五段
O The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an u importantM policy
interest.美国最高法院不赞成基于性别所进行的分类，除非这些分类是为了解决某个“重要的”政策利益问题，
句子主干 The US Supreme Court frowns on ?竺坦兰Q £场早如蛆竺§（主+谓+宾）
___________ unless引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest.
通汇J frown on不赞成;不同意 design*[ di zain]讥专为某种目的做（策划）
❷ Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely
to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of uequal protection."因为加利福尼亚州的这项法规适用于
热竺事会,甚至之前没有（性别）歧视历史的董事会,所以法院很可能裁定该法规违反了“平等保护”这一宪法保障一
二级修饰 even where there is no history of prior discrimination,
. where引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明all boards
—级修饰 Because the California law applies to all boards,
! Because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
courts are likely to rule （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作are likely to rule的宾语
that the law violates the constitutional guarantee
介词短语作后置定语，修tftthe constitutional guarantee
—级修饰 of "equal p*rotection/
迥汇汪释:apply*[s plai] vi.适用仇申请 p*[rior praia（r）] a.先前的;较早的
discrimination [di.sknmi neifnj n.歧视 r*[ruule ：l] v.裁定；判决
violate *[ vaialeit] m 违反;违背 guarantee * [ igaeran ti： ] n.保证;担保
第六国：
❶But are such government mandales even necessary?但这样的政府指令是否真有必要呢？
句子主干 But are such government mandates even necessary?（—般疑问句：系+主+表）
❷ Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population,
but 80 what?目前,女性在公司董事会中的参与比重可能并不能反映女性在总人口中所占的比例，但那又如何呢〃
57in the general population.
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the percentage of women
on corporate boards
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Female participation
⑴ Fonale ■argpatioiL..may not currently mirror （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 hut连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but so what?(特殊疑问句)
要点注释 so what是一个非正式表达，是口语中疑问句的省略形式,用于表现说话人对某事不屑一顾的态度。
词汇注释:m*[,mirgr(orr)] 反映;映照;反射 general *[ ^enral] a.总的;全体的
第七段】
❶ The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. 在没有政府
干预的情况下，公司董事会中女性的人数一直在稳步增加。
—级修饰 on corporate boards
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰women
句子主干 The number of women...has been steadily increasing （主+谓）
“介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 without government interference.
词汇洼释 steadily [ sted^li] ad.稳定地;稳固地 i*nterference 】皿寸侦冲]几干预；干涉;介入
❷ According to a study by Catalyst t between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations
increased by 54 percent.根据Catalyst的一项研究,2010年至2015年间，女性在全球企业薰事会中的占比增长了
二
54%
According to a study by Catalyst,
一级修饰 插入语
between 2010 and 2015
l
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the share of women...increased by 54 percent.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰women
二级修饰
on the boards of global corporations
第八段
❶ Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced
private sector boards,要求公司将性别作为董事会成员任职的首要条件，将不可避免地导致私营企业董事会经
验不足。
Requiring companies.・・will inevitably lead to 卫型旺ggg坚jjgggjg.（主+谓俣）
句子主干
[动词不定式短语作companies的补足语
to make gender the primary qualification
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the primary qualification
二级修饰
fbr board membership
词汇注释 qualification*[ ikwohfi keijn] n.限定条件；资格 private*[ praivat] a.私营的；私立的
❷ That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota,这正是挪威在全国范围内实
行公司.性别配额制时出现的情况。
58That is exactly...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [what引导的表语从句
what happened
卜hen引导的时间状语从句
一级修饰 when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
I
第九段
❶ Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without
increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “ golden skirt ” phenomenon, where the
same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.艾丽丝•李在《新共和》杂志中指出，增加女性任
职董事会成员的机会，但却不增加能够胜任这些职位的女性备选人员数量，已经导致“金裙”现象：同一群精英
女性在不同的董事会中占据着多个席位
一级修饰 Writing in The New Republic,
现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
Alice Lee notes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作notes的宾语
that increasing the number of opportunities...has led to a “golden skirt" phenomenon.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the number of opportunities
for board membership
介词短语作伴随状语
一级修饰 without increasing the pool of qualifiedwomen to serve on such boards
Where引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明 a...phenomenon
where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats
[介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 on a variety of boards.
词汇注释 p*[pouol ：l] n.（统称）备用人员 qualified t kwohfaid] a.合格的；有资格的
scoop up敏捷地抱起（文中引申为“占据”） m* ultiple [ mAltipl] a.数量多的；多种多样的
第十段」
❶ Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely
self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.下次若有人推行公司配额
制,将其作为促进性别平等的一种方式，请记住,这样的政策在很大程度上都是利己的措施，它们让倡议者感觉
良匝但也3通女性的帮助却微乎其微。 …f U F
二级修", to promote gender equity,
. 5 _ '动词不定式短语作后置定语,!修饰a way
as a way
—级修饰 介词短语作corporate quotas的补足语]
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas
； Next time引导的时间状语从句，作句子¥干的时间状语
句子主干 remember也竺竺虫£亟（祈使句：谓+宾从）
that引导的定语从句，！修饰self-serving measures
that make their sponsors feel good
一级修饰 [but连接的并列谓宾
but do little to help average women.
59Text 4
第一段
❶ Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large
multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.上周四，法国参议院通过 了一项数字服
务税法案.它将向为法国消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型跨国公司征收一项全新的税款。
句子主干 Last Thursday, the French Senate passed adigitaljeryicesjax,（主+谓+宾）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明a digital services tax
一级修饰 which would impose an entirely new tax
"s：" [，词短语作状语,表对象
二级修饰 on large multinationals
;that引导的定语从句，修饰large multinationals
住级修饰 that provide digital services to consumer, orusera in France.
词汇注释:senate*〔，senM] n.参议院;大学理事会 digital *[ dTd3itl<] a.数字式的;数码的n.数字电视
taX*[taeks] n.税；税款vt.使纳税 i*[mimpose pauz]讶.强制实行;推行
multinational [ inulti naejnal] n.跨国公司 consumer [ koirsjuimMr）]几消费者；用户
❷ Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising
based oonn uusseerr data, and the lax applies to gross revenue from such services.从提供线上商品及服务销售平台到基
王史骅据精准投放广告，数字服务包罗万象，而数字服务税适用于由此类服务产生的总收入C
based on user data.
二级修饰 形容词短语作状语, 修饰 targeting
for selling goods and services online
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a platform
from providing a platform...to targeting advertising
介词短语作后置定语]修饰everything
（l）Digital services include eveiytiung （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 ；and连接的并列句
（2）and the tax applies （主+谓）
[介词短语作（2）句的状语，表对象
一级修饰 to gross revenue
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰gross revenue
二级修饰 from such services.
词汇注释 platform*[ Plstfozm] n.平台；站台 advertising [ aedvataizig]几.广告活动;广告业
gross [graus] a.总的；毛的n.总收入;毛收入 revenue*[ revgnju：] n.（公司、组织或政府的）收入
❸ Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a **GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply
primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies
based in the United States.许多法国政界人士及媒体将其称为“GAFA税”，意思是它旨在将谷歌（Google）、苹果
（Apple）、脸书（Facebook）和亚马逊（Amazon）等公司-换句话说，就是总部设在，美国的跨国科技公司----列为
60；诞汇注释:politician^ [.pola tijn] n,从政者;政治家;政客 media outlet媒体渠道;媒体平台
primarily [prarmerali] ad.主要地;根本地 base sth. in 设立;驻扎
第二段：
O The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the
measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.数字服务税法案目前正在等待总统埃马纽埃尔•马
克龙的签字,他已表示支持该法案，并且该法案可能在未来几周内生效。
(l)The digital services tax now awaits
句子主干 and连接的并列句
(2)and it could go into effect (主+谓)
who引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明President Emmanuel Macron
who has expressed support for the measure.
一级修饰 介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
within the next few weeks.
:词汇注释 a*wait [3 weit] vt.等待;将发生在……身上 signature Y [ .Sign3tjd(r) ] n.签字；署名
m* easure [ .me39（r） ] n.法案；法令；议案 go into effect生效;施行
❷ But it has already sparked significant controversy. with the United States trade representative opening an investigation
into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against
France.但是，数字服务税法案已经引起了重犬争议，美国贸易代表开始调查该税是否歧视美国公司，此举可能
转而导致美国对法国实施贸易制裁： r
句子主干 But it has already sparked 匝£迎竺匹jgyggy,（主+谓+宾）
1 with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 with the United States trade representative openliinngg aann i11nvestigation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an investigation!
into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,
二级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明独立主格结构的内容
which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
要点注释 介词短语into whether...companies中,whether引导的宾语从句作介词into的宾语;宾语从句中，主
语为 the tax,谓语为 discriminates,介词短语 against American companies 作状语。
:词汇注释 s*ignificant [sig-nifikant] a.重大的 c*ontroversy [ -kontravaisi] n.争议；争论
r*epresentative [ .repn zentativ]几代表 investigation [ m.vesti geijn]儿 调查；侦查
d*iscriminate [di sknmmeitl vi.歧视；区别 sanction * [ gkjn]几制裁 vt. /n.批准；认可
a
第三段[
❶ The French tax is not just a unilateral move by. one country in need of revenue.法国的数字服务税并不仅仅是一个
需要税收的国家采取的星边行动。
句子主干 The French tax is not just a^nilateraljnoye (主+系+表)
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a unilateral move
一级修饰 by one country
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰one country
二级修饰 in need of revenue.
词汇注释 unilateral [ Jumrlaetral] a.单边的 in need of 有... 需要;有....的必要
❷ Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting
in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.相反，它是更大趋势中的一部分，过去几年里，数个
国家提议或实施了一系列以首字母组合命名的新型国际税收规定。
61句子主干 Instead, the digital services tax is 叵兰Jg?虫坝g竺[史史,（主+系+表）
______ [with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 with countries...proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of...tax provisions.
' [鼻词姮语作商间状语
二级修饰 over the past few years
「词无莲暮1 alphabet soup代号语言 p*rovision [pr3 vi3n] n.（法律文件的）规定，条款
❸ These have included Britain's DPT （diverted profits tax）, Australia's MAAL （ multinational anti-avoidance law）, and
India's SEP （ significant economic presence） test, to name but a few.这些税收规定包括英国的 DPT（转移利润税）、
澳大利亚的MAAL（《跨国公司反避税法》）和印度的SEP（显著经济存在）准则,这些仅是其中几例。
These have included Britain's DPT （diverted profits tax）,（主士谓+宾）
I并列宾语
句子主干 Australia's MAAL （multinational anti-avoiHance law）,
and连接的并列宾语
and India's SEP （significanteconomic presence） test,
插入语
一级修饰 to name but a few.
高无生释：divert。［da［.v3：t］仇.转移;使改道 anti-avoidance 反避税
❹ \t the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated
digital services taxes.与此同时，欧盟、西班牙、英国及其他几个国家也都认真考虑过数字服务税。
—级修饰 At the same time, y
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the European...countries have all seriously contemplated digital sendees taxes.（主+谓+宾）
商食释]c*ontemplate [ kontampleit] vt.考虑;思量;思忖
第四段，
❶ These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and
revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that
right,这些单边措施在细节方面各不相同，但它们的目的都是对跨国公司的净收入及总收入征税，这些国家认
为自己应该有权对这些收入征收税款，尽管国际税收法则并未赋予他们该项权利。
—级修饰 In their specifics,
介词短语作（1）句的状语i
（1） These unilateral developments differ （主+谓）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but they are all designed （主+谓）
__________ J动词不定式短语作（2 ）句的目的状语
一级修饰 to tax multinationals on income and revenue
that引导的定语从句，[修饰income and revenue
二级修饰 that countries believe they should have a right to tax,
even if引导的让步状语从句
三级修饰 even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.
62'、词汇注释:s*pecifics [spa sifiks] n. [pl.]细节;详情 x g*rant [graint] vt.授予（权力等）；准许
❷ In other words, they all share a view that the international system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
换句话说，这些国家都认为，国际税收制度已经跟不上，目前的经济发展状况了。
一级修饰 In other words
插入语
：句子主干 they all share amew （主+谓+宾）
j that引导的同位语从句，解释说明a view
that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
第五段［
O In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD）
is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. 作为又寸上
述多项单边措施的回应,经济合作与发展组织（OECD）目前正与131个国家进行合作，以期在2020年年底之前
就一个国际性解决方案达成共识。
―级祈
In response to these many unilateral measures,
I
介介词词短短语语作作句句子子主主干干的的目目的的状状语语
句子主干 the Organization for...Development （OECD） is currently working （主+谓）
介词短语作状语［
with 131 countries
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to reach a consensus by the end of 2020
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰a consensus
on an international solution.
'词汇注释 r*esponse ［n spons］ n.回应；响应；答复 c*onsensus [kan sensas] n.共识，一致的意见
❷ Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the
American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.法国和美国都参与了该
组织的工作,但法国的数字服务税和美国的回应让人们对国际税收制度的未来走向产生了疑问。
（l）Both France and the United States are inWyed in the o厄anization's work,（主+系 +表）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but France's digital services tax and the American response raise gu^tiwis （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰questions
一级修饰 about what the future holds
介词短语作状语，|表对象
二级修饰 for the international tax system.
第六段：
❶ France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax
system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from
dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.法国计划征收数字服务税是一个明确的警告：除非能够
就改革国际税收制度达成广泛共识，否则其他国家可能会效仿法国,而美国公司将面临来自许多国家的一连串
不同的税种,这些税种将会被证实是负担沉重且代价高昂的。句子主干 France's planned tax is aclearwaniing:（主+系+表）
’解释说明句子主干
other nations are likely to follow suit,
一级修饰 and连接的并列句
and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations
I Unless?I导的条件状语从句
Unless a broad consensus can be reached
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句， 修饰a cascade of different taxes
that will prove burdensome and costly.
介词短语作后置定语, 修饰a broad consensus
三级修饰 on reforming the international tax system,
， .-对、’
词汇注释 warning [ •womig]几警告；警示；先兆 follow suit仿效某人;照着做
a cascade of 一连串;大量;许多 burdensome [，b3：dnsom] a.负担沉重的;难以承担的
//✓// ///z/ ///////// / i f f / / ✓ ///. / /. / //
a
第一段.
O In a social situation f eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. 在社交
场合中，与他人进行目光接触表示你正在以一种友好的方式关注着对方。
一级修饰 In a social situation,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
.F S
句子主干 eye contact...can show 如以（主+谓+宾从）
I
介词短语作后置定语，修饰eye contact
with another person
一级修饰 介词短语作方式状语
in a fnendly way.
❷ But it can also be antagonistic, such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and
makes eye contact that signals hostility.但目光接触也可能是有敌意的，例如，当政治候选人在辩论中面向他们的
竞争对手时,则会以目光接触来传达敌意C
But it can also be antagonistic,（主+系+表）
| such as...举例说明句子主干
such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor
J and连接的并列谓语
ME :
and makes eye contact
介词短语作时间状语
during a debate
that引导的定语从句, 修饰 eye contact
that signals hostility.
词汇注释 antagonistic [an.taega mstik] a.有敌意的；敌对的 c*andidate [，kaendubt]几候选人；申请人
s*ignal [-signal] vt.显示；表达；表示 v.发信号 hostility [hostibti] n.敌意;对抗
❸Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:以下是硬科学就目光接触所得出的一些研究结论：
64句子主干 Here^s what hard science reveals （倒装句：表+系+主从）
][介词短语作主语从句的状语
一级修饰 about eye contact:
:询汇注释 hard science硬科学；自然物理科学 r*eveal [n vi：l] vt.揭示;显示;透露
第二段】
❶ We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back.我们知道，婴儿一,
般会本能地盯着自己母亲的眼睛，然后母亲也会回视自己的孩子。
i词汇注释壬t*ypical [*tipikl] a.平常的;典型的 infantunfont]几婴儿;幼儿
instinctively [m stirjktivli] ad.本能地;直觉地 gaze" [geiz] vi.盯着；注视;凝视
❷ This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.这种对视是母亲和孩子之间依恋关系
的主要部分。
句子主干1 This mutual gaze is a major part （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a major part
一级修饰 of the attachment
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the attachment
1
二级修饰 between mother and child.
:丐汇注释！ m* utual [ •mjuitjual] a.相互的；彼此的 attachment [o taetjmant] n.依恋;爱慕
❸ In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention,成年后,以
一种和善的目光注视别人可以传达你对对方的赞赏性关注。
:耕汇注群:adulthood [ -aedAlthud] n.成年 complimentary [ ^omplrmentri] a.赞美的;表示钦佩的
❹It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room.在拥挤的房间里，这种注视可以吸引别人的注意力o
句子主干 It can catch someonejs attention （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
一级修饰 in a crowded room.
65❺ ** Eye contact and smiles" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by
psychologist Monica Moore.目光接触和笑容”能够传达出易接触和自信的信号，这是心理学家莫妮卡•摩尔的
研究所证实的一个常识性认识。
句子主干 "Eye contact and smiles" can signal gygj蜘史也专巴由竺典jggg。，（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 a common-sense notion
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰a common-sense notion
二级修饰 supported in studies
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰studies
by psychologist Monica Moore.
词汇注释 availability [aiveib bihti]几可得性;有效性 n*otion [ noujn] n.看法;信念
第三段】
O Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward
the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded.通过分析一次简短面试中应聘
者和面试官的目光方向的记录，神经科学家邦妮-欧阳发现,催产素会增加应聘者与面试官目光接触的次数.
:词汇注释:neuroscientist [ -njuarausaiantist]几神经科学家 h*ormone [ hozmaun]几激素;荷尔蒙
oxytocin [ ioksi tausm]几.催产素 direction * [ da rekjn] n.方向；趋势
❷ This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye
contact.而且这种情况也出现在那些可能倾向于避免目光接触的高功能自闭症谱系障碍的患者身上。
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
词汇注释:autistic [ortistik] a.患自闭症的 spectrum y [ spektram]几.谱;光谱;范围
symptom * [ simptgm]儿症状;征兆 t*end [tend] vt.倾向于讶.趋向
66© Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researchers, using advanced methods
of brain scanning.其他研究者也正在通过使用先进的大脑扫描技术，探究在直视过程中产生反应的特定大脑区域。
一级修饰 that respond during direct gaze
[that引导的定语从句，修饰Specific brain regions
句于主干 Specific brain regions...are being explored （主+谓）
介词by引出动作的发出者
by other researchers,
一级修饰 ［现在分词短语作方式状语
using advanced methods
介词短语作后置定语J修饰advanced methods
二级修饰 of brain scanning.
:词汇注释 explore *［ ik spb:（r） ］ vt.探究；调查研究 s*[can skaen] vt.扫描；浏览
第四段
O With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye
contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation.通过使用眼球追踪技术，哈佛大学肯
尼迪政府学院的朱莉娅-明森得出了这样的结论:根据不同的情况，目光接触可以传达各种不同的信息。
渍十泌诗浮vt With the use of eye-tracking technology.
. •
-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰Julia Minson
Julia Minson.. .concluded （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作concluded的宾语
that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,
现在分词短语作状语
一级修饰 depending on the situation.
❷ While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with
dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.虽然在友好的场合中，目光接触可能是一•种亲近或信任的标
志，但在对立的场合中，目光接触很可能与支配或胁迫有关。
in friendly situations.
二级修饰 |介词短布作地点状语
of connection or trust
l介词短语作后置定语,［修饰a sign
一一级修饰
While eye contact may be a sign
j While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it's more likely to be associated （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
with dominance or intimidation
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in adversarial situations.
67词汇注释 intimidation [ mitimrdeijn] n.威胁，恐吓 adversarial [ iaedva searial] a.对立的；敌对的
❸“Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may
backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,M said Minson.明森称，"不管
你是政客还是家长,牢记这一点会对你非常有益一如果你正在努力说服某个和你有不同信仰的人，那么设法
保持目光接触可能会适得其反。”
said Minson.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
要枚主释」直接引语中,it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to keep in mind...作真正的主语。
词汇注释 keep in mind将....记在心中;记住 maintain * [mem-tem] vt.保持;维持
backfire [ .baek-faiaCr) ] vi,事与愿违 c*onvince [ kanwins] vt.说服;劝服
O When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. 在注视一•张脸
或一幅照片时，我们的目光每次都会停留在一个点上，往往是在眼睛或嘴巴上。
词汇注释 p*ause [ po:z ] vi. /n.停顿;暂停 s*pot [spot] n.地点；斑点；污迹
❷ These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important
points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.通常这些停顿大约每秒3次，然后目光会移到另一个
点，直到图像中几个重要的点像一系列快照一样被记录下来。at about three per second,
介词短语作状语，［表频率
(l)These pausestypically occur （主+谓）
| and连接的并列句
（2）and the eyes then jump （主+谓）
介词短语作地点状语
to another spot,
until引导的时间状语从句，作(2)句的时间状语
until several important points...are registered
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰several important points
in the image
介词短语作状语
like a series of snapshots.
:词汇注释 register *[ Ted3ista（r） ] v.记录;登记;注意到 snapshot [ -snaepfot ] n.快照；大致印象
❸ How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
整个图像接下来如何被整合和感知仍然是一个谜，尽管这是目前研究的主要课题。
How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery （主从+系+表）
Jalthough引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
二
although it is the subject
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the subject
二级修饰 of current research.
:词汇注释 a*ssemble [g sembl] v.集合;收集；聚集 p*erceive [pa si：v] vt.感知到;视为;认为
QE9S
O In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and
anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari
Hietanen and colleagues.据芬兰研究人员雅里-希塔宁及其同事所言，在神经质（一种与自我意识和焦虑有关
的人格维度）测试中得分高的人，目光接触会引发更多与回避有关的活动。
要点注释 介词短语In people...neuroticism中，who引导的定语从句，修饰peopleo
69:可汇汪群:neuroticism [njumt^sizam] n.神经质 p*ersonality [ ,p3：sa naebti] n.人格;个性;魅力
d*imension [ darmenjn]几维（度）；方面 self-consciousness [ tself konjasnas] n.自我意识
t*rigger [ 'tnga（r） ] vt.引起;发动 n.扳机 avoidance [a voidsns] n.回避；避免；防止
❷“Our findings indicate that people do not only feel difiierent when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions
also differ. ”“我们的研究结果表明，当人们成为被关注的焦点时，他们不仅感觉不同，而且大脑反应也不同。”
"Our findings indicate （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作indicate的宾语
句子主干 that people do not only feel different
not only...but （also）连接并列的宾语从句
but （also） that their brain reactions also differ."
when引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
tT
一诚 when they are the centre of attention
词汇注释: i*ndicate [ mdikeit] vt.表明；显示 reaction [ri-aekfhj n.反应；回应
❸ A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods
of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them. 一个更直接的结果显示，那
些在像焦虑这样的负面情绪方面得分高的人注视他人的时间很短，在没有人直视他们的时候，他们感觉更舒服。
like anxiety
举例说明negative emotions
for shorter periods of time
一级修饰 介词短语作表语从句的时间状语
who scored high for negative emotions
who引导的定语从句,[修饰people
A more direct finding is that people.. J<^ked a^others （主+系+表从）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and reported more comfortable feelings
when引导的时间状语从句
-级修饰-
when others did not look directly at them.
词汇注释« n*egative [ megativ] a.负面的;有害的 emotion * [i msufn] n.情绪；情感；激情
/ / /. //✓// / / / / •/〃〃，/ / / /
/ f t / V//////Z////✓///// > \ A A A .\ WXWXXWWXXW AW
第一段
O Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modem world
saw a departure from what it had once known.继14世纪文艺复兴时期佛罗伦萨创造力大爆发之后，现代世界颠
覆了其已有认知。
known as the Renaissance,
二级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the explosion of creativity in Florence
during the 14th century
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the explosion of creativity
_级修饰 Following the explosion of creativity in Florence
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the modem world saw a departure （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a departure
一级修饰 from what it had once known.
70:要庇注释:介词短语from what...中,what引导的宾语从句作from的宾语。从句中，主语是it,谓语是had...known,
宾语是what,副词once作状语，修饰had...knowno
:词汇注释:Renaissance * [ nneisns ]几文艺复兴 d*eparture [ di pa:tfa（r）]几背离；违反;逾越
© it turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach
to being.人们不再信奉上帝与罗马天主教会的权威，转而赞成一种更具人文主义的生存之道。
二级修饰 of the Roman Catholic Church
介词短语作后置定语，修Wthe authority
一级修饰 from God and the authority
介词短语作状语
It turned （主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and instead favoured a morehumanistic approach to being.
:词汇注释」f*[avour -feiva（r） ] vt.赞成，喜爱 humanistic [ .hjuimg mstik] a.人文主义的
❸ Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing
extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.到17世纪，文艺复兴的思想已经在整个欧洲广为传
播，艺术和科学在更有逻辑的人群中发展得极其繁荣。
well into the 17th century,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
8throughout Europe
_____介词短语作句子主干的地点状语]
句子主干 Renaissance ideas had spread （主+谓）
[with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily
航介词短语作状语，表范围
二级修饰 among those with a more logical disposition.
:问汇注释:t*hroughout [erui aut] prep.遍及；自始至终 flourish -flAnf] vi.繁荣；昌盛;兴旺
extraordinarily [ ik stroidnrali] ad.极其;非常 d*isposition [ （dispa zijn]几性格;倾向
❹ With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and
modem periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.文艺复兴使教会的教义与
思维方式黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，通向了尚未探索的新知识领域C
二级修饰 by the Renaissance,
介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed
（with独立主格结构作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 the gap...had been bridged,（主+谓）
,[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the gap
between the Medieval and modem periods
-级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
:词汇注释:eclipse^[rkhps] vt.使黯然失色;使相形见幼 b*[brniddge 3] 5.弥合（分歧）；消除（隔阂）
unexplored [ tAiuk'spbzd] a.未经探索的 t*erritory [ teratri]几.领域；领土；地区
71第二段：
Q During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated
the power of scientific study and discovery.文艺复兴时期伟大的智者们-尼古拉•哥白尼，约翰尼斯•开普勒
以及伽利略 •伽利雷—一证明了科学研究与发现的力最。
一级修饰 During the Renaissance,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the great minds...demonstrated the^power （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the power
of scientific study and discovery.
一级修饰 of? 1 出 the great minds的同位语
of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei
:词汇注释，m*[minadmd] 几富有才智的人;聪明人 d*emonstrate [ demanstreit]仇.证明；论证
❷ Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the
geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.在他们的每一项发现揭不之前，当时的许多思想家
依然保持着更古老的思维方式，包括地心说，即地球是我们宇宙的中心。
词汇注释:revelation^[.rev9 leiJn] n.（惊人的、极好的）发现 s*ustain [s3-stem] vt.使保持;维持
geocentric [ （djiiau sentnk] a.以地球为中心的 v*iew [vju:] n.观点，看法，见解
❸ Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a
system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. 1543年，哥白尼提出一种理论：我们已知的所有行星都
不是绕着地球转动，而是绕着太阳转动，后来，伽利略支持这一理论体系并为此付出了代价。
要点注释 a system...expense中，that引导的定语从句，修饰a systemo从句中，that代替先行词a system作主
语,谓语是was...upheld,介词by引出动作的发出者Galileo,副词later和介词短语at his own expense均
作状语，修饰was...upheldo
72"诃汇注释｝ theorize [,如raiz".从理论上说明；建立理论 u*phold [Aphauld] vt.支持;维护
❹ Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,
and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. 在科学
思想和宗教思想关系高度紧张的时期提出这样的理论,就会被贴上异端分子的标签，任何继续传播这些“谎言”
的异端分子都会被处以监禁甚至死刑。
between scientific and religious minds
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰high tension
during a time of high tension
介词短语作(1)句的时间状语
as heresy,
]介词短语作Offering up such a theory的补足语
（l）Offering up such a theory—was branded （主+谓）
and连接的并列句
（2）and any such heretics...were to be punished （主+谓）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰any such heretics
that continued to spread these lies
介词短语作(2)句的方式状语
by imprisonment or even death.
要点注释 (2)句中.were to 半助动词，与其后的谓语动词be punished共同构成复合谓语。
：词汇注释 t*ension [ tenfn] n.紧张局势(或关系、状况)；矛盾 b*rand [braend] 加污名于;谴责
heresy ['herasi] n.宗教异端;信奉邪说 imprisonment [ inrpnznmant] n.监禁;关押
a
第三段]
❶ Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how
the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.尽管教会试图压制这些新一
代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但关于宇宙如何运转的解释越来越多，而且出现的速度之快让人无法忽视。
to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists,
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰attempts
by the Church
介词短语作后置定语，修饰attempts
顼修饰
Despite attempts
介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 「.were being made （主+谓）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰more explanations
for how the universe functioned
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
at a rate
that引导的定语从句，修饰a rate
二级修饰 that the people could no longer ignore.
:要点注释 介词短语for how...中，how引导的宾语从句作for的宾语。从句中，主语是the universe,谓语是
functioned, how为方式状语。
:词汇注释 s*uppress [sa pres] vt.压制；镇压；控制 rationalist [ raejnahst] n.理性主义者；唯理论者
73❷ It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was bom.正是因为这些伟大的发
现，一种基于理性的新哲学才得以诞生。
]It was that
—级修饰 It was...that为强调句型,]强调原因状语with these great revelations
with these great revelations
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 a new kind of philosophy...was bom.（主+谓）
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a new kind of philosophy
—级修饰 founded in reason
词汇注释 philosophy * [ fa losofi ]几哲学;哲学体系 reason*[ -rirzn] n.理性;思考力；原因
第四段】
❶ The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.教会长期存在的
教条在关乎真理的伟大斗争中输给了理性主义者和科学家。
句子主干 The Church's long-standing dogma was losing虫?妥竺_坦坦归身四虫（主+谓+宾）
______ [介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
—级修饰 to rationalists and scientists.
词汇注释 long-standing [ Jorj staendirj] a.存在已久的;悠久的 dogma [ dogma] n.教条;教义;信条
❷ This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century.这——事
实体现了在17世纪的大部分时间里席卷整个欧洲的新思维方式
句子主干 This very fact embodied [些爽型史黛一&£也咀地（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the new ways of thinking
—级修饰 that swept through Europe
鬲短语作时间状语
二级修饰 during most of the 17th century.
词汇注释:embody*[im bDdi] vt.体现;具体表现;包括 sweep through席卷;横扫;迅速传播
❸ As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance
was over and it was time for a new era—the Age of Reason.当许多人承担起责任，试图将推理和科学哲学融入世界
的时候，文艺复兴就结束了，同时，一个新的时代到来了—理性时代。
三级修饰 into the world,
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the duty
----------------
—级修饰 As many took on the duty
〔As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
（1） the Renaissance was oyer （主+系+表）
句子主干 ! and连接的并列句
， I
（2） and it was time （主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰time
—级修饰 for a new era
|补充说明a new era
二级修饰 一the Age of Reason.
74词汇注释:integrate*[ mtigreit] vt.使融入;使合并 reasoning [ Tiizamg] n.推理；推想
第五段】
❶ The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. 17和18世纪是充满巨变和鼓励好奇心的
时代。
句子主干 The 17th and 18th centuries were times （主+系.表）
介词短语作后置定语。瞄
一级修饰 of radical change and curiosity.
词汇注释 r*adical [ paedikl] q.根本的；全新的；激进的 c*uriosity [ ^juari-DSati]儿好奇心；奇物;珍品
❷ Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty,
tolerance and progress.科学方法论、还原论和对教会理想的质疑都受到了鼓舞，自由、宽容和进步的思想亦是
如此。
句子主干 Scientific method...Church ideals was to be encouraged,（主+谓）
as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
一级修饰 as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress.
要点注释: as引导的比较状语从句为省略了 to be encouraged的倒装句，可还原为as ideas of liberty, tolerance
and progress were to be encouraged0 as引导的比较状语从句的倒装意在突出主语，使主语处于句末
信息的中心位置。
词汇注释 reductionism [n dAkfamzam] n.还原论；简化论 tolerance * [ tolarans ] n.宽容;忍受
© Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase
u sapere aude" or "dare to know" , after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay "An Answer to the Question: What is
Enlightenment? \这种寻求知识和理解我们已经知道的信息的行为在拉丁语中被称为“sapere aude”，即“敢于
求知”（伊曼努尔-康德先前在其文章《对“什么是启蒙”的回答》中使用了这一短语）。
what information we already knew
what引导的宾语从句，作understand的宾语
一级修饰 and to understand
and连接并列的动词不定式短语
to seek knowledge
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰Such actions
句子主干 Such actions...were captured （主+谓）
I
[次词近弓 出动作的善出者
by the Latin phrase 4tsapere aude" or "dare to know",
一级修饰 after引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
after Immanuel Kant used it
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in his essay uAn Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".
要点注释 by... "dare to know”中，the Latin phrase 作"sapere aude"的同位语。
词汇注释 c*apture [ -kaeptja（r）]以.描述；表达 enlightenment [ m laitnmant ] n.启蒙；启发；教化
75❹ It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be
founded in knowledge,向真理前进并发掘真理是伟大的智者们的目的和责任，他们相信真理是建立在知识之
上的。 勺u* 二..
一级修饰 M great minds
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the purpose and responsibility
It was 业 理咳 空pg哽或灯（主♦系+表）
句子主干 [It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to go forth and seek out the truth,
V * which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the truth
一级修饰 which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
要点连释j Which引导的非限定性定语从句中，主语为they,谓语为believed, which代替先行词the truth作
believed的宾语;动词不定式短语to be founded in knowledge为the truth的补足语，其中，介词短语
in knowledge 作状语，修饰 be foundedo
. . M"碎 -x'.-:.
"诃汇逢释]f*orth [fg] ad.向前;向某处;离去;外出 seek out搜寻出;找出;追寻到
76
