文档内容
2019年考研英语（-）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
。 a
第一段】
Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.
如今,我们生活在这样一个世界：全球定位系统、数字地图以及其他导航应用程序都可以在我们的智能手机上
使用。
句子主干 Today, we live in a world （主+谓）
| where引导的定语从句，修饰a world
-级修饰 where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available
介词短语作状语
on our smartphones.
:词汇注释 navigation [ .naevi geijn] n.导航；领航 available * [a veibbl] a.可获得的；可找到的
❷Few of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.我们中很少有人会不带手机就径直走进森林
into the woods
j介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 Few of us just walk straight （主+谓）
]介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
-蛔
without a phone.
❸ But phones mn on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.但手机依靠电池运行，而电池耗尽的速度
比我们所了解的更快。
（1） But phones run on batteries,（主+谓）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
（2） and batteries can die faster （主+谓）
[than引导的比较状语从句,作＜2 ）句的比较状语
than we realize.
:词汇注释 b*attery [,bsetriK”.电池；（汽车）电瓶 r*ealize [-riralaiz] r. 了解；意识到;理解
❹ If you get lost without a'pKon& or a compass, and you literally can't find north, a few tricks may help you navigate
back to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.如果你在没有手机也没有指南针的情况下迷路，又确实找
不到北方，一些技巧也许可以帮你指引方向，回到文明社会，其中之一就是沿着地势走
and you literally can't find north.
and连接的并列句
If you get lost without a phone or a compass,
If?l导的条件状语从句，:作句子主干的条件状语
a few tricks may help 四]j （to） navigate back to civilization,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
Jwhich引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a few tricks
one of which is to follow the land.词汇荏群:compass r [ kAmpss] a.指南针；罗盘 literally * [Titaroli] ad.确实地;照字面地
t*rick [tnk] n.技巧;把戏vt.欺骗 civilization * [ ^ivalarzeijn] n.文明社会；文明
第二段]
❶ When you find yourself off a trail, but not in a completely unfamiliar area of land, you have to answer two questions:
Which way is downhill, in this particular area?如果你发现自己偏离路线，但并非身处一个完全陌生的区域时，你
必须回答两个问题:在这个特定的区域里，哪一个方向可以下山？
not in a completely unfamiliar area of land,
一级修饰 but连接并列的介词短语，表转折
句子主干
「二灰修饰
'词汇注释 trail * [treil] n.路线；痕迹 downhill [ ^aunhil] a.下山的 ad.向山下
❷ And where is the nearest water source?最近的水源又在哪里？
句子主干 And where is the nearest water source?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
要点注释:本句与❶句中冒号后的内容共同解释说明❶句中的two questionso
❸ Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.绝大多数人居住在山谷里，且以淡水为生。
句子主干 Humans overwhelmingly live （主+谓）
J and连孳并列的介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in valleys, and on supplies
__________ 不词短语作后置定语，，修饰supplies
二级修饰 of fresh waft衫，斜
诃汇注释 overwhelmingly [ .auvg welmigii] ad.压倒性地 s*upply [syplai] n.补给;供应仇.提供
❹ So, if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should eventually see signs of people.所以，如果你朝山
下沿着发现的任何水流走，你最终应该会发现人类的踪迹。
词汇注释 e*ventually [pventjualij aJ.最终;终于 s*ign [sain] n.踪迹；征兆
第三段】
❶ If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be surprised how quickly identifying a
distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.如果你之前探索过这个区域，那么就要密切注意熟悉的景
象一你也许会惊讶于识别出一块独特的岩石或一棵特别的树竟能如此迅速地帮你找回方向C
2—级修饰 If you've explored the area before,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
.V. -； c ■ . ； _■ >. .'■； . • *
句子主干 keep an eye out for familiar sights (祈使句：谓)
补充说明句子主干
—you may be surprised
一级修饰 how引导的宾语从句，作may be surprised的宾语
how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
SAiSR ：破折号后的系表结构may be surprised可看作复合谓语。how引导的宾语从句中，动名词短语
identifying a distinctive rock or tree 作主语，can restore 作谓语,your bearings 作宾语，how quickly 作
状语。
:词汇注释 identify * [ ardentifai] vt.识别；确认 distinctive [drstirjktiv] a.独特的;有特色的
r*estore [n st3：(r) ] vt.恢复;使复原 bearing [ be冲）]几方位;关系；姿态
第四E殳
❶ Another option： Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.另一种选择：登上高处去探寻人类居住的迹象。
(There is) Another option: (There be句型：There + is +主)
解释说明句子主干
Climb high
J and连接的并列祈使句
and look for signs of human habitation.
:词汇注释 o*ption [ opjn]几选择;选择权;选修课 habitation [ thaebrteijn] n.居住;住所
❷ For example, even in dense forest, you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and
other paths people carve through the woods.举例来说，即使在茂密的森林中，你也应该能够发现由于人们修建穿
过森林的道路、火车轨道和其他小路所形成的林线缺口 O
一级修饰 插入牌
even in dense forest,
,, [介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子房 you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line (主+谓+宾)
' A
'介词短语作后置定语，修饰gaps in the tree line
due to roads, train tracks, and other paths
省略关系词(which / that)的定语从句，:修饰roads...paths
三丽饰
people carve through the woods.
可*窜无: d*ense [dens] a.密集的;浓密的 s*pot [spot] vt.发现;让步几斑点；污迹
t*rack [trek] n.轨道；路径n跟踪 c*arve [ka：v]仇铺（路）；雕刻
❸Head toward these breaks to find a way out.朝着这些缺口行进以便找到出路°
句子主干 Head toward these breaks （祈使句：谓）
, [动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to find a way out.
:丽f函窿 h*[heeadd] 朝（某方向）行进n.头 b*reak [ breik ] n.缝隙；间隙;休息0.弄破
3❹ At night, scan the horizon for artificial light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light
pollution.在夜间，扫视地平线，寻找像火和路灯之类的人造光源，然后朝着那些产生光污染的光亮走。
二级修饰 such as fires and streetlights,
[such as...举例说明artificial light sources
—级修饰 for artificial light sources,
[介词短语作目的状语
（1） At night, scan座小笊四卯（祈使句：谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） then walk toward the glow of light pollution.（祈使句：谓）
:词汇注释s*can [skaen]诅察看（文中引申为“扫视”）；细看 horizon * [h/raizn]儿地平线；眼界
--------------- 日 >•：》. .
a*rtificial [.aitrfijl] a.人造的;人工的 g*low [gleuj/v暗淡的光航.发出暗淡的光
。 第五段，
Finally, assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the marks we leave on the landscape.最后，
假设你在人类经常去的地方迷了路，去寻找人们在景观上留下的痕迹。
:词汇注释 assuming [d*sju：mio] coq.假设;假如 f*requent [ friikwant] vt.常去 a.频繁的
❷ Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can lead you to civilization. 路边树上的刻痕、轮胎印以及其他特征可
以指引你回到文明社会:
句子主干 Trail blazes, Tre tracks, and other features can lead 丫丝（主+谓+宾）
:词汇生释'、、blaze* [bleiz] n.(用作路标的)树皮刻痕;烈火feature* [・fi:tjo(r)]几特征;特色;特点
Section H Reading Comprehension
//////✓/ /•/•/•，f f f / / / ////✓// / / /v// / a，a
Text 1
第一段】
O Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.英国金融监管机构已
经对大型银行的高管们强制推行了一项非同寻常的规定。
4—级修饰 in Britain
[不鬲短语作后置定语,修饰Financial regulators
句子主干 Financial regulators...have imposed a rather unusual rule （主+谓+宾）
....... " 介词短语作状语，[表对象
_级修饰 on the bosses
「 _ 介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the bosses
二级修饰 of big banks凝
:高汇您籍i impose*[ im pwz] vt.强制实行;推行 unusual*[ An ju:3ual] a.不寻常的;罕见的
❷ Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation
for wrongdoing从明年开始，如果其所在银行因不当行为受到调查,任何给高管人员的固定奖金都有可能延退
10年发放。 "换成•说寥.
―级面
S j tarting next year,
现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 any guaranteed bonus...could be delayed 10 years （主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰any guaranteed bonus
of top executives
,if弓!导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.
词汇注释 guarantee^ .gaeran ti：] v.保证；确保 bonus *[ baunas] “.奖金；红利
executive^ig zekjativ] n.管理人员；经理 delay *[drlei] v.延迟;推迟;延期
investigation [ m（vestrgeijn] n.（正式的）调查 wrongdoing[ ror）du:ii）] n.不法行为;坏事
❸ The main purpose of this 44 clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public
trust in financial institutions.该项“收回”规定的主要目的是让银行家们对有害的冒险行为负责，并恢复公众对
金融机构的信任。
通汇注释！ clawback[ kiojbaek] n.回收款 accountable[ 3 kauntabl] a.负有责任;有说明义务
risk-taking[ •risk teikirj] n.冒险；承担风险 financial*[f ai naenjl] a.金融的；财政的
0 Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all
corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.然而,政府官员还期待着更大的成效：不仅仅是
银行,而是所有的公司都能做出更多长远的决策，以此为后代建设一个更强大的经济体：
5:词汇注释 official几官员；高级职员 b*enefit [ bemfit] n.成效;优势；益处
corporation * [ ^oipaTeiJn] n.公司；企业 build *[bild] v.建设;建立
economy *[i knnami] n.经济;经济情况 generation * [ idsenareijn j n. 一代人，一辈人
第二段」
O " Short-termism," or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of
England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁•霍尔丹表示，"短期效益主义”，或
者说对快速获利的渴求，在上市公司中已经加剧。
in publicly traded companies,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
or the desire for quick profits,
I -心讣,■-«1
[插入语，补充说明“Short-termism"
句子主干 “Short-termism,”…has worsened （主+谓）
插入语
一级修饰 says the Bank of England's top economist.
the Bank of England's top economist的同位语
二级修饰 Irew Haldane.
词汇注释 short-termism短期效益主义 profit * [ profit ]几赢利；利润；收益
worsen [ *w3 ：sn] v.恶化;（使）变得更坏 t*rade 〔treid]仇做买卖;做生意;从事贸易
❷ He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like
M children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once" rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
他引用一位古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德-马歇尔的话来描述这种金融上的急躁表现——就像“把李子从布丁
里挑出来立即吃掉的孩子”一样行事，而不是把它们放在一边，留到最后再吃。
一级'修饰 Alfred Marshall,
I a giant of classical economics的同位语
句子主干 He quotes 9 g些些也坦鲤现 丝g；些理jgg,（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
in describing this financial impatience
一级修饰 介词短语作this financial impatience的补足语
as acting like "children
who引导的定语从句，修饰children
二级修饰 who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once"
"介词短语作比较状语
一旬福
rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
6:词汇注释:q*[kuwo9teut] v.引用；引述几・引文;语录 giant*[ -dsaiant] n.伟人;巨人
classical*[ -klaesikl] a.古典的;经典的;传统的 economics气 ihkommiks] n.经济学
plum [plAm] n.李子；梅子 pudding L pudirj]几布丁;甜食，甜点
第三段：
O The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years lo
seven months in recent decades. （&（霍尔丹）指出，近几十年来，在美国和英国，持有单只股票的平均时间都已经
从7年缩短到了7个月。
in both the United States and Britain,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
for holding a stock
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The average time
句子主干
介词短语作句子主干的状语
from seven years to seven months
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in recent decades.
介词短语 in both the United States and Britain 中，both...and 连接并列的名词（短语）。
通汇洼释 average'[海v°rid3] a.平均的;平常的 h*[hoalduld] 讶.持有；拿着;拥有
s*[stotDckk] n.股票;股份 note*[11^] vt.指出；提到几笔记;注释
d*rop [drop]。.降低，减少 decade*[ dekeid]几十年；十年期
❷ Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-
lerm research or to build叩customer loyalty.那些要求公司提供高额季度利润的短期投资者，会妨碍一个公司投
资长期研究或建立顾客忠诚度的努力:
—级修饰 who demand high quarterly profits from companies,
[who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Transient investors
句子主干 Transient investors, ...can hinder ajfirnfseflforts （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语j修饰a firm's efforts
to invest in long-term research
一级修饰 ! or连接并列的动词不定式短语
or to build up customer loyalty.
:诃汇遂释:transient *[ -traenziant ] a.短暂的；临时的 quarterly [ -kwo：tali] a.季度的；每季的
h*[-ihnidnedra （r）] vt.妨碍;阻碍；阻挡 loyalty *[ bialti] n.忠诚，忠实
❸ This has been dubbed 'quarterly capitalism."这已被戏称为"季度资本主义"：
句子主干 This h&s been dubbed （主+谓）
‘This的补足语
一级修饰 "quarterly capitalism."
词汇注释：dub [dAb] vt.把...戏称为；给....起绰号 capitalism [ kaepitalizam] n.资本主义（制度）
7第四段】
❶ In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus
shorter attention spans in financial markets.此外，新的数字技术已使得股票交易更迅速、信息使用更快捷，从而缩
短了对金融市场的关注时长。
digital*[ did3itl] a.数字的；数据的 rapid*[ rapid] a.快速的；瞬间的
equities[ ekwitiz] n. [pl｝股票，普通股 s*[pan spaen] n.持续时间;跨度
❷“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term i*nvesting/ said Commissioner
Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.美国证券交易委员会委员
丹尼尔•加拉格尔在本周的一次发言中表示:“以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维似乎占据了主导地位。”
二级修饰 at the expense of long-term investing/'
介词短语作后置定语、修饰short-term thinking
二级修福
of short-term thinking
介词短语作后置定语,修饰a predominance
"There seems to be a predominance
:代接弓i语作said的宾语
said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Commissioner Daniel Gallagher
1
of the US Securities and Exchange Commission
介词短语作句子主干的状语
in a speech this week.
要点注释 本句中，Commissioner为Daniel Gallagher的前置同位语。
词汇注释 predominance [ pn-dominans] n.主导地位 at the expense of以... 为代价
i*[nvest m vest] v.投资vt.投入（时间、精力等） commissioner [ k^ miJanoO-） ] n.（委员会的）委员
第五段
❶ In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior
executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce Mshort-termism."在美国，《2002 年萨班斯一奥克斯利法案》已
促使大多数（1市公司将高管人员的绩效奖金推迟了大约一年发放，这对削弱“短期效益主义”起到了些许作用。
8一级修饰 In the US..
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
the Sarbanes・Oxley 仙 c（f2002 has pushed most public companies （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 动词不定式短语作most public companies的补足语j
to defer performance bonuses for senior executives
现在分词短语作句宇主干的结果状语•
slightly helping reduce "short-termism."
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
by about a year,
商史生释: p*[puusjh] vt.促使;推动 d*[derfef3r ：（r） ] vt.推迟;延缓
senior*[ si:nia （r） ] a.级别（或地位）高的 reduce*[ n dju：s] vt.削减;减少，缩小
❷ In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied
to performance.《华尔街日报》在其最新的CEO薪酬情况调查中发现，如今高管薪酬的“很大一部分”与绩效
挂钩。
—级修饰 In its latest survey of CEO pay,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语
The Wall Street Journal finds （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语巴句，[作finds的宾语
that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.
词汇生祢:survey*[ ，S3：vei] n.调查;总体研究 journal—・d33：nl]几日报;杂志
substantial*[s 9b st®njl] a.大量的；重大的 tie*[ tai] vt.（使）紧密相连；（使）关系密切
第二段
O Much more could be done to encourage ** long-termism,M such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock
acquisitions.在鼓励“长期效益主义”方面，我们能做的事情有很多,比如修订税法和加快公开股票收购信息。
to encourage "long-termism,"
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
Much more could be done （主+谓）
[such ak..举例说明 Much more
such as changes in the tax code
fandiSS并列灼名词短语
and连接并列的名词短语
and quicker disclosure
介词短语作后置定语J修饰quicker disclosure
二级修饰 of stock acquisitions.
商定在祢I tox/[tacks]几税;税款 c*[koadued] n.法规;法典
disclosure [dis kioujaCr） ] n.公开；揭露 stock acquisition 股票收购
❷ In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting
rights in a company.在法国，持股至少两年的股东在公司有时可以获得更多表决权。
9In France,
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
shareholders...can sometimes earn more voting rights （主+谓+宾）
who引导的定语从句，修饰shareholders
who hold onto a company investment
< >
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in a company.
介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 for at least two years
词汇注释 shareholder [ Jeahaulda（r） ] n.股东 e*[3arn ：n] vt.获得;赚得
第七段
O Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time
at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.在公司内部,合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管们考虑问题时不局
限于自己在公司任职的这段时期，并代表全体股东的利益。
一级修饰 Within companies,
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
句子主干 the right compensation design can provide incentives （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰incentives
一级修饰 for executives to think
介词短语作状语，修饰think
beyond their own time at the company
二级修饰 and连接并列的介词短语
and on behalf of all stakeholders.
要点注释， 该句中的for executives to think...为动词不定式的复合结构，其中介词for引出动词不定式短语to
think... stakeholders 的逻辑主语 executives o
词汇注释: compensation [ ikompen seijn]几报酬；补偿金；赔偿 incentive * [ m sentiv ]几激励；鼓励
on behalf of 为 了... 的利益 stakeholder [ steikhoulcb（r） ] n.股东；参与方
❷ Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term
but for the long term.英国的新规提醒银行家们,社会与他们的表现利害相关，不仅在短期内如此，就长远来看亦
是如此。
to bankers
介词短语作后置定语，|修饰a reminder
Britain's new rule is a reminder （主+系+表）
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明a reminder
that society has an interest in their performance,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰their performance
not just fbr the short term
just... but连接并列的介词短语
but for the long term.
10词匡逮释：reminder [n mamd3(r) ] n.提醒人的事物;(告知该做某事的)通知单
Text 2
第一段]
O Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs （ grade-point averages） over the past few decades—is often
considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be
pleased.分数膨胀一过去几十年来平均GPA（平均绩点）的逐渐攀升一一通常被认为是高等教育消费者时代
的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作等待被取悦的顾客来对待。
二级修饰 over the past few decades—
珥
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the gradual increase
二茹饰
—the gradual increase in average GPAs （grade-point aver
插入语，解释说明Grade inflation
句子主干 Grade inflation...is often considered （主+谓）
Grade inflation的补足语
a product
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a product
不祈
a consumer era in higher education.
介词in + which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a consumer era
in which students are treated
介词短语作方式状语
四级修饰 like customers to be pleased.
词汇生释 i*[nmnation fleijn] n.膨胀;通货膨胀；充气 i*ncrease [ n.增长；增多
era叩】g]几时代；纪兀 c*[ustomer kAStamaCr） ] n.顾客；客户
❷ But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgivenessM—is helping raise
GPAs.但另外一种相关力量----- 项通常深藏于课程目录中被称为“分数宽容”的政策一也在助推GPA的提知
called "grade f*o*rgiveness —
二级修饰 过去分词短语扁置定语，修饰a policy
often buried deep in course catalogs
. ,,l过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a policy
_级修浦1 —a policy菖,
插入语，解释说明another, related force
句子主干 But another, related force...is helping贼域竺£珪9・（主+谓+宾）
■ : force*[ fss ] n.力量；暴力 policy * [ pobsi]几.政策;方针
b*[ury ，beri] m 埋藏;掩盖 catalog^t kaetalog]（亦作 catalogue）n.目录；目录簿
第二段
❶ Grade fdrgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or
the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a studenfs overall GPA. 分数宽容'允许学生重修其得
分低的课程，并且，在计算学生的总GPA时,只采用最近或最高的分数〉
11一级修饰 in which they received a low grade,
介词in + which引导的定语从句 修饰a course
(l)Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course (主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 and连接的并列句
(2)and the most recent grade or the highest grade is thi^onlj^one (主+系+表)
that引导的定语从句，修饰the only one
一级修饰 that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.
词汇注释 receive*[rr si:v] vt.拿到，收到 c*[koaiiunntt] 仇算数;被允许;被接受
calculated -kaelRjuleit]仇.计算 overall*[ lauvaroil] a.总的；综合的；总体的
a___ _
第三段]
O The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges? continue to do their utmost to keep
students in school ( and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.近年来，由于高校一直竭尽全力让学生
析
留在学校(并支付学费)和提高高校的毕业率，这种鲜为人知的做法就加快推行了。
一级修饰 recent years，
I
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The use of this little・known practice has accelerated （主+谓）
[[aass引引导导二的二原二因二状二语：从句，作：： 句子主干的原因状语
1 . .
一级修饰 as colleges continue to do their utmost
动词不定式短语作目的状语
students in school (and paying tuition)
二级修饰 and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and (to) improve their graduation rates.
词汇注释 practice*[ praektis]儿通常的做法；实践 accelerate *[ ak-sebreit]。.加快；(使)加速
utmost*[ Atmaust] n.极度；极限 tuition*[ tju ijn]几学费;讲授
❷ When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take
a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.数十年前，这一做法刚开始实
施时,通常仅面向大一新生，如果他们在向大学水平的课程过渡的过程中遇到困难，该做法会给予他们一次在
第一学年重修某门课程的机会。
When this practice first started decades ago.
When引导时间状语从句.作句子主干的时间状语
it was usually limited (主+谓)
&词短语作状语，表对象
to freshmen,
动词不定式短语作目的状语
to give them a secomi d chance
t动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a second chance
take a class in their first year
if引导的条件状语从句
struggled
介词短语作状语
in their transition to college-level courses.
12；词汇注释:l*imit ［ 'limit］机.限制；限量 freshman ［ frejmsn］几.大学一年级新生
struggle * ［ 'StrAgl］。.艰难地行进;吃力地进行 transition ［traen zijn］几过渡；转变
❸ But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow ail undergraduates, and even graduate students, to
get their low grades forgiven.不过现在.除了很多筛选严格的学校以外，大部分高校都允许所有的本科生，甚至
研究生获得低分“宽容”。.
save for many selective campuses,
[插入语，补充说明most colleges
But now most colleges,...allow 瓯四现竺g史史雎旻（主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 动词不定式短语作all undergraduates,...students的补足语[
to get their low grades forgiven.
::词汇注释:s*ave [seiv] prep.除了 ；除... 外 selective [srlektiv] a.严格筛选的；选择性的
c*ampus [ -kaempas] n.（大学、学院的）校园 undergraduate * [ .Anda graedsuat]几.本科生
graduate student 研究生 f*orgive [fa giv] vt.宽恕；原谅
第四段
❶ College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about en
couraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.
高校管理人员往往强调，“分数宽容”的目的不在于分数本身,更多的是鼓励学生重修那些事关其学位和毕业的
课程，避免受到严重的惩罚。
College officials tend to emphasize （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，［作tend to emphasize的宾语
句子主干
一级修饰
critical to their degree program and graduation
词汇注释 emphasize * [ emfasaiz]以.强调；重视 c*ritical [ kntiklj q.极重要的；批评的
incur * [*km3 ：（r）] vt.遭受；引起 penalty * [ -penalti] n.惩罚；害处
❷ **Ultimately,M said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they
retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time. ” 俄亥
俄州立大学的教务主任杰克-迈纳说:“最终，我们看到学生取得了更大的成功，因为他们重修了某门课程并在
后续课程中表现得更好，或掌握了能让他们按时毕业的内容。”
13二级修饰 Ohio State University's registrar,
Jack Miner的同位语！
—级修饰 said Jack Miner,
_______ l插入语 ......... ... ,
句子主干 "Ultimately,"..・"we see students (to) achieve more success (主+谓+宾+宾补)
because引导的原因状语从句J作句子主干的原因状语
because they retake a course
and连接的并列谓语
—级修饰 and do better in subsequent courses
[。施接的并列谓语
，
or master the content
that引导的定语从句j修饰the content -「
二级修饰 I that allows them to graduate on time."。;
要点生释：that引导的定语从句that allows...中，that代替先行词the content作主语，谓语是allows,宾语是
them,动词不定式短语to graduate on time作them的补足语。
商无注祢；ultimately [,Altmutli] ad.最终;根本上 registrar [ tred3rstra:(r) ] n.教务主任;登记员
s*ubsequent [ SAbsikwant] a.随后的；后来的 m* aster [・ma:sS(r) ] vt.掌握；控制 n.主人
第五段：
❶ That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.话虽如此，“分数宽容”也以
某种方式满足了高校自身的需要。
一级修饰 That said,
[插入语
句子主干 there is a way (There be句型：there + is +主)
[介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰a way
_级修饰 in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.
商正注释-s*atisfy [gtisfai] W.满足;使满意 as well也;还;除……之外
❷ For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and
student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money,对公立高校而言，国家拨
款有时部分取决于它们在诸如毕业率和学生保留率等指标上的良好表现——因此,通过提升上述（指标）数据,
更好的分数就意味着获得更多拨款。
二级修饰 such as graduation rates and student retention
such as...举例说明metrics
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
to their success on metrics
,, ［介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
句子主干 state funds are sometimes tied partly （主+谓）
一蚯而
二级修福:词汇注释:institution * [ jnsti tjuijn] n.（大学、银行等）机构 m*etric [ •metnk] n.衡量标准
r*etention [rrtenJn] n.保留；维持 b*oost [bu：st] vt.提升；使增长 n.激励
❸ And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they've
gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.而且，任何提高 GPA 的举措，
都有可能让最终掏腰包的学生感到他『的学费花得更有价值，而这也是高校非常关心的另一个问题。
at the end of the day,
i介词短语作时间状语
―who,...are paying the bill—
插入语，补充说^students |
And anything.. .will likely make students...（to） feel （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句J作feel的宾语
they’ve gotten a better value
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a better value
fbr their tuition dollars,
that引导的定语从句，修饰anything
一级修饰 that raises GPAs
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
which is another big concern for colleges.
词汇注释:at the end of the day最终,到头来 b*ill [bd] n.账单;货币
v*alue [ waelju:] n.价值;划算程度 concern * [ kan sain] n.重要/关心的事
第六段
O Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher
education.事实上，“分数宽容”只不过是高校回应消费者对高等教育期望的另一种方式。
句子主干 Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句』修饰another way
一级修饰 that universities are responding
介词短语作状语，i表对象
二级修饰 to consumers9 expectations
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰consumers' expectations
for higher education.
:国汇注释:i*ndeed [m di:d] ad.实际上；真正地 e*xpectation [ .ekspek teijn] n.期望；盼望
................................ ■ ■ c. * .,..
❷ Since students and parents exfJeiti a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out
graduates who are as qualified a& possible—or at least appear to be.既然学生和家长都希望大学文凭能带来一份工
作，那么培养出尽可庭容格的毕业生，或者说至少看起来合格的毕业生，对学校就是最有利的。
15词汇注释turn out培养出;训练 qualified ［ kwolifaid］ a.合格的;有资格的
❸ On this, students' and colleges，incentives seem to be aligned,在这一点上,学生和高校的动机似乎是一致的。
一级修饰 On this,
__________ ［介词短语作状语
句子主干 students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.（主+谓）
:词汇注释college ［加1电］几大学;学院;学会 align ［a-lam］ vt.使一致;排整齐
Text 3
第一段】
❶ This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein ； or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Shelley.今年恰逢玛丽-雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦一现代普罗米修斯的故事》出版两个世纪。
句子主干 This year marks exactly two centuries （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
二级修
since the publication
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the publication
二级修饰 of Frankenstein; or9 The Modem Prometheus,
介词短语作后置定语，！修饰Frankenstein; or, The Modem Prometheus
三级修饰 by Mary Shelley.
词汇注释 m*ark [ma:k] vt.标志;意味着 publication * [ tpAblrkeifn] n.出版；发行
❷ Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that
would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.甚至在电灯泡被发明之前，这位
作家就创作出了这部非凡的推理小说，该小说预示了未来科技将会引发的诸多伦理问题。
二级修饰 of the electric light bulb,
介词短语作后置定语」修饰the invention
一级修饰 Even before the invention
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the author produced 蛀生些些也史&£虹丝夷竺业史£里0?5（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰a remarkable work of speculative fiction
一级修饰 that would foreshadow many ethical questions
动词不定式短语作后置定语，［修饰many ethical questions
二级修饰 to be raised
介词by引出动作的发出者］
三级修饰 by technologies yet to come.
词汇注释 invention * [ m venjn]几发明；创意 e*lectric [i-lektnk] a.电的；电动的;发电的
b*ulb [bAlb] n.电灯泡 remarkable * [n markabl] a.非凡的；显著的
speculative [ •spekjabtiv] a.推测的；推断的 foreshadow [forjaedau] vt.预示
16第二段：
❶ Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence （Al） raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity,
or consciousness?如今，人工智能（Al）的迅速发展引发了一些根本性的问题:“什么是智能、身份或意识？
一级修饰 of artificial intelligence （Al）
介词短语作后置定语修饰the rapid growth
句子主干 Today the rapid growth...raises fundamental questions：（主+谓+宾）
解释说明fundamental questions
一级修饰 “Whal is intelligence, identity, or consciousness?
!要点注释 冒号后的内容是一个由“特殊疑问词（What） +系动词（is） +主语（intelligence, identity, or
consciousness） ”构成的特殊疑问句c
:词汇注释 artificial * [ a.人工的；人造的 intelligence * j in tehc^ons] n.智能；智慧
fundamental * [ tfAndamentl] a.根本的；基础的 i*dentity >rdentatij n.身份;本身
❷What makes humans humans?”什么使人类成为人类？"
句子主干 What makes humans humans?,, （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+谓+宾+宾补）
第三段」
O What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade
scientists.现在所谓的通用Al,即能够模仿人类思维方式的机器，一直让科学家难以揣摩.
-OF
machines that would imitate the way humans think,
artificial general intelligence的同位浴.
What is being called artificial general intelligence,
[what引导的主语从句
句子主干
...continues to evade scientists.（主从+谓+宾）
:要点注释 machines that...think 中,that 引导的定语从句 that would... way,修饰 machines, that 代替先行词
machines在该从句中作主语；从句中又嵌套了一个省略（in which ）或关系词（that）的定语从句
humans think,修饰 the way。
:词汇注释 imitate * [ imiteit] vt.模仿;仿效 e*vade [i veidj vt.使为难，使困惑;逃脱;躲开
❷ Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those
recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as 44 WestworldM and °Humans."然而，人类依然着迷于机器人能
够像人类一样观察、行动和反应这样的想法，就像《西部世界》《真实的人类》等最近流行的科幻电视连续剧中
所刻画的那类机器人一样。/L '
Yet humnns remain fascinated （主+系+表）
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
by the idea of robots
that引导的定语从句，修饰robots
that would look, move, and respond like humans.
，形容词短语作后置定语，修饰the idea of robots
similar to those
过去分词短语作后置定语」修饰those
recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series
such as...举例说明popular sci-fi T^' series
such as "Westworld'' and "Humans."
17词汇注释 fascinated [ faesmeitid] a.入迷的；极感兴趣的 d*epict [di pikt] vt.刻画；描绘；描画
第四段
O Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a
Stanford University neuroscientist.人类的思维方式仍然过于复杂，难以理解，更不用说复制了，斯坦福大学神经
科学家大卫-伊格曼说。
二级修饰 let alone reproduced,
__________ ']补充说明
一级修饰 to 山 understood,
__________ [动词不演赢语作结果状语
句子主干 Just how people think is still far too gg巴?!陞（主从+系 +表）
_____ 1
插入语
一级修饰 says David Eagleman,
David Eagleman的同位语
二级修饰 a Stanford University neuroscientist.
要点注释 句子主干中,people think为主语从句，其中主语是people,谓语是thinko句子中的too...to...为
固定搭配,表示太……而不能……
商主释* c*omplex [ kompleks] a.复杂的；费解的 回alone更不用说
r*eproduce [ ,ri：pra dju:s] vt.复制；再现 neuroscientist [ njuorausaiontist] n.神经科学家
❷"We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you
could ever build a machine to get there. ” “我们正面临的处境是没有好的理论来解释意识到底是什么，以及究竟
如何才能制造出一台拥有人类意识的机器。”
句子主干 "We are just in a situation （主+系+表）
where引导的定语从句,[修饰a situation
一级修福
where there are no good theories
现在分词短语作后置定语,
explaining what consciousness
二级修饰 and连接并列的宾语从句
and how you could ever build a machine
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰a machine
三级修饰 to get there."
要点注释 现在分词短语explaining what...get there中,and连接两个并列的宾语从句;what引导的宾语从句中，主
语是consciousness,系动词是is,表语是what，副词actually作状语;how引导的宾语从句中,主语是you,
谓语是could...build,宾语是a machine,副词ever作状语。
词汇注释 s*ituation [1SItju eijn] n.处境；情况;状况 consciousness [ konjasnas] n.意识；感觉
第五段」
❶ But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand.但这并不意味着涉及 Al 的重要伦理问题尚
未出现
18But that doesn't mean （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作doesn't mean的宾语
crucial ethical issues...aren't at hand.
现在分词短语作后置定语,:修饰crucial ethical issues
—级修饰 involving Al
c*[rucial kru：Jl] a.至关重要的;关键性的 at hand在附近;在顺手可及的地方
❷ The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.例如，即将投入使用的自动
驾驶车辆就引发了棘手的伦理问题。
句子主干 The coming use of autonomous vehicles,...poses thorny ethical questions.（主+谓+宾）
_ _ [插入语
—级修饰 for example,
:词汇注释'、、autonomous [ortonamas] a.自动的；自治的 p*[pose 3uz] vt.引起;产生讯摆好姿势;佯装
'thorny [ 0o：ni] a.棘手的;麻烦的 ethical [ e0ikll a.伦理的；（有关）道德的
❸ Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.人类司机有时必须在瞬间做出决定°
句子主干 Human drivers sometimes must make 夷虫竺竺叫jjgcj四塑.（主+i胃+宾）
❹ Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their
eyes and ears tell them in that moment.他们的反应可能是一种复杂的组合，包括瞬间的本能反应、以往驾驶经验
的输入，以及当时眼睛和耳朵所传递的信息：
句子主干 Their reactions may be a^ompl^combmatimi （主.系+表）
二级祢饰
真急主窿 and连接的三个并列成分均作介词of的宾语。其中what their...moment为what引导的宾语从句。
:商史注释: i*nstant [ instant] a.立即的；立刻的 reflex [ riifleks]几本能反应；反射动作
❺ Al uvisionn today is not nearly'as sophisticated as that of humans.目前，Al 的“眼力'远不及人类的复杂。
句子主干 Al "vision" today is not nearly as sophisticated （主+系+表）
as引导的比较状语从句[作句子主干的比较状语
一级修饰 as that of humans （is sophisticated）.
:诵[:函窿 v*ision [ vi3n] n.眼力；想象力；幻象 sophisticated" [ss fistikeitid] a.复杂的；精密的
❻ And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem,而且预测一切可能发生的驾
驶场景是一项编程难题。
_级修饰 inable
|的前置定语
And to anticipate...driving situatfon is 宜亟竺虹££哩竺全四史也坦（主+系+表）
19:词汇注释:a*nticipate [aen tisipeit] vt.预料；预期 imaginable [ rmaedjmsblj a.想象得到的
第六段］
O Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,n notes Tan Kiat How,
chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code fbr the ethical use
of Al.每当要基于大量数据做决策时,“你就会很快陷入一堆伦理问题中，”一家总部设在新加坡的机构的首席
执行官陈杰豪指出。这家机构正在帮助政府制定一套使AI的应用合乎伦理道德的自愿行为准则。
一级修饰 Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,
___________ Whenever引导的时间状语从句J作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 "you quickly get into a lot of ethical q*uestions/ （主+谓+宾）
1
插入语 」
顼修饰 notes Tan Kiat How,
TTan Kiat How的同位语
二级修饰 chief executive of a Singapore-based agency
that引导的定语从句，修饰a Singapore-based agency
——；-----：-二・— -I
三级修饰 that is helping the government develop a voluntary code
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a voluntary code
四级修饰 fbr the ethical use of Al.
要点注释 that引导的定语从句that is helping...中,关系词that代替先行词a Singapore-based agency作主语，
谓语是 is helping,宾语是 the government,省略（to）的动词不定式短语（to） develop a voluntary code
作the government的补足语。
词汇注释 e*xecutive [ig-zekjativj n.执行官；高级管理人员 v*oluntary [/Dlontri] a.自愿的；主动的
❷ Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. 与新
加坡一样，其他（国家的）政府以及超大型企业也正在开始制定自己的指导方针。
一级修饰 Along with Singapore,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
遍子主干 other...mega・corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 e*stablish [rstxblif] vt.制定；设立 guidelines [（gaidlainz] n.〔pL]指导方针；准则
❸Britain is setting up a data ethics center.英国正在建立一个数据伦理中心。
句子主干 Britain is setting up gjj理艾t归竺兰（主+谓+宾）
❹India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.印度在今年春季发布了其伦理战略。
句子主干 India released双 AL池些_枣既按（主+谓+宾）
I
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 this spring.
第七段】
❶ On June 7 Google pledged not to "design or deploy AI" that would cause 14overall harm,° or to develop AI-directed
weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. 6 月 7 日，谷歌承诺不会“设计或部署"会
造成“全面危害的AI”，也不会研发由AI控制的武器,或利用AI进行违反国际规范的监视活动。
20-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
that would cause "overall harm/，
that引导的摘语箱,!修饰Al
Google pledged not to "design or deploy Al” （主+谓+宾）
or连接并列的动词不定式短语
句子主干 or to develop AI-directed weapons
。施接并列的动词不定式短语
or （to） use Al for surveillance
that引导的定语从句，修饰surveillance
一级修饰 that would violate international norms.
要点注释: 句子主干中的not对三个并列的动词不定式短语共同进行否定，三个并列的动词不定式短语均作
pledged的宾语。
词汇注释 p*ledge [pled}] vt.保证给予（或做） deploy [drpbi] vt.部署；调度
w*[ eapon wepan] n.武器；兵器 surveillance [sarveibns] n.监视
violate * [ vaialeit ] vt.违反；违背 norm [no:m] n.规范;标准；准则
❷ It also pledged not to deploy Al whose use would violate international laws or human rights.谷歌还承诺不会部署用途
有违国际法或人权的AI。 了
句子主干 11 also pledged not to deplgy Al （主+谓+宾）
whose引导的定语从句，修饰AI
二级而
whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
O While the statement is vague f it represents one starting point.尽管这项声明含糊不清，但它代表着一个起点。
While the statement is vague.
While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it represents 竺§ 兰笙（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 statement*[ ・steitm°nt]几.声明；陈述 vague*[veig] a.含糊的；（思想上）不清楚的
❷ So does the idea that decisions m*byade Al systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. uAl 系统做出的决
策应该是可解释的、透明的'和公平的”这「信念也是如此。
句子主干 So does the idea （特殊句型：So+助动词+主）
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the idea
-级面
that decisions...!should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
伍去分词短语作后置定语,修饰decisions
三级修饰一
made by Al systems
要点注释 本句的句子主干部分为特殊句型，是由“SO +助动词/be/情态动词+主语”构成的倒装句,表示前
面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，其中助动词用于指代前文提到的实义动词。在本
句中,does指代❶句中的谓语represents,表示“该观点也标志着一个起点”之意。
:词汇注释 transparent^[traens paergnt] a.透明的；清澈的 f*[air f”（r） ] a.公平的；合理的
21第九段】
❶ To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest
values-换言之:我们如何确保智能机器的思维能够反映人类的最高价值观?
—级修饰 To put it another way:
L
[插 语 "「
How can we make sure (特殊疑问句：特殊疑间词+情态动词+主+谓语动词+宾从)
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作can...make sure的宾语
that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values?
[词汇注释 intelligent * [ wtelidjant ] a.智能的；聪颖的 humanity * [ hju: maenati ] n.人类；（统称）人
❷ Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster. R有到那时候，它们才能成为
有用的仆人,而不是《弗兰肯斯坦》一书中失控的怪物己
Only then will they be useful servants （倒装句：助动词+主+系+表）
[and连接并列的系表结构
and （will） not （be） Frankenstein's out-ofcontrol monster.
叟点洼释：因Only修饰充当状语的副词then且位于句首,故该句子使用了部分倒装。
[词汇注释:servant*[ S3：vdnt] n.仆人;奴仆般受制于... 的人 m* onster [ •monsta(r) ] n.怪物;怪兽
Text 4
第一段
❶ States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court
decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.根据美国最高法院
周四的裁决，美国各州将有权强制更多的人在网上购物时缴纳销售税：这项裁决会使消费者的钱包缩水，但可
以给各州带来巨大的经济收益。
to pay sales tax
i动词不定式短语作more people的补足语
States will be able to force more people （主+谓+宾+宾补）
[when引导的时间状语从句,'
作句子主干的时间状语
when they make online purchases
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
under aSupreme Court decision Thursday
that引导的定语从句，|修饰a Supreme Court decision
that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets
二级修饰 but连接的并列谓语，表转折
but is a big financial win for states.
词汇注释 p*urchase [ •p3：tj,3s] n./vt.购买；采购 financial * [ fai naenjl ] a.财政的；财务的
。
第二段】
The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of
dollars in lost revenue annually,美国最高法院周四的裁决推翻了两项执行长达数十年之久的裁决，据各州称，这
两项裁决致使他们每年损失数十亿美元的税收收入：
22句子主干 The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled /...decisions （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰a...decisions
一级修饰 that...cost them billions of dollars
!插入语
states said
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
iinn klost revenue annually.
词汇注释 overrule [rud] vt.推翻，否决 revenue *[ revanju：j n.税收收入;财政收入
❷ The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.这两项裁决也加大了各
州对某些网购商品征收销售税的难度〉
The decisions made it more difficult （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 [it为形式宾语，动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
for states to collect sales tax
介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 on certain online purchases.
词汇注释；collect *[k"ekt] 收取；收集 certain*[ S3：tn] a.某些;某个;肯定的
第三段】
O The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business
didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the
state.法院所推翻的两项裁决认为，如果一家企业将顾客购买的商品运送到某个州，而该企业在此并无实体存
在（如仓库或办公室），那么这家企业就不必为本州（向顾客）代收销售税。
一fit修饰
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修标~
「三级修饰
四级修饰
通汇洼性 overturn r [ ^va tarn] v.推翻;（使）倾覆 b*usiness [ 'biznas j n.企业；公司；生意
presence * [ prezns ] n.存在；出现；在场 w*arehouse [ •weahaus] n.仓库；货栈
❷ Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but
most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.如果（在需要征税的情况下）未被征收销售税，顾客通常有责任自行
向所在州缴纳销售税，但大多数人并没有意识到自己欠了税,并且很少有人缴税。
23词汇注释 responsible * [ n sponsabl] a.负有责任的；应承担责任的 c*harge [ tjaxdj] v.向... 收费
第四段1
❶ Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.大法官安东尼•肯尼迪写道，之前的裁决
存在缺陷。
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作wrote的宾语
that the previous decisions were flawed.
词汇注释 p*revious [ pri：vias] a.先前的；以往的 flawed [flo：d] a.有缺陷的;有错误的
❷"Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue
losses to the s*tates/ he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.他在一份与其他四位大法官联合撰写的意
见书中写道，“实体存在规则每年愈发脱离经济现实，并给各州带来了巨大的税收损失。”
:词汇注释 removed [rrmuivd] a.远离的；不同的；隔代的 e*conomic [ (i：ko nomik] a.经济的；合算的
❸ Kennedy wrote that the rule " limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants
from competing on an even playing field. ”肯尼迪还写道，这项规则“限制了各州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并且使市
场参与者无法在公平的环境下竞争c”
24Kennedy wrote （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作wrote的宾语
句子主干 that the rule i（limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity
and连接的并列谓宾
and has prevented market participants
[介词短语作状语 _______
—级修饰 from competing on an even playing f*i*eld.
:商无函再 j prosperity*[prD SPer3ti] n.繁荣;兴旺 participant*[ pa： tisipant]几参与者;参加者
第五国】
O He ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases
already.对于在多个州都拥有实体存在的大型连锁店来说，这项裁决是一个胜利，因为它们通常已经对网购商
品征收销售税了。
二级修饰 with a presence in many states,
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰big chains
—级修饰 for big chains
__________ :介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 The ruling is 吧坚咚（主+系+表）
T since?|导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 since they usually collect sales tax
）介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 on online purchases already.
顷五注籍ruling [・ru：&] n.裁决;裁定a.统治的;支配的 c*hain [t/ein] n.连锁店;连锁集团;锁链
❷Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before.现在,它们的竞争对手将在它们此前从未征收过
销售税的地方征税。
句子主干 Now, rivals will be charging sales tax （主+谓+宾）
“ ]where引导般地点状语从句，作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 where they hadn't before.
:费点注释:where引导的地点状语从句为省略句，补充完整为they hadn't charged sales tax before0其中，主语
是they,谓语是hadn't charged,宾语是sales tax,副词before作时间状语。
顼无澎① rival ♦[,raivl].n.竞争对手 charge sales tax征收销售税
。 -X. J
❸ Big chains have been cpllecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a
purchase is being shipped to,大型连锁店一直在全国范围内征收消费税，因为无论商品被运送到哪个州，它们一
般都在那里拥有实体店。
句子主干 Big chains have been collecting sde^tax nationwide （主+谓+宾）
J because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because they typically have physical stores
:介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.
:寒成洼释:介词短语in whatever state...to中,whatever引导的宾语从句作介词in的宾语，宾语从句的主语是a
purchase,谓语是 is being shipped, to whatever state 为该从句的状语。
25词汇注释 nationwide [ ineijn waid] ad.全国范围地;遍及全国地 typically [ tipikli] ad.—般;通常
❹ Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party
sellers who use the site don't have to.拥有仓库网络的亚马逊也在每个征收销售税的州执行代收，不过使用该网
站的第三方卖家不需要这样做.
that charges it,
that引导的定语从句，[修饰every state
I
in every state
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
with its network of warehouses,
[插入语，补充说明Amazon, com
Amazon.com,...also collects egj[箜J婪（主+谓+宾）
| though引导的让步状渣从句,作句子主干的让步状语
though third-party sellers...don't have to. •'
）who引导的定语从句，修饰third-party sellers
who use the site
词汇注释 network*[ *netw3 ：k] n.网络；网状系统;关系网 third-party seller第三方卖家
第六段,
❶ Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid
charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.到目前为止，许多只在一个或几个州拥有实体
存在的卖家,在将商品运往这些州以外的地方时•都能够免征销售税。
三级修饰
in only a single state or a few states
介词短语作地点状语
▼
一级修饰 that have aphysical presence
!* -
that引导的定语从句，修饰many sellers
句子主干:
Until now, many sellers...have been able to avoid g坦望iOg挡蹙埋竺（主+谓+宾）
t when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修福
when they ship to addresses
介词短语作后置定语J修饰addresses
M修福
outside those states.
词汇注释 s*ingle [ ,Siggl] a.仅有一个的;单身的 a*ddress [ a dres]几地址;演讲仇.致函；称呼（某人）
❷ Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax
nationwide.使用eBay和Etsy（这两个网站均为规模较小的卖家提供平台）的卖家也一直未在全国范围内征收销
售税：
句子主干 Sellers...also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide.（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰Sellers
—一级修饰
that use eBay and Etsy,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明eBay and Etsy
二级修福
which provide platforms for smaller sellers,
词汇注释 provide sth. for sb.为某人提供某物 platform食[plaetform ]几平台；站台；讲台
❸ Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from
customers and send it to the state.而根据周四的裁决，各州可以通过法律，要求州外的卖家向顾客收取本州的销
售税,并将其上缴给本州。
26—级修饰 Under the ruling Thursday,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 states can pass laws （主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰laws
requiring out-of-state sellers
:动词不定式短语作out-of-state sellers的补足语
—级修饰 to collect the state's sales tax from customers
| and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and （to） send it to the state.
词汇注释 require * [ irkwaio（r） ] vt.要求；需要；规定 out-of-state fiaut-gv-steit]州外的汐卜州的
第七段】
❶ Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.零售贸易组织
对这一裁决表示赞赏，称该裁决为地方企业和线上企业创造了公平的竞争环境:、
句子主干 Retail trade groups praised the ruling,（主+谓+宾）
'现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 saying it levels the playing fieldj
介词短语作状语J表对象
二级修饰 fbr local and online businesses.
要点注释:saying it...中，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作saying的宾语。宾语从句中，主语是it,谓语是
levels,宾语是 the playing field o
:词汇生释：p*raise [preiz] vt./n.赞扬;称赞 l*evel [，levl] 使平等;使相等儿水平;程度
❷ The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.零售业分析师尼尔・桑
德斯表示，输家是那些纯线上的零售商,尤其是规模较小的纯线上零售商。
一级修饰 said retail analyst Neil Saunders,
，插入语
句子主干 The losers,. .are online-only retailers,（主+系+表）
,补充说明online-only retailers
一级修饰 especially smaller ones.
词汇注释'、‘ analyst [ aenslist] n.分析家;化验员 retailer ['ri:teib（r）] n.零售商;零售店
❸ Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.这些零售商可能会面临遵守各种各
样的州销售税法这样不人头痛的事。
汇逢劈h*eadache [ hedeikj n.令人头痛的事物（或人）；头痛 c*omply [kam plai] vi.遵从;服从
❹ The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, 44 Small businesses and internet
entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."美国小企业和创业委员会倡议组织在一份声明中表示，
“这一裁决对小型企业和互联网企业家毫无益处。”
27:词汇注释 advocacy [ aedvakssi]几倡议;游说；出庭辩护 statement * [ ^teitmant ] n.声明；陈述
/ / / / /‘/// / /〃〃，/ ✓<,// j^art '-wAw \ \ \ \ \ %、
第一段]
❶ In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie Ivrote: "There is only one way... to get the
best of an argument—and that is to avoid it. ”戴尔•卡耐基在其1936年的著作《人性的弱点》中写道："只有一
种方法……能从争论中获胜一那就是避免争论。”
:词汇连释:argument*[ aigjumant] n.争论;论点 avoid*[rvoid] vt.避免;防止
❷ This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems
for our persona] and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.这种对争论的厌
恶颇为常见，但其基于对争论的一种错误看法，这种看法会引发我们的个人生活以及社交生活的深层次问
题一而且在很多方面从一开始就错解了争论的本质所在。
28:词汇注释:aversion [»V3：Jn]几厌恶；反感 p*rofound [pra faund] a.深切的；巨大的
miss the point不得要领 in the first place 从一开始
第二段
O Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.如果争论就是争吵的话（我们
通常这样认为），那么卡耐基的观点就是对的。
句子主干 Carnegie would be right （主+系+表）
— [i矜I导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 if arguments were fights,
I which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明arguments were fights
二级修饰 which is how we often think of them.
:词汇注释'、'f*ight [fait] n.争吵;斗争;战斗u与……作斗争
❷Uke physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.就像肢体冲突一样，言语冲突也会使双方伤痕累累一
一级修饰 Like physical fights,
[介词短语作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
,词汇注释: physical * [ -fizikl] a.身体的；肉体的 verbal * [,V3：bl] a.言语的;文字的
l*eave [li：v] m使发生;造成，使留下为（某种结果）bloodied [-blAdid] a.血淋淋的;血腥的
❸Even when you win, you end up no better off.即使你赢了,最终也不能从中获益。
一级修饰 Even when you win,
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 you end up （主+谓）
J形容词短语作you的补足语
一级修饰 no better off.
词汇注释 end叩最终成为;结果 better off状况好的；富裕的
❹ Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis games.如果争
论只是像网球比赛一样的竞赛，.你的结果几乎同样惨淡。
句子主干 Your prospects would be almost as dismal （主+系+表）
if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 if arguments were even just competitions
插入语，举例说明competitions T
二级修饰 —like, say, tennis games.
"诃汇汪释 p*rospect [•prospekt]几前景；成功的机会 dismal [ dizmal] a.惨淡的；差劲的
c*ompetition [ ^ompa tijn] n.竞赛；比赛 t*ennis [ tenis] n.网球
❺ Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.成对的竞争者来回击
球，直到一位胜利者从所有参赛者中脱颖而出。
29一级修饰 back and forth
!副词短语作状语，修饰hit
句子主干 Pairs of opponents hit the ball （主+谓+宾）
until引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 until one winner emerges
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 from all
who引导的定语从句，修饰all
三级修饰 who entered.
词汇注释 opponent * [ g.paonant ]几竞争者；对手 back and forth反复来回
广S3方#：罗*.
❻Everybody else loses.而其他所有人都输了。
句子主干 Everybody else loses.（主+谓）
❼ This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.这种想法就
是这么多人会试图避免争论的原因，尤其是关于政治和宗教的争论。
This kind of thinking is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干
[why引导的表语从句
why so many people try to avoid arguments,
插入语，补充说明arguments |
-级修福 especially about politics and religioi
词汇注释 p*olitics [ pDbtiks] n.政治;政治事务（或活动） r*eligion [n lid33n]兀宗教;宗教信仰
Q 第三段】
❶These views of arguments also undermine reason.这些关于争论的观点也会使你逐步丧失理智；＞
句子主干 These views of arguments also undermine reason.（主+谓+宾）
商史味释1 u*ndermine [ lAnda mam] vt.逐渐削弱;损害 r*eason [ ri:zn] n.理智；思考力；理解力
❷ If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. 如果你将
谈话看作是一场争吵或竞赛，那么，只要不被发现，你就可以通过作弊取胜。
as a fight or competition,
-级修饰 |介词短语作a conversation的补足语
If you see a conversation
I I传I导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 you can win by cheating （主+谓）
j as long as引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 as long as you don't get caught.
词汇注释 c*onversation [ .konva seijn]几.谈话，交谈 c*heat [tj-i：t] vi.作弊 vt.欺骗
❸You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.你会乐于用错误的论据来说服别人。
句子主干 You will be happy （主+系 +表）
\动词不定式短语作句子主干的原因状语
-级修饰 to convince people
介词短语作方式状语
二级修饰 with bad arguments.
30词汇注释:c*onvince [kan vms] vt.说服，劝说
❹You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are.你可以说他们的观点愚蠢，或者拿他们的无
知开玩笑。
You can call their views stupid,(主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 。施接的并列谓语
or （can） joke
介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 about how ignorant they are.
要点注释 about how ignorant they are中,how引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语，该从句的主语是they,系
动词是are,表语是ignorant,副词how作状语。
词汇注释1 s*tupid [ stjuipidj a.愚蠢的;讨厌的 i*gnorant [ ugngnt] a.无知的;愚蠢的
❺ None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you
win—in one way,这些伎俩都无法帮助你理解他们、他们的立场或让你们产生分歧的问题,但从某种意义上来说
却可以帮助你取胜。
一级修饰 that divide you,
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the issues
(to) understand them, their positions or the issues
动词不定式短语作you的补足语!
句子主干 (l)None of these tricks will help JOU (主+谓+宾+宾补)
but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)bllt they can help you (to) win (主+谓+宾+宾补)
补充说明（2）句
一级修饰 —in one way.
词汇注释 t*rick [tnk] n.诡计;花招vt.哄骗 p*osition [pa zijn] n.立场;态度；位置
第四段』
❶There is a better way to win arguments.有一个更好的方法来赢得争论。
句子主干 There is a better way ( There be句型：There + is +主)
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a better way
二级丽_
to win arguments.
❷ Imagine that you favor jpcreading the minimum wage in our state, and I do not.假设你赞成提高我们州的最低工
资，而我不赞成。 ’
一级修饰
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the minimum wage
Imagine止夷也史£匝殳连驱臾£ jgjgjgffjg史（祈使句：谓+宾从）
句子主干 | and连接并列的宾语从句
and I do not.
要点注释 I do not 是一个省略句，补充完整为 I do not favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,其中主语
为I,谓语为do not favor,宾语是increasing the minimum wage,介词短语in our state作后置定语，修
饰 the minimum wage。
31to employ fewer people
1介词短语作状语
for less time.
词汇注释 f*avor [ 'feiva] vt.赞成;支持n.好感;宠爱 minimum * [ mmimam] a.最低的;最小的
❸ If you yell, “Yes,动” 词an不d I定 y式ell短, “语N ， o |作,” b n u e s i i t n h e e s r s e o s f 的 u补s l足ea语ms anything.如果你大喊“赞成”，而我大喊“不赞成”，那你
我都学不到任何东西。
and I yell, “No,"
一级修饰 'and连接的并列句
If you yell, “Yes,"
_____ [if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 neither of us leams anjlhing.（主+谓+宾）
可汇注释 yell*[jel]机大喊;吼叫 neither (of)两者都不
❹ We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation.我们既不理解
也不尊重对方，更没有妥协或合作的基础C
(l)We neither understand nor respect eachjodier,(主+谓*宾 )
句子主干 ! and连接的并列句
（2）and v/e have nojbasis （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰basis
一级修饰 for compromise or cooperation.
词汇注释 neither...nor...既不... 也不.... b*asis [ beisis] n.基础；根据
c*ompromise ['kompramaiz] n./v.妥协；折中 cooperation [kaufopa reijn]几•合作；协作
❺ In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.相反，假
设你给出一条合理的论据:全职工人不应只生活在贫困之中。
一级修饰 In contrast,
__________ :插入语
句子主干 suppose 绶亘奖兰J竺竺些以三翌既曜匹：（祈使句：谓+宾从）
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明a reasonable argument
—级修饰 that full-time workers should not have to live
词短电作状语
二级修饰 in poverty.
要点注释:句子主干中，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句（that） you give a reasonable argument作suppose的宾语。
:词汇注释：reasonable * [ 'riiznabl] a.合理的；公平的 poverty * Opovoti] n.贫困；贫乏
❻ Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer
people for less time.然后我用另一条合理的论据进行反驳:较高的最低工资将迫使企业雇用更少的员工，并减
少他们的工时。
句子主干 Then I counter (主+谓)
：介词短语作方式状语
一级修饰 with another reasonable argument：
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明another reasonable argument
that a higher minimum wage will force businesses
二级修饰
三级修饰
32:_ c*ounter [ kaunta(r) ] v.反驳;驳斥n.(商店、银行等的)柜台
• Now we can understand each othefs positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
这样我们就可以理解彼此的立场,并意识到我们共同的价值观，因为我们都在关心贫困工人。
:词汇注释 r*ecognize [ rekagnaiz] vt.意识到；承认 needy [，ni:di] a.贫困的;缺乏自信的
第五段：
❶ Of course, many discussions are not so successful.当然，许多讨论并不会这么成功。
一级修饰 Of course,
:插入语
句子主干 many discussions are not so successful.（主+系+表）
；词汇注释 scussion [drskAfn]几.讨论；商讨 s*uccessful [sak sesfl] a.成功的；受欢迎的
❷ Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.尽管如此，我们仍需谨慎行事，避
免过快指责对方论点荒谬。
Still, we need to be careful （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作状语
not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.
i
词汇注释 c*areful [ •keafl] a.谨慎的;仔细的 a*ccuse [a kju：z] vt.指责;指控
❸We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.我们需要学会如何恰当地评价对方的观点。
句子主干 We need四!竺里坦兰四度辿旦竺也〜£?2£§虫「（主+谓+宾）
:聂成注释 本句中，“特殊疑问词（how） +动词不定式短语（to evaluate them properly） w结构作learn的宾语。
:词汇注释:e*valuate [rvaeljueit]讥评价;评估 properly [ propali]遍.恰当地;得体地
❹ A large part of evaluation is calling oyt bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to
apply the same critical standards to ourselves.大部分评价是大声指出对方糟糕的论据，但我们也需要承认对方
好的论据,并运用同样豹评竹保准来审视白己° .
（1） A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,（主+谓+宾）
[but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 （2） but we also need to^dmi£good^igume^ by opponents （主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列宾语
and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.
call out大声说出；召集 a*pply [s plai] v.运用；申请;涂抹
c*ritical [-kntikl] a.评判性的;审慎的 s*tandard [ standad] n.标准；水平a.普通的;正常的
❺ Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the
opposite side.谦虚要求你认识到自身观点的不足，并且有时也需要接受对方立场的合理之处。
33一级修饰 in your own arguments
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰weaknesses
Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
一级修饰
词汇注释 humility [hjurmibti] n.谦虚，谦逊 weakness [ •wizknas] n.不足，缺点；软弱
第六段
❶None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to.这都不易做到，但即使别人拒绝这么做，你也可
L *3"
以开始行动。
（l）None of this will be easy,（主+系+表）
句子主干 ［but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but you can start （主+谓）
| even if引导的让步状语从句，作（2 ）句的让步状语
—级修饰 even if others refuse to （start）.
❷ Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your
argument is any good.下次当你表明自己的立场时，为你的主张构想出一个论点，并扪心自问你的论点是否有可
取之处。
Next time you state your position,
一级修饰 Next time引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
fbr what you claim
____ … | ［介词短语作（1）句的状语，表对象
（l）formulate an argument （祈使句：谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
要点注释 介词短语for what...中,what引导的宾语从句作介词for的宾语，其中，主语是you,谓语是claim,
宾语是what。分句二中,whether引导的宾语从句作ask的直接宾语，该从句由“主语（your
argument） + 系动词（is） +表语（any good） ” 构成。
词汇注释 formulate * [ foimjuleit]以.构想；制订；规划 honestly [pnistli] ad.真的；的确
❸ Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.下次和持有某一立场
的人交谈时,请他们给你一个持此观点的理由。
二级修饰 who takes a stand,
who引导的定语从句,］修饰someone
—级修饰 Next time you talk with someone
' Next time引导的时间状语从句，［作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 ask diem to give you a reason （祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a reason
—级修饰 for their view.
34❹Spell out their argument fully and charitably.毫不吝啬地充分理解他们的论点：
句子主干 SpeH。皿 their argument （祈使句：谓+宾）
[and连接并列的副词作状语
一面修饰|
fully and charitably.
商无函降 spell out 理解;讲清楚 charitably [ -tjaeratablij ad.慷慨地;慈善地
❺ Assess its strength impartially.公正地评价其优势。
句子主干 Assess hs strength impartially.（祈使句：谓+宾）
:词汇注释'、、assess *[ 3-ses] vt.评价；评估；考查 impartially [im paijah] ad.公正地；中立地
❻ Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.提出异议并仔细倾听他们的答复：
(1) Raise函竺!]缪(祈使句：谓+宾)
[句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and listen carefully to their replies.(祈使句：谓+宾)
「商W 连释 L objection *[ 3bd3ekjn] n.异议;反对 reply *[nplai] n./t>.答复；回答
第七段】
O These tools can help you win ever） argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better
sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work
together with them.这些方法可以帮助你赢得每一场争论一不是毫无意义地击败对手，而是更好地了解使人
们产生分歧的问题，了解他们为什么不同意我们的观点并学会与他们交谈和合作。
句子主干 These tools can help you （to） win every argument （主+谓+宾+宾补）
❷ If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all
gain mutual respect and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.如果
我们重新调整自己对争论的看法一从一场言语冲突或网球比赛，变为一场理性的交流,通过这种交流，我们
都能获得相互尊重和理解4-这样我们就改变了“赢得”争论的本质含义。
三级修饰 through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding—
which引导的定语从句,]修饰a reasoned exchange
二级修饰 一from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange
__________ :补充说明
—级修饰 If we.readjust our view of arguments
] If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 then we change the^erjuiature （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the very nature
—级修饰 of what it means to "win" an argument.
35要成汪释 介词短语of what...中，what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。宾语从句中，主语是it,谓语是
means,宾语是what；其中,it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to “win” an argument作真正的主语。
黄）汇注释：readjust [ 重新调整;重新适应 reasoned [ ri:zand] a.有理有据的;理由充分的
mutual * [，mju:tju91] a.相互的；彼此的 n*ature [ -neitf3（r） ] n.本质；天性；大自然
，，，，，，， Part C
第一段[
O It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from
beginning lo end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was,直到开始撰写关于医学
期刊的每周专栏，并开始通读科学论文之后，我才意识到很多医学义献通常有多糟糕5 G .
It was...that .• ,4 r
I It was...that为强调句型，强调时间状语从句
—级修饰 only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,
and连接的并列谓宾
and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,
_______ ___ “ after引导的时间状语哀句，作句子主干的时间状语
I realised （主+谓♦宾从）
句子主干 pow引导的宾语从句,"realised的宾语
just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.
词汇注释 column，[ kobm] n.（报刊的）专栏，栏目 l*iterature [-litratJoCr） ] n.文献；文学
❷ I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than
one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious
anaemia我渐渐识别出劣质论文的各种标志:这种论文会自称研究出，每周食用西兰花超过一千克的人晚年罹
患恶性贫血的可能性是那些食用较少者的L17倍。
句子主干 I came to recognise various signg of a bad jpaper:（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明si^ns of
;ns of a bad paper
一级修饰 the kind of paper
that引导的定语从句，[修
that引导的定语从句，I修饰paper
that purports to show
that引导的宾语从句j作show的宾语
二级修饰
that people...were 1.17 times more likely...to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.
[than：.作&较状语
than those who eat less
三级修饰 who引导的定语从句，修饰people
who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week
要点注释 比较状语than...中，who引导的定语从句修饰those；该从句的主语是who,谓语是eat,副词less作
状语，修饰eat。
词汇注释 recognise * [ rekagnaiz]（亦作 recognize ）v.辨别出；认出 purport [papoit] v.自称;标榜
pernicious [pa nijas] a.恶性的;有害的 anaemia〔ynhmio] n.贫血（症）
❸ There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay
36press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.医学期刊中充斥着诸如此类的无稽之谈,
一旦被电视台和外行新闻媒体报道，就会引发人们对健康问题的恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。
—级修饰 In the medical journals
介词短语作状语!
句子主干 There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense （There be句型：There + is +主）
which引导的定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense
—级修饰 which,...generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
11 when引导的时间交语从句
二级修饰 when （it is） taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,
「词无生样；n*[onsense nonsns] n.无稽之谈;谬论;毫无意义的话 laylei] a.外行的;非专业的
short-lived短暂的;历时短的 dietary [ daiatari] a.饮食的
第二段：
❶Why is so much bad science published?为什么这么多劣质科学论文能被发表？
句子主干 Why is so much bad science published?（特殊疑间句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词）
❷ A recent paper, titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science" , published on the Royal Society's open science website,
attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.最近，一篇发表在英国皇家学会开放科学网站上的文
章一《劣质科学的自然选择》，试图解答这个有趣而又重要的问题。'
一级修饰 titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science",
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰A recent paper
句子主干 A recent paper,…attempts 四 （主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰A recent paper
一级修饰 published on the Royal Society's open science website,
词史注释 ttempt^o tempt] vt.试图；尝试 intriguing [ m trirgirj] a.非常有趣的;神秘的
❸ It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement
positively encourages it.这篇文章表示，问题不仅在于人们做劣质科学研究,还在于我们当前的职业晋升体制确
实在积极鼓励这种行为。
It says （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作says的宾语
that the problem is...
句子主干 that引导的表语从句
not merely that people do bad science,
not merely...but连接并列的表语从句
but that our current system...positively encourages it.
介词短语作后置定语，l修饰our current system
of career advancement
叟旋洼释'not merely...but连接并列的表语从句。第一个表语从句的主语是people,谓语是do,宾语是bad
science；第二个表语从句的主语是our current system,if语是encourages,宾语是it,副词positively作
状语，修饰encourages 0
37词汇注释:m*erely [ miali] ad.仅仅 ;只不过 advancement [ ad va：nsmant ] n.晋升;提升
❹ What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself.重要的不是真理，而是几
乎以发表为目的的发表。
What is important
|What引导的主语从句，作句子主干的主语
句子主干 ...is not truth,（主从+系+表）
| not...but连接的并列表语
but publication,
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明publication
—级修饰 which has become almost an end in itself.
可汇逮辞 p*ublication [ iPAblrkeiJn] n.发表;刊登;公布 an end in itself,本身重要的事
❺ There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have
published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.这其中有一•种
通胀式的过程在起作用:如今，任何申请某一研究职位的人必须发表的论文数量是1。年前的两倍。
句子主干 There has been a kind of inflationary process （There be句型：There + has been +主）
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
inflationary [ m fleijanri] a.通货膨胀的 apply* [a plai] vi.申请，请求
❻'ever mind the quality, then, count the number.因此，论文的质量就无人在意了，人们关注的只是数量。
(1) Never mind the quality,(祈使句：谓+宾)
I
句子主干 并列的祈使句
(2) then, count t坦旦些哒些(祈使句：谓+宾)
第三段，
❶ Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well
as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's papers.人们已经做出努力来遏制这一趋势，比如，试着将某种质
量和数量标准纳入对申请人论文的评估中。
38for example,
一级修饰 插入语
to curb this tendency,
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 Attempts have been made （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
一级修饰 by trying to incorporate some measure...into the assessment
介词短语作后置定语修饰some measure
of quality as well as quantity
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the assessment
of an applicant's papers.
词汇注释！ c*[ku3rb ：b] v.控制；抑制；约束 tendency * [ -tendansi ] n.趋势；倾向
incorporatew [in ko：pareit] vt.将... 包括在内；使并入 assessment [a sesmant]几评估；看法
❷ This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific
literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.这就是著名的
引文索引，即一篇论文在其他科学文献中被引用的次数，其假设是一篇重要论文被引用的次数比普通论文多。
三级修饰| in the scientific literature,
*萄短语出状语I
二级修饰 a paper has been quoted elsewhere
省略关系词（which / that ）的定语从句，修饰the number of times
一蚯时
that is to say the number of times
｝解释说明citation index
句子主干 This is也f迎E0坦终（主+系+表）
独立主格结构，，补充说明citation index
一级修饰 the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often
than...作比较状语[
二级修饰 than one of small account.
:词汇注释；citation [sarteijn] n.引文；引述 a*ssumption [a sAmpjn] n.假设;假定
© This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their
future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.如果不是因为科学家们可
以很容易在今后发表的论文中引用自己的论文，或给同行类似的好处就能让他们在今后发表的论文中也引
用自己的论文，这一措施将/合理的。
句子主干 This would be reasonable （主+系+表）
i传I导的条件状语从句J作句子主[的条件状语
if it were not for the fact
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,
二级修饰 or连接的并列谓宾
or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
要点注释:or get associates...favours 中，associates 作 get 的宾语，动词不定式短语 to do so 作 associates 的补足
卜；介词短语for them作状语，表对象；介词短语in return for similar favours作状语。
39词汇汪释 reasonable * [ riiznabl ] a.合理的;公平的 associate*[a sdujiat] n.同事；伙伴
in return for作为... 的回报
第四段
❶ Boiling down an individuafs output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails
considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity将个人的产出量化为简单的指标，如发表论文的数量或期刊
影响力，可以节省大量的时间和精力并避免歧义。
二级修饰 in time, energy and ambiguity.
介鬲短语伦后置定语,:修饰considerable savings
句子主干 Boiling down an individuaPs output...entails considerable savings （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语
、”
一级修饰 to simple metrics,
such as...举例说明simple metrics
such as number of publications or journal impacts,
词汇注释 considerable * [ kan • sidarabl ] a.相当多的 ambiguity [ taembpgju:ati] n.歧义；模棱两可
❷ Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite
great.但不幸的是，使用简单的量化指标来评估研究人员的价值，从长远来看可能会付出巨大的代价。
词汇注释；unfortunately[ An fo:tJanatli] ad.不幸地;可惜地 quantitative[ kwontitativ] a.量化的
❸ If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our
institutions encourage that kind of science.如果我们真的想确保科学是有意义且可复制的，就必须保证我们的制
度能够激励这种科学的发展。
that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,
—级修饰 that引导的宾膏及舄[衰隽京京J宾语
If we are serious about ensuring
[l传I导的条件状语从句.作句子主干的条件状语
we must ensure （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作must ensure的宾语
that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
■词汇注释：reproducible [ ^ipra djursabl] a.可复制的；可再生的；可繁殖的ensure*[ in'J,ua（r） ] vt.保证;担保
40
