■
虹2019年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段]
❶ Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.定期称体重是一
种随时留意任何明显的体重波动的绝妙方式。 .
句子主干 Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰a wonderful way
—级修饰 to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.
i词汇注释；weigh * [wei] vt.称重量，量体重 regularly [Yegjshli] ad.定期地；经常地；有规律地
s*ignificant [sig^fikant] a.显著的；重要的 fluctuation [.flAktfu'eiJh] n.波动；起伏不定
❷ However, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it helps.然而，如果称得太过频繁，这种习惯
有时候会弊大于利。
_级修饰 when （it is） done too often,
[when引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 However,...this habit can sometimes hurt more （主+谓）
than引导的比较状语从句J作句子主干的比较状语
一级修饰 than it helps.
第二段[
O As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to
focusing solely on the scale.对我而言，每天称体重使我将注意力从保持整体健康和精力充沛转移到只关注体重
秤的数字上。
—级修饰 As for me,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 weighing my self...caused me to shift my focus （主+谓+宾+宾补）
|名词短语作时间状语 ■
every day
_级修饰 介词短语作状语
f*oim being generally healthy and physically active to focusing solely on the scale.
:词汇注释:solely [^sulli] ad.只；单独地 scale * [skeil] n.秤；磅秤；天平
❷That was bad to my overall fitness goals.这并不利于我达成总体健身目标。
句子主干 That was bad （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语，有寸象
一级修饰 to my overall fitness goals.
词汇注释i overall * [.suvsr'o:!] a.总体的；全面的 goal * [gsul] 目标；目的；球门
141© I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of lowering the number on the scale, I altered my
training program. 经我的体重以肌肉量增加的形式增加了，但由于一心想着降低体重秤上的数字，我改变了
自己的训练计划。
—级修饰 in the form of muscle mass,
［介词短语作(1)句的方式状语
(1) 1 had gained竺虫些(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but...I altered my training program.(主+谓+宾)
］现在分词短语作(2)句的原因状语
—级修饰 thinking only of lowering the number on the scale,
［i司无主释］mass虫回瘀］".大量；质量；块 lower ★［，。。。任)］乂降低；减少。•下方的；底端的
alter ★ ［'o：lts(r)］ v.改变，更改，改动 program ［'prsugraem］ n.计划；程序 v.编写程序
❹That conflicted with how I needed to train to reach my goals.这与我为了达到目标而设立的训练计划产生了冲突。
句子主干 That conflicted (主+谓)
］介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 with how I needed to train to reach my goals.
［要京j* 释］介词短语with how...goals中，how引导的宾语从句，作介词with的宾语。宾语从句的主语是I,
谓语是needed,宾语是to train,动词不定式短语to reach my goals作宾语从句的目的状语。
第三段
O I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate depiction of the hard work and progress I was
making in the gym.我还发现每天称体重并不能准确地描述我在健身房所付出的努力和取得的进步。
I also found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate depiction
介词短语作后置定语J修饰an accurate depiction
—级修饰 of the hard work and progress
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句,|修饰the hard work and progress
二级修饰 I was making in the gym.
；KiW "; accurate^ faekjarst] a 准确的；精确的 depiction [dfpikfh] 描述；描画；描写
❷ It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight due to altering your training
program.由于改变训练计划而引起的显著的体重变化需要大约三周到一个月的时间才能被注意到。
一级修饰 in your weight
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰any significant changes
to notice any significant changes
[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
It takes about three weeks to a month （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 due to altering your training program.
亟匚注星
notice女［'nsutis］ v.注意到；察觉 due to由于，因为
❸ The most immediate changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.所能观察到的最直接的变化将
体现在技能水平、力量和减少的体围上。
142句子主干 The most immediate changes will be observed （主+谓）
介词短语作状语J表方面
—级修饰 in skill level, strength and inches lost.
词汇注释:immediate * [1'miidiot] a.直接的；立即的；目前的observe ★ [ob，z3：v] w.观察到；注意到；遵守
第四段〕
❶ For these reasons, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule instead.基于这
些原因，我不再每天称体重，而是改为每月称体重两次。
_级修饰 For these reasons,
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
I stopped weighing myself every day （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and switched...instead.
|介词短语作状语
—级修饰 to a bimonthly weighing schedule
:词汇注释:bimonthly [.bai'mAnOli] a J ad. 一月两次的（地） schedule * [3edju:l] n.计划的时间；日程安排
@ Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to track my weight each week.因为减重不是我的目标，所
以每周追踪体重对我来说没那么重要。
_级修饰 Since weight loss is not my goal,
| Since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
it is less important （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for me to track my weight each week.
''、、、要点注释；for me to...week为动词不定式的复合结构，介词for引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语me。
❸ Weighing every other week allows me to observe and account for any significant weight changes.每隔一周称体重一次
使我能够观察并解释体重的任何明显变化。
Weighing.. .allows me （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 |动词不定式短语作me的补足语
to observe and account for any significant weight changes.
名词短语作时间状语
_级修饰 every other week
[诃汇注雇]account for解释；说明；导致；是……的原因；（数量或比例上）占
❹That tells me whether I need to adjust my training program.这可以提ZK我是否需要调整自己的训练计划。
That tells me （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
句子主干 | whether引导的宾语从句，作tells的直接宾语
whether I need to adjust my training program.
j a*djust [s^Ast] w.调整；调节 v.适应；习惯 training * ['treimrj] n.训练；锻炼；培训
第五段〕
O I use my bimonthly weigh-in results to get information about my nutrition as well.我也利用每月两次的称重结果来
了解自己的营养状况。
143句子主干 I use rpy 坝巴gn业约竺ig虹邑哗业s （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to get information about my nutrition as well.
i词汇注释i information * [jnfs^eVh] n.信息；消息；情报 nutrition * [nju'tnfh] n.营养；滋养
❷ If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly hungry and dropping weight, this is a sign that I need to
increase my daily caloric intake.如果训练强度保持不变，但是却经常感到饥饿并且体重下降，这就表明我需要
增加每天的热量摄入。
but I'm constantly hungry and dropping weight,
—级修饰 but连接的并列句，表转折
If my training intensity remains the same,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 this is a sign （主+系+表）
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明asign
—级修饰 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
intensity * [m^enssti] n.强度；紧张；剧烈 remain * [n'mem] link. v.保持不变；仍然是
caloric [ks'lnnk] a.热量的 intake ['mteik] n.摄取量；吸入量
❶ The decision to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fltness and well-being.不再每
天称体重的决定给我的整体健康、强健状况和幸福感带来了神奇的影响。
一级修饰 to stop weighing myself every day
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰The decision
句子主干 The decision...has done Ygndg乎（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 for my overall health, fitness and well-being.
i词汇注释： fitness [’fitnos] 〃.健康；健壮；适合 well-being fwel bi:ig] n.幸福；健康
❷ I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a disappointing morning weigh-
in. 我对锻炼的热情越来越高，因为我不再背负令人失望的早晨称体重的负担了。
句子主干 ]'m experiencing increased zeal （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰increased zeal
for working out
一级修饰 since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
since I no longer carry the burden
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the burden
二级修饰 of a disappointing morning weigh-in.
zeal5^ [zi:l] n.热情；激情 work out锻炼身体；做运动
burden [*b3 ：dn] n.负担；重负vt.使烦恼 weigh-in （正式的）称体重
❸ Fve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, because I'm training according to those
goals, not the numbers on a scale.在实现具体的健身目标方面，我也取得了更大的成功，因为我是根据这些目标,
而不是体重秤上的数字来训练的。
144句子主干 I've also experienced 驱理三竺竺竺 （主+谓+宾）
" [介词短语作状语，表方面
in achieving my specific fitness goals,
—级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because Fm training
介词短语作方式状语]
二级修饰 according to those goals,
[补充说明
三级修饰 not the numbers on a scale.
词汇注释 speciHc ★ [spa'sifik] a.具体的；特定的；明确的 according to根据；按照；据... 所示
第七段
❶ Rather than obsessing over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy
level.与其着迷于体重秤上的数字，不如将注意力转移到你的外表、感受、衣服是否合身以及整体能量水平上。
一级修饰 Rather than obsessing over the scale,
:介词短语作句子主干的状语
，卢溯®
句子主干 turn your focus （祈使句：谓+宾）
［介词短语作状语，表对象
to how you look, feel,
|并列的宾语从句
一级修饰 how your clothes fit
| and连接的并列宾语
and your overall energy level.
要点注释 to how...fit中，第一个how引导的宾语从句作介词to的宾语，其中主语是you, look和feel是系动词,
how作状语;第二个how引导的宾语从句中，主语是your clothes,谓语是fit, how作状语°
词汇注释 rather than而不是；宁可... 也不愿 obsess [*s9ebs] vt.使着迷；使痴迷
Section U Reading Comprehension
Part A
////✓/✓///✓/✓✓////✓//✓////✓/////✓///////✓/✓/////////////////
Text 1
❶ Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a
child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感显现得稍
晚一些，它随着孩子对社会和道德规范的理解日益加深而显现。
二级修饰 such as sadness, fear, and anger,
］such as...举例说明 so-called basic emotions
—级修饰 Unlike so-called basic emotions
］介词短语作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 guilt emerges a little later,（主+谓）
［介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 in conjunction with a child's growing grasp
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a child、growing grasp
二级修饰 of social and moral norms.
145:词汇注释i guilt * [gilt] n.内疚；犯罪 emerge * [*mi3 ：d3] 显现；摆脱“暴露
grasp * [graisp] n.理解（力）；领会 moral * ['mnrol] a.道德的；道义上的儿品行；寓意
❷ Children aren't bom knowing how to say "I'm sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents
and friends—and their own consciences.孩子们并非天生就知道如何说"对不起”；而是随着时间的推移，他们
才逐渐认识到这类话语能够安抚父母、朋友——以及自己的良心。
一级修饰 knowing how to say *Tm sorry";
[现在分词短语作(1)句的伴随状语
(l)Children aren't bom (主+谓)
|并列句
句子主干 ⑵rather, they learn over time (主+谓+宾从)
that引导的宾语从句,[作leam的宾语
that such statements appease parents and fnends
|补充说明
一级修饰 —and their own consciences.
i词汇注释i appease [o'pi：z] w.安抚；抚慰 conscience * [tonfsns] n.良心；道德心；良知
© This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.这就是为什么研
究人员通常认为所谓的道德内疚感，如果适度，会是一件好事。
_级修饰 in the right amount,
__________ [插入语
This is西yjr竺箜弋些华隹理蛆ly 汶ggy印niQEgl （主+系+表从）
句子主干 动词不定式短语作so-called moral guilt的补足语[
to be a good thing.
Q 第二段〕
O In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap.当然，在人们的普遍观念中,内疚感仍饱受非议。
In the popular imagination,
-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
of course,
,, l插入语
句子主干 guilt still gets 头坦rgp.（主+谓+宾）
i词汇注释i imagination虫[i.maedsi'neijh] n.想象；想象的事物 rap丈[raep] n.苛评；批评；说唱歌就敲击
❷ It is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.它让人感到3E常不
舒服一一在情感上相当于穿了一件装有许多石头的夹克。
句子主干 It is deeply uncomfortable （主+系+表）
]解释说明句子主干
一级修饰 ~~it's the emotional equivalent
介词短语作后置定语，[修W the emotional equivalent
二级修饰 of wearing a jacket
过去分词短语作后置定语J 蜥a jacket
weighted with stones.
i词汇注释！ emotional [I'msqfbnl] a.情感上的；情绪的 equivalent * [fkwivohnt] n.相等的东西 a 相同的
146© Yet this understanding is outdated.然而这种理解已经过时了。
句子主干 Yet this understanding is outdated.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释;：understanding 丸[jAndoHtaendim 〃•理解；领悟 outdated [jaut'deitid] a.过时的；陈旧的
❹"There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish,
a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions
aren't binary一feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.弗吉尼亚大学心理学研
究员阿穆瑞沙•瓦依希指出，“如今已再度兴起，或者说人们已经开始重新思考内疚感是什么及其会起到什
么作用，”她还补充道，这种复兴是更广泛认知的一部分，即情绪不是二元对立的一在一种情景下可能有
益的情绪在另一种情景下可能是有害的。
and what role guilt can serve,"
一级修饰 I and连接的并歹11句
about what guilt is
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰a kind of revival or a rethinking
4<There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking
句子主干 j直接引语作says的宾语
says Amrisha Vaish,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
T Amrisha Vaish的同位语
a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia,
—级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition
that引导的同位语从句,解释说明a larger recognition
二级修饰 that emotions aren't binary
[解释说明
三级修饰 —feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
词汇注释:revival [n'varvl] n.复兴；复苏 recognition * Lrekog'nijh]儿认识；识别
binary ['bamari] a.二元的；二进制的 advantageous [.aedvsn'teidsss]。.有益的；有好处的
❺ Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.例如，嫉妒和愤怒可能已经
演变成警示, 提醒我们注意重大的不平等现象。
一级修饰 for example,
J插入语
句子主干 Jealousy and anger,...may have evolved （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语]
一级修饰 to alert us to important inequalities.
词汇注释 evolve * [i'vnlv] v.逐步发展；进化 alert ★ [o'13：t]讨.使意识到；使警觉。.警惕的
❻Too much happiness can be destructive.过多的快乐也可能具有破坏性。
句子主干 Too much happiness can be destructive.（主+系+表）
词汇注释i destructive * [di'strAktiv] a.破坏（或毁灭）性的
第三段]
❶ And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and
fix relationships.而通过促使我们更深入地思考人性之善，内疚感可以鼓励人们弥补过错并修复关系。
147And guilt,...can encourage humans （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干
|动词不定式短语作humans的补足语
to make up for errors and fix relationships.
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by prompting us
|动词不定式短语作US的补足语
一级修饰
to think more deeply about our goodness,
i词汇注释！ prompt ☆ [prompt] vt.促使；导致；鼓励 make up for弥补；补偿
Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.换句话说，内疚感有助于让一个合作性的种群
团结起来。
句子主干 Guilt,...can help （四）炫以£ go亚竺tjy gg咬竺四斐史竺（主+谓+宾）
[插入语
一级修饰 in other words,
i词汇注释« cooperative ☆ [ksu^paratrv] a.合作的；协助的 species * ['spi:Ji:z] n.物种；种
❸It is a kind of social glue.它是一种社会黏合剂。
句子主干 it is w止jjo以西虫迎（主+系+表）
glue丸[glu:] «.黏合剂；胶；胶水忧（用胶水）粘合
❶Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity.从这个角度来看,内疚感是一种机会。
一级修饰 Viewed in this light,
[过去分词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 guilt is 垩g理竺坚jty.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释； v*iew [vju:] vt. ＜；把... 视为儿观点，景色 l*ight [lait] n.角度；光线；光亮
❷ Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an
emotional deficiency.多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜•马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚感可以弥补某种情感缺失。
三级修饰 at the University of Toronto,
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰a psychology professor
a psychology professor
〔Tina Malti的同位语
一级修饰 by Tina Malti,
[介词短语作后置定语,W Work
句子主干 Work...suggests that guilt may compensate （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
一级修饰 for an emotional deficiency.
i词汇注释i c*ompensate [tompenseit] vi.弥补 vt.给（某人）赔偿 deficiency * [di'f^hsi] n.缺乏；缺点
❸ In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to
cooperation and sharing.马尔蒂和其他研究人员已经通过大量研究证明，内疚感和同情心可能代表着通往合作
与分享的不同途径。
148一级修饰 In a number of studies,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
Malti and others have shown （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句J作have shown的宾语
that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways
介词短语作后置定语，修® different pathways [
一级修饰 to cooperation and sharing.
词汇注释 sympathy * ['simpoOi] n.同情；支持 represent ★ [jepri'zent] w.代表；表现
pathway [*pa:0wei] n.路径；小路 cooperation [kau.Dps^eilh] n.合作；协助
❹ Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their
nastier impulses. 一些缺乏同情心的孩子可以通过体验更多的内疚感来弥补这种不足，这样可以抑制他们更恶
意的冲动。
一级修饰 who are low in sympathy
]who引导的定语从句，修饰Some kids
句子主干 Some kids...may make up for that shortfall （主+谓+宾）
J介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by experiencing more guilt,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明more guilt
二级修饰 which can rein in their nastier impulses.
词汇注释i shortfall [Jo：tfo:l] n.不足；缺口 rein in控制；约束；拉紧（马的）缰绳
n*asty [*na:sti] a.恶意的；极差的；令人不快的 impulse★ ['impAls]儿冲动；脉冲；心血来潮
❺And vice versa： High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.反之亦然：富有同情心可以弥补内疚感的缺乏。
句子主干 And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.（主+谓+宾）
冒号前的内容表明上文❹句中提到的观点反向依然成立，冒号后的内容解释冒号前的内容。
廊匚疏: vice versa反之亦然 substitute ☆ [*SAbstitju:t] v.替代；取代
第五段.
❶In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children.例如，在 2014年的一项研究中，马尔蒂观察了 244名儿童。
In a 2014 study,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
for example,
,, [插入语
句子主干 Malti looked at 244 children.（主+谓+宾）
❷ Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his
or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.通过看护者的评价和孩子们的自我观察，她对
每个孩子的整体同情心水平及其在违背道德后产生负面情绪的倾向进行了评估。
—级修饰 Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰his or her tendency |
一级修饰 to feei negative emotions
介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 after moral transgressions.
149；词汇注释i caregiver ['ke9givs（r）] n.看护人，护理者 assessment [o'sesmmt]儿评价;评估;看法
rate * [reit] v.评定；评价 n.速度，比率 transgression [traenz'grefh] n.违反；犯规
❸ Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.然后，孩子们
分到了一些金币巧克力，并有一次与一个不知姓名的孩子分享巧克力的机会。、-
Then the kids were handed clig竺竺些,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （were） given a chance to share them
介词短语作状语J表对象
_级修饰 with an anonymous child.
i词汇注释:c*oin [kom] n.硬币vt.创造（新词语） anonymous^ [dmmimosja不知姓名的；匿名的
❹ For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.对那些缺乏
同情心的孩子来说，他们分享出去多少似乎取决于他们感到内疚的倾向程度。
一级修饰 For the low-sympathy kids,
介词短语作状语,l表对象
how much they shared appeared to turn on （主从+谓+宾从）
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句，[作appeared to turn on的宾语
how inclined they were to feel guilty.
i词汇注释i inclined [mWamd]久倾向于... 的；有....意向的
❺ The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's
deprivation.那些容易感到内疚的孩子分享得更多，尽管他们没有奇迹般地变得更加同情另一个孩子的匮乏。
句子主干 The guilt-prone ones shared more,（主+谓 + 宾）
| eventhough引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
—级修饰 even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic
i介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 to the other child's deprivation.
i词汇注释i prone * [prsun] a.易于... 的；有做....倾向的 magically [^aedsikli] ad.魔法般地
sympathetic [tsimp9'0etik] a.有同情心的；赞同的 deprivation [.depn'veifh] n.缺乏；贫困
第六段
O'That、good news," Malti says."这是个好消息。"马尔蒂说。
句子主干 "[些t'p go辿竺,"Malti says.（宾+主+谓）
❷"We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.""我们会因为自己造成的伤害而感到悔恨，因
而变得亲社会。”
句子主干 "We can be巴兰竺四（主+系+表）
[ because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because we caused harm
一级修饰 | and连接的并列句
and we feel regret."
i词汇注释i prosocial [prau'ssufsl] a.亲社会的 regret * [n'gret] n.悔恨；遗憾vt.惋惜；懊悔
150Text 2
O Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.森林为我们提供
了阴凉和宁静，也给我们应对气候变化的战斗带来了一项更严峻的挑战。
句子主干 Forests give us户坦dg, guj皂 竺d 99於匚也g璧匚（|竺 也四好理史（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰one of the harder challenges
_级修饰 in the fight
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the fight
二级修饰 against climate change.
i词汇注释i shade * [feid] n.阴凉处；背阴；（树）荫 challenge去ftfaebnds] n.挑战w.向（某人）挑战
❷ Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their
ability to do so.就在我们人类依赖森林来吸收自己产生的相当一部分二氧化碳时，我们却正在对它们吸收二氧
化碳的能力产生威胁。
二级修饰 we produce,
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，［修饰 a good share of the carbon dioxide
to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide
动词不定式短语作forests的补足语［
一级修饰
Even as we humans count on forests
as引导的时间状语从句，[作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 we are threatening jtji竺迎巫或(主+谓+宾)
动词不定式短语作后置定语,[蜥their ability
一级修饰 to do so.
count on依赖；依靠；指望 soak up吸收；吸取，摄取
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 threaten [*0retn] vt.威胁；恐吓 v.预示凶兆
❸ The climate change we are hastening could one clay leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.因人
类而不断加速的气候变化终有一天可能会使森林的碳排放量超过其吸收量。
we are hastening
［省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰The climate change
句子主干 The climate change...could one day leave us (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作状语|
_级修饰 with forests
that引导的定语从句,[修饰forests
二级修饰 that emit more cartx）n
[than引导的比较状语从句
than they absorb.
i词汇注释i hasten fheisn] vt.加速；使加快；促进 emit * [i'mit] w.排放；散发；发出
第二段]
❶ Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance.值得庆幸的是，有一种方法
可以摆脱这种困境一一'旦这需要达到一种微妙的平衡。
151out of this trap
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a way
Thankfully,
［插入语“
句子主干 there is away （There be 句型：there + is + 主）
|插入语，补充说明away
_级修饰 —but it involves striking a subtle balance.
词汇注释i thankfully ['Oaeijkfbli] ad.幸运的是；幸与 t*[trra®pp] 困境；牢笼；陷阱；诡计
strike a balance平衡（对立的双方） subtle ★ [*SAtl] a.微妙的；机智的；敏锐的
❷ Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb
carbon now.若要帮助森林作为宝贵的“碳汇”长久地持续繁荣生长下去，可能现在就需要降低它们的碳吸收能力。
一级修饰 to absorb carbon now.
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰their capacity
句子主干 Helping forests （to） flourish...may require reducing their capacity （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作forests的补足语
as valuable "carbon sinks"
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
long into the future
词汇注释 flourish ☆ fflAiif] vi.繁荣；茁壮成长；昌盛 carbon sink 碳汇
c*apacity [ko'paesoti] n.能力；容量；身份 absorb * [ob，so:b] vt.吸收；吸取；能应付
❸ California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in flguring out the details.加利福尼亚州在明确细
节问题方面做出了表率，正如它在诸多气候变化应对计划中所做的一样。
句子主干 California is leading the way,（主+谓+宾）
]as引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
as it does on so many climate efforts,
—级修饰 介词短语作状语，表方面
in figuring out the details.
i词汇注释i effort去['efbt]儿努力；费力；尽力 figure out弄明白；想出
第三段〕
❶ The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the
forest.该州提出的森林碳计划旨在加倍努力以减少森林中一些区域幼树的数量并清理灌木丛。
句子主干 The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作目的状语f
to thin out young trees
I
—级修饰 and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and (to) clear brush
T介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 in parts of the forest.
词汇注释i p*ropose [pra'psoz] vt.提出；建议；计划 aim会[eim] w.旨在v.瞄准；力求达到
thin out (使)变少，变稀疏 brush虫[bsf]儿灌木丛；小冲突；刷子
152❷ This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.这会暂时降低森林的碳储存能力 °
句子主干 This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释:temporarily ['temprarsli] ad.暂时地；临时地；短暂地
❸ But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's
capacity to pull carbon from the air.但剩余的树木会吸收更多有效水分（土壤中能被植物生长发育所利用的水
分），从而生长繁茂，恢复森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。
（l）But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干
I so连接的并列句，表因果
（2）so they grow and thrive,（主+谓）
[现在分词短语作（2）句的伴随状语
一级修饰 restoring the fbresfs capacity
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰the forest、capacity
二级修饰 to pull carbon from the air.
remaining [n'meimg] a.剩余的；余下的 share * Ues（r）] n. 一份；股份 v.共享
available * [*v9eihbl] a.可获得的；可找到的 moisture * fmoistJXr）] n.水分；潮气；水汽
thrive * [Oraiv] vi.茁壮成长；兴旺发达 r*estore [*snto: （r）] vt.恢复；使复原；使复职
❹ Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.健康的树木还能更好地抵御虫害。
句子主干 Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.（主+谓+兵）
i词汇注释；fend oil抵挡，挡开，避开（攻击） insect 宏[*msekt] n.昆虫；虫
❺ The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.林地的易燃性会降低。
句子主干 The landscape is rendered （主+谓）
| The landscape 的补足语
一级修饰 less easily burnable.
render ☆ frendsfr）] vt.使变得；使成为 burnable fbsinsbsl] a.易燃的；可燃的
❻Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.即使发生火灾，被烧毁的树木也更少。
—级修饰 in the event of a fire,
[介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 Even...fewer trees are consumed.（主+谓）
:词汇注释:in the event of如果发生；万一consume * [ksn^juim] vt.烧毁；毁灭；消耗
第四段〕
❶ The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.对这类计戈0 的需求日益迫切。
句子主干 The need…is increasingly urgent.（主+系+表）
|介词短语作后置定语,W The need
_级修饰 for such planning
:词汇注释:increasingly * [*kmri:sigli] ad.不断增加地 u*rgent 「3：d3ont] 迫切的；紧急的；催促的
153❷ Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone,
and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.自2010年以来，干旱和虫害已经导致加利福尼亚州1
亿多棵树木死亡，其中2016年一年内死亡的树木占据了大多数，并且森林大火已经烧毁了数十万英亩森林。
since 2010,
介词短语作(1)句的时间状语
一级修饰 in California,
介词短语作后置定语，WW over 100 million trees
most of them in 2016 alone,
插入语,]补充说明over 100 million trees
(1) Already,...drought and insects have killed 竺]丝tir竺(主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
(2) and wildfires have burned 虫匹虫竺箜n虫底竺三竺(主+谓+宾)
词汇注释:drought ☆[draot]”.干旱；旱灾；久旱 acre * feik9（r）] n.英亩（约为 4047 平方米）
a
第五段】
❶ California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030—financed from the proceeds of the
state's emissions-permit auctions.加利福尼亚州计划到2020年，每年治理3.5万英亩森林；到2030年，每年
治理6万英亩森林一一所需资金来自.该州拍卖（碳）排放许可证所获得的收益。,
一级修饰 a year
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
California plans 四兰竺匚空OQP ggr竺匹£o三竺...by 2020,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 t | and连接的并列成分
and 60,000 by 2030
插入语，补充说明句子主干
_级修饰 一financed from the proceeds
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the proceeds
二级修饰 of the state's emissions-permit auctions.
词汇注释 treat * [tri:t] vt.处理，保护，保存 Hnance * [*famaens] 讨.提供资金；资助儿财政
proceeds [*pr9osi:dz] n. [pZ.]收益，收入 auction * [*o:kjh] njvt.拍卖
❷ That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to
prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.那只是总计约50万英亩的可受益森林总面积的一小部分，因此
优先治理最易发生火灾或旱灾的区域至关重要。
about half a million acres in all,
一级修饰 插入语, 补充说明 a small share...acreage
that could benefit,
that the total acreage
(1) That's only ?苴哩虬哽哭of tlie total空些噂(主+系+表)
I so连接的并列句，表因果
句子主干 (2) so it will be vital (主+系+表)
fit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to prioritize areas
|介词短语作后置定语，蜥areas
-级修饰 at greatest risk of fire or drought.
154，词汇注释！ acreage [^iksndj] n.英亩数；大块土地 benefit * fbenifit] v.受益；有益于札优势
vital ★ [Vaitl] 口对...极重要的；必不可少的 prioritize [prai'orataiz] vt.优先处理v.按重要性排歹U
❶ The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of
solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.该计划还旨在确保森林中被移
除的树木内的碳以固体木材的形式被封存起来，或者用作生物燃料供那些原本靠化石燃料行驶的车辆使用。
The strategy also aims to ensure (主+谓+宾)
that引导的宾语从句,[作ensure的宾语
句子主干 that carbon...is locked away in the form of solid lumber
or连接的并列谓语
or (is) burned as biofuel in vehicles
that引导的定语从句,!修饰vehicles
that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰carbon
in woody material
过去分词短语作后置定语woody material
二级修饰 removed from the forests
strategy * [^trstadji] n.行动计戈!I ；计策 remove * [ri'muiv] w.去除；免除〃.间距
s*rosDlidlid]a. 固体的；坚硬的；真实可靠的lumber *riAmb9 （r）] 木材；废旧家具
biofuel [^aisufju^l] n.生物燃料 fossil fuel化石燃料（如煤或石油）
❷New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.有关用于交通的生物燃料的新研究已在进行中。
句子主干 New research...is already 坚晅竺]・（主+系+表）
j介词短语作后置定语，New research
—级修饰 on transportation biofuels
transportation [ttr3enspo:'teVh] n.交通工具；运输 under way 在进行中；已经开始
❶ State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds
and opportunities for recreation.各州政府对于森林管理已经驾轻就熟，但他们历来都把关注点放在野生动物、
水域和重建森林的机会上。
一级修饰 to managing forests,
介词短语作状语，[表对象
,:"料幼?麟W嘴'：*
(l)State governments are well accustomed (主+系+表)
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰opportunities [
一级修饰 for recreation.
accustomed [a^stamd] a.习惯于；通常的 wildlife [^aildlaif] n.野生动物；野生生物
watershed [’wo:tQ|bd] n.流域；分水岭 recreation ☆ [.rekri'eifh] n.重建；重现
❷ Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.直到最近，他们才意识到
森林在碳储存方面必将扮演的重要角色。
155句子主干 Only recently have they come to see the yitel part （倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，[修饰the vital part
_级修饰 forests will have to play
介词短语作状语j表方面
二级修饰 in storing carixm.
；要点注释i因Only+副词recently位于句首，故本句使用了倒装结构。
❸ California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.加利福尼亚州
的计划预计在明年由州长最终敲定，这一计划应成为一个典范。
as a model.
|介词短语作California^ plan的补足语
句子主干 California's plan,... should serve （主+谓）
| which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明California's plan
一级修饰 which is expected to be finalized
［介词by引出动作的发出者
by the governor
二级修饰 名词短语作时间状语
next year,
商元生新 finalize ffamslaiz] vt.最终敲定；定案 model * ['mpdl] n.典范；模型；模特儿我.做模特儿
Text 3
第一段
❶ American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.多年来,美国农场主一直在抱怨劳动
力短缺。
句子主干 American farmers have been complaining （主+谓）
[ 介词短语作状语，[表对象
of labor shortages
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
fbr several years.
i词汇注释j complain [ksm^lem] v.抱怨；发牢骚 shortage * S：tid3]儿短缺；缺少；不足
❷ The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.如果不对农场工人的
移京条例进行改革，这些抱怨就不大可能停止。
句子主干 The complaints are unlikely to stop （主+谓）
|介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
_级修饰 without an overhaul
[介词短语作后置定语，ftW an overhaul
二级修饰 of immigratioii rules
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰immigration rules
三级修饰 fbr farm workers.
i 词汇注释 i overhaul * ['suvaho:!] n.彻底改革；检修 immigration [jmi'greijh] n.移民；移居
156第二段
O Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign
workers stay longer in the U. S. and change jobs within the industry.种种可以为农业工人创设一种更简易签证的努
力都遭到了美国国会的阻挠，这种签证允许外籍工人在美国停留更长时间以及在本行业内更换工作。
句子主干 Congress has obstructed efforts （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰efforts
—级修饰 to create a more straightforward visa
for agricultural workers
that 引导的定语从句,修饰 a more straightforward visa
二级修饰 that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U. S.
and连接的并列谓宾
and （would） change jobs within the industry.
；词汇注释:v*isa [*vi:ZQ] n.（护照的）签证 agricultural [.aegn^ltfbrsl] a.农业的；农用的
If this doesn't change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.如果这一情况不改变，美国
企业、社会各界和消费者都将蒙受损失。
If this doesn't change,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.（主+系+表）
community ★ [kdmju:mti]儿社会；社区；团体 consumer [ka^sjuim^r）] n.消费者；顾客
❶ Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.美国的农场工人中可能有一半是非法移民。
句子主干 Perhaps half of U.S, farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释i laborer [*leibar9 （r）]（亦作 labourer） n.工人 undocumented [.An'dnkjumentid] a.无正式文件的
❷ As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.随着来到美国
的此类工人越来越少，美国农业劳动力的特征正在发生变化。
—级修饰 As fewer such workers enter the country,
I As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the chaTacteristics...are changing.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修Sft the characteristics
一级修饰 of the agricultural workforce
i词汇注释： enter * ['enta（r）] v.进入 vt.加入 characteristic * Lkaerokto'nstik] n.特征 a.独特的
❸ T*soday farm laborers, while still predominantly bom in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating
and more likely to be married than single.如今美国的农场工人虽仍然大多出生于墨西哥，但他们更有可能定居
美国而非移居，而且更有可能是已婚而非单身。
157二级修饰 in Mexico,
介词短语作地点状语I
while （they are） still predominantly bom
—级修饰 while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
rather than migrating
“ 介词短语作状语j
Today's farm laborers,...are more likely to be settled （主+系 +表）
句子主干 I and连接的并列成分
and more likely to be married than single.
词汇注释 predominantly [pn'dDmmsntli] ad.多数情况下；主要地 migrate * [mai'greit] vi.移居；迁移
❹They're also aging.他们也正在变老。
句子主干 They're also aging.（主+谓）
❺ At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.本世纪初，大约三分之一的农作
物工人年龄在35岁以上。
—级修饰 At the start of this century,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 crop * [krop] «•作物；庄稼；产量；一群人
❻Now more than half are.而现在这个数字超过了 一半。
:句子讲解:本句是一个省略句，补充完整为Now more than half of crop workers are over the age of 35 o其主语
是more than half of crop workers,系动词是are,介词短语over the age of 35作表语。句首的副词
Now作时间状语。
❼And picking crops is hard on older bodies.而且采收作物对年老的人来说很困难。
句子主干 And picking crops is hard （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语，伽象
一级修饰 on older bodies.
❽ One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along: Native U. S. workers won't be
returning to the farm.针对这种劳动力短缺问题，一个经常被讨论的解决方案依旧一如既往地难以实现：因为美
国本土工人不会再回到农场。
_级修饰 for this labor shortage
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰One oft-debated cure
句子主干 One oft・debated cure...remains as implausible （主+系+表）
'' as引导的比较状语从句，[作句子主干的比较状语
as it's been all along:
一级修饰 解释说明句子主干
Native U. S. workers won't be returning to the farm.
「商亡主幕! oft [pft] ad.经常；时常 implausible回地川酣肛不像真实的；似乎不合清理的
158❶Mechanization isn't the answer, either—not yet, at least.机械化也解决不了这一问题--- 至少现在还不能。
句子主干 Mechanization isn't the answer, either （主+系+表）
插入语,］补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 —not yet, at least.
i词汇注释i mechanization [.mekanafzeifh] n.机械化
Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-
intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor.玉米、棉花、水稻、大反和小麦的生产已经基本实现机械化，
但很多高价值的劳动密集型农作物，例如草莓，仍需要劳动力。
-级修饰 of com, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat
[介词短语作后置定语，ftW Production
（l）Production...has been largely mechanized,（主+谓）
| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干
（2）but many high・vahie, labor-intensive crops,...need labor.（主+谓+宾）
[such as...举例说明 high-value, labor-intensive crops
一级修饰 such as strawberries,
i词汇注释i mechanize [^ekanaiz] w.机械化；使机械化 labor-intensive [Jeibor m*tensiv] a.劳动密集型的
❸ Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they're automated.即使是机
器人承担一小部分挤奶工作的奶牛场，在实现自动化之前还有很长的路要走。
一级修饰 where robots do a small share of milking,
| where引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明dairy farms
句子主干 Even dairy farms,...have at 也瓒 竺]to go （主+谓+宾）
before引导的时间状语从句,［作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 before they're automated.
*词汇注释i dairy * fdeari］ a.牛奶的；乳品的牛奶场 automated ['olsmeitid] a.自动化的
第五段】
❶ As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in
the workforce.因此，美国的农场越来越依赖那些使用H-2A签证的临时外籍工人来填补劳动力的缺口。
二级修饰 using the H-2A visa
现在分词短语作后置定语，[修饰temporary guest workers
on temporary guest workers
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
As a result,
［插入语 ，，
句子主干 farms have grown increasingly 叫迦jt （主+系+表）
］动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to fill the gaps in the workforce.
i词汇注释i reliant ［nlaiant］ a.依赖的；依靠的 temporary * ['temprsri] a.临时的；短暂的
159❷ Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than
doubled.大约从2012年开始，申请此类签证的人数急剧上升；从2011年到2016年，签发的签证数量增加了一倍多。
Starting around 2012,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作(1)句的时间状语
for the visas
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰requests
(1 )requests.. .rose sharply;(主+谓)
句子主干 |并列句
(2)the number of visas...more than doubled.(主+谓)
[过去分词作后置定语，修饰visas
issued
一级修饰 介词短语作(2)句的时间状语
from 2011 to 2016
词汇注释'、'、、request * [n'kwest] n./vt.要求；请求 issue' [•iju:] vt.(正式)发给，供给；公布〃.重要议题
第六段]
❶ The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year.
不像每年的（签发量）上限为6.6万个的H-2B非农业工作签证，H-2A签证没有数量上限。
句子主干 The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,(主+谓+宾)
|介词短语作比较状语
—级修饰 unlike the H-2B visa
j介词短语作后置定语，修饰the H-2B visa
for nonagricultural work,
二级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the H-2B visa
which is limited to 66,000 a year.
:词汇注祢'、、： numerical * [nju:'menkl] a.数字的；数值的cap虫[kaep] n.最高限额；帽子；盖讥限定金额
❷ Even so, employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.即便如此，雇主们还是抱怨，他们的工人
仍然不够。
Even so, employers complain （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句作complain的宾语
they aren't given all the workers
省略关系词（that）的定语从句J修饰all the workers
—级修饰 they need.
要点注释 省略引导词(that)的宾语从句中，主语为they,谓语aren't given使用了一般现在式的被动语态,
all the workers为保留宾语；此处含有双宾语的动词give在变为被动语态aren5t given时，被动句
的主语they为原句(give them all the workers )的间接宾语，这时直接宾语all the workers仍被保
留在被动句中作宾语，这种宾语即为保留宾语，直接跟在被动语态的谓语之后。
❸ The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. （ H-2A 签证的）申请流程烦琐、昂贵且并不可靠。
句子主干 The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable,（主+系+表）
:词汇注释！ cumbersome ['kAmbsssm] a.复杂的；累赘的 unreliable [.Anri'laisbl] a.不可靠的；不能信赖的
❹ One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. 一项调查发
现，官僚主义的拖延使得使用H-2A签证的工人平均晚到岗22天。
160One survey found （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
句子主干 that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker
动词不定式短语作the average H-2A worker的补足语j
to arrive on the job 22 days late.
i词汇注释： bureaucratic [.bjusra'kraetik] a.官僚主义的 d*elay [di'lei]儿拖延；延期 v.使拖延；推迟
❺ The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
联邦政府对移民的突击检查使一些工人被驱逐出境，另一些则被迫变成非法工人，这也加剧了劳动力短缺。
句子主干 The shortage is compounded （主+谓）
]介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by federal immigration raids,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，，补充说明federal immigration raids
which remove some workers
二级修饰 and连接的并列谓宾
and drive others underground.
compound * [ksm'paund] vt.使加重；使恶化 raid 士 [reid] n.突击检查vt.突击搜捕
O In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short
of labor.在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植户和近80%的葡萄干生产者和浆果种植户称他们缺少劳动
力。
一级修饰 In a 2012 survey,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers
, | and连接的并列主语
句子主干 71 percent of tree-fruit growers...said （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作said的宾语
they were short of labor.
词汇注释 grower ['grau9（r）] n.种植商；栽培者 raisin [*reizn] n.葡萄干；葡萄干色
❷ Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.为应对这一问题，一些西部农场主已经将
业务转移到了墨西哥。
句子主干 Some western farmers have responded （主+谓）
|介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
一级修饰 by moving operations to Mexico.
词汇注释 respond * [n'spnnd] w.应对；做出反应 operation ★[.DpoTeiJh] 〃.业务；活动；运转
❸ From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.从1998年到2000年，美国人食
用的水果中有14.5%是进口的。
一级修饰 From 1998 to 2000,
1介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 14.5 percent of the fniit...was imported.（主+谓）
省略关系词（which/that）[的定语从句,修饰14.5 percent of the fruit
一级修饰 Americans consumed
:词汇注释i consume★ [koifsju:m] w.消费；消耗 i*mport [im'po:t] vt.进口；输入[*impo:t] n.进口；输入
161❹ Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.仅仅十年后，进口（水果）所占比例达到了 25.8%。
一级修饰 Little more than a decade later,
［名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the share of imports was 25.8 percent.（主+系+表）
i司元主幕 decade * ［'dekeid］ n.十年，十年期
第八段
O In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.实际上，美国可以进 口食品，或者可以
引进采摘食品的工人。
In effect,
［插入语
（l）the U.S, can import 坦理（主+谓+宾）
| or连接的并列句，表选择
句子主干
(2)or it can import座理「些乎(主+谓+宾)
who引导的定语从句，[修饰the workers
—级修饰 who pick it.
商定疏 in effect实际上；事实上 pick * [pik] w.采;摘;选择n.挑选；选择
Text 4
第一段
❶ Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic.阿诺德•施瓦
辛格、迪亚-米尔扎和阿德里安•格兰尼有一条信息传递给你：战胜塑料（污染）很简单。
一级修饰 for y®:
__________ 介词短语作后置定语,［修饰a message
■于耋干 Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message （主+谓+宾）
［解释说明a message
If s easy
修饰 it为形式主语j动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to beat plastic.
❷ They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for/World Environment Day—encouraging you, the
consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.他们与一众明星一起主演了一'部
为世界环境日拍摄的新短片——鼓励你（消费者）换掉一次性塑料制品，以对抗塑料危机。
句子主干 They're 四rt of ajbunch of qe坦bijti竺（主+系+表）
［现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a bunch of celebrities
_级修饰 starring in a new video for World Environment Day
［补充说明a new video &
二级修饰 —encouraging you,...to swap out your single-use plastic staples
| you的同位语
the consumer,
三级修饰 动词不定式短语作目的状语
to combat the plastics crisis.
词汇注释 swap out换掉；交换 staple * Csteipl] n.主要产品；重要内容
combat * ［'kpmbaet］ vt.与 做斗争 crisis * ['kraisis] n.危机；危急关头
162I
第二段
O The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact
legislation to curb single-use plastics.为世界环境日汇集的关键信息的确包括呼吁各国政府立法限制一次性塑料
制品。
_级修饰 for governments
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰a call
句子主干 The key messages."。include a^call （主+谓+宾）
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a call
to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.
—级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰The key messages
that have been put together
〔介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 for World Environment Day
「商元主幕]enact [fnaekt] w.通过（法律） curb * [k3：b] w.控制，抑制，限定
❷ But the overarching message is directed at individuals.但核心信息是针对个人的。
句子主干 But the overarching message is directed （主+谓）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
—级修饰 at individuals.
词汇注释:overarching [jaovsr'a:^] a.首要的 individual * [jndi'vidjusl] n.个人；个体
a
第三段〕 3
、：'
❶ My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved,然而，对于
将对抗塑料危机这一重任交给个人这一做法，我担心的是人们对需要实现的目标认识有限。
句子主干 My concern... ho we ver, is our limited sense （主+系+表）
[介词短圄^后®®语,修My concern
with leaving it up to the individual,
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， ftW sense
of what needs to be achieved.
❷ On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and
require very little o£ us.比如，携带自己的购物袋去杂货店买东西或者不再使用塑料吸管，就这些做法本身而
言成效不大， 并且对人们的要求很低。
On their own,
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 to the grocery store
介词短语作地点状语
for example,
“ [插入语
taking our own bags...will accomplish little （主+谓+宾）
| or连接的并列主语
句子主干 or quitting plastic straws,
and连接的并列谓宾
and （will） require very little of us.
163词汇注释 i a*ccomplish ［s'kAmpliJ］ vt.达成；完成 r*equire ［rfkwaisCr）］ vr.要求；命令；依靠
❸ They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more
effective actions—a kind of "moral licensing" that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those
in charge.这些做法甚至可能是有害的，因为它们满足了 “我们已经尽了本分”的需要，使我们在任何时候都
不必再采取更宏大、更果敢以及更有效的行动---种“道德许可”，它减少我们的担忧，阻止我们采取更
多行动，也阻止我们向那些责任人提出更多的要求。
句子主干 They could even be harmful,（主+系+表）
|现在分词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 satisfying a need
［动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a need
to have "done our bit"
介词短语作伴随状语
二级修饰 without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions
补充说明
—a kind of "moral licensing"
that引导的定语从句j修饰"moral licensing”
that eases our concerns
| and连接的并列谓宾
三级修饰 and stops us doing more
j and连接的并列成分
and asking more of those in charge.
词汇注释:effective * [iffektiv] a.有效的；实际的 in charge负责；主管
第四段
❶ While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and
straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as
“citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change,当围绕“我们的环境和我们对
环境的责任”的讨论仍然聚焦于购物袋和吸管时，我们就一直在忽视权力的平衡，这一权力暗示我们作为“消费者”
必须以可持续的方式购物，而不是以“公民”身份去要求我们的政府和产业承担责任以推动真正的系统性变革。
on shopping bags and straws,
二级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
around our environment and our responsibility toward it
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰the conversation
一级修饰 While the conversation...remains centered
| While引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 we're ignoring the balance of power （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,［修饰power
that implies
that引导的宾语从句，［作implies的宾语
that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably,
rather than连接的并列成分，|肯定前者，否定后者
一级修饰
rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries
动词不定式短语作our governments and industries的补足语］
to account to push for real systemic change.
164词汇注释 conversation * [^nvg'seVh] n.谈话； 交谈 responsibility * [n.sponsa^ilsti] n.责任；负责
straw女[str。:] n.吸管；稻草；麦秆 i*gnore [ig'no:（r）] vt.忽视；对...不予理会
sustainably [sa^teinabli] ad.可持续地 account * [s'kaunt] m.为... 负责w.认为是；视为
❶ It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority—or even most people's.重要的是，要承
认保护环境不是每个人，甚至不是大多数人的第一要务。
It?s important （主+系+表）
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 to acknowledge
:that引导的宾语从句，作acknowledge的宾语
that the environment isn't everyone's priority
i补充说明
—级修饰 — r even most people's.
i词汇注释i acknowledge ☆ [ak'nnlids] vt.承认（事实、局面等） priority * [prafurati] n.最重要的事情
❷We shouldn*t expect让to be.我们不应该抱这样的希望。
句子主干 We shouldn't expect it to be.（主+谓+宾 +宾补）
❸ In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Thingsf Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to
collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.伊丽莎白• R.德松
布尔在她的新书《为什么好人会做对环境有害的事》中主张，共同改变大众行为的最好方法是做出结构性
改变。
二级修饰 Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things,
[her latest book 的同位语
一级修饰 In her latest book,
｝介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句j作argues的宾语
that the best way...is for the change to be structural.
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the best way
一级修饰 to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people
that引导的宾语从句中，动词不定式短语to be structural作表语，介词for引出to be structural的
逻辑主语the changeo
i词汇注释： collectively [ks'lektivli] ad.共同地；集体地 structural ['strAktfbrol] a.结构上的；构造上的
第六段】
❶ This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or
banning single-use plastics altogether.这可能意味着要实行一些政策，例如征收塑料税以增加破坏环境行为的
成本，或者完全禁止一次性塑料制品。
165or banning single-use plastics altogether.
| or连接的并列宾语
句子主干
This might mean implementing policy （主+谓+宾）
[such as...举例说明 policy
一级修饰 such as a plastic tax
[that引导的定语从句,修饰a plastic tax
二级修饰 that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,
制匚涌 implement * ['impliment] vt.实施；履行 problematic [.probla'maetik]有问题的；有困难的
ban * [baen] vt.禁止；取缔 altogether * [p^t^ged^r）] ad.完全；全然；全部地
❷ India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.,, 印度刚刚宣布，将"于
2022年之前消除国内所有一次性塑料制品”。
India has just announced （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 |省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作has...announced的宾语
it will "eliminate all single-use plastic
[介词短语作后置定语，all single-use plastic
in the country
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
by 2022."
词汇注释 announce * [a'nauns]讨.宣布；宣告 eliminate * [I'hmmeit] vt.清除；消除；消灭
❸ There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at
least as easy as trash disposal.还有一些使人们更易做出利于环境的更好选择的激励式方法，比如确保回收利
用至少和扔垃圾一样简单。
句子主干 There are also incentive-based ways （There be 句型：There + are + 主）
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰incentive-based ways
of making better environmental choices easier,
一级修饰 such as...举例说明 incentive-based ways
such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy
[as引导的比较状语从句
二级修饰 as trash disposal （is）.
词汇注释 incentive ★ [m'sentiv] 〃.激励；刺激；鼓励 recycling [ri:'saiklig] n.回收利用；再利用
trash * [traej] n.垃圾；废物 vt.损坏 disposal * [di'spsuzl] n.丢弃；处理；去掉
第七段〕
❶ DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.德松布尔并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。
DeSombre isn't saying （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作isn't saying的宾语
people should stop caring about the environment.
❷ It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing
widespread behavior.她表示，只是个人行动过于缓慢，不足以成为改变普遍行为的唯一方法，甚至最主要的
方法。
166句子主干 It's just [坦t皿虫史火四兰竺竺专 理 t丝辿史，（主+系+表从）
[插入语
she says,
动词不定式短语作状语
一级修饰 for that to be the only,.. .approach
or连接的并列成分|
or even primary,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰approach
二级修饰 to changing widespread behavior.
词汇注释 primary * ['praimsri] a.主要的；最重要的 approach * [a'prautf] n.方法；手段；态度
第八段，
O None of this is about writing off the individual.这并不是说要摒弃个人力量。
句子主干 None of this is abgijit 更西理 ]11虫\四11£1.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释i write off忽视；认定... 不重要（或无用）
❷ It's just about putting things into perspective.只是要正确地看待事物。
句子主干 Ifs just £如,t卫四哄[坦噂 into 嗯酒g[i竺.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释:perspective * [*spp9ektiv] n.客观判断力；态度；观点
❸We don't have time to wait.我们没有时间等待。
句子主干 We don't have time to wait.（主+谓+宾）
❹ We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.我们需要推
动变革的热心公民，还需要影响集体行动的进步政策。
句子主干 We need 匿?矍理sgiyg gtgic哽（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰
progressive policies
that shape collective action,
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
词汇注释 progressive * [pra'gresiv] a.进步的；革新的 collective * [ka^ektiv] a.集体的；共有的；共同的
//✓/✓//✓✓/✓///////////////✓/✓///✓/////✓/////✓///////✓/////// P art
第一段〕
O In choosing a new home, Camille McClain's kids have a single demand: a backyard.在选择新家时，卡米尔,麦克莱
恩的孩子们只有一个要求：要有一个后院。 ■
一级修饰 In choosing a new home,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Camille McClain's kids have a single demand:（主+谓+宾）
1
解释说明 a single demand
一级修饰 a backyard.
167第二段■
❶ McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters *
views weigh heavily on p*arents real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S.
adults. 2018年一项针对2000多名美国成年人的哈里斯民意调查显示，并不是只宥麦克莱恩的孩子们在住房
问题上有自己的意见，很多情况下，孩子的观点对父母在房地产方面的决策影响巨大。
when it comes to housing,
一级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句，作(1 )句的时间状语
who have an opinion
! who引导的定语从句，修饰the only kids
(l)McClain's little ones aren't the only kids (主+系+表)
句子主干 I and连接的并列句
(2)and...youngsters, views weigh heavily (主+谓)
|介词短语作(2)句的状语
in many cases
介词短语作(2)句的状语，表对象
-级修饰 on parents' real estate decisions,
插入语
according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey
介词短语作后置定语， a 2018 Harris Poll survey
of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
词汇注释 housing ['hauzig] n.住房，住宅 real estate房地产；不动产
a
第三段]
O While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty
agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids' opinions may have.
老一辈人倾向于对孩子们隐瞒他们在房地产方面的决策，尽管更多的家庭对此表示反对，但是房地产经纪人
和心理学家就孩子们的意见可能带来的财务、个人及长期影响看法不一。
二级修饰 to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions,
动词不定式短语作后置定语,!修饰an older-generation proclivity
While more families buck an older-generation proclivity
j While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 realty agents and psychologists have mixed views (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰mixed views
—级修饰 about the financial, personal and long-term effects
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句 the financial...effects
二级修饰 kids' opinions may have.
词汇注释； buck [bAk] vt.抵制；反抗 vl 猛烈颠簸 proclivity [pro'klivoti] n.(常指对坏事的)倾向，癖好
a
第四段】
O The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and
ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.芝加哥临
168床心理学家瑞安•胡珀认为，让孩子们参与重大决策是个很好的主意，因为这可以让他们在可能令人不知所
措的过程中体会到控制感与作为主人翁的感觉。
二级修饰 in what can be an overwhelming process,
j介词短语作状语
because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership
一级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
of involving children in a big decision
j介词of引出The idea的同位语
句子主干 The idea...is头里竺也竺（主+系+表）
__________ ［插入语
—级修饰 said Ryan Hooper,
| Ryan Hooper的同位语
二级修饰 a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
要点注释;because引导的原因状语从句中，主语是it,指代The idea,谓语是can help,宾语是them,动
词不定式短语(to) feel...ownership作them的补足语；介词短语in...process中，what引导的宾语
从句，作in的宾语，从句的主语为what,系动词为can be,表语为an overwhelming process0
词汇注薜:involve ★[m'volv]w.使参与；使介入；牵连 ownership * t'aunsfip] n.物主身份；所有权
overwhelming [^uva'welmig] a.令人不知所措的 clinical [^linikl] a.临床的；冷淡的
第五段.
O "Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current
school or support system," he said.他说："孩子们在应对重大变动时可能面临严重的困难，尤其是当他们会因这
一变动而离开目前的学校或支持体系时。”
二级修饰 from their current school or support system,"
[介词短语作状语
especially if it removes them
一级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句，作直接引语的条件状语
in coping with significant moves,
, ［介词短语作直接引语的状语
"Children may face serious difficulties
［直接引语作said的宾语
句子主干
he said.（宾+主+谓）
词汇注释 cope with应对；处理；应付 current * [,kArant] a.当前的；现在的n.水流
第六£殳]
O Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's not convinced that kids should be
involved in selecting a home一but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social
activities, if possible.加利亚尔多房地产公司的经纪人格雷格-雅罗泽夫斯基说，他认为孩子们不应该参与选房，
但如果可能的话，应该在距离朋友及社交活动场所的远近方面考虑他们的意见。
169—级修饰 a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates,
］Greg Jaroszewski 的同位语
Greg Jaroszewski,...said （主+谓+宾从）
［省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作said的宾语
句子主干 he's not convinced
that引导的宾语从句,［作is not convinced的宾语
that kids should be involved in selecting a home
［补充说明
一级修福
―but their opinions should be considered
介词短语作状语，［表方面
in regards to proximity to friends and social activities,
二级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句
if （it is） possible.
词汇注释 broker ['braukg（r）] n.经纪人；代理商 proximity [prok^imsti] n.（时间或空间）接近；靠近
第七段
O Younger children should feel like they * re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said
Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.年幼的孩子们应该感到他们在选择自己的家-而实际上
他们在此事上并无选择权，纽约的房地产代理人亚当•贝利说道。
句子主干 Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home （主+系+表从）
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
—without actually getting a choice in the matter,
—级修饰 插入语
said Adam Bailey,
Bailey的同位语|
Adam
二级修饰 a real estate attorney based in New York.
词汇注释 attorney 虫[o't3：ni] 〃.代理人；律师 based [beist] a.在... 居住（或工作）
第八段
❶ Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they're being
included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.贝利表ZK,询问他们对于未来新家的后院有何看法，会让他
们感到自己也参与了决策过程。
—级修饰 about what they like about the backyard of a potential home
!介词短语作后置定语，修饰questions
Asking them questions...will make them （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 ?动词不定式短语作them的补足语［
（to） feel like they're being included in the decision-making process,
• 插入语
-级修饰 Bailey said.
170要点注释 宾语补足语(to) feel like...process中，feel为系动词，like...process相当于as if引导的表语从句
作表语；表语从句中，主语为they,谓语为are being included,介词短语in the decision-making
process作状语。
第九段〕
❶ Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in
Santa Clarita, Calif.加州圣克拉丽塔的房地产经纪人特蕾西-汉普森表示，购房的许多方面都不是孩子们会考
虑的问题。
句子主干 Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration （主+系+表）
__________ ]插入语
said Tracey Hampson,
一级修饰 T 介词短语作状语，表对象
for children,
Tracey Hampson 的同位语
二级修饰 a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif.
❷ And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.过于重视他们的意见可能会错
过一次极佳的购房机会。
句子主干 And placing too much emphasis...can min a fantastic home purchase.（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 on their opinions
i词汇注释i emphasis * ['emfssis] n.重视；强调 fantastic * [faen'taestik] a.极妙的；极好的
第十段］
O "Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision
solely on their opinions,Hampson said.汉普森说："在做出购房决定之前和孩子们谈谈是明智的，但我不会仅
根据他们的意见做出购买决定。”
—级修饰 before you make a real estate decision
before引导的时间状语从句
but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,**
| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 "Speaking with your children...is wise,
]直接引语作said的宾语
Hampson said.（宾+主+谓）
第十一段
O The other issue is that many children—especially older ones—may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,
said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.另一个问题是，许多孩子，尤其是年纪较大的孩子，他
们的房地产知识可能源于美国家园频道(HGTV )的节目，加州河滨市诺里斯集团的亚伦•诺里斯说道。
171一级修饰 —specially older ones——
[插入语，补充说明many children
that many children...may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,
［that引导的表语从句
句子主干
The other issue is...（主+系+表从）
］插入语
一级修饰 said Aaron Norris
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰Aaron Norris
二级修饰 of The Norris Group
?介词短语作后置定语，修饰The Norris Group
三级修饰 in Riverside, Calif.
❶ <4They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said."他们和我们其他人一样喜爱奇普,盖
恩斯和乔安娜-盖恩斯，”他说。
—级修饰 as the rest of us,"
[as...作比较状语
'Whey love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much
［直接引语作said的宾语
句子主干
he said.（宾+主+谓）
❷"HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate."美国家园频道已经极大改变了人们对房地产的看法。
"HGTV has seriously changed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句,]作has...changed的宾语
how people view real estate.
❸It's not shelter, it's a lifestyle,房子不是遮风避雨之地,而是一种生活方式。
（1） It's not shelter,（主+系+表）
句子主干 并列句
（2） it's a lifestyle.（主+系+表）
❹With that mindset change come some serious money consequences."这种思维模式的改变带来了一些财务上的严重
后果。“
一级修饰 With that mindset change
句子主干 come some serious money consequences."（倒装句：谓+主）
mindset [^amdset] n.观念模式；思维倾向 consequence * ['knnsikwsns] n.后果；结果
O Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.诺里斯说，孩子们
往往沉迷于（房子的）特色以及给他们个人带来的直接好处。
172要点注释i宾语补足语(to) feel like...process中，feel为系动词，like...process相当于as if引导的表语从句
作表语；表语从句中，主语为they,谓语为are being included,介词短语in the decision-making
process作状语。
第九段
O Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in
Santa Clarita, Calif.加州圣克拉丽塔的房地产经纪人特蕾西-汉普森表示，购房的许多方面都不是孩子们会考
虑的问题。
句子主干 Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration （主+系+表）
__________ |插入语
said Tracey Hampson,
-级修饰 ? 介词短语作状语，表对象
for children,
Tracey Hampson 的同位语
二级修饰 a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif.
❷ And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.过于重视他们的意见可能会错
过一次极佳的购房机会。
句子主干 And placing too much emphasis...can ruin a fantastic home purchase.（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
_级修饰 on their opinions
词汇注释 emphasis * ['emfssis] n.重视；强调 fantastic 丸[faen'taestik] a.极妙的；极好的
第十段
O "Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision
solely on their opinions,Hampson said.汉普森说："在做出购房决定之前和孩子们谈谈是明智的，但我不会仅
根据他们的意见做出购买决定。”
_级修饰 before you make a real estate decision
before引导的时间状语从句
but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions/,
,| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 "Speaking with your children...is wise,
[直接引语作said的宾语
Hampson said.（宾+主+谓）
J
第十一段
❶ The other issue is that many children——especially older ones——may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,
said Aaron Norris of The Norris Gnmp in Riverside, Calif.另一个问题是，许多孩子，尤其是年纪较大的孩子，他
们的房地产知识可能源于美国家园频道(HGTV)的节目，加州河滨市诺里斯集团的亚伦-诺里斯说道。
171一级修饰 —specially older ones-
—
]插入语，补充说明many children
that many children...may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,
[that引导的表语从句
句子主干
The other issue is...（主+系+表从）
]插入语
-级修饰 said Aaron Norris
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰Aaron Norris
二级修饰 of The Norris Group
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The Norris Group
三级修饰 in Riverside, Calif.
O <4They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said."他们和我们其他人一样喜爱奇普•盖
恩斯和乔安娜-盖恩斯，”他说。
—级修饰 as the rest of us,"
]as...作比较状语
'*They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much
j直接引语作said的宾语
句子主干
he said.（宾+主+谓）
❷“HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate.美国家园频道已经极大改变了人们对房地产的看法。
“HGTV has seriously changed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句，[作has...changed的宾语
how people view real estate.
It's not shelter, it's a lifestyle.房子不是遮风避雨之地，而是一种生活方式。
（l ）If s not shelter,（主+系+表）
句子主干 并列句
（2）it,s a lifestyle.（主+系+表）
❹With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.0这种思维模式的改变带来了一些财务上的严重
后果。“
一级修饰 With that mindset change
句子主干 come some serious money consequences."（倒装句：谓+主）
mindset ['mamdset] n.观念模式；思维倾向 consequence * ['konsikwsns] n.后果；结果
❶ Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.诺里斯说，孩子们
往往沉迷于（房子的）特色以及给他们个人带来的直接好处。
172一级修饰 Norris said.
［插入语
句子主干 Kids tend to get stuck （主+系+表）
［介词短语作状语
in the features
| and连接并列的介词短语
一级修饰
and （in） the immediate benefits
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the immediate benefits
二级修福
to them personally,
词汇注释 f*eature rfi:tfb(r)] n.特色；特征；特写 immediate * [fmi^wt] a直接的；直系的；立即的
第十四段
O Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gumer, a real estate
analyst with FitSmallBusiness. com. FitSmallBusiness. com网站的房地产分析师朱莉•格纳说，父母需要提醒孩子，
他们的需求和愿望可能会随着时间的推移而改变。
Parents need to remind their children （主+谓+宾）
j that引导的宾语从句，作remind的直接宾语
句子主干
that their needs and desires may change over time,
插入语
—级修饰 said Julie Gurner,
| Julie Gumer的同位语
二级修饰 a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness. com.
要点注释：句子主干中的to remind their children中，their children作remind的间接宾语。
词汇注释i remind * [n^amd] vt.提醒；使想起 analyst ['aenohst] ”.分析师；化验员；心理分析医师
E
第十五 殳〕
O 'Their opinions can change tomorrow/' Gumer said."他们的想法可能明天就变了，” 格纳说道。
4Their opinions can change tomorrow,
句子主干 !直接引语作said的宾语
Gumer said.（宾+主+谓）
❷"Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather made
for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best—and give them an opportunity to customize
it a bit and make it their own? “尽管这样说可能有些刺耳，但这一决定不应取决于孩子们的意见，而应充
分考虑什么样的房子最能满足他们的需求，并给予他们一个机会对其稍做修改，使其成为他们自己想要的
房子。”
173“Harsh as it may be to say,
一级修饰 as引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
contingent on a child's opinions,
“ [形容词短语作句子主干的方式状语
that decision should likely not be made (主+谓)
句子主干 I but连接的并列谓语
but rather (should be) made for them
with独立主格结构作伴随状语[
with great consideration into
—级修饰 what引导的宾语从句作into的宾语
what home can meet their needs best
[补充说明
二级修饰 ―and give them an opportunity
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰an opportunity
to customize it a bit
| and连接并列的动词不定式短语
三级修饰
and (to) make it their own.,,
词汇注释 contingent [ksn'tmdsantj a.取决于 的n.小分队 customize ['kAstamaiz] vt.改制；定做
EQ
第十六
O This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,
despite the current housing crunch.尽管目前住房紧张，但是当越来越多的父母想要采纳孩子的想法时，这一建
议比以往任何时候都更有意义。
despite the current housing crunch.
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
than ever before,
[than...作句子主干的比较状语，
句子主干 This advice is more relevant now (主+系+表)
as引导的时间状语从句，[作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,
词汇注释 embrace * [im'breis] vt.乐意采纳；欣然接受 crunch [krAntf] n.短缺；碎裂声
Section HI Translation
❶ It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.英国作家吉米•哈利很容易被人低估。
It is easy （主+系+表）
句子主干 | It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to underestimate...Janies Herriot.
| James Herriot的前置同位语
一级修饰 English writer
174:词汇注释:underestimate * [.Andsr'estimeit] vt.低估；对... 认识不足（或重视不够）[.Andar'estimat] n.低估
❷ He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.他的作品风格欢快且通俗易
懂，让人觉得谁都可以模仿。
句子主干 He had such a pig竺迎，理。虫妙§迎如（主+谓+宾）
| such...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
that one might think
—级修饰 that引导的宾语从句,!作might think的宾语
that anyone could imitate it.
:词汇注释i readable ['ri:d9bl] a.通俗易懂的；可读性强的 imitate * ['imiteit] vt.模仿；仿效
❸ How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book.我曾无数次听到有人说："我也能写书，
How many times have I heard people say,（倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾+宾补）
句子主干 j直接引语作say的宾语
"I could write a book.
❹I just haventhe time.^,只是没时间而已。”
句子主干 I just haven51 the （主+谓+宾）
:蔓费主臀]本句与上文❸句中的直接引语共同作上文❸句中say的宾语。
❺Easily said.说起来容易。
:句子讲解，该句为省略句，补充完整为It is easily said。由“主语（It） +谓语（is...said ） 构成，副词
easily作状语，修饰谓语is...said。
❻Not so easily done.但做起来难。
:句子讲解:该句为省略句，补充完整为It is not so easily doneo由“主语（It ） +谓语（is not...done ） 构成，
副词短语so easily作状语，修饰谓语is not...doneo
❼ James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, "having a go at the
writing game".与大众观点相反，用吉米•哈利的话说，他在“尝试写作游戏”的初期，觉得写作并非易事。
_■级修饰 contrary to popular opinion,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 James Herriot,...did not find it easy （主+谓+宾+宾补）
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 in his early days
介词短语作后置定语j修饰his early days
二级修饰 of,...“having a go
[插入语 ■
as he put it,
三级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a go
at the writing game".
\词汇注释i contrary * ['knntrsri] a.相反的；相对立的 go去[gsu] n.（做某事的）尝试，一番努力
175❽ While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result
of years of practising, re-writing and reading.显然，吉米•哈利天赋异禀，但他最终展现给世人的精湛作品都是
多年苦练、修改和审阅的成果。
_级修饰 While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent,
| While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the final, polished work...was the result (主+系+表)
[that引导的定语从句，修饰the final, polished work
that he gave to the world
_级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the result
of years of practising, re-writing and reading.
词汇注释 abundance [^bAndans] n.大量；丰富；充裕polished [^dI^] 完美无缺的；抛光的；优雅的
。Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him
all the more determined to succeed.像大多数作家一样，他这一路走来也曾饱尝沮丧和被拒的滋味，但这些更
加坚定了他取得成功的决心。
along the way,
-级修饰 介词短语作(1)句的状语
Like the majority of authors,
“介词短语作(1)句的比较状语
(1) he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but these made him all the more determined to succeed.(主+谓+宾+宾补)
词汇注释 m* ajority [mSdsDroti] n.大多数；大部分 rejection [n'dsekfh] n.拒绝；否决；废弃
all the more更加；尤其 determined [*t3di ：mmd] a.下定决心的；坚定的
❿ Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.他一■生
中所有的成就都来之不易，在文学领域的成功也不例外。
he achieved in life
一级修饰 省略关系词(that)的定语从句，修饰Everything
the hard way
,, ]名词短语作(1)句的方式状语
(1 )E very thing.. .was earned (主+谓)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
(2)and his success.. .was no exception,(主+系+表)
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰his success
一级修饰 in the literary field
词汇注释 earn * [3：n]讥赢得；博得机挣得;赚得 the hard way 艰难地
literary * ['litsrsri] a.文学的；爱好文学的 exception "ik'sepjh] n.例外；规则的例外
176
