—级修饰 While （it is） seemingly innocent,
{while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 this loss of mental focus can potentially have ? ^迎鎏,g j史（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 on our professional, social, and personal wellbeing.
汇注释 i*nnocent [ ln3Snt] a.无害的;清白的;纯真的 potentially [ps tenJaU]遍.可能地，潜在地
damaging [ .daemid3ir）] a.造成破坏的;有害的 wellbeing [ .webbinij] n.幸福;健康;福利
. ―- • • •
O Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be
done.神经科学家，即研究神经系统的专家越来越多地表示，其实有很多方法可以应对这一现象。
二级修饰 who study the nervous system,
[who引导的定语从句，修饰experts
一级修饰 experts
]Neuroscientists 的同位语
Neuroscientists….are increasingly showing （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作are...showing的宾语
that t*shere actually a lot
that引导的定语从句,|修饰a lot
—级修饰 that can be done.
:商汇生释；neuroscientist [ njuargusaiantist] n.神经科学家 expert*[ .eksp3it] n.专家;行家 a.熟练的
n*ervous [ n3：vas] a.神经系统的;焦虑的 i*ncreasingly [ m-kri：sigli] ad.越来越多地
❷ It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can
significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.事实证明，就像肌肉需要锻炼一样，我们的大脑也需要锻炼，适
当的脑力训练可以显著改善我们的基本认知功能。
It turns out （主+谓）
[It为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,
| and连接的并列句
and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.
:诩[注格]f*™ out证明是;结果是;出席潮外 m* uscle [ .mAsl] n.肌肉;体力;影响力
workout [.W3：kaut] n.训练;锻炼 c*ognitive [ .kDgn3tiv] a.认知的;感知的
❸ Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain.思考本质上是在大脑中建立连接的过程。
句子主干 Thinking is essentially 旦些£>£^ （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a process
—级修饰 of making connections
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in the brain.
2:词汇汪释:essentially [rsenjali] ad.本质上;根本上 connection * [ kg-nek/n] n.连接;联系
❹ To a certain extent, our ability to excel in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 在一定程度_上，
我们擅长建立促进智力发展的连接的能力是遗传得来的。
一级修饰 To a certain extent,
[介词短语作句子主干奇状语
句子主干 our ability...is inherited.（主+系+表）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰curability
—级修饰 to excel in making the connections
that引导的定语从句，:修饰the connections
二级修饰 that drive intelligence
顶无注样]excel in擅长;在……方面胜过 inherited [m hentid] a.遗传的;继承权的
❺ However, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand
and fluctuate according to mental effort.然而，由于这些连接需要通过努力和练习来建立，因此科学家相信.智力
可以根据脑力训练而拓展和波动。
—级修饰 because these connections are made through effort and practice,
[because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
H owe ver,... scientists believe （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作believe的宾语
that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
:词汇注幕:intelligence * [ m-telid3ans ] n.智力;才智;智慧 fluctuate * [ -flAktfueit ]航.波动;上下变动,起伏
• ••• 二•• • •
❶ Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step further and developed the first Mbrain training programM designed
to actually help people improve and regain their mental sharpness.现在,一家新型网络公司已经更进一步,研发出
了首款“大脑训练程序”，旨在真正帮助人们改善和恢复他们的大脑敏锐度。
Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step further （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （has） developed the first “brain training program”
过去分词短语作后置定语,
一级修饰 designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental sharpness.
；词汇注释: a step further 更进一步 regain [n gem]仇.恢复;重新获得;收回
第四段••••
❶ The Web-based program allows you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.这个基于网络的程
序能使你系统地提高记忆力和注意力方面的技能。
3- The Web-based program allows you (主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 ］动词不定式短语作you的补足语
to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.
:国汇洼髀：systematically [ isisto maetikli] ad.系统地;有条理地 a*ttention [ "enjn ] n.注意力；兴趣
❷ The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.该程
序会追踪你的进展,并对你的表现和进步情况提供详细反馈。
The program keeps track of yourprogess （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and provides detailed feedback
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰detailed feedback
一级修饰 on your performance and improvement.
；切汇注辉;p*rovide [*vparida] vt,提供;规定 f*eedback [句dbaek] n.反馈;反应
❸ Most importantly, it constantly modifies and enhances the games you play to build on the strengths you are developing—
much like an effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.最重要的是，它会
不断地调整和加强你所参与的训练，以增进你正在训练的能力一这特别像是一项有效的日常锻炼，需要你增
加阻力并改变肌肉的使用方式。
一级修饰 Most importantly,
I插入语
句子主干 it constantly modifies and enhances tihe^mnes （主+谓+宾）
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句, ；修饰the games
you play
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to build on the strengths you are developing
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
—much like an effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance
and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and （to） vary your muscle use.
:要点注释' 动词不定式短语to build on ... developing中，省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the
strengths。破折号后的内容中,like为连词,其后从句中,an effective exercise routine为主语,requires
为谓语,you为宾语,and连接并列的动词不定式短语作you的补足语。
:词汇注释: modify * [ -modifai ]仇.调整；缓和；修饰 resistance * [ rrzistgns ] n.阻力
Q
Part A
Text 1-
•…第一段.…
❶ In order to M change lives for the bettern and reduce 4< dependency,M George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
4introduced lhe **upfront work searchv scheme.为了"使生活更美好"并减少“依赖”，（英国）财政大臣乔治•奥斯
本推行了“预备求职”计划。
—级修饰 In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency,"
[介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 George Osborne,...introduced the "upfront work search^^ scheme.（主+谓+宾）
[George Osborne 的同位语
—级修饰 Chancellor of the Exchequer,
:词汇注释« r*educe [n-djuis] vt.减少;缩小;降低 upfront [iAp frAnt] 0.在前面的;预付的;坦率的
❷ Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they
be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.失业者只有带上简历到就业
服务中心，注册在线求职,并开始找工作，才有资格获得救济金。同时，他们之后必须每周而不是每两周报到
—次O
Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV,
I并列谓语
_级修饰 register for online job search,
I and连接的并列谓语
and start looking for work
Only if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
___________ V
句子主干 will they be eligible for benefit （倒装句：助动词+主+系+表）
___________ ]补充说明
—级修饰 一and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.
:萋点注释：本句中,Only if引导的条件状语从句位于句首，因此主句使用了部分倒装结构;“the +形容词”表
示一类人，故the jobless表示复数概念，因此条件状语从句的谓语使用复数形式。
词汇注释« r*egister [ Tedsistafr） ] v.注册n.登记表 be eligible foi•有资格的;符合....的条件
b*enefit [ .benrfit] n.救济金;益处 v.使受益 fortnightly [-foxtnaitli] ad.两星期一次地
❸What could be more reasonable?还能有什么计划比这更合理呢？
句子主干 What could be more reasonable?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+表）
»» !! ! .......... -_-— ~______----_-_-
…第二段•…
❶More apparent reasonableness followed.该计划还有更多貌似合理之处。
句子主干 More apparent reasonableness followed (the scheme).(主+谓+宾)
:要点注释_ ：本句是一个省略句，省略了宾语the scheme。
:闯汇汪雇:a*pparent [ g paerant] a.貌似的;明显的 reasonableness [ Mziublnos] n.合理性;合理
❷There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker^ allowance.现在,求职者要经过一个七天的等待期才能领取
失业津贴。
5句子主干 There will now be a Seven・day wait （There be句型：There +will...be +主）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a seven-day wait
—级修饰 for the j*sobseeker allowance.
:国汇注释:jobseeker [ •d3Db1siika（r）]几.求职者 a*llowance [ aUauans]几津贴；限额
❸ 44Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign o*n/ he claimed,他声称，"失业最初的那
几天应该用来找工作，而不是去登记（申领津贴）。”
4<Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,"
句子主干 !直接引语作claimed的宾语
he claimed.（宾+主+谓）
:要点注释 直接引语中，主语是Those first few days,谓语should be spent使用了被动语态，省略in的并列介词
短语（in） looking for work 和 not （in） looking to sign on 作状语，表方面。
:词汇连祢'sign on办理失业登记;签约雇用;开始广播 c*laim [kleim] vt.声称;要求
❹ “ We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work
faster.” “我们做这些事情是因为我们知道，这将帮助人们远离救济金，并帮助那些依靠救济金的人更快地找到
工作丁
句子主干 “We're doing座竺虫地史（主+谓+宾）
? because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because we know
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作know的宾语
—级修饰 they help people stay off benefits
! and连接的并列谓宾
and help those on benefits get into work faster."
顶无注格]stay off远离;中途停止，辍（学）
❺Help?帮助？
:句'本句是一个省略句，补充完整为Is this help?该句为--般疑问句，由“系动词（Is） +主语（this） +
表语（help）”构成。this指❹句乔治•奥斯本所说的内容。
❻Really?真的吗？
「亟甬犀« really可以单独使用，用来表示感兴趣、惊奇、有异议、怀疑等。这里的Really表示怀疑，是对上文
乔治•奥斯本所说内容的质疑。
❼ On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, "trying to change lives for the better, complete with
"reforms，' to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little efTort from the newly unemployed to find work, and
subsidises laziness.乍一听，会让人觉得他是一位心系社会的大臣，通过“改革”一项明显具有纵容性的制度来
努力使人们的生活更美好，该制度对刚失业者找工作付出的努力几乎没有要求，因此助长了惰性。
6—级修饰 On first hearing,
___________!插入语
句子主干 this was [坦四（主+系+表）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
_级修饰 trying to change lives for tKe better,
___________ I补充说明
二级修饰 complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system
that引导的定语从句，修饰an obviously indulgent system [
that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,
三级修饰 | and连接的并列谓宾
and subsidises laziness.
:迥汇津努:complete with包括;配有 indulgent [【。必给加]a.纵容的;溺爱的
e*ffort [，ef项]几努力;气力；试图 subsidise [ 'SAbsidaiz ]（亦作 subsidize）眈.资助;补助
❽ What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for °fundamental fairness—protecting the taxpayer,
controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.我们应该理解，真正
激励他的是对“基本公平”的热忱——保护纳税人、控制开支并确保只有最需要救济的申请人才能领到救济金。
_级修饰 we were to understand,
插入语
What motivated him,
句子主干 J What引导的主语从句
...was his zeal for ^fundamental fairness” （主从+系+表）
j 解释说明his zeal for ''fundamental fairness"
—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring
—级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，作ensuring的宾语]
that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
:词汇注释 1 f*undamental [ i*mfAenntdld] g.基本的;根本的 claimant [•kleimant] n.申请人;要求者
…•第三段•…
❶ Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of
doubling your income from the generous state.失业令人痛苦:你绝不会心中哼唱、蹦蹦跳跳地去就业服务中心，也
不会因为期待着慷慨的政府让你的收入翻番而欣喜不已。
句子主干 Losing a job is hurting:（主+系+表）
__________ [解释说明
—级修饰 you don't skip down to the jobcentre
［介词短语作伴随状语
with a song in your heart,
二级修饰 形容词短语作伴随状语
delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
■词汇连暮:p*rospect [ •prospekt] n.希望;前景 g*enerous [ dsenaras] a.慷慨的;大方的
7❷ It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily
hard to get.失业在经济上令人害怕、在心理上让人尴尬，并且你知道，失业救济微乎其微，也很难得到。
(l)It is 吏现嘎卫睽叵1 夔坦Sggglgg(主+系+表)
I and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2)and ^ou know (主+谓+宾从)
[that引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语
that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.
:词汇注释！ terrifying [，terifaii。] a.令人害怕的;吓人的 embarrassing [im-baerasig] a.使人尴尬的
minimal [ 'minimal] a.极少的;最小的 extraordinarily [ ik^troidnrali] 非同寻常地
❸ You are now not wanted ； you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your
life.你现在不被需要,被排除在能够为你的生活提供目标和规划的工作环境之外。
(1) You are now not wanted;(主+谓)
句子主干 |并列句
(2) you are now excluded (主+谓)
[介词短语作(2)句的状语
_级修饰 from the work environment
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the work environment
二级修饰 that offers purpose and structure in your life.
:词汇注释:exclude sb. (from sth.)将...排除在外;拒绝....进入 p*urpose [-paipss] n.目标;意图
❹ Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the Wils has disappeared.更糟糕的是，用来养活
自己和家人、支付各种账单的至关重要的收入也不复存在。
句子主干 Worse, the crucial income...has disappeared.(主+谓)
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰the crucial income
—级修饰 to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills
:要点注释：副词Worse作插入语。
:词汇注释；crucial * [ •kruijl] a.至关重要的;关键性的 d*isappear [ idisa pia⑥]vi.不复存在;消失
❺ Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.问问任何一个刚失业的人想要什么,
答案永远都是：一份工作。
(1) Ask anyon^newl^unemglo^^ wlmt they want (祈使句：谓+间宾+直宾)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
(2) and the answer is always: ajob.(主+系+表)
…第四段…
❶ But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency——permanent dependency if you can get it—supported
by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.但在奥斯本的世界，你最初的本能反应是陷入依赖之中-如
果你能得到它，就会永远依赖它一它被一个很愿意放任你错误的政府所支持。
8句子主干 But in Oibomeland, your first instinct is to 免11 jgto gepenggncy （主+系+表）
补充说明dependency |
——pennanent dependency if you can get it——
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰dependency
supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.
词汇注释:i*nstinct [ -mstiijkt] n.本能；直觉；天性 dependency [ drpendansi] n.依赖；附属国
p*ermanent [ ,pazmanont] a.永久的;永恒的 falsehood「fslshud] n.错误;假话;不真实
❷ It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.
这仿佛20年来日益严厉的求职和救济金管理体制改革从来没有发生过一样。
句子主干 It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms...never happened.（主+系+表从）
介词短语作后置定语,|修饰reforms
—级修饰 of the job search and benefit administration system
:词汇注释:s*earch [ S3：tj,] n.寻找;检索v.搜索;思索 administration * [ adimmrstreijn]几管理;施行
❸ The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive
unconditional payments if the disaster happens.英国社会福利体制的原则不再是"为防止失业风险而给自己投
保,从而在灾难发生时获得无条件的赔付” O
The principle of British welfare is no longer...（主+系+表从）
that引导的表语从句1
:'普格___ ― 一 一 _ .... . _ 一 ..... .一 —
句子主干 that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment
| and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） receive unconditional payments
[i月I导的条件状语从句
一级修饰 if the disaster happens.
:再I汇注释:w*elfare [ -welfeaCr）]几福利;健康 u*nemployment [ iAnim-pbimant]几.失业
unconditional [ ^nksn'difanl] a.无条件的 d*isaster [drza：sta（r） ] n.灾难;不幸
❹ Even the very phrase Mjobseeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker" who had no fundamental
right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.甚至是“求职者津贴”这一用
语，也将失业者重新定义为不具有领取救济金这一基本权利的"求职者”，而该救济金是他或她通过缴纳国民保险
所获得的。
一级修饰 the very phrase
]“jobseeker's allowance”的同位语
句子主干 Even..."jobseeker's allowance” is 辿哩回?瓯j理二:生（主+系 +表）
who引导的定语从句，[修饰a "jobseeker”
who had no fundamental right to a benefit
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句J修饰a benefit
二级修饰 he or she has earned
介词短语作方式状语j
三级修饰 through making national insurance contributions.
9:词汇注释:redefine [ tri：drfam]祝.重新定义 i*nsurance [ m joargns]几保险;保障措施
❺ Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited " allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job ； no entitlement and
no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.取而代之的是，申请人会获得一份有时间限
制的“津贴”，得到这份“津贴”的前提是积极寻找工作;没有权利、没有保险，有的只是每周的71.70英镑——欧
盟国家中最吝啬的•'津贴”之一。
—级修饰 conditional on actively seeking a job;
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰"allowance” I
（1） Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance” （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列句
（2） （the claimant receives） no entitlement and no insurance,（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语]
—级修饰 at £71.70 a week,
〔£71.70 a week的同位语
二级修饰 one of the least generous in the EU.
:要出连释！（2）句是一个省略句,省略了主语the claimant和谓语receiveso
:坷汇洼辱;conditional [kan-difanl] a.有前提的;依... 而定的 entitlement [ mlaitlmant] n.权利;资格
Text 2
. • • . . .
❶ All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible
exception of journalism.在世界各地,律师都会比其他任何行业的人员招致更多的敌意一新闻业可能除外。
_级修饰 All around the world,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 lawyers generate morehostilitj （主+谓+宾）
[than...作句子主干的比较状语
than the members of any other profession
■-级修饰 补充说明句子主干
—with the possible exception of journalism.
:词汇注释:g*enerate [ 'djengreit]皿.产生;引起 hostility [ho^stibti]".敌意;对抗
❷ But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.但是，几乎没有哪个国家的委
托人比美国的委托人更有理由抱怨。
句子主干 But there are few places （There be句型：there+are+主）
[ where引导的定语从句，修饰few places
—级修饰 where clients have more grounds for complaint
[than...作比较状语
二级修饰 than America.
:词汇连幕；c*lient [ -klaiant] n.委托人;当事人 c*omplaint [konrplemt] n.抱怨;控告
10…•第二段•…
❶ During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.
经济危机之前的十年中,法律服务支出在美国的增长速度是通货膨胀率的两倍。
_级修饰 During the decade before the economic crisis,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 spending on legal services in America grew （主+谓）
副词短语作状语 grew
_级修希
twice as fast as inflation.
:词汇注释 d*ecade [ dekeid] n.十年,十年期 i*nflation [nrfleijn] n.通货膨胀;膨胀;夸张；自命不凡
❷ The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.那些最优秀的
律师赚得盆满钵满，这吸引着越来越多的学生涌入法学院。
句子主干 The best lawyers made殳]^竺壁攵理坦]芟JggggX，（主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语[
一级修饰 tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.
:词汇注释:t*empt [ tempt]忧.吸引;诱惑 pile into挤进;进入
❸But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.但是，大多数法学院毕业生从未进入大律师事务所工作。
句子主干 But most law graduates never get a^big4irmjob.（主+谓+宾）
。Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.木目反，
他们中的许多人成了那种妨害案件的诉讼律师，这使得民事侵权法律体系成为一个收费昂贵的噩梦。
句子主干 Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit flier （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句 J 修饰the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer
-级修饰 that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
；词汇注释；nuisance1^ [ njuisns] n.妨害行为 n*ightmare [ *naitmea（r） ] n.噩梦;可怕的事
…•第三段•…
❶There are many reasons for this.造成这种情况的原因有很多。
句子主干 There are many reasons for this. （There be句型：There+are+主）
❷ One is the excessive costs of a legal education. 一个是法学教育的费用过高。
句子主干 One is业遂丝迎成耳Jgggj囱些蛆四.（主+系+表）
[词汇莲暮:e*xcessive [ik-sesiv] a.过多的;极度的
❸ There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a fbur-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated
subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an
expensive preparation for the bar exam.在美国大多数州，成为律师只有一条路可走:首先花四年时间在本科阶段
攻读某一与法律不相关的学科，然后在由美国律师协会认证的200所法学院中的其中一所进行为期三年的法
学学位攻读,最后还需要花费巨资准备律师资格考试。
11一级修饰 in most American states:
]介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 There is just one path for a lawyer （There be句型：There+is+主）
[名词短语解释说明one path
a fbur-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,
I并列的名词短语
_级修饰 then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools
| and连接并列的名词短语
and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰200 law schools
二级修饰 authorized by the American Bar Association
:母汇注释'unrelated [ lAnn leitid] a.不相关的;无亲缘关系的 authorize [ ,o：earaiz]仇.批准;认可;授权
O This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.这使得现今普
通的法学院毕业生除本科阶段的债务外，还要背负W万美元债款。
句子主干 This leaves today^ average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt （主+谓+宾+宾补）
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
_级修饰 on top of undergraduate debts.
词汇注释:a*verage [ -aevands] a.普通的;平均的几.平均值 u*ndergraduate [ lAnds graedsuat] n.本科生
❺Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.在法学院学习欠下的债务意味着他们不得不拼命地工作。
Law-school debt means （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,j作means的宾语
that they have to work fearsomely hard.
:词汇注释:d*ebt [det] n.债务;负债情况 fearsomely [ figsamli]以极其，极大地;令人生畏地
…•第四段.…
❶Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.改革这种体制将对律师及其委托人都有益。
句子主干 Reforming the system would help坦如匝整史竺史堕四竺迎竺・（主+谓+宾）
诃汇注释：r*eform [ rrfoim] vt.改革;改进 n.改革 c*ustomer [ kAStam^Cr） ] n.客户；顾客
❷ Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too
conservative to implement them.合理的建议已经存在了很长一段时间，但管理该行业的州级机构过于保守，一
直不愿实施这些建议。
（1） Sensible ideas have been auround for a long time,（主+系+表）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but the state-level bodies...have been 坦g jyg （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句J修饰the state-level bodies
that govern the profession
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作结果状语
to implement them.
12:词汇注释：s*ensible [ -sensabl] a.合理的；明智的 b*ody [・bi）di] n.机构；躯体；物体
c*onservative [kan ssivativ] a.保守的；守旧的 i*mplement [，impliment] vt.实施
❸One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. 一种建议是允许学生在本科阶段就攻读法律
学位。
句子主干 One idea is to allow people to study law （主+系+表）
介词短语作law的补足语]
—级修饰 as an undergraduate degree.
:词无注样;a*[llow 3 lau] m允许,容许，准许 degree*[ drgri：]几.学位;度数
❹ Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.另一建议是让学生在法学院学习两年后
就参加律师资格考试。
句子主干 Another is坦坦里祝gg|g愈垣匚业史上竺（主+系+表）
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 after only two years of law school.
1 诃云洼释j sit（for）sth.参加考试;应试 the bar律师职业
❺ If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do
so.如果律师资格考试确实是一项严格到足以选拔出准律师的考试，那么那些有能力提前参加考试的学生应该
被准许提前参加考试。
—级修饰 If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer,
[ I传I导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 those...should be allowed to do so.（主+谓）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰those
—级修饰 who can sit it earlier
:里点世整]句子主干中，动词不定式短语to do S。作主语those的补足语。
词汇注释:stem^[st3：n] a.严格的;严厉的几.船尾 e*nough [ i nAf] ad.足够地;充分地;相当
❻ Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.不需要额外培训的学生便可以
削减三分之一的巨额债务。
句子主干 Students...could cut 虫亘匚 jg坦by a third.（主+谓+宾）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰Students
—级修饰 who do not need the extra training
[通汇连释j extra*[ -ekstra] a.额外的n.额外的事物 t*raining [ tremm] n.培训;锻炼
…•第五段•…
❶ The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.法律服务费用
如此之高的另外一个原因是律师行业类似于行会性质的限制性所有权体制。
句子主干 The other reasoii..・ is也gj霎*包鱼史媛曲些坦 皿迦遂・（主+系+表）
[why引导的定语从句,修饰The other reason
_级修饰 why costs are so high
:词汇生幕:restrictive [rrstnktiv] a.限制性的;约束的 ownership * [ 'aunajip ] n.所有权;产权
13❷ Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.除哥伦比亚特区外，非律师身
份者不得持有律师事务所的任何股份。
—级修饰 Except in the District of Columbia,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.（主+谓+宾）
J i s*hare [Jea（r）] n.股份;一部分v.共有;分配;分享 f*irm [f3：m] n.事务所;公司a.坚固的
❸This keeps fees high and innovation slow.这使得律师费用高昂，变革缓慢o
句子主干 This keeps fees high and innovation slow.（主+谓+宾 +宾补）
；商汇连暮]f*ee [间n.费用;报酬 i*nnovation [ ,ma veijn] n.变革;创新
❹ There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping
outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. 行业内
部存在变革的呼声，但监管机构中反对变革的人坚持认为，禁止外行涉足律师事务所，能够使律师远离赚钱的
压力，从而恪守职业道德,为委托人服务。
—级修饰 for change from within the profession,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰pressure
（l）There is pressure （There be句型：There+is+主）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 （2）but opponents of change among the regulators insist （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作insist的宾语]
that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the pressure [
—级修饰 to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
： o*pponent [a paunant] n.反对者;对手 i*nsist [in sist] v.坚持说;坚决要求
i*solate [ aisaleit] vt.（使）隔离，孤立 ethically [ eOikli]诚.合乎职业道德地;伦理上
•…第六段.…
O In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by
encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.
实际上，通过鼓励律师事务所使用技术并聘请职业经理人着力提高公司的工作效率，允许非律师身份者持有律
师事务所股份这一举措可以降低成本,为委托人提供更好的服务。
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾|
and （would） improve services to customers,
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by encouraging law firms
一级修饰 and连接并列的动词不定式短语，作law firms的补足语
to use technology and to employ professional managers
动词不定式短语作目的状语
二级修饰 to focus on improving f*irms efficiency.
14:词汇注释:technology * [ tek noladsi ]几技术;科技;工艺 e*mploy [miTbi]祝.雇用;应用
p*rofessional [pr"eJ21] a.职业的;专业的 n.专家 e*fficiency [i fijnsi] n.效率;功率
❷ After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions.毕竟其他国
家，例如澳大利亚和英国，已经开始放宽对法律行业的限制。
句子主干 After all, other countries,...hdve started liberalizing their legal professions.（主+谓+宾）
[ such as...举例说明other countries
一级修饰 such as Australia and Britain,
:： libendize [-libralaiz] v.放宽对……的限制;使自由化
❸America should follow.美国应该效仿。
句子主干 America should follow.（主+谓）
Text 3
■ • • • <•
O The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he
accepted this year's award in March.正如亚历山大•波利亚科夫在三月领取年度奖时所言.300万美元的基础物
理学奖的确是一次有吸引力的尝试。
句子主干
[as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 as Alexander Polyakov said
[when引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 when he accepted this year's award in March.
:词汇注释:e*xperiment [ik-spenmant] n.尝试;实验航.做试验a*ward [3.W3：d] n.奖;奖学金vt.奖励;授予
❷ And it is far from the only one of its type.而此类奖项远不止这一个°
句子主干 And it is far from the only one of its type.（主+系+表）
:要点注释:句中“it"指代上一句中的Fundamental Physics Prizeo
© As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes
in recent years.正如《自然》杂志“新闻特写”专栏中的一篇文章所述，最近几年出现的一系列面向科研人员的
丰厚奖项已经加入诺贝尔奖的行列。
_级修饰 As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,
]As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined 曳绶（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语]
—级修饰 in recent years.
「商元在裕：f*eature [.fiztj-3（r）] n.特写,专题;特色 lucrative [ luikrativ] a.获利多的,赚钱的
15❹ Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet
entrepreneurs.和基础物理学奖一样，很多奖项的资金都来源于互联网企业家的巨额银行账户。
句子主干 Many,・.・ are funded (主+谓)
[插入语，补充说明Many
like the Fundamental Physics Prize,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts
介词短语作后置定语，修饰bank accounts [
二级修饰 of Internet entrepreneurs.
词汇注释：a*ccount [*kaaunt] 几账户；账目祝.认为是 entrepreneur^ [ fontrapramasfr) ] n•企业家;创业者
❺ These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention
to those who have succeeded in science.据说,这些资助者已经在自己所选定的领域内获得成功，他们想用自己的
财富吸引人们关注那些在科研领域取得成功的人。
—级修饰 in their chosen fields,
介词短语作状语,]表方面
(1) These benefactors have succeeded (主+谓)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and they want tojisejheirwea]^ (主+谓+宾)
___________ 插入语]
they say,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作(2)句的目的状语
to draw attention to those
who引导的定语从句J修饰those
二级修饰 who have succeeded in science.
:词汇生释 benefactor [-benifaektaCr) ] n.资助者;捐款人 d*[drra3wi] vt.吸引；牵引v.描绘
…•第二段•…
❶Whafs not to like?有什么理由不喜欢这些奖项呢？
句子主干 What's not坦臬版？（特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+系+表）
❷ Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.用"新闻特写"专栏援引的少数科学家
的话来说，不喜欢的理由有很多。
；句子讲解:本句是一个省略句，是对❶句的回答，省略了主语The reasons和系动词are,Quite a lot作表语。介
词短语 according to a handful of scientists 作插入语,过去分词短语 quoted in the News Feature 作后
置定语，修饰 a handful of scientists o
'、、、网_汇汪释二h*andful [ ,haendful] n.少数人（或物）；一把（的量） q*uote [ kwaut ] v.援引vt.举例说明
❸ You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of
the Nobels.俗话说，“金钱买不来地位”，这些企业新贵们不能为他们所设立的奖项买到诺贝尔奖那样的声望。
16一级修饰 as the old saying goes,
as引导的方式状语从句，[作句子主干的方式状语
（1） You cannot buy class,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes 些匪匹虫 日Q如也
叟点注释:（2）句的句子结构为“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”o
词汇注释：upstart [ Apstazt] m新贵;暴发户 p*restige [pre-sti:3] n.声望，威望，威信
❹ The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.科学家们认为，这些新奖项
的设立是其背后人士一种自抬身价的举动。
句子主干 [he new awards are an exerdse i^^^promotion （主+系+表）
"介词短语作句子主干的状语J表对象
for those behind them,
一级修饰 插入语
say scientists.
词汇注释 e*xercise [，eksosaiz] n.活动;操练 v.锻炼 promotion [pra maufn] n.提升;晋级;促销
❺ They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.它们会扭曲以同行评审为导向的、基
于研究成果的研究体系。
句子主干 They could distort坦£竺坦史理竺]jgg丝野^gg （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the achievement-based system
二虹修希
of peer-review-led research.
:词汇注释 distort^ [di stoit] vt.扭曲；使失真 p*[peier 3（r） ] n.身份相同的人航.仔细看
r*eview [ri-vju：] n.评审;评介 vt.复查
❻They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.它们会使同行评审研究维持现状，止步不前。
句子主干 They could cement the status quo （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the status quo
—级修饰 of peer-reviewed research.
；商汇莲释1 cement^ [srment] vt.巩固;使黏结n.胶合剂 status quo现状
❼They do not fund peer-reviewed research.它们并不资助同行评审研究。
句子主干 They do not fund （主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释:f*[ufAnndd] vt.资助 n.基金；资金 r*esearch [rrs3：tj] n. /v.研究;调查
❽They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.它们使个人天才的神话长存。
句子主干 They perpetuate the myth of the Jone genius.（主+谓+宾）
:商汇呈暮:perpetuate [pg petjueit] vt.使永久化;使不朽 m*[myitOh] n.神话;虚构的东西
17•••第三段
❶The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.奖项设立者的目的似乎和其受到的批评一样分散。
句子主干 The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered (主+系+表)
[as弓I导的比较状语从句
—级修饰 as the criticism (seems).
「词氐注程:scattered [ -skaetad] a.分散的;散乱的;零星的 c*riticism [ kritisizam] n.批评;评论文章
❷ Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in
research. 一些人想要引起轰动，一些人想要吸引人们投身科学，或想要更好地奖励那些已经在科学研究中有所
成就的人。
(l)Some want tojhock,(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 |并列句
(o2th)ers (want) to draw people into science, or to better reward those (主+谓+宾)
who引导的定语从句，修饰those
—级修饰 who have made their careers in research.
draw...into使...参与;使....卷入 c*areer [ k3-na(r) ] n.成就;事业;职业vi.猛冲
第四段•…
❶ As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and ok!—
are distributed.正如《自然》杂志之前指出的那样，人们对科学奖项——无论新旧——如何颁发存在顾虑是合
理的。
—级修饰 As Nature has pointed out before,
] As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 there are some legitimate concerns (There be句型：there+are+±)
介词短语作后置定语，j修饰some legitimate concerns
—级修饰 about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.
:要点注释'介词短语about...中,how引导的宾语从句,作介词about的宾语,both new and old作插入语。
；巧汇注将 l*egitimate [li-dsitimat] a.合理的;合法的 c*oncern [kan sam] n.忧虑;关心vt.影响；涉及
d*istribute [drstnbjuzt] vt.分配;分发;使分布
❷ The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences
include.今年推出的生命科学突破奖对生命科学范畴的认定就不具代表性。
一级修饰 launched this year,
]插入语，补充说明The...Sciences
句子主干 The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,...takes an unrepresentative view (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an unrepresentative view |
一级修饰 u of what the life sciences include.
「要点注程：介词短语。£.•中,what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语。
:词汇是祢:l*aunch [b：ntj] vt.推出；发行 n.发起;发射 unrepresentative [ .An^epn-zentotiv] a.无代表性的
18❸ But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been
outgrown by lhe collaborative nature of modem research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is
ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.诺贝尔基金会限制每个诺贝尔奖项的获奖
人数不超过三人，而且每个获奖人必须在世，但是这些限制早已因现代科学研究的协作性质而不再适用一一这一
点将在认定希格斯玻色子的发现时得到证实,因为届时会不可避免地出现“哪位科学家被忽视了”这样的争论。
句子主干 But the Nobel Foimdation's limit.・・ has long been outgrown （主+谓）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the Nobel...limit
of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living,
介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by the collaborative nature of modem research
补充说明句子主干
—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row
介词短语作后置定语, inevitable row
over who is ignored
二级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句
when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.
:要点注释! 介词短语of three...living中,whom引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明three recipientso
=词汇注释! r*ecipient [rrsipisnt] n.接受者；容器 outgrow [iaut・gr°u] vt.发展得使....不再适应
collaborative [ ka'laebarativ] a.协作的，合作的 demonstrate * [ 'demanstreit] vt.证实；论证
i*nevitable [in»evitabl] a.不可避免的 r*ow [rau]几.争论;吵架，吵闹
❹ The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his
own money.当然，诺贝尔奖本身就是由一个非常富有的人设立的,他早已决定好要如何处理自己的财富、，
句子主干 The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up （主+谓）
|介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by a very rich individual
[who引导的定语从句，修饰a very rich individual
who had decided
二级修饰 J what引导的宾语从句，作had decided的宾语
what he wanted to do with his own money.
!短汇连释« setup设立;设置;安排 i*ndividual [iindrvidsudl] n.个人 a.单独的;个别的
❺Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.时间，而非奖项设立者的意图，赋予了诺贝尔奖合理性。
_级修饰 rather than intention,
___________ I插入语
句子主干 Time,...has given them legitimacy.（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
:词汇注释：i*ntention [m，tenjn]几.意图；打算;计划 legitimacy [Irdsitimasi]儿合理性;合法性;正统
•••第五段•••"
❶ As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.尽管一些科学家可能会对这
些新的奖项有诸多抱怨,但有两件事情似乎是显而易见的。
19一级修饰 As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,
[as引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 two things seem clear.（主+系+表）
J : complain ^kam plem]抱怨;埋怨;发牢骚
❷ First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.首先，如果被授予这样一个奖项，大多数
研究人员都会接受。
句子主干 First, most researchers would accept such^jprize （主+谓+宾）
if引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 if they were offered one.
:词汇注释:a*ccept [ok sept] v.接受vt.同意 o*ffer [ pfo（r） ] vt.给予n.主动提议
❸ Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. 其次，金钱和
注意力能够投入到科学领域而不是其他地方,这无疑是一件好事C
Second, it is surely ^goodthing （主+系+表）
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that the money and attention come to science
rather than连接的并列谓语,|肯定前者，否定后者
rather than go elsewhere.
❹ It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after ail—but it is the prize-givers,
money to do with as they please.批评和质疑这一机制合情合理-毕竟科研文化就是如此----但这是奖项设立
者在根据自己的意愿支配自己的财富。
■■级修饰 —that is the culture of research, after all—
[补充说明
to criticize and question the mechanism
[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 （1） tt is fair （主+系 +表）
| but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but it is the prize-givers5 money （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰money
一级修饰 to do with
[as引导的方式状语从句
二级修饰 as they please.
:词汇注释c*riticize [ .kritisaiz]（亦作 criticise）v.批评;指责 m* echanism [ .mekanizam] n.机制；机械装置
❺It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.怀着感恩之心，大方地接受此类赠予才是明智之举。
It is wise （主+系+表） "
[It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
面无注洛:gratitude"，graetitju:d] n.感激之情;感谢 g*race [greis] n.恩典;优美;高雅vt.装饰;使荣耀
20Text 4
• •• ―•• •
O "The Heart of the M* atter/ the jusl-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves
praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal
democracy in America,美国人文与科学院(AAAS)刚刚发布的报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，原因在于这份报告
肯定了人文科学和社会科学对美国自由民主制的繁荣和安全的重要性。
二级修饰 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS),
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the just-released report
—级修饰 the just-released report
[<4The Heart of the Matter”的同位语
句子主干 “The Heart of the Matter,"...deserves prase (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语1
一级修饰 fbr affirming the importance
介词短语作后置定语, importance
二级修饰 of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the prosperity and security
三级修饰 of liberal democracy in America.
!词汇注释! academy * [ a-kaedsmi ] n.研究院;专科院校 d*eserve [di zaiv] vt.值得;应得；应受
affirm T [9 f3：m] vt.肯定;确认;声称 prosperity*[ prosperati] n.繁荣；成功；昌盛
s*ecurity [ srkjugrati] n.安全;保安部门 d*emocracy [ di mokrasi] n.民主制度；民主
❷ Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more
harm than good.但令人遗憾的是，该报告未能揭示人文教育所面临危机的实质，其带来的结果可能是弊大于利。
句子主干 Regrettably, however, the report's faihire...may cause 四(主+谓+宾)
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the r*seport failure
to address the true nature of the crisis
一级修饰 介词短语作比较状语
than good.
现在分词短语作后置定语, 修饰the crisis
二级修饰 facing liberal education
:词汇注释"ailure”・feilj9（r）] a.没做到;失败;失败的人（或事物）a*ddress [3 dres] vt.提出;论述;设法解决
• ••• —- •• • «
O In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that
could be taken by u federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors
and others" to M maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. " 2010 年，
国会民主党和共和党的重要议员曾致函美国人文与科学院，要求它确定“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、
教育工作者、个人捐助者等”可以采取的行动，以“维护国家在人文与社会科学学术研究及教育方面的卓越
成就。”
21一级修饰 In 2010, to the AAAS
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语 [介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters （主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语[
—级修饰 asking that it （should） identify actions
that引导的定语从句,[修饰actions
that could be taken by "federal,...and others”
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作目的状语
to "maintain national excellence in humanities...and education.,,
;田汇注释;congressional [kan grejanl] a.（美国）国会的 i*dentify [ ai-dentifai] vt.确认;找到;发现
f*ederal [ •fedaral] a.联邦制的 university*[ juinrvsisati]几大学;高等学府
excellence ['eksobns]几.卓越;优秀;杰出 scholarship [ 'skobjip]几.学术研究;奖学金
❷ In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.作为回应，美国
人文与科学院成立了人文与社会科学委员会。
—级修饰 In response,
___________[插入语
句子主干 the American Academy formed the^ommis^on （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the Commission
-级修饰 on the Humanities and Social Sciences.
:词汇注释commission [ka mijn]几委员会;佣金 （the） humanities A文学科
❸ Among the commission's 51 inemliers are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives,
as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.该委员会的 51 名成员中，有顶
尖大学的校长、学者、律师、法官和企业高管以及来自外交、电影制片、音乐和新闻界的杰出人物。
句子主干 Amor^jnenAere are top-tier-university presidents,...promiiieiit figures
介词短语作后置定语，修饰prominent figures |
—级修饰 from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
:宴出注释:本句中，介词短语位于句首，句子使用完全倒装语序,其主干结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。
:词汇注释：s*cholar [ skobCr） ] n.学者 e*xecutive [ ig.zekjdtiv] n.主管领导 a.行政的
p*rominent [ -prommant] a.杰出的;显著的 f*igure [ -figa（r） ] n.人物;数字 vt.认为
diplomacy [drplaumasi] n.外交;手段 journalism [・d33：nolgm] n.新闻业;新闻工作
…第三段•…
❶The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.报告中所确定的目标总体来说值得称赞o
句子主干 The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.（主+系 +表）
；商汇您森generally [ .d3enr9li] ad.大体上;通常 admirable [ aedmarabl] a.值得赞赏的;可钦佩的
___________.
❷ Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry v the report supports full literacy ； stresses the
study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of
new digital technologies.因为代议制政府的前提是公民知情，所以该报告支持全民教育;强调历史和政体学习，
特别是美国历史和美国政体;并且鼓励使用新兴数字技术。
22—级修饰 Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,
I Because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
the report supports fu|l literacy;（主+谓+宾）
I并列谓宾
句子主干 stresses the study of history and government,
| and连接的并列谓宾
and encourages the use of new digital technologies.
补充说明 history and government
—级修饰 particularly American history and American government;
；词汇注释 '、'r*epresentative [ ireprrzentativ] a.代议制的 n.代表 presuppose [ ipriisa-pauz] vt.以....为前提
citizenry ['Sitizanri] n.公民;市民 digital*[ 'didjitl] a.数字的 n.数字电视
❸ To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent
curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased
funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
为了鼓励创新和竞争，该报告呼吁增加对科研的投资,精心制定连贯的课程来提高21世纪学生解决问题和有
效沟通的能力，增加对教师的资助，鼓励学者用他们的学识来应对当今的巨大挑战。
一级修饰 To encourage innovation and competition,
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
the report calls for increased investment in research,（主+谓+宾）
|并列宾语
the crafting of coherent curricula
句子主干
并列宾语
increased funding for teachers
and连接的并列宾语
and the encouragement of scholars
that引导的定语从句， 修饰coherent curricula
that improve students' ability
‘、动词不定式短语作后置定语,
一级修饰 修饰the encouragement of scholars
to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰ability
二级修饰 to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century,
词汇注释:investment in对....的投资 c*raft [ krazft ] vt.精心制作n.工艺;飞行器
coherent * [ koir hignt ] a.连贯的 curricula * [ kg-rikjgla ] n. （sing, curriculum）课程；必修课
❹ The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad
programs.该报告还主张加强对外语和国际事务的研究力度，并扩大留学项目的规模。
—级修饰 of foreign languages, international affairs
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰greater study
The report also advocates greater study （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and the expansion of study abroad programs.
!词汇注释:advocate * [ 'aedvokeit] v.主张,提倡 expansion * [ i*skpaenjn] 几扩大;扩张;膨胀
23.…第四段.…
❶ Unfortunately, despite 2% years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the
illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.不幸的是，尽管历时两年半才完成撰写，
《问题的核心》却从未触及问题的核心:我们的顶尖高等院校中人文教育的“非人文”本质。
despite 2% years in the making,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
Unfortunately,
[插入语 ，
句子主干 “The Heart of the Matter" never gets to theJwart^fttiemattCT：（主+谓+宾）
解释说明the heart of the matter [
—级修饰 the illiberal nature of liberal education
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the...education
二级修饰 at our leading colleges and universities.
；诃汇汪样；u*nfortunately [ An-fo：tjgnatli] ad,不幸地;遗憾地 l*iberal [a.人文（教育）的；自由的
❷ The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't
know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.人文与社会科学委员会忽
略了这样一个事实:儿十年来，美国的高等院校培育出来的毕业生不知道人文教育的内涵和特点，因此也无法
从中受益。
The commission ignores （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 "hat引导的宾语从句，作ignores的宾语
that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates
who引导的定语从句，修饰graduates j
who don't know the content and character of liberal education
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓宾
and are thus deprived of its benefits.
:: i*gnore [ig，ns（r） ] vt.忽略;忽视;不予理睬 deprive sb. of...使某人不能享有....
❸ Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences
as vehicles for publicizing 44progressive,M or left-liberal propaganda.可悲的是，曾盛行于国内校园里的求知精神，
已经被“将人文和社会科学用作宣传’进步的’或左翼自由主义的工具”取代。
once at home
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修ffithe spirit of inquiry
on campus
, [介词短语作后置定语，修饰the spirit of inquiry
句子主干 Sadly, the spirit of i*ynqirii ..・ has been replaced （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles
介词短语作后置定语，修饰vehicles ]
二级修饰 for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.
:词汇注释 i*nquiry [nrkwaiori]（亦作 enquiry）w.探究;询问 p*ropaganda [ ^rops^gaenda] n.宣传;鼓吹
24•…第五段•…
❶ Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper
subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as
falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation,如今,教授们通常将
对历史的进步性解读和进步性公共政策视为合适的研究课题，而将传统或古典的人文主义思想——例如自由
市场和自力更生——描述为超出常规界限的知识，有时甚至认为它超出了学术研究的合理范畴。
句子主干 Today, professors routinely treat 虫踮 山 e..・study （主+谓+宾+宾补）
[while+现在分词短语结构，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas...as falling outside...investigation.
[举例说明conservative...ideas
二级修饰 ―uch as free markets and self-reliance—
国汇注将:p*rogressive [pra gresiv] g.进步的;开明的 interpretation [ intt3：prrteijn] n.理解；说明
c*onservative [ksn S3：vativ] a.传统的;守旧的 self-reliance自力更生；自主
fall outside超出，超越 b*oundary [ -baundri] n.界限；边界；分界线
r*outine [rurtizn] n.常规;无聊 a.常规的 legitimate * [ li dsitimat ] a.合理的;合法的
•…第六段.…
O The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.美国人文与科学院对人文教育表现出极大的热情。
句子主干 The AAAS displays 些姬gggg （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰great enthusiasm
一级修饰 for liberal education.
「商元淫窿；d*isplay [di splei] vt.表现;陈列；展出 n.陈列；展览 e*nthusiasm [ in eju：ziaez3m] n.热情;热心
❷ Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to
Uluminate.然而它的报告却掩盖了国会要求它阐明的挑战深度和广度，这很可能使改革受阻。
句子主干 Yet its report may well set back reform （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语]
一级修饰 by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge
that引导的定语从句,I修饰the depth...challenge
二级修饰 that Congress asked it to illuminate.
凄点注斯:句子主干中,may well用于加强推测语气，表示具有巨大的可能性。
岗无注精;set back使受挫折;推迟 obscure^ [3bskjo9（r）]讯使隐晦;使模糊a.昏暗的;费解的
breadth [ brede]几.广度;广泛性 Uluminate ☆ [ rluzmineit ] vt.阐明;解释;照亮
Part B
• • • •
O How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the
ground?在地表什么也看不见的情况下，考古学家如何知道去哪里可以找到他们想要寻找的东西呢?
25How do archaeologists know where toftjd （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
句子主干 ] [what引导的宾语从句，作find的宾语
what they are looking for
when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?
词汇注释 archaeologist [ laiki-Dlsdsist] n.考古学家 v*isible [ vizabl] a.看得见的;能注意到的
❷ Typically, they survey and sample （make test excavations on） large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will
yield useful infonnation.通常情况下，他们对大片的区域进行勘测和取样（试掘），以确定在何处将会挖掘到有用的信息。
—级修饰 （make test excavations on）
解释说明sampZe [
句子主干 Typically, they survey and s。唧"…些匪竺竺§也[gg迦（主+谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to determine
—级修饰 where引导的宾语从句，[作determine的宾语
where excavation will yield useful inlbrmation.
词汇注释 '、、excavation [ ieksks veifn] n.发掘，挖掘 terrain [ta rem] n.地区；地势；领域
d*etermine [di t3：mm] vt.确定；准确算出 y*ield [ji:ld] v.得出（信息）；产生 n.产量
® Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological
sites.勘测和测试样本对了解含有考古遗址的更大面积的地貌也很重要。
句子主干 Surveys and test samples have also become important （主+系 +表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语，[表对象
—级修饰 for understanding the larger landscapes
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the larger landscapes
二级修饰 that contain archaeological sites.
词汇注释:landscape [ 4aendskeip]几地形;风景 archaeological [ ta*lD:ki9 （i3ikl] 0.考古学的
••,第二段•…
O Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece ； the
pyramids of Giza in Egypt； and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. 一些考古遗址总是很容易被观测
到,例如，希腊雅典的帕特农神庙、埃及的吉萨金字塔和英格兰南部的巨石阵。
句子主干 Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable （主+系+表）
[举例说明 Some archaeological sites
—级修饰 ―for example, the Parthenon...the pyramids of Giza...and the megaliths of Stonehenge
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the Parthenon
in Athens, Greece;
介词短语作后置定语矿修饰the pyramids of Giza
二级修饰 in Egypt;
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the megaliths of Stonehenge
in southern England.
26:词汇注释：s*ite [salt] n.遗址;地点;现场vt.使坐落在 observable [ab zaivabl] a.能观测到的
megalith [ 'megsliO] n.巨石 Stonehenge [ istaun'hends]几.巨石阵
❷ But these sites are exceptions to the norm.但这些遗址都只是特例。
句子主干 But these sites are exceptions to the norm.（主+系+表）
[词汇生释:e*[xception ik sepjn]几例外 ” n*[no3rm ：m]几惯例;常态;定额;标准
❸ Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by
accident.大多数考古遗址都是通过仔细探寻才被找到的,而许多其他考古遗址则是偶然被发现的。
—级修饰 by means of careful searching,
]介词短语作方式状语
（]）Most archaeological sites have been located （主+谓）
句子主干 | while连接的并列句，表对比
（2）while many others have been discovered （主+谓）
j介词短语作状语
_级修饰 by accident.
❹ Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in
1911.奥杜威峡谷，一处位于坦桑尼亚的史前人类遗址,就是在1911年被一个恰好掉入这条深谷的捕蝶人发现的。
—级修饰 an early hominid site in Tanzania,
]Olduvai Gorge 的同位语
句子主干 Olduvai Gorge,...was found （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by a butterfly hunter
who引导的定语从句，[修饰a butterfly hunter
二级修饰 who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911.
:词汇注释，hominid [ .hominid] a.人科的 n.原人 hunter [ -hAiitaCr） ] n.猎人;狩猎者
❺ Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.成千上万件阿
兹特克手工艺品则是在20世纪70年代挖掘墨西哥城地铁的过程中才为众人所知的。
句子主干 Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light （主+谓）
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
:而无生释：artifact [ -aitifekt] n.手工艺品;人工制品 d*ig [dig] v./n.挖掘;采掘
•••第三段•*・・
❶ Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.然而，大多数考
古遗址是由有意搜寻它们的考古学家发现的。
句子主干 Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered （主+谓）
介词by引出动作的发出者[
_级修饰 by archaeologists
who引导的定语从句，[修饰archaeologists
二级修饰 who have set out to look for them.
27❷Such searches can take years.这样的搜寻可能需要数年时间。
句子主干 Such searches can take匹驱•（主+谓+宾）
❸ British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information
found in other sites.根据在其他考古遗址发现的信息,英国考古学家霍华德•卡特得知了埃及法老图坦卡蒙陵
墓的存在。
British archaeologist Howard Carter knew （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作knew的宾语
that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 from information found in other sites.
词汇注释: pharaoh [-fegrau] n.法老（古埃及国王） exist * [ig'Zist] vi.存在；生存
❹ Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.他用 j”
7年的时间仔细筛查帝王谷的碎石瓦砾，直到1922年才确定了陵墓的位置。
句子主干 Carter sifted through rubble （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰rubble
in the Valley of the Kings
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 for seven years
before引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
before he located the tomb in 1922.
词汇注释:sift through筛选;通过 rubble [ rAbl] n.碎石，瓦砾
❺ In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. 19 世纪末，
英国考古学家阿瑟・埃文斯爵士将希腊雅典的古董店仔细搜寻了一遍。
—级修饰 In the late 1800s
___________ I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 British... Evans combed antiguedealere^stores in Athens, Greece.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注暮:c*omb [kaum] vt.仔细搜寻;梳理n.梳子 a*ntique [aen tizk] n.古董;文物a.古老的
❻ He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s
to 1200s BC.他在寻找那些古迈锡尼文明时期的微型雕刻印章，该文明在公元前15世纪至公元前13世纪曾统治
希腊。
句子主干 He was searching for @理 （主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语，[修饰tiny engraved seals
_级修饰 attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the ancient Mycenaean culture
二级修饰 that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC.
:词汇注释 t*iny [ .taini] q.微小的;极小的 “ engrave [m-greiv]说.雕刻
attribute * [ a*tnbju ：t ] vt.认为....属于 dominate * [,dDimneit] v.统治；支配
❼ Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos （ Knos6s） , on the
island of Crete, in 1900.埃文斯通过对这些雕刻的解读,最终于1900年在克里特岛的克诺索斯遗址发现了米诺
斯王宫。
28句子主干 Evans's interpretations...eventually led him to find the Minoan palace （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Evans's interpretations
of these engravings
介词短语作地点状语
一级修饰 at Knossos （Knosds）, on the island of Crete,
介词短语作时间状语
・••第四段.•・
❶ To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools
and techniques.如今，为了找到考古遗址，考古学家主要依靠系统的勘测方法和各种高科技的设备及技术。
—级修饰 To find their sites,
]动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列宾语|
and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques.
词汇注释！ rely on依靠;依赖 t*echnique [tek ni：k] n.技术滋艺
Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or space
craft ,allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.机载技术，如飞机或航天器上
搭载的不同类型的雷达和摄影器材，使考古学家无须挖掘就能够了解地表以下的情况。
二级修饰 carried by airplanes or spacecraft,
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰radar and photographic equipment
—级修饰 such as different types of radar and photographic equipment
]such as...举例说明 Airborne technologies
Airborne technologies,...allow archaeologists to learn about （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 what引导的宾语从句，作learn about的宾语[
what lies beneath the ground without digging.
:迥汇注释:r*adar [Teida:（r）]几.雷达 photographic [ .fauta-graefik] a.摄影的;照片的
s*pacecraft [ -speiskrazft] n.航天器 b*eneath [brni：e] prep.在（或往）........下面
❸ Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields. 航空勘测
可以确定大致的关注区域或较大面积的被埋藏遗址的地貌,如古建筑或古战场。
句子主干 Aerial surveys locate gen^r期Qre塑.蛆也她顷.匹1呷舆.911煎作0煦€«5,（主+谓+宾）
such as...举例说明general areas...features
二站希
such as ancient buildings or fields.
a*erial [-earial] a.航空的;空中的 l*ocate [Iwkeit] vt.确定....的位置
b*[ury beri] m埋藏;安葬;丧失（某人） a*ncient [ -emfant ] a.古代的;古老的
29…第五段…
❶ Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful.地面勘测能够让考古学家精
准定位有效的挖掘位置。
句子主干 Ground surveys allow archaeologsts to pinpoint the places （主+谓+宾+宾补）
where引导的定语从句,[修饰the places
_级修饰 where digs will be successful.
:词汇生祢:pinpoint [pinpoint] vt.给....准确定位;查明a.精确的
❷ Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.大多数地
面勘测需要大量步行，寻找诸如陶器小碎片这样的地表线索。
句子主干 Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking,（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
_级修饰 looking for surface dues
[such as...举例说明surface clues
二级修饰 such as small fragments of pottery.
词汇注释:f*ragment [ fraegmant] m 碎片[fraeg，ment".（使）碎裂 pottery [-potari] n.陶器;陶土
❸ They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. 这种勘
测通常包括在某片区域的选定地点进行一定量的挖掘，以检测埋藏物。
句子主干 They often include a certain amount of digging （主+谓+宾）
——— — —— ——— — —-*—-——
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to test for buried materials
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰buried materials
二级修饰 at selected points across a landscape.
❹ Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording,
and metal detectors.考古学家还可以通过使用诸如地面雷达、磁场记录仪和金属探测器等技术来定位被埋藏的
遗址。
句子主干 Archaeologists also may locate buried jemains （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by using such technologies
such...as...举例说明 technologies^
二级修饰 as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors.
:坷汇注释！ r*emains [rrmemz] n. [pl.]遗址；剩余物 “ d*etector [ di tektafr） ] n.探测器
❺ Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.考古学家通常用电脑来绘制遗
址及其周边的地形图。
30句子主干 Archaeologists commonly use c呗理]_枣（主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语]
■-级修饰 to map sites and the landscapes around sites.
❻ Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting
the results of archaeological research.二维和三唾地图在规划挖掘地点、展现遗址样貌和呈现考古研究成果方面
是非常有用的工具。
句子主干 Two and three-dimensional maps are hyelpfal tools （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰helpful tools
in planning excavations,
|并列的动名词短语
一级修饰 illustrating how sites look,
and连接并列的动名词短语
and presenting the results of archaeological research.
;词汇注释:dimensional [di menjanal] a.....维的;空间的 i*llustrate [ ihstreit] vt.（用图画等）说明，解释
…第六段…
❶Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.勘测可以覆盖单个大的聚居点或整个区域'
句子主干 Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes,（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释：s*ettlement [ setlmant] n.聚居地;解决;协议 e*ntire [ in-taia（r） ] a.整个的;全部的
• In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of
small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. 有这样一个
例子，在洪都拉斯科潘玛雅古城周边工作的许多研究者通过航拍照片和徒步勘测，确定了数百个小村落和民宅
的位置。
一级修饰 In one case,
I插入语
many researchers.. .have located hundreds of small rural villages （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and individual dwellings
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰many researchers
working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras,
一级修饰 and连接并列的介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot.
:词汇注释：r*ural [・ruml] a.乡村的 i*ndividual [ jndi'vidsual] a.个人的;单独的n.个人
d*welling [ -dwelig] n.住宅；住所 on foot徒步;站着;在进行中
❸ The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed
dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copdn collapsed.由此绘制的聚居点地图显示了公元500年到公元
850年（科潘城瓦解之年）间，该城周围村落人口的分布和密度是怎样发生巨大变化的。
31The resulting settlement maps show （主+谓+宾从）
旬子主干 how引导的宾语从句，[作show的宾语
how the distribution and density...changed dramatically
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the distribution and density
of the rural population around the city
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
between AD 500 and （AD） 850,
when引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明（AD） 850
二级修饰 when Copdn collapsed.
:词汇注释：distribution [ jdistrrbjuifn] n.分布;分发 d*ensity [ •densati] n.密度;浓度
dramatically [ dr^maetikli ] ad.巨大地；戏剧性地 collapse * [ ksdaeps] vi.瓦解；倒塌
….第七段.…
❶ In another case, American archaeologists Ren6 Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the
entire city of Teotihuacdn in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.还有另外一个实例，美国考古学家雷
内-米利翁和乔治-考吉尔花费数年时间系统地绘制了整个特奥蒂瓦坎古城的地图，该古城位于墨西哥谷，靠
近现在的墨西哥城。
—级修饰 In another case,
___________ ]插入语
句子主干 American archaeologists Ren日 Million and George Cowgill spent years （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语，[表方面
—级修饰 （in） systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Teotihuacan |
in the Valley of Mexico
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰Teotihuacan
near what is now Mexico City.
要板注程]介词短语near...中,what引导的宾语从句,作介词near的宾语。
；国汇津释:s*pend [ spend] vt.花（时间）；消耗 systematically [ （Sista-maetikli] ad.系统地;有条理地
❷ At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.大约公兀600 年，这座城
市正处于鼎盛之时，是当时世界上最大的人类聚居地之一。
—级修饰 At its peak around AD 600,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.（主+系 +表）
:词汇注释:p*[peiak ：k] n.顶峰航.达到高峰a.高峰时期的 h*uman [ hjusmgn] a.人类的;人本性的n.人
❸ The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment
complexes where common people lived.研究人员不仅绘制出了这个城市辽阔而华丽的典礼区域，还绘制出了数百
处较简陋的供普通百姓居住的公寓建筑群。
句子主干 The researchers mapped not only the city,s...but also...apartment complexes （主+谓+宾）
where引导的定语从句，[修饰apartment complexes
—级修饰 where common people lived.
32祠汇洼释：ornate [”neit] a.华丽的;豪华的 ceremonial [ (sen maunial] a.典礼的；礼仪的几仪式
Part C
• •••第一^段.•••
❶ Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different
moments of his life.音乐对不同的人来说有不同的意义，有时甚至对同一个人来说，在他生命的不同时刻也有不
同的意义。
Music means dMferentjhings to different people (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and...even (means) different things to the same person
介词短语作时间状语I
—级修饰 at different moments of his life.
❷ It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to
do with the soul of the human being.音乐也许是诗意的、哲学的、愉悦感官的或蕴含数理的，但在我看来，无论如
何,音乐一定是关乎人类灵魂的。
(Itl) might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical,(主+系+表)
* ■ — -----------—-—■—-——-—»—-——-—-——————————―———————.——■————————
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)but...it must,...have something (主+谓+宾)
f插入语'
in any case
插入语
一级修饰 in my view,
动词不定式短语作后置定语, 修饰 something
to do with the soul of the human being.
!词汇注释'、、 poetic [pg，etik] a.诗意的;诗歌的 philosophical [ Jib sofikl] a.哲学的;达观的
sensual [ -senfual] a.愉悦感官的 mathematical^[ .maeea-maetikl] a.数学般精确的;数学的
❸ Hence it is metaphysical ； but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound.因此音乐是玄妙
抽象的;然而音乐的表达方式一声音——却完完全全是客观有形的。
(1) Hence it is metaphysical;(主+系+表)
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but the means of expression is 理坦j史业里迦迦业池姬园：(主+系+表)
| 解释说明 the means of expression
—级修饰 sound.
:商尤豆薜:metaphysical [ imets-fizikl] a.极抽象的;玄学的 purely [ Tjuoli] ad.完全;仅仅
exclusively [ik skluisivli] ad.完全地;专有地 physical*[ fizikl] a.客观存在的;身体的
❹ I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength
of music.我认为，恰恰是这种通过有形方式表现出来的无形信息的永久共存,造就了音乐的力量。
33I believe （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作believe的宾语
句子主干 it is...that
it is...that为强调句型 rmanent.. .message
precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message...is the strength of music.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰this permanent...message
一级修饰 through physical means
词汇注释：p*ermanent [ pszmansnt] a.永久的;长久的 coexistence [ ikauig'Zistans] n.共存，共处
❺ It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and
not grasp music itself.这也解释了为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，最多只能清楚地表达自己的感受,而
无法领会音乐本身。
句子主干 It is also toe reason （主+系+表）
| why引导的定语从句，修Wthe reason
why...all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,
一级修饰 | and连接的并列表语
and not grasp music itself.
when引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 when we try to describe music with words,
:要点注释：定语从句中，主语为all we can do,系动词为is,表语为articulate...and not grasp...itself,其中，表语
为and连接的并列的省略to的动词不定式短语，省略关系词that的定语从句we can do修饰allo
词汇注释 d*escribe [drskraib] vt.描述;把.... 称为 articulate * [a:'tikjuleit] v.清楚地表达;清楚说明
reaction [ri aekfn] n.反应；回应 g*rasp [graisp] vt.领会;抓紧 n.理解（力）
第二段•…
O Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions.贝多芬
在音乐界的重要地位主要体现在其作品的革命性方面c
句子主干 Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined （主+谓）
介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by the revolutionary nature of his compositions.
:可汇注释 r*evolutionary [ irevg^luxjanari] a.革命的 n.改革者 composition * [ ikompa-zifn] n.作品;成分
❷ He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.他将音乐从长久以来流行的重视
和声与结构的惯例中解放了出来。
句子主干 He freed music （主+谓+宾）
t介词短语作句子主干的状语 -
_级修饰 from hitherto prevailing conventions
介词短语作后置定语J修饰convention^
二级修饰 of harmony and structure.
34[词汇注释 h*itherto [ ihida tu:] ad.至今;迄今 prevailing [priweilig] a.流行的;普遍的
convention * [ kmvenjn] n.惯例；习俗;协议 h*armony [ ,haimani]几.和声;融洽
❸ Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.有时我能从其晚年作品中感受到一种想要
打破所有连贯性符号的决心。
句子主干 Sometimes I feel in his late works awill （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰a will
—级修饰 to break all signs of continuity.
:词汇注释■ continuity [ jkonti njuzati] n.连贯性，连续性;一系列
❹ The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata.他的音乐是骤然迸发的，似乎并不连
贯，正如其最后一首钢琴奏鸣曲。
句子主干 The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,（主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语]
一级修饰 as in the last piano sonata.
:词汇注释- abrupt5^ [a brApt] a.骤然的，突然的;意外的;粗鲁的 sonata [*nsaa:ta] 儿奏鸣曲
❺ In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.在音乐表达方面，他并未受到传统观
念的限制。
句子主干 In musical expression, he did not feel 整攵哄旭（主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语[
—级修饰 by the weight of convention.
:词汇注释: expression [ik-sprejn] n.表达；表示；表露 restrained [n,stremd] a.受限制的；克制的
❻ By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the
understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.总而言之，贝多芬是个思想自由且勇敢无畏的人，而且我认
为勇气是理解——更是演奏一其作品必不可少的品质。
_级修饰 By all accounts
1插入语
（l）he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one,（主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and I find 义竺骐驱 an essential quality （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an essential quality
—级修饰 for the understanding,...of his works.
J 补充说明the understanding
二级修饰 let alone the performance,
by all accounts 一致认为;据大家所说 freethinking [ifrirOigkig] a.自由思想的
courageous [ kaTeidjas ] g.勇敢的;无畏的 essential * [ rsenjl ] a.必不可少的;本质的
35. ...第三段••••
❶ This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven's music.这种勇敢的态度实
际上成了贝多芬音乐作品演奏者的一个必备条件。
句子主干 This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a requirement |
一级修饰 for the performers of Beethoven's music.
词汇注释: a*ttitude [ •aetitjuzd] n.态度；看法 requirement * [ irkwaiomont ] n.必备条件；所需的东西
His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.他的作品要求演奏者
展现出勇气，例如在力度的运用方面。
句子主干 His compositions demand the performer to show courage,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
]举例说明
一级修饰 for example in the use of dynamics.
:词汇注释： d*emand [drmamd] vt.（强烈）要求;需要 dynamics [dai-naemiks] n. [p/.]力度;相互作用的方式
❸ Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft
passage was only rarely used by composers before him.贝多芬习惯以极强的力度来提高音量，随后突然转为轻柔
的乐段，在他之前很少有作曲家这样做。
句子主干 Beethoven's habit...was only rarely used by composers before him.（主+谓）
[介词of引出Beethoven's habit的同位语
of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity
一级修饰 and连接并列的动名词短语
and then abruptly following it
［介词短语作状语
二级修饰 with a sudden soft passage
"要成甥: 句子主干中，介词by引出动作的发出者composers,介词短语before him作后置定语，修饰composerso
:迥汇注释: v*olume [ vDljuim] n.音量;体积，容积 intensity * [ in tensat订 n.强度;剧烈；紧张
abruptly [a brAptli] ad.突然地;意外地 composer [ kgm-psuzafr） ] n.作曲家;创作者
・・.•第四段
❶ Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.从最广义上来说，贝多芬是一个热衷政治
的人C
句子主干 Beethoven was a deeply political man （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语[
—级修饰 in the broadest sense of the word.
:商志主裕'p*olitical [pg htikl] a.政治的;政府的 b*road [bn：d] g.广泛的;广阔的
36❷ He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right
and wrong affecting the entire society.他对日常政治不感兴趣，但很关心道德行为问题以及影响整个社会的大是
大非问题。
-：
He was not interested in daily politics,(主+系+表)
句子主干 I but连接的弄列系表
but (was) concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the larger questions
一级修饰 of right and wrong affecting the entire society.
释 m* oral [ moral] a.道德的;品行端正的 b*ehavior [ brheivja(r) ] n.行为；举止
❸ Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of
the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.极具重要意义的是他的自由观，对他而
言，自由与个人的权利和责任息息相关:他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
一级修饰 which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual:
which引导的非限定性定语从句,]补充说明freedom
句子主干 Especially significant was his view of freedom,(倒装句：表+系+主)
解释说明 his view of freedom
一级修饰 he advocated freedom
and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语「修饰freedom
二级修饰 of thought and of personal expression.
:商汇生森'、、s*ignificant [sig mfikant] a.有重大意义的;重要的 associated [3-saufieitid] a.相关的;有关联的
r*esponsibility [riisponsg bibti] n.责任；负责 a*dvocate [ aedvgkeit] vt.提倡；支持
•…第五段.…
O Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. 贝多芬的音
乐往往会从混乱转向有序，仿佛秩序是人类生存的必需品。
—级修饰 from chaos to order
]介词短语作状语
句子主干 Beethoven's music tends to move （主+谓）
[as if引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 as if order were an imperative of human existence.
:要点注释:as if引导的从句使用了虚拟语气，从句中,主语是ordei•，系动词是were,表语是an imperative,介词
短语 of human existence 作后置定语，修饰 an imperative o
；: c*haos [ •keios] n.混乱;紊乱 i*mperative [ im-perativ] n.必要的事；紧急的事 a.紧急的
❷ For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence； order is a necessary
development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.对他来说，遗忘或忽略那些困
扰我们生存的混乱并不能带来秩序;秩序是一种必要的发展,是一种可能引领人类走向希腊理想中精神升华的
进步。
37一级修饰 that plague our existence;
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the disorders
（l）For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列句
（2）order is a necessary development, an improvement （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，修饰an improvement
一级修饰 that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.
■:词汇注释! plague^ [pleig] vt.困扰;折磨 n.灾害 elevation [ lelrveifn] n.提高；高地;崇高
❸ It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that
suffering does not have the last word.《葬礼进行曲》没有成为《英雄交响曲》的最后乐章,而是第二乐章，这并非偶
然，因为这样苦难就不会成为最后的结局。
It is not...that
]It is not...that为强调句型的否定形式，强调状语by chance
by chance
I介词短语作状语
句子主干
the Funeral March is not the last movement （主+系+表）
not.. .but连接的并列表语
but the second,
介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the last movement
of the Eroica Symphony,
一级修饰
so that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
so that suffering does not have the last word.
❹ One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it
renders life worth living.我们可以这样解读贝多芬的诸多作品:苦难是不可避免的,但是与苦难抗争的勇气使生
活有了意义。
句子主干 One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven （主+谓+宾）
...... — ,.一一 _—. ———*———_»——————-——-——*——————~——
I介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by saying
that引导的宾语从句，作saying的宾语
一级修饰 that suffering is inevitable,
but连接的并列句，表转折
but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
'、要点注释: but 连接的分句二为“主(the courage) + 谓(renders) + 宾(life) + 宾补(worth living )M 的结构，动词
不定式短语to fight it作后置定语，修饰the courage o
i
词汇注释! i*nterpret [ln t3：pnt] vt.诠释;解释;说明 r*ender [ Tenda（r） ] vt.致使;使成为；回报
38
