2005年逐词逐句精讲册_41考研英语一二历年真题解析_英语一_解析册+逐词逐句册

2005年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section 1 Use <rt
舄
…第一段…
underrated
❶The human nose is an tool.人类鼻子的功能~~直都被低估f o
句子主干 The human nose is anjmdeiratedjool.（主+系+表）
underrated
:商元洼洛： [ （And9Teitid] a.被低估的
insensitive
❷ Humans are often thought to be smellers compared with animals, but this is largely because, unlike animals, we
upright.
stand 人们通常认为，人类的嗅觉不如动物的嗅觉灵敏，但这主要是因为，与动物不同，我们是直立的。
to
be insensitive smellers
一级修饰 j动词不定式短语作Humans的补足语
compared
with animals,
I过去分词短语作（1）句的比较状语
----------- ▼ +
（l）Humans are often thought （主+谓）
! but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but this is...（主+系+表从）
[because引导的表语从句
because,
largely unlike animals, we stand upright.
insensitive u*pright [
词汇注释: [ nr sens并vj a.不敏感的;麻木不仁的 Apraitl M/q.竖立地（的），垂直地（的）
perceiving float
❸ This means that our noses are limited to those smells which through the air, missing the majority of
stick to surfaces.
smells which 这意味着我们的鼻子仅限于感知飘浮在空气中的气味，却闻不到大多数附着在地
面上的气味。
51 1?
句子主干 This means画1理口12竺，也尝竺西国咀史竺箜 理 （主+谓+宾从）
which引导的定语从句,[修饰those smells
which
float through the air,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作宾语从句的结果状语
missing smells
the majority of
which引导的定语从句，，修饰smells
which
二级修饰 stick to surfaces.
词汇注释: p*erceive [p9 si：v] m感知；意识到；认为 f*loat 说.（在空中）飘浮;漂浮
stick to s*urface
附着于，黏住;坚持 [-S3：fis] n.地面；表面；外观
extremely sensitive generally realize
❹ In fact, though, we are to smells, even if we do not it.然而，实际上，人类对气
味极其敏感,尽管我们通常没有意识到这一点。
29In fact,
—级修饰 插入语
though,
、， ]插入语
句子主干 we are extremely sensitive to smells,（主+系+表）
[ even if引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
even if
—级修饰 we do not generally realize it.
extremely s*ensitive [
，词汇注释: [ik-stri：mli] ad.极其，非常 -sensativ] a.敏感的；体贴的
generally r*ealize [
[ -dsenrali] ad.通常；普遍地；大概 riialaiz] v.意识到；理解 vt.实现
detecting diluted
❺ Our noses are capable of human smells even when these are to far below one part in one million.我
们的鼻子能够察觉人类的气味，即使这些气味的浓度被稀释到远不及原来的百万分之一。
句子主干 Our noses are cagable （主+系+表）
" [介词短语作状语
of
detecting human smells
一级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when
even these are diluted
j介词短语作状语
to
二级修饰 far below one part in one million.
d*etect [ dilute5^
:词汇注释 drtekt]沉.觉察;查明；侦察出 [darluit]仇.稀释;削弱a.冲淡了的
••••第二段・•••
❶ Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, whereas others are sensitive to the
smells of both flowers.奇怪的是，有些人发现他们可以闻到某一种花香，但闻不到另一种，而另一些人则对两种
花香都很敏感。
that
they can smell one type of flower but not another,
that引导的宾语从句，[作find的宾语
句子主干 （l）Strangely, some people find （主+谓+宾从）
I
whereas连接的并列句，表对比
（2）whereas others are sensitive （主+系+表）
J
介词短语作状语 表对象
to
—级修饰 the smells of both flowers.
:要点注释：that引导的宾语从句为省略句，补充完整为that they can smell one type of flower but can not smell
another type of flower o
genes generate particular receptors
❷ This may be because some people do not have the necessary to smell in the nose.
这也许是因为一些人缺乏能在鼻子里生成特定的气味感受器的基因。
This may be...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [because引导的表语从句
because the genes
some people do not have
J
形容词短语作后置定语 修饰the^genes
__________ ■ I
necessary
—级修饰 to generate particular smell receptors in the nose.
g*ene g*enerate [
:词汇洼释 [d3i：n]几基因，遗传因子 'dsensreit]优.产生；引起
p*articular [ receptor
pa'tikjglg（r） ] a.特定的；特别的 [rrsepta（r） ] n.感受器;受体
30sense
❸ These receptors are the cells which smells and send messages to the brain.而这些感受器就是一些感知气味并
向大脑发送信息的细胞。
句子主干 These receptors are tfie^elfc （主+系+表）
which引导的定语从句修饰the cells
which sense
smeUe
—级修饰 | and连接的并列谓宾
and send
messages
j
介词短语作状语 表对象
to
二级修饰 the brain.
s*ense
:词汇洼暮「 [sens] vt.感觉到；检测出几意义;感觉官能;意识
certain
❹ However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it
exposed
when to it often enough.然而，研究发现，即使是最初对某种特定气味不敏感的人，如果接触这种气味足
够频繁，也会突然变得对它敏感起来。
However, has been found （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that people...
even can suddenly become sensitive to it
" [形容词短语作后置定语，修饰people
insensitive
to a certain smell at first
一级修饰 when引导的条件状语从句，作主语从句的条件状语
when
（they are） exposed to it often enough.
c*ertain [ e*xpose [
;词汇注薜： saitn] q.某种；肯定的；无疑的 ik spsuz]以.使接触;暴露;使面临
• •••第三段•*••
insensitivity inefficient
❶ The explanation for to smell seems to be that the brain finds it to keep all smell receptors working
all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.（人类）对气味不敏感的原因似乎是这样:大脑发现让所有的
气味感受器一直工作效率太低，但是，它可以在必要时产生新的感受器。
for
—级修饰 insensitivity to smell
，介词短语作后置定语，修WThe explanation
The explanatkm...seems to be...（主+系+表从）
that引导的表语从句|
that finds it
句子主干 the brain inefficient
[it为形式宾语，动词不定式短语作表语从句真正的宾语
to
keep all smell receptors working all the time
but连接的并列谓宾，表转折
but can create
new receptors
[ if引导的条件状语从句
—级修饰 （it is） necessary.
insensitivity inefficient
:词汇注将 [ misensa-tivati] n.不敏感性 [ iinrfijnt] a.效率低的；能力差的
explain simply
❷ This may also why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we do not need to be. 这或许也可
以解释为什么我们通常对自身的气味不敏感一一只不过是我们不需要而已。
31This may also explain （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :why引导的宾语从句，作may...explain的宾语
why
we are not usually sensitive
?介词短语作状语J表对象
to
our own smells
一级修饰 补充说明
—we simply do not need to be.
:要点注释：破折号后面的句子是一个省略句，补充完整为we simply do not need to be sensitive to themo
e*xplain [ simply
词汇注释 ik splem] v.解释，阐明；辩解 simpli] ad.仅仅;简直;简朴地
are aware of notice
❸ We not the usual smell of our own house, but we new smells when we visit someone else's. 我■（门
察觉不到自己家中惯有的气味，但是当我们去别人家里做客时就会注意到不熟悉的气味。
of
—级修饰 our own house,
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the usual smell
⑴We are not aware of 也g 些gggll §四型（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 《 but连接的并列句，表转折
I
（2）but we notice newsmells （主+谓+宾）
when引导的时间状语从句J作（2 ）句的时间状语
when
_级修饰 we visit someone else's.
be aware of n*otice [
:词汇洼释 察觉到；知道;认识到 -nautis] v.注意到；察觉n.通知
available emergency signals
❹ The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors for unfamiliar and such as the smell of
indicate
smoke, which might the danger of fire.大脑发现最好让气味感受器可以随时用于接收不熟悉的、紧急的
信号，例如可能意味着有火灾危险的烟味。
The brain finds « best （主+谓+宾+宾补）
it为形式宾语，[动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
to keep smell receptors
句子主干
[形容词短语作smell receptors的补足语
available for unfamiliar and emergency signals
| such as...举例说明unfamiliar and emergency signals
such as the smell of smoke,
—级修饰
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the smell of smoke
which might indicate the danger of fire.
二级修饰
a*vailable e*mergency [
词汇注释 [a veilabl] a.可用的；有空的 rm3：d30nsi] a.紧急情况下的 n.紧急事件
s*ignal [ i*ndicate [
signal] n.信号；标志；指示灯 qndikeit] v.预示；表明
、becti^n U Keadmg Comprebenstoii ，九
Part A
Text 1 "
*•••第一^段••••
fat pay rise.
❶Everybody loves a 人人都喜欢大幅加薪。
32❸ These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send messages to the brain.而这些感受器就是一些感知气味并
向大脑发送信息的细胞。
句子主干 These receptors are the cells （主+系+表）
which引导的定语从句;修饰the cells
which sense
smells
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓宾
and send
messages
介词短语作状语,i表对象
to
二级修饰 the brain.
sense * r
:词汇洼洛 sens ] vt.感觉到；检测出几意义;感觉官能;意识
certain
❹ However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it
exposed
when to it often enough.然而，研究发现，即使是最初对某种特定气味不敏感的人，如果接触这种气味足
够频繁，也会突然变得对它敏感起来。
However, tt has been found （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that people...
even can suddenly become sensitive to it
t |形容词短语作后置定语，修饰people
insensitive
to a certain smell at first
一级修饰 when引导的条件状语从句，作主语从句的条件状语
when
（they are） exposed to it often enough.
c*ertain [ e*xpose [
词汇洼暮 s3：tn] a.某种；肯定的；无疑的 ik-spauz] u.使接触;暴露;使面临
••••第三段••••
insensitivity inefficient
。The explanation for to smell seems to be 由at the brain finds it to keep all smell receptors working
all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.（人类）对气味不敏感的原因似乎是这样：大脑发现让所有的
气味感受器一直工作效率太低，但是,它可以在必要时产生新的感受器。
for
—级修饰 insensitivity to smell
[介词短语作后置定语，修WThe explanation
The explanatton…seems to be...（主+系+表从）
that引导的表语从句|
that finds it
句子主干 the brain inefficient
f It为形式宾语，动词不定式短语作表语从句真正的宾语
\
to
keep all smell receptors working all the time
but连接的并列谓宾，表转折
but can create
new receptors
I if引导的条件状语从句
—级修饰 if （it is） necessary.
insensitivity inefficient
:词汇注释 [ m.senss-tivsti] n.不敏感性 [ inrfijnt] a.效率低的；能力差的
explain simply
❷ This may also why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we do not need to be.这或许也可
以解释为什么我们通常对自身的气味不敏感——只不过是我们不需要而已。
31This may also explain （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | why引导的宾语从句，作may...explain的宾语
why
we are not usually sensitive
"介词短语作状语，[表对象
to
our own smells
■-级修饰 补充说明
—we simply do not need to be.
要点注释:破折号后面的句子是一个省略句，补充完整为we simply do not need to be sensitive to themo
e*xplain [ s*imply [
词汇注释 ik splem]仇解释，阐明；辩解 simpli] ad.仅仅;简直;简朴地
are aware of notice
❸ We not the usual smell of our own house, but we new smells when we visit someone else's. 我彳门
察觉不到自己家中惯有的气味，但是当我们去别人家里做客时就会注意到不熟悉的气味。
of
—级修饰 our own house,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the usual smell
⑴We are not aware of tiiejisua^smell （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 j but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but 整 notice newsmells （主+谓+宾）
when引导的时间状语从句，[作（2）句的时间状语
when
一级修饰 we visit someone else's.
be aware of n*otice [
词汇注释 察觉到；知道；认识到 nautis] v.注意到；察觉n.通知
available emergency signals
❹ The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors for unfamiliar and such as the smell of
indicate
smoke, which might the danger of fire.大脑发现最好让气味感受器可以随时用于接收不熟悉的、紧急的
信号，例如可能意味着有火灾危险的烟味。
The brain finds it best （主+谓+宾+宾补）
it为形式宾语，[动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
to smell receptors
句子主干 keep
[形容词短语作smell receptors的补足语
available unfamiliar and emergency signals
for
a
| such as...举例说明unfamiliar and emergency signals
such as the smell of smoke,
—级修饰
| which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the smell of smoke
which
二级修饰 might indicate the danger of fire.
a*vailable [9 veibblj e*mergency [ rmsidjansi] a.
词汇注释 s*ignal [ signal] a.可用的；有空的 i*ndicate [ mdikeit] 0 紧急情况下的n.紧急事件
几信号；标志；指示灯 .预示；表明
Part A
Text 1 "
*•••第一^段••••
fat pay rise.
❶Everybody loves a 人人都喜欢大幅加薪。
32句子主干 Everybody loves a fat pay rise.（主+谓+宾）
pay rise
顶汇注程]也产[f&t] a.大量的;值钱的;肥胖的几.脂肪 （英式）加薪
pleasure vanish
❷ Yet at your own can if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.然而如果你听说有一
位同事的工资涨得比你多，那么，加薪带来的喜悦感就会消失。
句子主干 Yet pleasure...can vanish （主+谓）
t t介词短语作后置定语，修饰pleasure
at your own
if?l导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 if you learn
；
that引导的宾语从句,作learn的宾语
that a colleague has been given a bigger one.
p*leasure [ vanish
;词汇洼释: ple3a（r） ] n.喜悦;玩乐；乐事 [-vaemJ]航.消失；不复存在
slacking, outraged,
❸ Indeed, if he has a reputation for you might even be 事实上，如果这位同事还有懒散的名声，你
甚至可能会义愤填膺。
Indeed,
—级修饰 插入语
if he has a reputation for slacking,
, I
if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 you might even be outlaid.（主+系+表）
s*lack [ outraged
■词汇注释: slaek] vi.偷懒;怠惰a.懈怠的;松弛的 [ -autreidsid] a.义愤填磨的;震怒的
regarded underlying assumption
❹ Such behaviour is asall too human" , with the that other animals would not be
capable finely grievance.
of this developed sense of 这种行为被看作是“人之常情”，其潜在假设是其他动物不具
备这种高度发达的不满意识。
句子主干 Such behaviour is regarded （主+谓）
j介词短语作Such behaviour的补足语
as "all too human",
-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
with the underlying assumption
that引导的同位语从句,解释说明the underlying assumption
二级修饰 that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
r*egard u*nderlying [
词汇注释: [rrgaid] vt.看作n.尊重;关心 （Andg laiir]] a.潜在的；根本的
a*ssumption [ c*apable [
a SAmpJn] n.假设；承担；取得 -keipabl] a.有能力的;胜任的
finely grievance [
[-famli] ad.非常地;精细地 gri：vans] n.不满；不平的事
❺ But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been
published , suggests
in Nature that it is all too monkey, as well.但由佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的萨拉•布
鲁斯南和弗兰斯-德-瓦尔进行并于最近在《自然》杂志上发表的一项研究表明，这种行为也是“猴之常情”。
33二级修饰 of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal
—级修饰 by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a study
句子主干 But a study...suggests也也虫星Jjggjgg速沮竺史（主+谓+宾从）
j
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a study
—级修饰 which has just been published in Nature,
p*ublish [ s*uggest
「词汇注卷： pAbhJ] v.发表;出版;公布 [s3-d3est] vt.表明;建议;暗示
•••第二段•*••
female capuchin
❶ The researchers studied the behaviour of brown monkeys.研究人员对棕色雌性僧帽猴的行为进行
了研究。
句子主干 The researchers studied tfie^bdiayiour （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the behaviour
—级修饰 of female brown capuchin monkeys.
：
f*emale [ capuchin [
词汇洼释 -fijmeil] a.雌的；女性的 n.女子 -kaepjutjm] n.僧帽猴
❷They look cute.这些僧帽猴看上去十分可爱。
句子主干 They look cute.（主+系+表）
good-natured, co-operative creatures, readily.
❸ They are and they share their food 它们性情温和，善于合作，也愿
意分享食物。
（1） They are （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and they share theirfood readily.（主+谓+宾）
good-natured [ co-operative [
:商定洼森" ^od-neitjad] a.性情温和的 kau-opsrativ] a.合作的
creature^ [ readily" [
-kri：tj9（r） ] □.生物；人 ，redili] ad.乐意地；迅速地
❹
Above all, counterparts, tend to pay attention to
like their female human 由ey much closer the value of “goods and
services" than males.最重要的是，和人类女性一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”的价值。
Above all,
—级修饰
like their female human counterparts,
“插入语 l介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they tend to pay much closer attention to thev^ue （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the value
of "goods and services"
—级修饰 than…作* 比较状语
than males.
above all c*ounterpart [
'：词汇注祢: 最重要的是；尤其是 .kauntapait] n.对应的人或物
tend to pay attention to
往往会;常常就;趋向 关注;倾听;重视
34…第三段…
characteristics candidates
❶ Such make them perfect for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de WaaFs study.雌性僧帽猴的这些特
点使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德•瓦尔博士最理想的研究对象。
------ r*
句子主干 Such characteristics make tfiem perfect candidates （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰perfect candidates
一级修饰 for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study.
characteristic * [ c*andidate [
:词汇注将: ikserskta-nstik] n.特征 a.典型的 kaendidat] n.候选人；申请人
exchange tokens
❷ The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to for food.研究人员花了两年的时间教会
这些猴子用代币换取食物。
句子主干 The researchers spent twoj^egB （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作状语
（in） teaching their monkeys
■-级修饰 慕耘W短语作their monkeys的补足语
to exchange tokens fbr food.
e*xchange [ token5 [
;词汇注卷: iks tjemds] m/m交换;兑换 tsuksn]几代用币；标志
❸
Normally, rock slices cucumber,
the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of for of 通常情况下，猴子们
很乐意用几块石子换回几片黄瓜。
句子主干 Normally, the monkeys were happy enough （主+系+表）
[动词不定式短语作状语
—级修饰 to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.
normally [ rock^Irok]
:词汇注将！ no:mali] ad.通常;正常地 n.石子;岩石;摇滚乐
s*lice [ c*ucumber [
slais] n.片；部分 v.切开 'kju：kAmba（r） ] n.黄瓜
separate adjoining chambers,
❹ However,when two monkeys were placed in but so that each could observe what the other
markedly
was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became different.然而，当两只猴子被安置在独立却相
邻的两个房间里，以便它们能互相看见对方用石子所换回的东西时，它们的行为就变得明显不同了。
句子主干 However,...their behaviour became markedly different.（主+系+表）
[ when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,
♦ sothat引导的目的状语从句
so that each could observe
二级修饰 what引导的宾语从句，:作could observe的宾语
what the other was getting in return for its rock,
s*eparate [ adjoining
:词汇洼暮: seprst] a.独立的;不同的 [g dsomirj] a.邻近的，毗邻的
c*hamber [ markedly
•tjeimba（r） ] n.房间;议院 [ -maikidli] ad.明显地;显著地
35••••第四段••••
luxury preferable
❶ In the world of capuchins, grapes are goods (and much to cucumbers).在僧帽猴的世界里，葡萄
O
是奢侈品(并且比黄瓜受欢迎得多)
In
the world of capuchins,
一级修饰
［介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
grapes are luxmy^oods (
句子主干 主+系+表)
[补充说明
(and much preferable to cucumbers).
—级修饰
l*uxury [ p*referable [
:词汇注释 lAkJari] n.奢侈;奢侈品 prefrabi] a.更合心意的
handed in exchange for reluctant
So when one monkey was a grape her token, the second was to hand hers over for a
mere
piece of cucumber.因此当一只僧帽猴用代币换到一颗葡萄后，另一只猴子就不愿意用它的代币仅换回一
片黄瓜了。
when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,
一级修饰
]when
引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
So...the second was reluctant
句子主干 （主+系+表）
［动词不定式短语作状语
to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.
一级修饰
in exchange foi
:词汇洼蒋 h*[haanednd] vt.给;递n.手;帮助;作用 •作为... 的交换
reluctant * m* ere
[rrlAktant] a.不情愿的,勉强的 [mia(r) ] q.仅仅的;微不足道的
❸ And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token
refused accept
at the researcher or out of the chamber, or to the shce of cucumber.如果一只猴子根本不用以代币
作为交换就能够得到一颗葡萄，那么另一只猴子就会把它的代币扔向研究人员或扔出房间，或者拒绝接受那片
黄瓜。
without
having to provide her token in exchange at all,
二级修饰
[介词短语作状语
11 one received a grape
if
—级修饰 引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
at the researcher or out of the chamber,
“ \。彪接并列的介词短语作状语
And...the other either tossed her own token (
■ r » ■ w ....... —-—-—-—'—-—'—-——,—•—'—— 主+谓+宾)
句子主干 I either...or® 接的并列谓宾
or refused
to accept the slice of cucumber.
r*efuse a*ccept
;词汇注释 [rrfjuzz] v.拒绝；回绝 “ [*saekpt] 。.接受；同意小.忍受
presence actual induce
❹ Indeed, the mere of a grape in the other chamber (without an monkey to eat it) was enough to
resentment
in a female capuchin.实际上，单是在另一个房间里出现了葡萄(根本没有猴子去吃它)，就足以引起
雌性僧帽猴的怨恨。
36二级修饰 （without an actual monkey to eat it）
—级修饰
句子主干
—级修饰
词汇任禅:p*resence [ prezns] n.出现;在场;仪态 a*ctual [ -aektjual] a.....本身；真实的
i*nduce [m*dju ：s] vt.引起;导致;催生 resentment [rrzentmant] n.愤恨；不满
•…第五段•…
O The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans are guided by social emotions.研究人员指出，僧帽猴
和人类一样，也受社会情感的支配。
The researchers suggest （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作suggest的宾语
that capuchin monkeys,...are guided
插入语] 八
like humans,
一级修饰 介词by引出动作的发出者
by social emotions.
❷ In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.在野外，它们是相互合作的群居物种。
—级修饰 In the wild,
|介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 they are a co-operative, group-living species.（主+系+表）
:词汇洼释 1 w*[wiladild] n.野生（状态）a.天然的 s*pecies [ -spi:Ji:z] n.物种
❸ Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.只有当每只猴子都感到
自己没有受骗时,这种合作关系才可能稳定。
句子主干 Such cooperation is likely to be stable (主+系 +表)
J when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
only when each animal feels
一级修饰 |省略引导词(that )的宾语从句，作feels的宾语
it is not being cheated.
-词无洼格；s*table 「steibl] a.稳定的;沉稳的 c*heat [ tji：t] vt.欺骗vi.作弊
❹ Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.由此看来,义愤感似乎不只是人
类的专利。
37一级修饰 of righteous indignation,
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Feelings
句子主干 Feelings...arenotthe^reserveofpeoplealone.（主+系+表）
___________ [插入语
—级修饰 it seems,
i*ndignation [
词汇注释:righteous [ raitjas] a.正义的;正当的 iindig neifn] n.义愤；愤慨
p*reserve a*lone [
[pn-Z3：v] n.专门领域m维护;保存 g4aun ] ad. /a.仅仅；单独地（的）
lesser reward completely abundantly
❺ Refusing a makes these feelings clear to other members of the group.寸巨绝一■份
较少的酬劳完全可以将这些情绪非常清楚明白地传达给群体的其他成员。
句子主干 Refusing a lesser reward completely makes th^efeeUng abundantly clear （主+谓+宾+宾补）
I介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 to other members of the group.
lesser r*eward
:i司无注卷' [ -lesa（r） ] a.较小（少）的;次要的 [n-woid]几酬劳;奖励vt.奖赏
completely abundantly
[kam-pliitli] ad.完全地;完整地 [ g^Andantli] ad.十分地;大量地
fairness evolved stems from
❻ However, whether such a sense of independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it
unanswered
the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an question.然而，人类和僧
帽猴的这种公平意识到底是各自独立进化而来的，还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，目前还没有
答案。
—级修饰 that the species had 35 million years ago,
that引导的定语从句，修饰the common ancestor ：
or whether it stems from the common ancestor
or连接并列的主语从句
句子主干 whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,
]whether? |导的主语从句
However,...匝（主从+系 +表）
___________ [插入语
—级修饰 as yet,
fairness e*volve
:词汇注释: [ -feanas]几公正;公道;公平合理性 [i-volv] m进化；（使）逐步形成
stem from unanswered
起源于；根源是 [An ainssd] a.悬而未决的
Text 2
• ••第一段..•鞭
argued doubters insisted
O Do you remember all those years when scientists that smoking would kill us but the that we
for sure?
didn't know 还记得那些年科学家们提出吸烟会致人死亡的观点，而怀疑者却坚持认为我们无法对此
得出定论的时候吗？
38句子主干 Do you remember all those years (一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾)
when引导的定语从句,[修饰those years
when scientists argued
：that引导的宾语从句，作argued的宾语
—级修饰 th^t smoking would kill us
but连接的并列句，表转折
but the doubters insisted
[that引导的宾语从句，作insisted的宾语
that we didn't know for sure?
i ： a*rgue doubter
司无注睡 [，e：gju：] v.主张;争辩vi.争吵 [daots(r) ] n.怀疑者
i*nsist for sure
[insist]饥坚决认为;坚决要求 肯定；无疑
evidence inconclusive, uncertain?
@ That the was the science 还记得怀疑者坚持认为证据还不充分，科学也不确定
的时候吗？
That the evidence was inconclusive,(主+系+表)
句子主干 I并列句
the science (was) uncertain?(主+系+表)
、、要点注释:本句是That引导的宾语从句，作❶句中insisted的宾语，陈述怀疑者的观点。
evidence * [ inconclusive
':问汇注馨 '、、 .evidgns ] n.证据；证词 [ iinkan-kluisiv]。.无定论的
uncertain
[ An-S3itn] a.不确定的;迟疑的
antismoking lobby was out to out of the way?
❸ That the destroy our way of life and the government should stay 还记
得怀疑者坚持认为那些反对吸烟的游说者试图毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？
That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
and the government should stay Q匹班典^整丫?（主+系+表）
:萋出注建：本句与❷句相同，为That引导的宾语从句，作❶句中insisted的宾语，陈述怀疑者的观点。
antismoking lobby * [
;词汇注释' [ laentrsmaukig] a.反对吸烟的 'lobi] n.游说团体;游说
be out to do sth. out of the way
试图做某事 不碍事的;不挡道的
bought nonsense,
❹ Lots of Americans that and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves,许多
美国人相信了那些胡言乱语，结果三十多年来，大约有一千万烟民过早地离开了人世。
(1) Lots of Americans bought thatnonsense,(主+谓+宾)
| and
句子主干 连接的并列句
(2) and...some 12 million smokers went to early gayes.(主+谓+宾)
t 2)
介词短语作( 句的时间状语
一级修饰 over three decades,
n*onsense [
词汇连祢:b*[buayi] vt.相信,接受;收买v.买 monsns] n.胡言乱语;愚蠢的行为
39• ...第二段••••
upsetting parallels awaken threat
O There are today, as scientists in one wave after another try to us to the growing of
global warming.如今，当科学家们前赴后继努力让我们意识到全球变暖的威胁日益严重时，令人不安的相似情
况再次出现。
_. _ _
句子主干 There are upsetting parallels today, （There be句型：There+are+ 主）
[as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
-级修饰 as scientists...try to awaken us
[介词短语作状语
to the growing threat of global warming.
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
in one wave after another
upsetting p*arallel [
词汇注释'、、 [Ap-setirj] a.令人不安（苦恼、不快）的 psralel]几.相似特征，相似特点
awaken t*hreat
[ g.weikan] v.（使）意识到；（使）醒来 [0ret] n.威胁;征兆;构成威胁的人（物）
panel enlisted
❷ The latest was a from the National Academy of Sciences, by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's
atmosphere definitely
is warming and that the problem is largely man-made.最新一次的行动是，来自白宫召集成立
的美国国家科学院专家小组，他们告诉我们，地球气候无疑正在变暖，而这一问题主要是由人为因素造成的。
句子主干 The latest was ajgand （主+系+表）
"| [介词短语作后置定语，修饰a panel
from the National Academy of Sciences,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a panel
enlisted by the White House,
动词不定式短语作a panel的后置定语
一级修饰 to tell us
f that引导的宾语从句，作tell的直接宾语
and连接并列的宾语从句
and that the problem is largely man-made.
p*anel enlist
词汇注释] [Taenl] n.专家咨询组;仪表盘 [mdist] v.征募 vt.争取（帮助）
a*tmosphere [ definitely
aetmasfi3（r）]几大气；空气;气氛 [ -definstli] ad.肯定地；明确地
❸The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.科学家们所传递的信息很清楚，那就是我们应
该着手保护自己。
句子主干 that引导的表语从句
that we should get moving
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to protect ourselves.
added preface
❹ The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, this*key point in the to the paneFs report： uScience
never has all the answers.美国国家科学院院长布鲁斯•阿尔伯茨在专家小组报告的前言中补充了这样一个重
要观点：“科学从来都不能解决所有问题。
40一级修饰
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
p*reface [
-词无洼森：a*[adedd] 讯补充说;添加;增加;相加 ，pref°s] n.前言
critical
❺ But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is that our nation and the world
base on judgments concerning consequences
important policies the best that science can provide the future of present
actions.
”但是，它确实能为我们的未来提供可获得的最好的指导，而且至关重要的是，我们的国家乃至世界各
国在作重要决策时，都应该以科学能够提供的关于'人类当前行为对未来影响’的最佳判断为依据。”
with
一级修饰 the best available guide to the future,
|介词短语作状语，修饰provide
(1) But science does provide us (主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2) and it is critical (主+系+表)
一级修饰
二级修饰
要点注释:本句与❹句中冒号后的内容均是对❹句中this key point的解释说明。（1 ）句中，does位于动
词provide前，表示强调。
c*ritical [ base sth. on sth.
'：词汇注释 kritikl] a.至关紧要的;批评的 以....为基础（或根据）
j*udgment [ concerning
-dsAdsmant] n.判断力；裁决;看法 [kan-s3：nir)] prep.关于;涉及
c*onsequence [ a*ction [
-konsikwans] n.影响；后果；结果 aekjn] n.行为;行动；作战
”•••第三段•*••
quarters incomplete,
❶ Just as on smoking, voices now come from many insisting that the science about global warming is
pouring fumes
that it's OK to keep into the air until we know for sure.就像吸烟问题一样，现在来自很多领域的
声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学依据仍不充分，在我们证实这件事之前仍然可以向大气继续排放废气。
41—级修饰 Just as on smoking,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 voices now come from many quarters （主+谓）
[暨在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,
| that引导的并列宾语从句
—级修饰 that it's OK
"[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to keep pouring fumes into the air
until引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 until we know for sure.
q*uarter [ incomplete
:问汇洼卷; kw3：ta（r） ] n.某个团体；四分之一 [ |*pinlikitg]m a.不完全的
p*our f*umes
[po：（r） ] v.喷发;斟（饮料）；倾倒 [fjuimz] n. [p/.]烟，气体
❷ This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.这是一场危险的游戏：等
到掌握了 100%的证据时，也许就太晚了。
句子主干 This isackm^rous^mne：（主+系+表）
［解释说明 a dangerous game
—级修饰 it may be too late.
|by the time引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in,
obvious prudent insurance policy
❸ With the risks and growing, a people would take out an now.随着以l险日益凸显
并不断加剧,谨慎的民族现在就应该采取预防措施了。
—级修饰 With the risks obvious and growing,
I With独立主格结构作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 a prudent people would take out anjnsurangepolicy now.（主+谓+宾）
o*bvious p*rudent
词汇注释 [-obvias] a.明显的;平淡无奇的 [•pniidnt] a.谨慎的;慎重的
insurance policy
保险保单（文中引申为“预防措施”）
第四段•••
❶ Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。
—级修饰 Fortunately,
!插入语
句子主干 the White House is starting topa^attention.（主+谓+宾）
advisers take seriously.
❷ But ifs obvious that a majority of the president's still don't global warming 但很明显，大多数
总统顾问仍然没有严肃对待全球变暖问题。
42But ifs obvious （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global wanning seriously.
adviser take. . .seriously
词汇洼薜; [ 3d-vaiZ9（r）]几顾问；提供意见者 严肃对待
press for classic u paralysis analysisM,
❸ Instead of a plan of action, they continue to more research—a case of by 他彳门
不但没有出台行动计划，反而还在不断要求进行更多的研究一一这是一个典型的“分析导致瘫痪”的案例。
一级修饰 Instead of a plan of action,
!介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they continue to^ressjoi^more^esearch （主+谓+宾）
I补充说明
一级修饰 —a classic case of "paralysis by analysis".
press for classic * [
词汇注释 不断要求 -klaesik] a.典型的;传统的n.名著
paralysis a*nalysis
[pa raebsis]几瘫痪;麻痹 [s-naelasis] n.分析；分析报告
••-第五段*"
stewards planet, atmospheric oceanic
❶ To serve as responsible of the we must press forward on deeper and research.
为了担负起地球守护者的责任，我们必须大力推进对大气层和海洋更深入的研究。
—级修饰 To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 we must press forward （主+谓）
J介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.
s*teward [ planetf [
:词汇注释 -stjuzad] n.管理员；管家;男乘务员 ，plaenit] n.行星；（the ~ ）地球
atmospheric oceanic
[ laetmss'fenk] a.大气层的；大气的 [^ujianik] a.海洋的，大海的
inadequate.
❷But research alone is 但仅靠研究是不够的
句子主干 But research alone is inadeguate.（主+系+表）
inadequate
词汇注释: [m aedikwat] a.不够的；缺乏信心的
take the legislative initiative, fashioning conservation
❸ If the Administration won't Congress should help to begin
measures. 如果政府不主动立法，国会就应该协助着手制定保护措施。
—级修饰 If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,
I If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 Congress should help （主+谓+宾）
take the initiative legislative
词汇洼暮： 采取主动权 [ -lecijislgtiv] a.立法的
f*ashion [ conservation *
-faefn] vt.使成形；制成 n.时尚 [ ikonsa-veijn] n.保护：保持
43❹
A incentives
bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial for private industry,
promising
is a start.来自西弗吉尼亚州的民主党参议员罗伯特-伯德提出的向私人企业提供财政激励的议案
就是一个良好的开端。
句子主干 A bill...is a^omisin^start.（主+系+表）
'[介词短语作后置定语，修饰A bill
by
Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,
—级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明A bill
which
would offer financial incentives for private industry,
i*ncentive p*romising [
词汇注释 [m sentiv]几.激励;奖励;刺激 promisiij] a.大有希望的;很有前途的
power plants meet
❺ Many see that 由e country is getting ready to build lots of new to our energy needs.很多人看到，为
了满足能源需求，国家正在筹建大量新发电厂。
Many see （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作see的宾语
that
the country is getting ready
动词不定式短语作状语]
to
一级修饰 build lots of new power plants
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
二级修饰 meet our energy needs.
power plant m*[meie:tt]
;词汇洼祢: 发电厂;动力设备 vt.满足v.相遇;结识
crucial sound.
❻[f we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is that those new plants be environmentally 如果我们
要保护大气层，那么确保这些新发电厂对环境无害就至关重要。
If
—级修饰 we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,
] If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
it is crucial （主+系+表）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that
those new plants （should） be environmentally sound.
c*rucial [ s*ound [
'：词汇注释'、、 k*l]ru:J a.至关重要的 saond] a.无损伤的;完好的n.声音
Text 3
善第—^段•••»
components least
❶ Of all the of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be within our control.在所有能让我们一夜好眠
的因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的。
Of
—级修饰 all the components of a good night's sleep,
[介词短语作状语，表范围
句子主干 dreams seem to be坦竺旦以典四也（主+系+表）
c*omponent l*]east
词汇洼释'、、 [ksm paunant]几组成部分;成分 li：st]以 最低程度地;最小（少）地
opens into suspended
❷ In dreams, a window a world where logic is and dead people speak,在梦中，有一扇窗通向一
44个逻辑暂时失效,去世的人开口说话的世界。
In
—级修饰 dreams,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 a window opens into a world （主+谓+宾）
where引导的定语从句，:修饰a world
where
logic is suspended
—级修饰 and连接的并列句
and
dead people speak.
open into suspendv-[
:词无洼寐： 通向，通往（他处） sa-spend] vt.暂停；中止;悬挂
❸
A formulated revolutionary disguised unconscious
century ago, Freud his theory that dreams were the shadows of our
neurologists switched to
desires and fears； by the late 1970s, had thinking of them as just ** mental noise"—the
random byproducts
of 由 e neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.—个世纪前，弗洛伊德创立 了他的革命性
理论:梦是我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧伪装后的影子。到20世纪70年代末，神经学家已经转变观点，认为梦仅
仅是“精神噪音”——睡眠期间所进行的神经修复工作的随机副产品。
of
二级修饰 our unconscious desires and fears;
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the disguised shadows
that the disguised shadows
一级修饰 dreams were
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明his revolutionary theory
（1）A century ago, Freud formulated hisjreyolutioiiaiy^ieoij （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 并列句
（2）neurologists had switched to 回虫jjg叵通里竺也§1笑3竺座（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
by
the late 1970s,
—级修饰 解释说明“mental noise"
the neural-repair work
—the random byproducts of
that引导的定语从句,修饰the neural-repair work
that
二级修饰 goes on during sleep.
f*ormulate [ revolutionary * [
词汇注释: foimjuleit]仇.构想出；系统阐述 jevs luijanari] a.革命性的
disguised unconscious
[dis，gaizd] a.伪装的 [An-konjos] a.潜意识的
neurologist switch to
[ njua rnbdsist ] n.神经病学家 转变成;切换到
random * [ byproduct [
raendsm] a.随机的;任意的 baiprodAkt] n.副产品
suspect thermostat 5 regulating
❹ Now researchers that dreams are part of the mind's emotional moods while the brain is
4off-line \
现在，研究人员猜测梦是大脑情绪调节系统的一部分，在大脑“离线”时对情绪进行调节。
Now researchers suspect （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
45s*uspect thermostat
商汇注释： [*sspaekt] v.猜想;疑有vt.怀疑 [-e3：mgstaet] n.温度自动调节器
regulate off-line
[ -regjuleit ] vt.调节；管理 [ •ofjain] a.离线的；脱机的
leading intensely harnessed
❺ bArnodu ognhet
under
authority csoanytsr otlh,a t these powerful mental events can be not only but actually
conscious to help us sleep and feel better.—位著名权威人士说，这些异常强烈的精神活
动不仅能被利用，事实上还可以被有意识地加以控制，以此帮助我们睡得更好,感觉更舒服。
And one leading authority says (主+谓+宾从)
that引导的宾语从句，[作says的宾语
that can be not only harnessed
句子主干 these intensely powerful mental events
| not only...but连接的并列谓语
but (can be) brought
actually under conscious control,
动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
一级修饰 help us sleep and feel better.
l*eading [ intensely
:词汇注释: liidir）] a.主要的；最前的 [ m tensli] ad.强烈地;极度地
h*arness bring...under control
[-hamis] vt.利用；给（马等）上挽具 把....控制住
chair psychology
❻“It's your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, of at Chicago's Medical Center.“梦是你自己的，"芝
加哥医疗中心心理科主任罗莎琳德-卡特莱特说。
"It's your dream,"
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Rosalind Cartwright,(倒装句：宾+谓+主)
▲
Rosalind Cartwright 的同位语
—级修饰 chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center.
chair" [ psychology * [
:词元洼释i tjea(r) ] n.系主任；主席；椅子 sarkoladsi] n.心理学；心理特征
❼“If you don't like it, change it.""如果不喜欢，那就改变它。
“If
一级修饰 you don't like it,
J If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 change it.,, （祈使句：谓+宾）
i词汇注释: 本句在逻辑上作❻句中says的宾语。
…第二段…
imaging supports
❶Evidence from brain this view.来自大脑成像的证据证实了这一观点。
句子主干 Evidence...supports thisjdew.(主+谓+宾)
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Evidence
from
_级修饰 brain imaging
imaging “ s*upport [
:词汇洼暮: [qmidsirj] n.成像 sa poit] vt.证实；支持 n.援助；支撑
active vivid occur—
❷ The brain is as during REM ( rapid eye movement) sleep—when most dreams as it is when fully
awake,
says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.匹兹堡大学的埃里克•诺夫辛格博士说，大多数清
晰的梦都发生在快速眼动睡眠阶段，此时大脑很活跃,就像我们完全清醒时一样。
46_二级_修_饰 一whlen most vivid dreams occur―
补充说明
during
—级修饰 REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The brain is as active （主+系+表）
[as引导的比较状语从句:'作句子主干的比较状语
as it is
一级修饰 插入语
says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.
when引导的时间状语从句
when
二级修饰 (we are) fully awake,
a*ctive v*ivid [
问汇洼卷: [-aektiv] q.活跃的;积极的;起作用的 vivid] a.清晰的;鲜明的
o*ccur a*wake
[*ka3 ：(r)] vi.发生;出现 [s weik] a.醒着的 n (使)醒来;唤起
equally involved limbic
❸ But not all parts of the brain are ； the system （the u emotional brain"） is especially active,
prefrontal cortex intellect reasoning relatively
while the （the center of and ） is quiet,但并不是大脑的所有区域都
同等程度地参与做梦;大脑边缘系统（大脑控制情绪的区域）异常活跃，而前额皮层（大脑控制思维和推理的中
枢）相对平静。
（l）But not all parts of the brain are equally involved;（主+系+表）
I并列句
句子主干 （2）the limbic system （the "emotional brain,,） is especially active,（主+系+表）
| while连接的并列句，表对比
while the prefrontal cortex...is relatively quiet.（主+系+表）
I 解释说明the prefrontal cortex
—级修饰 （the center of intellect and reasoning）
真点您蒋U while...只和（2）句构成并列关系，表示对比。
equally [ involved
词汇注释: iikwali] ad.同样地;平均地 [m-volvd] a.参与的;专心于....的
limbic prefrontal
[ dimbik] a.缘的;边的 [ pri： frAntal] a.前额的;额叶前部的
cortex intellect [
[-koiteks] n.皮层,皮质；（尤指）大脑皮层 mtalekt]几思维能力；才智非凡的人
reasoning relatively
[ Tiizanig] n.推理;论证 [ -relgtivli] ad.相对地；相当地
wake up depressed,
❹ “We from dreams happy or and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep
researcher Dr. William Dement.斯坦福大学睡眠研究员威廉-迪蒙特博士说：“我们从梦中醒来时，无论是开心
还是沮丧，这些情绪都可能会伴随我们一整天。”
and
those feelings can stay with us all day,"
| and连接的并列句
旬子主干 "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed,
]直接引语作says的宾语
says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
wake up depressed
词汇洼盛】 醒来;活跃起来;更感兴趣 [ drprest ] q.沮丧的;萧条的
47••••第三段••••
shows up clinic.
O The link between dreams and emotions among the patients in Cartwrighfs 梦和情绪之间的联系在卡
特莱特所在的医疗中心的病人身上也显露出来。
between and
—级修饰 dreams emotions
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The link
句子主干 The link...shows up （主+谓）
八介词短语作状语，表范围
among
—级修饰 the patients in Cartwright's clinic.
I Show up （ c*linic [
「词无您祢 使）显露;露面 klinik] n.医疗中心；诊所
progressing
❷ Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, toward happier ones before awakening,
working through negative generated
suggesting that they are feelings during the day.大多数人似乎会在夜晚早期
做更多噩梦，而在睡醒前会逐渐做一些开心一点的梦，这表明他们正在尽力消除白天产生的消极情绪。
句子主干 Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作状语
progressing toward happier ones before awakening,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
suggesting 山at they are working through negative feelings
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰negative feelings t
二级修饰 generated during the day.
要点注释：现在分词短语suggesting...中，that引导的宾语从句，作suggesting的宾语。
p*rogress [ work through
，词汇注释'、、 pra gres]航.继续进行;进展；流逝 解决；（使）逐渐通过
n*egative [ generate * [
-negat iv ] a.消极的；沮丧的 -dsenareit ] vt.产生；引起
is occupied with significance
❸ Because our conscious mind daily life we don't always think about the emotional of the
day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.因为清醒时大脑被日常琐事所占据，所以不会总是考虑白天发
生的事对情绪的影响，直到开始做梦时,这些影响才会出现。
Because
一级修饰 our conscious mind is occupied with daily life
]Because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 we don't always think about虫迪辿画鱼四竺2｛业虫旦竺伊（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 一until, it appears, we begin to dream.
be occupied with... significance * [
词汇注释； 忙于.... signifikgns]儿重要性（文中引申为“影响”）；意义
・...第四段....
O And this process need not be left to the unconscious.这一过程不一定是无意识的o
句子主干 And this process need not be left:（主+谓）
介词短语作this process的补足语
to
—级修饰 the unconscious.
48recurring
❷ Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over bad dreams.卡特莱特认为，人们可以对重复出
现的噩梦进行有意识的控制。
£2 I
句子主干 Cartwright believes四尝迎叟冬剪爻£竺兰竺 坦史 （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰control
r» over ■
_级修饰 recurring bad dreams.
recur
；词汇洼释: [rrk3：（r）]航.反复出现;再发生
identify
❸ As soon as you awaken, what is upsetting about the dream.—从噩梦中醒来，立刻确定梦中是什么困扰
着你。
As soon as
—级修饰 you awaken,
] As soon as引导的时间状语从句,作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 丑色也。辿匣虫1里§2也3&丝2匹虫爻虫S3理•（祈使句：谓+宾从）
i*dentify
;词汇注释: [ardentifai]诅确定;认出；显示出
❹ Visualize course.
how you would like it to end instead ； the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its
设想一下你希望这个梦如何结束,下次再做同样的梦时，尽量及时醒来以控制它的进程.
（1） Visualize坦型y史的u]q座? j]也华§盛1 竺4；（祈使句：谓+宾从）
I
句子主干 并列句
（2） try to^vakejip just enough （祈使句：谓+宾）
| the next time引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
the next time
it occurs,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
control its course.
visualize [ -visoalaiz] c*ourse [kois]
:词汇注释1 沉.设想；构思；想象 几进程；（某科目的）课程；一道菜
literally,
❺ With much practice people can learn to, do it in their sleep.通过大量练习，人们确实能学会在睡眠中控
制噩梦。
With
—级修饰 much practice
I介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 people can learn to, literally, dojt （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作状语
in
—级修饰 their sleep.
[:SWj literally^ [ litoraH] M
'： 确实地;字面上;简直
•••第五段•••
At the end of the day,
O there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from
sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,n Cartwright says.卡特莱特认为，总的来说,除非所做的梦使我们失眠或"使
我们惊醒,”否则，我们可能几乎没有理由去在意这些梦。
49At
一级修饰 the end of the day,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 there's probably little reason （There be句型：there + is + 主）
"[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰little reason
to
pay attention to our dreams at all
unless引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
unless
they keep us from sleeping
I。涟接的并列句
—级修饰
or
"we wake up in a panic,"
插入语
Cartwright says.
at the end of the day p*anic [
词泛洼森' 总的来说,最终;归根结底 paemk] n.惊慌;惊恐;恐慌局面
❷ Terrorism, uncertainties insecurity anxiety.
economic and general feelings of have increased people's 恐'怖主义、经
济的不确定性以及常有的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。
句子主干 Terrorism,...and genera] feelings...have increased people's anxiety.（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰general feelings
of
—级修饰 insecurity
terrorism uncertainty
:词汇注释 insecurity [ leranzam]几恐怖主义 a*'nxiety [ [An-S3：tnti] n.不确定状态
[ iinsi-kjoarati] m 不安全;无保障 aerj zaiati] 焦虑；害怕；渴望
persistent nightmares seek therapist.
❸ Those suffering from should help from a 那些长期受噩梦困扰的人应该寻求
治疗专家的帮助。
suffering
—级修饰 from persistent nightmares
I现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Those
句子主干 Those...should seek help from a therapist.（主+谓+宾）
persistent n*ightmare [
「词无生暮 s*eek [p9-sistant] Q.继续发生的;执着的 therapist naitmea（r）]几噩梦;可怕的经历
[siik] vt.寻求;谋求;力图 [-Oerapist] n.（某治疗法的）治疗专家
❹ For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.而对其他人来说，大脑有其化解消极情绪
的办法。
For
—级修饰 the rest of us,
]介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 the brain has iteww^S （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰its ways
of
—级修饰 working through bad feelings.
❺Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.带着焦虑入睡，更确切地说是做梦，早晨醒来你
就会感觉愉快多了。
_级修饰 一or rather dream—
]补充说明 “
（1） Sleep...on it （祈使句：谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and you'll feel better in the morning.（主+系+表）
50要虚座释」本句是“祈使句+and +陈述句”句型，其中祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句，陈述句相当于
主句。
Text 4
•…第一段.…
expect command
❶ Americans no longer public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to the English language with
skill and gift.美国人不再期望公众人物运用技巧和天赋来驾驭英语语言,无论是在他们演讲时还是写作时。
—级修饰 whether in speech or in writing,
补充说明句子主干•
句子主干 Americans no longer expect publicfigures,...to command the English language （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作方式状语[
with
—级修饰 skill and gift.
e*xpect [ command * [
要点注释！ i*skpekt] v.期望；预期 ka mamd] vt.掌握 v.命令;指挥
❷
Nor aspire
do they to such command themselves.而公众人物自己也不再有这样的渴望。
句子主干 Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.（倒装句：Nor +助动词+主+谓语动词）
aspire
词汇洼释！ nor^Lno^r） J conj.也不 [ a*spaia （r） ] vi.渴望；有志于
❸ In his latest book, Doing Our Oicn Thing: The Degradation qf Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care,
linguist controversialist liberal conservative triumph
John McWhorter, a and of mixed and views, sees the of 1960s
counter-culture decline
as responsible for the of formal English.约翰•麦克沃特是一位语言学家，也是一位自由
和保守思想兼备的善辩者 在他最近出版的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化以及为什么我们会退化，
愿意退化并应该在意它》中，他认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利是导致正式英语衰落的主要原因。
二级修饰 his latest book.
Doing...Care的同位语
—级修饰 In..Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation...and Why We Should, Like, Care,
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 John McWhorter,…sees tiietnumgh.. .as responsible （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the triumph
of 1960s counter-culture
介词短语作状语， 表对象
一级修饰 for the decline of formal English.
John McWhorter的同位语
a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,
degradation linguist [
:词汇注释'、、 〔deg商deijn] n.退化;恶化；堕落 liggwist ] n.语言学家
controversialist [ l*iberal [
^ontra-vaijahst] n.善辩者 Iibaral] a.自由的；开明的
c*onservative [ t*riumph [
kan saivstiv] a.保守的 n.保守者 traiAmf] n.胜利；成功 vi.战胜
counter-culture d*ecline
[ •kaunt9lkAltJ'a] n.反主流文化 [drklam] n./vi.衰落；下降 v.谢绝
51•••第二段•••
❶ Blaming permissive
the 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.
怪罪放纵的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事，但这并不是对教育滑坡的又一场批评
（1） Blaming the permissive 1960s is notlnngjiew,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but this is not yet another criticism （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰another criticism
—级修饰 against the decline in education.
b*lame permissive [ps-misiv]
■词汇注释 [bleim] vt.怪罪；归咎于n.责任;指责 a.放纵的;允许的
academic speciality
❷ Mr. McWhorters is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of
regrettable case-endings
“whom”，for example, to be natural and no more than the loss of the of Old English.麦克沃
待先生的学术专长是语言的历史与演变g举例来说,他认为“whom” 一词的逐渐消失是自然的，和古英语中词
格尾缀的消失-样没有什么可惋惜的。
（l）Mr. McWhorter's academic speciality is 恒些tgjy竺Jghffge,（主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and he sees 如妥辿辿匝呼螳快蝶be...regrettable （主+谓+宾+宾补）
一级修饰
a*cademic [ speciality
词汇注释《 isekg demik] a.学术的；学院的 [ tspejraebti] n.专长；专业；特产
regrettable [ rrgretabi] case-ending （
q.令人惋惜的；可惜的 语法学）词格尾缀
…第三段…
cult authentic spelt death
❶ Bui the of the and the personal, *' doing our own thing" , has the of formal speech, writing,
poetry and music.然而，对真实性和个性化的狂热推崇——“做我们自己的事”，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗
歌和音乐的消亡。
二级修饰 of the authentic and the personal,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the cult
—级修饰 the cult
:"doing our own thing"的同位语
句子主干 But... “doing our own thin吧 has spelt tihedleatfi （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the death
—级修饰 of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.
authentic
词汇注释:cult [kAlt] n.狂热崇拜;异教团体 [orOentik] a.真实的；可靠的
d*eath
speir [spel] vt.招致;拼成v.拼写 [dee] n.灭亡;终止；死亡
52modestly elevated tone
❷ While even the educated sought an when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most
capture
well regarded writing since then has sought to spoken English on the page.在 20 世纪 60 年代以前，即使是那
些受教育不太多的人，在下笔时都要寻求一种高雅的腔调，但从那之后，即使是最受好评的文章也力求在书面
上体现口语化。
“ before
the 1960s,.
一级修饰 介词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
when
they put pen to paper
| when引导的时间状语从句，作（1 ）句的时间状语
___________ 】 I
(l)WhUe even the modestly educated sought aneleyatedtone (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | While连接的并列句，表对比
(2)even the most well regarded writing...has sought to capture spoken English (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作（2 ）句的时间状语t
since
then
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
on
the page.
'：modestly elevated
词汇注群 [ 'modistli] ad.适中地;谦虚地 [ -eliveitid] a.高尚的；地位极高的
tone^Ltaun] c*apture [
n.腔调；风格；音色 ^aeptja（r） ] vt.表达；捕获;激发
performative genre claim liveliness.
❸ Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, is the only form that could real 同样地，
在诗歌领域，高度个性化、富有表现力的体裁是唯一能体现真实生动的形式。
句子主干 Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is tfieOTri^fonn (主+系+表)
th&引导的定语从句，修饰the only form [
that
一级修饰 could claim real liveliness.
performative genre
* 词汇洼蒋； [ps^foimativ] a.表述行为的 [-sonra] n.体裁，类型
c*laim liveliness
[kleim] vt.声称;认领 v.索要 [ 'laivlinss] n.生动；活跃;快乐；鲜明
triumphing spontaneity
❹ In both oral and written English, talking is over speaking, over craft.无论是在英语口语还
是书面语中，随意的言谈胜过正式的讲话，即兴发挥胜过精心准备。
In
—级修饰 both oral and written English,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语
(1) talking is triumphing over speaking,(主+谓)
句子主干 |并列句
(2) spontaneity (is triumphing) over craft.(主+谓)
: triumph * [ spontaneity
:词汇 traiAmf ]沅.战胜；克服 [ ispontg'neiati] n.自然行为
・•。第四段…
entertaining array
❶ Illustrated with an of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter
documents is unmistakable.
麦克沃特先生列举了雅俗文化中一系列有趣的例子，以此来说明自己所记录的这
种趋势是确定无疑的。
53from
二级修饰 both high and low culture,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an entertaining array of examples
Illustrated an entertaining array of examples
一级修饰 with
:过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the trend...is unmistakable.（主+系+表）
[that引导的定语从句，修饰the trend
that
一级修饰 Mr. McWhorter documents
entertaining [ array *[ 3
词汇注释 （enta temir）] a.有趣的 rei] n.大量；大群vt.布置
d*ocument [ unmistakable
-doRjument] vt.记录；用文件证明 [ jAnmrsteikabl] a.确定无疑的
subtitle,
❷ But it is less clear, to take the question of his why we should, like, care. 但书中副标题所提的问题“为什
么我们会退化，愿意退化并应该在意它”，其答案就不那么明确了。
一级修饰 to take the question of his subtitle,
]插入语
But tt is less clear,（主+系+表）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，why引导的主语从句作真正的主语
why
we should, like, care.
subtitle [
■词汇注释: -SAbtaitl] n.副标题;字幕
（
acknowledges non-standard
❸ As a linguist, he that all varieties of human language, including ones like Black English,
expressive— dialect convey complex
can be powerfully there exists no language or in the world that cannot ideas.作为
语言学家,他承认各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都具有极强的表达力一世界上
没有不能传达复杂思想的语言或方言。
—级修饰
句子主干
—级修饰
二级修饰
acknowledge ☆ [ non-standard
词汇注睡: ak-nolids] vt.承认；认可 非标准的；不规则的
expressive d*ialect [
[ik spresiv] a.有表现力的 'daidlekt]几方言，土话
<4
c*onvey [ c*omplex [
kan vei] u.传达;输送 -kompleks] a.复杂的；复合的
think straight proper,
❹ He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer because we do not talk 与大多数人不
同，他并不认为说话方式不规范就会让我们不能再准确地思考。
54as
一级修饰 many do,
]as引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
He is not arguing,（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作is not arguing的宾语
that
we can no longej; think straight
because引导的原因状语从句[
because
—级修饰 we do not talk proper.
think straight proper * [ •
词汇注释i 正确地思考;思路清晰 prop。（r） ] ad.适当地；完全地
••第五段•…
chunks
O Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian
elaborate
politicians tend to speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.俄罗斯人深爱着他们自
己的语言,并在他们的脑海中熟记着大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们倾向于精心准备演讲，尽管这对于大多数讲
英语的人来说已经过时。
for
—级修饰 their own language
[介语短语作后置定语，修饰a deep love
（.Russians have ajdeegjoye （主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列谓宾
and carry
句子主干 large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads,
while连接的并列句，表对比
（2）while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，«修饰speech
that
—级修饰 would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.
chunk elaborate * [
:词汇注将: [tfAijkl n.大量；大块 ilaebareit ] vt.精心制作[ulaebgt] a.精心制作的
strictly proposes radical
❷ Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not necessary, and no education
grieving
reforms—he is really over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.麦克沃特先生承认，正式语言并
非完全不可或缺，他也并未提出要进行彻底的教育改革一一他其实只是为那些美好多于实用的事物的消逝而
感到悲伤。
Mr. McWhorter acknowledges （主+谓+宾从）
：that引导的宾语从句，作acknowledges的宾语
that
句子主干 formal language is not strictly necessary,
and连接的并列谓宾
and proposes
no radical education reforms
补充说明
something
—级修饰 —he is really grieving over the loss of
形容词短语作后置定语;修饰something
beautiful
二级修饰 more than useful.
strictly [ propose
词汇注释 -stnktli] ad.完全地;严格地 *[pra pauz] vt.提出；建议;提名v.求婚
radical * [ grieve
-raedikl] a.彻底的；激进的 *[gri ：v] v.悲伤;悲痛
55We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china”.我们现在用“纸盘而非瓷盘”盛着我们的英语大餐
句子主干 We now take om^En^ish （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作状语
"on
❹A — sh 级 am 修 e 饰 , paper plianteevs iitnasbtleea d of china".
perhaps, but probably an one.这或许令人遗憾，但也许又是不可避免的
句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，可还原为This is a shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable oneo其中This作
主语,指代❸句内容，系动词是is,表语为but连接的并列成分a shame和an inevitable one,副词
perhaps 和 probably 均作状语。
WjlZaS ； s*hame i*nevitable [
[jeim]几让人遗憾的事；羞愧 m evitabl] a.不可避免的;惯常的
Part B
…第一段…
premiers provincial complaining about
❶ Canada's （the leaders of governments） , if they have any breath left after Ottawa
at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs, 在七月
下旬的年会上，加拿大各省的省长（省•政府的领导者）在对渥太华大发牢骚后，如果还有力气的话，不妨抽出时
间一起去做些实事，以降低医疗保健的费用。
—级修饰 （the leaders of provincial governments）.
i解释说明premiers
句子主干 Canada's premiers...might spare ajnoment to do something,（主+谓+宾）
if引导的条件状语从句J作句子主干的条件状语]
if
they have any breath left
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
together, to reduce health-care costs.
介词短语作时间状语
i
after
compiaimng about Ottawa
二级修饰 介词短语作地点状语
at
their late July annual meeting,
p*remier [ •premia（r） J provincial [prg vmjl]
词元洼禅■ n.省总理;首相 a.省份的；首都以外的
complain about spare * [ spea(r) ]
抱怨；发牢骚 vt.抽出；免去；节省；宽恕
…第二段…
groaning soaring component pharmaceutical
O They're all about health budgets, the fastest-growing of which are costs.
省长们都抱怨暴涨的医疗预算，而其中增长最快的当属药品费用。
句子主干 They,re all groaning （主+谓）
4 u
I介词短语作状语，表对象
about soaring health budgets,
一级修饰
which引导的非限定性定语从句"补充说明soaring health budgets
which
二级修饰 the fastest-growing component of are pharmaceutical costs.
56groan soaring
;词汇注将 」[grsun] v.抱怨vi.呻吟 [ -soirirj] a.猛增的；高涨的
c*omponent [ pharmaceutical
kam paunsnt]儿组成部分；成分 [ .faima suitikl] a.制药的；配药的
第三段•…
Institute prescription
r»
❶ According to the Canadian for Health Information, drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the
overall spending.
rate of health-care 根据加拿大医疗信息研究所的数据，仆1997年以来，处方药品费用的增速
是医疗保健总费用增速的两倍。
—级修饰 According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,
i插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 prescription drug costs have risen （主+谓）
" I介词短语作时间状语
since
1997
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，修饰have risen
at the rate
twice
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰the rate
of
二级修饰 overall health-care spending.
i*nstitute [ prescription * [
:词汇洼释 -mstitjuit] n.研究院；机构 vt.建立 pn skripjn] n.处方；药方
o*verall spending
[.auvgr-o:!] a.总体的；综合的 [，spendi。] n.花费；开销
replace treatments.
❷ Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to other kinds of 增长的部分原因是药物使用
替代了其他治疗手段c
句子主干 Part of the increase comes from drugs being used...treatments.（主+谓+宾）
r*eplace treatment
词汇洼薜: [n-pleis] vt.代替；以....接替 [・tri:tmont]几治疗；对待；处理
❸Part of it arises from new dmgs costing more than older kinds,部分是由于使用了高于原来药品价格的新药
句子主干 Part of it arises from四史虫yg戋业辿jgjjj蜓J四技坦堂坦｛虫.（主+谓+宾）
❹Part of it is higher prices.还有部分是因为药品价格提高了 o
句子主干 Part of it is higher prices.（主+系+表）
…第四段…
O
what to do?该怎么办呢？
:血 此处是省略的特殊疑问句，根据上下文语义可补充为What are we going to do?该句中，we是主语，
:句子饼解：
are...going to do 是谓语,What 是宾语。
❷ Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care―to say nothing of reports from other experts一
recommended agency.
the creation of a national drug 且不说其他专家的报告，罗曼诺和科尔比这两个医疗保健委
员会都建议成立一个全国性药品机构。
57句子主干 Both ttie Romanow commisston and the Kirby committee...recomrnended tfieCTeatiOTi
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the...commission和the...committee
on
health care
插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 一to say nothing of reports from other experts—
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the creation
of
a national drug agency.
r*ecommend [ a*gency [
词汇注释: .reka mend]沉.建议;推荐;使受欢迎 -eidsansi] n.（政府的）专门机构
bureaucracy, procedures bargaining
❸ Instead of peoaoclh province having its own list of approved drugs, and limited power,
all would resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.所有的省份都应该集中资源，同渥太华
(此处指政府)合作，成立一个全国性机构;而不是每个省都有各自的获批药品清单、管理机构、程序以及有限的
议价能力。
of
二级修饰 approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰list ]
Instead of list
—级修饰 each province having its own
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
all would pool resources,(主+谓+宾)
I并列谓语
(would) work
句子主干 with Ottawa,
I and连接的并列谓语
and (would) create
a national institution.
bureaucracy p*rocedure [
词汇注释:bargaining [ ' [ bjoa-mkrasi] n.政府机构；官僚主义 p*"ool pr3 si:d39(r) ] n.程序；步骤
baiggnirj]几讨价还价；商讨 pu:l]纨.集中资源几池塘
….第五段.…
❶What does "national" mean?这里所说的“全国性”是什么意思呢？
句子主干 What does "national" mean?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词）
@ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal -provincial body much like the recently created National
Health Council.罗伊•罗曼诺和参议员迈克尔•科尔比建议成立一个联邦政府和省政府一体化的机构,就像最
近成立的国家医疗委员会。
句子主干 Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a jMeraljgroymdalbody
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a federal-provincial body T
like
一级修饰 much the recently created National Health Council.
•••第六段•••
❶But unationaln doesn't have to mean that.但是，"全国性”并不一定指这种意思。
句子主干 But "national" doesn't have to mean that.(主+谓+宾)
58interprovincial— combining
❷“National" could mean provinces efforts to create one body.“全国性”也可以指各省之
间的，即各省联合起来成立一个机构。
句子主干 “National" could mean interproyincial （主+谓+宾）
| 解释说明interprovincial
一级修饰 —provinces combining efforts to create one body.
interprovincial c*ombine
词汇注释 i [ ^ntapra vmjal] a.省际的 [kam bam] v.（使）联合；协力
"••第七段
negotiate
O Either way, one benefit of a " national" organization would be to better prices, if possible, with drug
manufacturers,
不管是何种方式，如果可能的话，“全国性”机构的优势之一就是能够跟药品制造商谈判取得更
优惠的价格。
—级修饰 汗possible,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 Either way, one benefit...would be ^negotkt^bette^grices,（主+系+表）
?介词短语作后置定语，修饰one benefit
of
a "national" organization
一级修饰 介同短语作状语，表对象
• 1 ■ ' * with VI
drug manufacturers.
negotiate * manufacturer
WlizaS : [m gaupeit ] v.谈判；协商；洽谈 [ ^snjo-fajktjarg^） ] n.生产商
given
❷ Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals w^hin,a province—negotiate a price for a drug on the
on behalf of
provincial list, the national agency would negotiate all provinces.由原来的一个省或省内的几家医院针
对该省清单上的某种特定药品议价，转变成全国性机构代表所有省份来议价
for a given drug on the provincial list,
二级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
— r a series of hospitals within a province——
插入语，补充说明one province
Instead of one province...
一级修饰 having negotiate a price
i介同短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the national agency would negotiate （主+谓）
介词短语作状语,:修饰would negotiate
on behalf of
一级修饰 all provinces.
given [ on behalf of
词汇注释： givn] a.特定的；规定的prep.鉴于 代表....；为了.... 的利益
….第八段.…
❶ Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf
of 31 million people.比如，魁北克省只能代表700万公民去议价，而全国性机构将代表3100万加拿大公民去
议价。
59二级修饰 say, Quebec,
___________ [插入语
Rather than,..
—级修饰 .negotiating on behalf of seven million people,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the national agency would negotiate (主+谓)
介词短语作状语,j修饰would negotiate
on behalf of
—级修饰 31 million people.
potential likelihood
❷ Basic economics suggests the greater the consumers, the higher the of a better price.基础经济学
表明，潜在的消费者越多，获得更优惠价格的可能性就越大。
Basic economics suggests (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 ?省略引导词(that )的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
__ , I …
...the higher the likelihood of a better price (is).
[比较状语从句
—级彳修饰 the greater the potential consumers (are),
"真出洼蒋U宾语从句使用了“the+比较级……，the +比较级……”结构，表示一方的程度随另一方的变化而
变化;本句中，二者均为省略句，省略了系动词。
p*otential l*ikelihood [
:词汇洼暮： [pg-tenjl] a.潜在的；可能的 laiklihud]几可能(性)
…第九段…
scream.
❶ Of course, lhe pharmaceutical companies will 当然，医药公司就会高声抗议「
—级修饰 Of course,
___________ ［插入语
句子主干 the pharmaceutical companies will scream.（主+谓）
s*cream
词汇注释1 [skriim] v.强烈地抗议；尖叫
❷They like divided buyers；由ey can lobby better that way.他们喜欢散客买家，那样就口J以更好地为自己的利益进行
游说。
⑴They like diyided^uyeiE；（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列句
（2）they can lobby better that way.（主+谓）
❸ They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.他们会以把业务从一个省转移至另一个省相
要挟。
句子主干 They can use thethreat （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修Wthe threat
of
一级修饰 removing jobs from one province to another.
❹ They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.
他们会指望，如果一个省的清单上有某种药，就会对其他省构成压力，使他们也把这种药添加在其清单上。
60They can hope （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作can hope的宾语
that,...
the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.
[ if引导的条件状语从句
if
—级修饰 。眼 province和eludes a drug on its list,
:要出洼释：宾语从句的句子主干为“主语（the pressure） +谓语（will cause） +宾语（others） +宾语补足语（to
include it on theirs）"结构。
self-interest deal with it.
❺ They wouldn't like a national agency, but would lead them to 医药公司不会喜欢全国性机
构。但是，出于自身利益的驱使,他们乂不得不与其打交道。
⑴They wouldn't like anatiwi^a^ncy,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
self-interest deal with
■Wit注释: [.self -mtrast]几自身利益；利己主义 打交道；处理;讨论
•••第十段•••
❶ A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office
for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces.渥太华和各省出资成立了加拿大医疗技术
评估协作办公室，这意味着向成立全国性机构迈出了一小步。
句子主干 A small step has been taken （主+谓）
T
|介词短语作状语，表方向
in
the direction of a national agency
一级修饰 介词短语作伴随状诂
with the creation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the creation
of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,
二级修饰
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the Canadian...Assessment
funded
三级修饰 by Ottawa and the provinces.
❷ Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included.该办公室发布
的常用药物评审报告为各省所列的清单中应该增加哪些新药提供建议。
to
—级修饰 provincial lists
介词短语作状语，表对象]
Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 which引导的宾语从句作recommends的宾语
which
new drugs should be included.
❸
Predictably, regrettably,
and Quebec refused to join,不出所料，令人遗憾的是,魁北克省拒绝加入该机构。
and
_级修饰 Predictably, regrettably,
] and连接的并列副词作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Quebec refused tojoin.（主+谓+宾）
predictably regrettably
:词汇洼暮' [pn-diktabli] ad.不出所料地 [rrgretabli] ad.令人遗憾地
61….第十一段.…
❶
A suspicious deal-making.
few premiers are of any federal-provincial ―些省长对联邦政府与省政府之间达成的任
何协议都感到怀疑。
句子主干 A few premiers are suspicious (主+系+表)
I介词短语作状语，表对象
of
—级修饰 any federal-provincial deal-making.
s*uspicious deal-making
:词汇洼森: [sa spijas] a.怀疑的；可疑的 交易决策
fork over strings attached.
❷ They （particularly Quebec and Alberta） just want Ottawa to additional billions with few, if any,
他们（尤其是魁北克和阿尔伯特的省长）只希望渥太华额外提供几十亿加元的资金，并且最好没有附加条件。
—级修饰 (particularly Quebec and Alberta)
I插入语，补充说明They
句子主干 They ... J j ust w i- ant O --- tt -- a ■- w ---- a - - t - o -- f - o -- r - k - - o - v - e -- r -- a -- d - d -- i - t - io - n -- a -- l - b -- i - l - l - i - o - n -- s (主+谓+宾+宾补)
~ ■ I ■ II ■ I Jll I
介词短语作伴随状语
with
—级修饰 few,...strings attached.
插入语
二级修饰 if any,
fork over strings attached
l词汇注释！ 给予（钱）；花费（钱） 附加条件
❸ Thafs one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.这就是全国性
药品清单的想法至今都无法实现,而药品价格不断飞涨的一个原因。
句子主干 That'sonere^mi (主+系+表)
| why引导的定语从句，修饰one reason
why
the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere,
—级修饰 | while连接的并列句，表对比
while
drug c-osts keep rising fast.
•・・・第十二段・・・・
O So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial
duplication, administrative played off
health list that would end save costs, prevent one province from being against
bargain
another, and for better drug prices.所以，如果某些省想全权负责医疗保健事业，它们就必须得证明自己
有这个能力，首先要开一张省际医疗清单来终止重复，节约管理费用，防止省与省之间的争斗，并争取更优惠的
药价。
if
—级修饰 the provinces want to run the health-care show,
! if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 So, ...they should prove tfiey^anjunit,(主+谓+宾从)
[现在分词短语作句子主干的方式状语
starting an interprovincial health list
_级修饰 with
that引导的定语从句,j修饰an interprovincial health list
that
二级修饰 would end..., (would) save..., (would) prevent..., and (would) bargain fbr...prices.
62要点注释\ that引导的定语从句中，and连接四个并列的谓语，介词短语from being played off against another和
for better drug prices 均作状语。
duplication administrative
词汇注释: [ idjuzplrkeifn] n.重复；复制 [ ad ministrgtiv] a.管理的；行政的
play off bargain * [
挑拨离间 *ba:gan] vi.商谈;交涉
….第十三段…
quote selectively,
O Premiers love to Mr. Romanow's report especially the parts about more federal money.省长们喜欢
有选择地引用罗曼诺先生的报告,尤其是有关联邦政府提供更多资金的那些部分。
句子主干 Premiers love 四尘以£地彖25JS2竺selectively,（主+谓+宾）
___________ [补充说明
—级修饰 especially the parts about more federal money.
q*uote [ selectively
:词汇注释: kwaut] v.引用vt.举例说明；报价 [ srlektivli] ad.有选择地
❷ Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: " A national drug agency would provide govemments more influence
constrain ever-increasing
on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to the cost of drugs. ” 也许他f门应该读一读罗
曼诺先生针对药品的必言之辞:“全国性药品机构将使政府对医药公司施加更大的影响，以便尽力限制持续增
长的药价丁
句子主干 Perhaps they should read （主+谓+宾从）
补充说明宾语从句[
"A influence
一级修饰 national drug agency would provide governments more
介词短语作后置定语，修饰influence [
on
pharmaceutical companies
二级修饰 介词短语作目的状语
in order to
try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."
constrain ever-increasing
:词汇注释: [kan-strem] vt.限制；强迫 不断增长的
….第十四段
substantial strengthen
❶ Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The buying power of such an agency would the public
prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companiesn. 或者他彳门可
以读一读科尔比先生的报告:“这样一个机构的巨大购买力会加强公共处方药保险计划，从而与制药公司协商
尽可能低的购买价格”。
句子主干 Or they could read Mr^Kirbj^sreport:（主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
二级修饰
词无洼移 substantial* [ ssb-staenjl] a.大量的；结实的 strengthen * [ •stregOn] v.加强；巩固
63・••第十五段・・・
gather assemble get cracking
❶ S<> when the premiejursr isdictionin Niagara Falls to their usual complaint list, they should also about
something in their that would help their budgets and patients.所以，当省长们聚集在尼亚加拉瀑布市，并
像往常那样不停地抱怨时,他们也应该在自己的职权范围内行动起来，做一些对其预算和病人有用的事情。
to
二级修饰 assemble their usual complaint list,
l动词不定式短语作目的状语
when
—级修饰 the premiers gather in Niagara Falls
]when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 So...they should also get cracking (主+谓)
[介词短语作状语
about something
一级修饰 in their jurisdiction
"hat引导的定语从句，修饰something
that
二级修饰 would help their budgets and patients.
g*'ather [ •gaedsfr) ] assemble *
词汇洼释:get cracking v.聚集；推断 jurisdiction[ s sembl] v.聚集 vt.装配
行动起来,立即大干起来 [ idsuans'dikjn] n.管辖权；司法权
Part C
…第一段…
mass overwhelmingly significant phase
O It is not easy to talk about the role of the media in this in European history.
在欧洲历史I：这个意义彬凡的阶段里，谈论大众媒体的作用并不是一件容易的事。
It is not easy (主+系+表)
句子主干 ;It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to
talk about the role of the mass media
1介词短语作状语
in phase
—级修饰 this overwhelmingly significant
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰phase
in
二级修饰 European history.
mass' overwhelmingly
■词汇注释 [maes] a.民众的；大批的 n.大量 [ i*wJ>elumvigr )li] ad.压倒性地
s*ignificant [ p*hase
sig-mfikant] a.有意义的；重要的 [feiz] n.阶段 vt.逐步做
confused, mixture skepticism optimism.
❷ Histon iind nr us l)ec(»me and one's impressions tend to Ije a of and 历史和
新闻混为•谈，人们对大众媒体的印象往往夹杂着怀疑态度和乐观情绪。
(1) History and news become confused,(主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and one's impressions tend to be ajnixture (主+系+表)
介词短语作后置定语,;修饰a mixture
... . ” « ...
of
一级修饰 skepticism and optimism.
confused mixture v [
:词汇注释: skepticism[ kan fju:zd] a.混乱的；迷惑的 optimism 'mikstja(r) ] n.混合；混合物
[ -skeptisizam]儿怀疑主义；怀疑论 [ -Dptimizam]几乐观主义；乐观
64© Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served
so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视是引发和传递这些感受的方
式之一。在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它将不同的民族和国家联系在一起，其作用之大，或许前所未有。
句子主干 Television isoneo£themeans （主+系+表）
! which引导的定语从句，修饰the means
—
which
by these feelings are created and conveyed
一级修饰 i补充说明句子主干
—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations
| as引导的比较状语从句
as
二级修饰 in the recent events in Europe.
:要出注释:破折号后的never before...nations 41,否定副词never位于句首，助动词has提前，形成倒装句。二
级修饰是由as引导的比较状语从句，为了避免重复，该从句承前省略了部分相同内容，补充完整
为 as it has served to connect different peoples and nations in the recent events in Europe；该从句由''主
语（it） +谓语（has served ） M构成，动词不定式短语to connect... nations和介词短语in the recent
events均作状语，介词短语in Europe作the recent events的后置定语。
other than identities.
❹ The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything its peoples, their cultures and national 现在
欧洲正在形成的正是它的民族、各民族文化和民族认同。
that
一级修饰 is now fonning
j山at引导的定语从句，修饰The Europe
句子主干 The Europe...cannot be anything （主+系 +表）
T介词短语作句子主干的状语
other than
—级修饰 its peoples, their cultures and national identities.
other than i*dentity
':词汇注释 除……以外;绝不是；不同于 ardentstij n.同一性；身份
analyze scene.
❺ With this in mind we can begin to the European television 牢记这一点，我们就可以开始分析欧洲
的电视业。
With
—级修饰 this in mind
| With独立主格结构作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 we can begin （主+谓+宾）
a*nalyze [ s*cene
词汇注释' asnalaiz] vt.分析；分解 [si：n] n.界；现场；镜头；景色
❻ In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful ； groups which bring together television,
bouses in relation to
radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing that work one another.像其他地方一样，欧洲的
多媒体集团蒸蒸日上，这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志及出版社等媒体联合到一起。
as
一级修饰 elsewhere,
j介词短语作比较状语
句子主干 In Europe,...multi-media groups have been increasingly successful;（主+系+表）
! multi-media groups的同位语
television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses
一级修饰 groups which bring together
that引导的定语从句，|修饰television,...and publishing houses
that
二级修饰 work in relation to one another.
:要点注释 multi-media groups的同位语gro叩s which...中,which引导的定语从句，修饰groupso
65h*ouse in relation to
词汇注释 [haos] n.（从事某种生意的）公司；房子 有关；涉及
come to mind.
❼ One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch 意大利的贝卢
斯科尼传媒集团就是其中的一个例子，而在国外,人们马上想到的是麦斯威尔和默多克传媒集团。
（l）0ne Italian example would be th^Berlusconi^oup,（主+系+表）
句子主干 j while连接的并列句，表对比
⑵while abroad M^well and Murdoch come to mind.（主+谓）
come to mind
词汇注释 出现在脑海中
…•第二段•…
flexible
❶ Choletlayr-lyc,o notnelsyt etdh e biggest and most television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and
market.显然，只有规模最大且应变能力最强的电视公司才有能力在这个利润丰厚且竞争激烈
的市场中进行角逐。
—级修饰 Clearly,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete （主+谓）
:介词短语作地点状语
in
一级修饰 such a rich and hotly-contested market.
flexible hotly-contested
词汇注释 flekssbi] a.灵活的；柔韧的 竞争激烈的
demonstrates survive underlined statistics
❷ This alone that the television business is notn aon leesass yt hwaonr ld l（） took a ilons, s a fact by
that show that out of eighty European t（*levision networks, 50% iti 1989.仅此一点就足以表
明，要在电视行业里生存并非易事，统计数字更加印证了这…事实：1989年，在80家欧洲电视网中，多达一半出
现了「损,
This alone demonstrates （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 j that引导的宾语从句，作demonstrates的宾语
that
the television business is not an easy world to survive in,
，同位语.补充说明宾语从句
statistics
—级修饰 a fact underlined by
that引导的定语从句:修饰statistics
that
二级修饰 show that...no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
，介词短语作状语，表范围
out of
三级修饰 eighty European television networks,
要点注释:that引导的宾语从句中，动词不定式短语to survive in作后置定语，修饰an easy worldo that引导的
定语从句中嵌套了一个that引导的宾语从句，作show的宾语
d*emonstrate [ s*urvive [
词汇注释 underline "demanstreit vt.表明；表露商.小威 s*tatistics s [ s-vaiv] vi.生存 vt.幸存
no less than[ .Anda lain] vt.强调；在（词语等下）画线 take a loss sta tistiks] n.统计数据
多达；不少于 亏损
…•第三段J*
integration oblige in
O tMeromreso voefr , the of dthies trEiubruoptieoann .community will television companies to cooperate more closely
both production and 此外，欧洲社会的一体化也会迫使电视公司在节目制作和发行方面更
密切地合作
66of
一级修饰 the European community
J介词短语作后置定语，修饰the integration
句子主干 Moreover, thejntegration...will oblige tekvisior^companies to cooperate more closely
介词短语作状语，修饰cooperate :
in terms of
—级修饰 “ both production and distribution.
凄点注邕 句子主干为“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构
integration ' oblige^
:词汇注释 .intrgreijn 〃.一体化;结合;整合 [o-biaidj] vt.迫使帮忙
in terms of distribution
在....方面；就....而言 ^istri bjuzjn ; n.发行；分销；分发
*•••第四段•*••
O Creating a 4< European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting
fabric strategic
of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a choice—that of producing programs in Europe for
Europe.欧洲大陆是由不同的文化和传统联结成一体的，因而要创造出一种尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”
绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性选择一一也就是在欧洲制作出适合欧洲的节目。
which
二级修饰 go Io make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent
which引导的定语从句，：修饰the different cultures and traditions
---------------- ▼
that respects the different cultures and traditions
—级修饰
,lhat弓|导的定语从句，修饰a "European idenlity"
C[ea|ing a “jEur^pean idenQ敏”...is no^asj^task （主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and demands a strategic choice
4
a strategic choice的同位语
—级修饰 —that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.
:要点注释:句子主干中，系表结构is no easy task可看作复合谓语a stralegic choice的同位语中，介词短语of
producing programs in Europe for Europe 作后置定语，修饰 that
fabric*[ strategic
；词汇注释' 'faebrik^ n.组织,结构；织物 stra-tiidsik] a.战略性的
entails dependence
❷ This reducing our on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural
traditions which are different from our own.这样一来，就需要减少我们对北美市场的依赖，他们的节目里所涉及的
经历以及文化传统和我们的不同。
句子主干 This entails reducingowdependence （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰our dependence
on the North American market.
—级修饰
whose引导的非限定性定语从句，，补充说明the North American market
whose experiences and cultural traditions
二级修饰 programs relate lo
which引导的定语从句，:修饰experiences and cultural traditions
which
三级修饰 are different from our own.
e*ntail [ dependence
词汇注释1 in teil]机.势必造成；牵涉 [drpendans]几依赖；依靠
…第五段…*
achieve objectives, concentrate on documen­
O In order to these we must more co-productions, the exchange of news,
tary
services and training.为了实现这些目标，我们必须更加注重节目联合制作、新闻交换以及文献服务和培训。
67In order to
—级修饰 achieve these objectives,
［介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 we must concentrate more on丝史12虫您12£坦灯32^5^212昏（主+谓+宾）
a*chieve o*bjective
"词汇洼寤 concentra”te ，tojni： v] vt.实现;完成vi.成功 d*ocumentar“yb ^[ ektiv]几目标a.客观的
集中精力于;专心于 dDkjirmentri] a.文献的；纪实的
❷ This also involves the agreements betweIennv Eesutrmopeenatns countries forh tahned clree ation of a European bank for Television Production
which, on the model of the European Bank, will the finances necessary for production costs.这也
要求欧洲国家达成多项协议，并效仿欧洲投资银行的模式，创立一个欧洲节目制作银行来解决与制作成本相关
的必要财政问题。
句子主干 This also involves tiheagreemente （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the agreements
between
European countries
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
for a European bank for Television Production
the creation of
which引导的定语从句」修饰a European bank for Television Production
which,.
二级修饰 ..will handle the finances necessary for production costs.
介词短语作方式状语
on
三级修饰 the model of the European Investments Bank,
i*nvestment h*andle [ haendl]
词元连落 [ m-vestmant ] n.投资；投入 vt.处理；对待
exaggeration
❸ In dealing with a cshloalglaenng e on such a usUcanliety, it is no diversity." to say, "United we stand, divided we fall"—and if
I had to choose a it would be in our 在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说，“合
则存,分则亡” o如果我不得不选择一个口号,那就是“求同存异” O
In
一级修饰 dealing with a challenge on such a scale,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
it is n^exaggeration （主+系+表）
句子主干 'T h为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to
say, “United we stand, divided we fall"
补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 ―and...it would be "Unity in our diversity."
[if引导的条件状语从句
if
二级修饰 I had to choose a slogan
exaggeration s*logan [ 'sbogan] n.
词WlZ莲幕 u*nity [ [ igizaed39TeiJn]几 夸张；夸大 diversity 口号;标语
junmoantei]t hnel.e统ss 一；团结;联合体 peculiarities [darv3：sati]几差异；多样化
A unity of objectives that respect the varied of each country,它既能把目标统一起来，又能
尊重每个国家的不同特色。
【说明】本句为省略句，补充完整为（It is） A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of
each countryo 其中，It 指代❸句中的"Unity in our diversity.
句子主干 （111?） A umty of oj^ectiyes （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰A unity of objectives
that the varied peculiarities
—级修饰 nonetheless respect
介词短语作后置定语，|修饰the varied peculiarities
of
二级修饰 each country.
n*onetheless [ peculiarity
词汇注释 （nAnda les] ad.但是；尽管如此 [ pi.kjuih aerati]几特色;特质;怪癖
68