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2006年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
幼
^ecuon 1 use 01 ngiisn
•••第一段•••
make up percentage
❶The homeless a growing of America's population.无家可归者在美国人口中所占的比例越来越大。
句子主干 The homeless make up a^growing^ercentage （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰percentage
of
—级修饰 America's population.
make up p*ercentage [
:问汇注释: 占；构成，组成 pa sentids] n.百分比；百分率
proportions local
❷ Indeed, homelessness has reached such that goveniments can't possibly cope. 实际上，无家可归者
的数量已达到如此规模，以至于地方政府都无法应对。
句子主干 Indeed, homelessness has reached such^roportions （主+谓+宾）
t such...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
that
—级修饰 local governments can't possibly cope.
p*roportion [ l*ocal [
:词汇注释' prs poifn] 〃.比例；部分 -laokl] a.地方的；局部的
federal
❸ To help homeless people toward independence, the government must support job training programs, raise the
minimum
wage, and fund more low-cost housing.为了帮助无家可归者走向自立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训项
目、提高最低工资并资助建设更多廉价住房。
To
—级修饰 help homeless people toward independence,
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
the federal government must support jo^ training programs,（主+谓+宾）
I并列谓宾
（
must） raise
句子主干 the minimum wage,
I and连接的并列谓宾
and （must） fund
more low-cost housing.
f*ederal [ m* inimum [
:词汇注释 fedaral] a.联邦政府的；联邦制的 mimmam] a.最低的几最小值
...第二段• • • *
❶ Not everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless.美国有多少无家可归者，大家意见不一 o
句子主干 Not everyone agrees on虫爻史jg虫述A更更箜（主+谓+宾）
who引导的定语从句,:修饰Americans
who
_级修饰 are homeless.
@ Estimates range
anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.估计的数量从 60 万到 300 万不等。
69句子主干 Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.（主+谓）
e*stimate [ r*ange [
，词汇注释 'estimat]几估计[estimeit]况.估算 reinds]洗.(在一* 定的范围内)变化，变动
figure analysts
Although the may vary, do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing.尽管
大家估计的数字可能不尽相同，但分析家们对另外一个问题的看法却是一致的:无家可归者的数量在持续增长。
Although
一级修饰 the figure may vary,
Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 analysts do agree on another matter：（主+谓+宾）
thtahta t引导的同位语从句，解释说明another matter
一级修饰 the number of the homeless is increasing.
f*igure [ analyst
词汇注释 -figaCr） ] n.数字；人物；身材 vt.认为 [•aenalist] n.分析者；化验员
❹ One of the federal government's studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end
of this decade.联邦政府的一项研究预测，到这个十年结束时，无家可归者的数量将接近1900万。
One of the federal government's studies predicts （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作predicts的宾语
that
the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million
［介词短语作时间状语
by
一级修饰 the end of this decade.
凄...第三段•••善
❶ Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.找到帮助日益增多的无家可
归者的方法变得越来越困难。
to
一级修饰 assist this growing homeless population
i动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰ways
句子主干 Finding ways...has become increasingly difficult.（主+系+表）
shelter
Even whegno ohdo meless individuals mtahnea gbeu tlok foinfd a wthaant dweirliln ggi ve them three meals a day and a place to sleep al
night, a number still spend each day the street.即使无家可归者设法找到了 收容
所——能够为他们提供一日三餐和晚上睡觉的地方,还是会有很多人每天大部分时间都在街头流浪。
and
a place to sleep at night,
二级修饰 that and连接的并列成分
will give them 由ree meals a day
when that引导的定语从a句 s,h[e修lte饰r a shelter
—级修饰 Even homeless individuals manage to find
［when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a good number still spend Ui£bulk^£eacl^da^ （主+谓+宾）
t 人、二二7二
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 （in） wandering the street.
and连接的并列成分three meals和a place作wifi give的直接宾语，动词不定式短语to sleep at night
要一点注释:
s* 作 he 后 lte 置 r 定 [ 语 jel ， t 修 3( 饰 r)]a place。 g*[ood gud] a.
词汇注释 the bulk of 几.收容所；庇护所饥掩蔽；躲避 wander * [ •WDn相dg(当r) ]多 的；高品质的
大部分，主体 v.流浪；漫游
70addicted alcohol
❸ Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are to or drugs.部分问题在于，许多无家可归的成
年人都酗酒或吸毒成瘾。
^rt of the problem is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 :that引导的表语从句
that
many homeless^dults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.
addicted J a*lcohol [
「词汇注稼. a diktid] a.成瘾的；上瘾的 -.Elkahol] n.酒精；含酒精饮料
significant mental disorders.
❹ And a number of the homeless have serious 而且，相当多的无家可归者患有严重的精
神疾病。
句子主干 And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.（主+谓+宾）
s*ignificant [ mental disorder
,词汇注蒋 sig-mfikgnt j a.数量相当大的；显著的 精神错乱，心理疾病
❺ Many others, while not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives
around.还有许多人虽然不酗酒、不吸毒，也没有精神疾病，但就是缺乏改善自己生活现状所需的日常生存
技能。
while
—级修饰 （they are） not addicted or mentally ill.
: while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主十的让步状语
句子主干 Many others,...simply lack址旦莫陞区迎竺理^型工坦眼（主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰the everyday survival skills
needed
一级修饰 to turn their lives around.
comprehensive
❻ Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are programs that
address
the many needs of the homeless.《波士顿环球报》记者克里斯•雷迪认为，只有通过全面的规划来解决这
些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。
Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句.[作notes的宾语
that
the situation will improve
j when引导的条件状语从句
when comprehensive programs
—级修饰 only there are
that引导的定语从句,[修饰comprehensive programs
that
二级/多饰 address the many needs of the homeless.
i c*omprehensive [ a*ddress [
:词无注暮 .kompn-hensiv] a.全面的；有理解力的 a-dres] vt.设法解决；处理
community service
❼ As Edward Zlotkowski, director of at Bentley College in Massachusetts, puts it, " There has to be
coordination
of programs.正如马萨诸塞州本特利学院社区服务部主任爱德华-兹罗特科夫斯基所说:“各种规
划必须协调运行。
二级修饰 director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,
| Edward Zlotkowski 的同位语
As Edward Zlotkowski,..
_级修饰 .puts it,
] As引导的状语从句，作句子主干的状语
句子主干 “There has to be coordination of programs. （There be句型：There + has to be + 主）
community service coordination
:词汇注释： 社区服务 [ kauto:cirneijn] n.协调
a package deal. ”
❽What,s needed is 我们需要的是一揽子计划。
71Whafs
needed
句子主干 ! What引导的主语从句
...is a package deal.M （主从+系+表）
a package deal
，词汇注释 一揽子交易
t ^ecuon 11 KeaamgAfOH^reu^nsioa
Part A
Text 1
…•第一段•••
❶ In spite of homogenizing
41 endless talk of difference,n American society is an amazing machine for people.尽管"人
们无休止地谈论差异”，美国社会却是一台同化人们的神奇机器。
In spite of
—级修饰 "endless talk of difference,"
[介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 American society is an^mazingjnachine （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语,|修饰an amazing machine
—级修饰 for homogenizing people.
in spite of homogenize
词汇注释 尽管 [ ha-mndsonaiz] v.使类同；使均匀
democratizing uniformity discourse, deferencen
❷ There is "the of dress and and the casualness and absence of
characteristic of popular culture.在美国，人们的"服饰和言谈存在大众化的一致性”，大众文化具有’随意、不拘
礼节”的特征。
and
the casualness and absence of deference"
一级修饰 ；and连接的并列定语
"the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,
I名词短语作定语，修饰characteristic
__________ ,
句子主干 There is...characteristic （There be句型：There + is + 主）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰characteristic
of
—级修饰 popular culture.
democratize uniformity
词汇注释 [drmokrataiz] v.（使）民主化;（使）大众化 [ ijuzni'foimsti]几.统一性;一致
d*iscourse [ deference
diskois] zi.谈话[dis^koilsa]u nvcih.讲ed述 [ •defarans] n.尊重；听从
❸ Pareroapyles are absorbed into “a culture of consumptionv by the 19th-century department stores that offered uvast
of goods in an elegant atmosphere.人们被一种由19世纪的那些"环境优雅、货品齐全'的百货商店掀起的
“消费文化”所同化。
句子主干 People are absorbed （主+谓）
1介词短语作状语
into "a culture of consumption"
一级修饰
过去分词短语作后置定语，j修饰"a culture of consumption,,
launched department stores
二级修饰 by the 19th-century
that引导的定语从句，|修饰department stores
that
三级修饰 offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.
72★
launch a*rray
问汇注将: [b:ntj]"发起；上市 [s rei]几大量;数组诅布置；陈列
intimate catering elitev regardless of
❹ Instead of shops to a knowledgeable these were stores w anyone could enter,
class or background. “与迎合知识精英的私密小店不同”，这些商店“不论阶层或背景，人人都能进入。
catering
二级修饰 to a knowledgeable elite”
[现在分坷短语作后置定语，修饰intimate shops
Instead of intimate shops
_ 级修饰
!介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 these were必竺（主+系+表）
|省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰stores
—级修饰 "anyone could enter,
[介词短语作让步状语
regardless of
二级修饰 class or background.
intimate^ [ c*ater [
:词汇注释' intimat] a.私密的[mtimeit]仇透露 -keita（r）]航.迎合；投合
e*lite regardless of
[erli：t] n.精英;上层集团a.出类拔萃的 不管，不顾
❺ This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.这使购物变成了一种公共和大众的行为
句子主干 This turned shogging into a public and democratic act.,, （主+谓+宾+宾补）
❻ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.大众媒体、广告和体育是同化的其他推
动力。
句子主干 The mass media, advertising and sports are otherforces （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰other forces
_级修饰 for homogenization.
••••第二段
fitting into altogether elevating poisonous.
O Immigrants are quickly this common culture, which may not be but is hardly
外来移民正在快速融入这种共同文化，这或许不太具有提升作用，但也几乎是无害的。
句子主干 Immigrants are quickly fitting into this^ommon^ulture,（主+谓+宾）
[ which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
which not
may be altogether elevating
—级修饰 | not...but连接并列的系表结构
but
is hardly poisonous.
fit into a*ltogether [
:词汇洼香' （使）适应（某事物） 13：lta>geda（r） ] ad.（修辞否定陈述以减轻语气）十分
e*levate [ poisonous^ [
'eliveit]讥 提升;提高 poizangs] q.会造成危害的
Forum, unprece
❷ Writing for the National Immigration Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at
dented resistant assimilation.
levels nor to 格雷戈里•罗德里格斯在写给"国家移民论坛”的文章中指出：当今
的外来移民既没有达到前所未有的水平,也不抗拒美国社会的同化。
Writing
_级修饰 for the National Immigration Forum,
]现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
Gregory Rodriguez reports （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，，作reports的宾语
that neither
句子主干 today's immigration is at unprecedented levels
i neither...nor连接的并列表语
nor
resistant to assimilation.
73forum* * [ unprecedented [
要点注群： foiram]几论坛;广场 ait president id] a.前所未有的；空前的
resistant^ assimilation
[n zistant] a.抗拒的；反对的 [atsima leijn] n.同化；吸收
❸ In 1998 immigrants were 9. 8 percent of the population； in 1900, 13. 6 percent. 1998 年，夕卜来移民占美国人口总数
的 9. 8%； 1900 年占 13. 6% o
（1） In 1998 immigrants were筌卫曳箜些地典々卫9匹您tj寒;（主+系+表）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） in 1900, （immigrants were）旦（主+系+表）
prior to residents
❹ In the 10 years 1990, 3. 1 immigrants arrived for every 1 ,000 ； in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9. 2 for
every 1,000.在1990年之前的10年间，每1000个居民中有3. 1个是外来移民；而在1890年之前的J0年间，每
1000个居民中就有9. 2人是外来移民。
【说明】分号后的内容中,9. 2 for every 1 ,000是一个省略句，补充完整为9. 2 （immigrants arrived） for every 1 ,000
（residents） o
In
the 10 years prior to 1990,
一级修饰 介词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
for
every 1,000 residents;
] [介词短语作（1）句的状语，表范围
（1） 3.1 immigrants arrived （主+谓）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） 9.2 （immigrants arrived）（主+谓）
[ [介词短语作（2 ）句的时间状语
in
the 10 years piior to 1890.
一级修饰 i介词短语作（2 ）句的状语，表范围
for
every 1,000 （residents）.
要点注释:本句中，形容词短语prior to 1990和prior to 1890均作后置定语，分别修饰前面的10 yearsc
to resident* [
词汇注释 PHm 在....之前 Tezidant] n.居民；住户a.居住的
indices ownership intermarriage.
❺ Now, consider three of assimilation—language, home and 现在，我们来仔细考虑
一下同化的三项指标一一语言、住房自有和异族通婚。
句子主干 Now, consider thr理ig座竺座?萼坦明业？（祈使句：谓+宾）
I 解释说明three indices of assimilation
—级修饰 ~~language, home ownership and intermarriage.
indices* [ ownership* [
词汇任薜 mdisi：z] n. [pl.]指标 -aonajip]几拥有；所有权；产权
intermarriage
[ jnta msends]几.异族通婚
• •••第三段....
Census revealed
❶ The 1990 that " a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin
spoke English 4 well' or 4 very well' after ten years of residence. M 1990 年人口普查显示：来自 15 个最常见原国籍
的大多数移民在美国定居10年后，英语都说得“不错”或“非常好”。
The 1990 Census revealed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作revealed的宾语
that "a majority of immigrants...
spoke English 'well，or 'very well'
r介词短语作时间状语
after
ten years of residence."
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语」修饰a majority of immigrants
from
each of the fifteen most common countries of origin
74c*ensus [ r*eveal
:词汇注释 * -sensas ： n.人LI普查 rrvij] vt.显示；揭露
bilingual proficient
❷ The children of immigrants tend to be and in English.夕卜来移民的孩子往往能使用双语，并精通
英语。
句子主干 The children...tend to be bilin^ual^nd^roficne^ in English.（主+系+表）
I介词短语作后置定语:•修饰The children
of
—级修饰 immigrants
bilingual proficient
,词汇注蒋 i ,barlir）gw3l] a.（使用）双语的 [pra-fijnt . a.精通的；熟练的
❸ “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families. ” “到第三代时，本国的语
言就在大多数移民家庭里消失了。”
"By
—级修饰 the third generation.
I介词短语作句子毛十的时间状语
---------------- *
句子主干 the original language is lost （主+系 +表）
:介词短语作状语，•表范围
in
—级修饰 the majority of immigrant families.M
❹ Hence the description of America as a w graveyard" for languages.因此，有人把美国描述成语言的''坟墓”
:句子讲努'本句使用了“ Hence +名词”开头的结构，the description of America为名词短语，句中的description
'常与as搭配，可理解为“把……描述成……二
语法课堂
Hence
+名词（短语）：1. “hence +名词（短语）”开头的结构:hence是表示结果意义的连接副词，其前面的句
子表示原因，后面省略了类似come的动词，属于倒装句的一种匚如：Hence （ comes ） this instruction of the
experiment.因此，有了这本实驱说明书。2. “hence +名词（短语）”的结构既可以是独立句,也可以是分句。原文
三段❸^及如就是两个独立句，初J表示原因,❹句表示结果 下面为“hence +名词（短语）”作分句时的例句：
We grew up in China, hence our interest in Chinese culture.我们在中国长大，因此对中国文化感兴趣.
❺ By 1996 foreign-bom immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than
the 69. 8 percent rate among native-born Americans.截至1996年,那些在1970年之前移居美国的、境外出生的移
民中，住房自有率达到75.6%，高于美国本土居民69. 8%的住房自有率°
By
1996
一级修饰 !介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
i who
had arrived Iwfore 1970
| I who引导的定语从句，修饰foreign-born imniigrants
句子主干 foreign-bom immigrants...had 四竺丝J些理卫£££?坦，（主+谓+宾）
f
.、
；补充说明a home ownership rate of 75. 6 percent
rate
—级修饰 higher than the 69. 8 percent
介词短语作后置定语J修饰rate
among
二级修饰 native-born Americans.
・・..第四段・・・・
❶ Foreign-bom Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U. S. -born whites and blacks."在国外
出生的亚裔和西班牙裔移民“比在美国出生的白人和黑人有更高的异族通婚率「
75句子主干 Foreign-bom Asians and Hispanics "have些函££理叟也g坦凹迎恒gg (主+谓+宾)
［ than引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
than
一级修饰 do U.S. -bom whites and blacks."
;WiSSJ than引导的比较状语从句使用了倒装语序，主语是U. S. -bom whites and blacks,谓语do指代与主
句重复的内容。
@ By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American
women are married to non-Asians.到了移民的第三代，有三分之一的西班牙裔女性与非西班牙裔男性结婚,41%
的亚裔美国女性与非亚裔男性结婚。
By
—级修饰 the third generation,
\介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
(1) one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics,(主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and 41 percent of Asian-American women are mmied to non-Asians.(主+系+表)
•••第五段…
remote
O Rodriguez notes that children in villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and
immune
Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow to the
nation's assimilative power.”罗德里格斯指出，世界各地偏远乡村里的孩子们都是像阿诺德•施瓦辛格和
加斯-布鲁克斯这些超级巨星的粉丝，但“一些美国人却担心生活在美国的移民仍然以某种方式不受这个国家
同化力量的影响”。
in
remote villages around the world
一级修饰 |介词短语作后置定语，修饰children
like
Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,
］介词短语作后置定语，修饰superstars
that children... superstars
are fans of
j that引导的宾语从句，作notes的宾语
(1) Rodriguez notes (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 i yet连接的并列句，表转折
(2) yet "some Americans fear (主+谓+宾从)
! that引导的宾语从句，作fear的宾语
that immigrants...
remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."
［现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰immigrants
living
一级修饰 within the United States
要点注释'、,(2)句中，that引导的宾语从句由“主语(immigrants) +系动词(remain) +表语(immune) n构成，介
词短语 to the nation's assimilative power 作状语，表对象。
r*emote [ i*mmune [ i
词汇注释 n maot] a.偏远的；漠不关心的 mjuin] a.不受影响的；免疫的
…•第六段•…
pockets seething
❶Are there divisive issues and of anger in America?在美国是否存在引起分歧的问题以及少数极度
愤怒的群体？
76and
pockets of seething anger
句子主干 | and连接的并列主语
Are there divisive issues...? （ There be句型的一般疑问句：Are + there +主）
t介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
inI . .
一级修饰 America «
p*ocket seething
:i司无注蒋- [.poknj n.（孤立的）一小群；布袋vt.放入衣袋 [，si：&] a.愤怒的；火热的
❷Indeed.确实存在。
:句子讲解；本句是一个省略句，用于回答❶句提出的问题，该句补充完整为Indeed, there are。
❸It is big enough to have a bit of everything.美国幅员辽阔，各种事都会发生。
句子主干 It is big enough （主+系+表）
:动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
to
—级修饰 have a bit oi everything.
turbulent
❹ Bdeutt erpiaorrtaictuinlagr ly when viewed against America's past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and
social environment.但尤其当与美国动荡的过去比较时，当今的社会指标几乎不能表明美国的社会
环境黑暗且日渐恶化。
when
—级修饰 particularly （today's social indices are） viewed against America's turbulent past.
i when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
▼
句子主干 But...today's social [ndices hardly suggest （主+谓+宾）
罢点让释」由于when引导的时间状语从句的主语和句子主十的主语一致，故省略了主语和be动词；副词
parlieularly作状语，修饰时间状语从句，表强调；句首连词But承接上文，表转折。
turbulent， d*eteriorate
i司无洼每： 、[ubjmnt] a,动荡的；混乱的 rdi tiariareit] v.恶化，变坏
Text 2
• • • • • •
distinctly separate
O Stratford-on-Avonh,o satsi lew eb raalln kchnoews, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two
and increasingly .众所周知，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德镇只有一种产业-威廉•莎士比亚
——但是却有两个泾渭分明并且日益敌对的分支。
as we ail know.
一级修饰 i插入语,补充说明句子主干
——William Shakespeare—
j « one industry的同位语
（1 ）Stratford・on・Avon,...has only onemdustry （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 ! but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but there are two...branches. （ There be句型：there + are +主）
并列的形容词短语作定语,:修饰branches
separate hostile
—级修饰 distinctly and increasingly
77distinctly s*eparate [
词汇注释 [drstigktli] ad.明显地;清楚地 seprat] a.独立的;单独的[,seporeit] v.使分开
h*ostile [ b*ranch
-hostail] a.敌对的；怀有敌意的 [braintj] n.分支；树枝v.分岔
Company superb
❷ rhere is the Royal Shakespeare （ RSC） , which presents productions of the plays at the Shakespeare
Memorial Theatre on the Avon. 一个是皇家莎士比亚剧团（RSC），它在埃文河畔的莎士比亚纪念剧院上演优秀的
戏剧作品。
句子主干 There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）, （There be句型：There + is +主）
which引导的非限定性定语从句,J补充说明the Royal Shakespeare Company
which
—级修饰 presents superb productions of the plays
[介词短语作地点状语
at
二级修饰 the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.
c*ompany [ superb
词汇注释 -kAmpani]儿剧团；公司 r [surpazb] a.极好的；宏伟的
townsfolk live off
❸ And there are the who largely the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne
Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.另一个是小镇居民，他们主要依靠来此观光的游
客为生。这些游客不是为了看戏剧而来，而是为了看安妮-海瑟薇小屋（莎士比亚妻子的故居）、莎士比亚的出
生地和其他景点。
句子主干 And there are the townsfolk （ There be句型：there + are +主）
who引导的定语从句，|修饰the townsfolk
who the tourists
—级修饰 largely live off
who引导的定语从句，|修饰the tourists
who
二级修饰 come,
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
not to
see the plays,
三级修饰 | not...but连接并列的动词不定式短语
but to
look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage. Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.
townsfolk live off
词汇注释 ['taunz.fguk] n.镇民；市民 依赖....生活
• ••第二段一
worthy revenue.
❶The residents of Stratford doubt 由at the theatre adds a penny to their 斯特拉特福德镇备受尊敬的居
民认为，剧院对增加他们的收入没有做出任何贡献。
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作doubt的宾语
that
the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.
w* orthy [ r*evenue [
词汇注释 W3：di] a.值得尊敬的；值得....的 Tevanju:] n.收入；税收
frankly sandals
❷ They dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and and noisiness.他们坦言不喜
欢皇家莎士比亚剧团的演员，这些演员们留着长发、蓄着胡须、穿着凉鞋，聒噪不已。
句子主干 They frankly dislike ttieJRSC^actors,（主+谓+宾）
t **
| the RSC，s actors 的同位语
them
—级修饰
介词短语作后置定语J修饰them
with
二级修饰 their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.
78frankly sandal
3司汇注释■ [，fr知kli] ad.坦率地；老实说 [ -s^ndl] n.凉鞋
❸ Ifs all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor ( with a
beard) and did his share of noise-making.当你想到养活他们的莎士比亚本人就是一个演员(留着胡须)，也做着
一份“制造噪音”的工作时，你就会感到这一切真是绝妙的讽刺。
句子主干 Ifs all deliciously ironic （主+ 系+表）
:when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when consider
you
:that引导的宾语从句，作consider的宾语
that Shakespeare,...was an actor
一级修饰 himself （with a beard）
.and连接的并列谓语
and did
his share of noise-making.
i who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Shakespeare
who
二级修饰 earns their living,
要点注释！英语中，系表结构整体可看作复合谓语。
•••第三段•••
。The tourist streams are not entirely separate.游客并未完全分流
句子主干 The tourist streams are not entirely separate.（主+系+表）
@ The sightseers who come by bus—-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don't usually see
the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.乘坐大巴而来的观光客通常会顺道参
观华威城堡和布伦海姆宫，他们一般不去看戏，有些人甚至惊讶地发现在斯特拉特福德镇居然有一个剧院。
——and «ften take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—
—级修饰 "卜充说明The sightseers
who
come by bus
: | who引导的定语从句，修饰The sightseers
（1） The sightseers.・.don't usually see the^pla^s,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and some of them are even surprised （主+系 +表）
:动词不定式短语作（2 ）句的原因状语
to
—级修饰 find a theatre in Stratford.
playgoers along with
❸ However, the do manage a little sight-seeing their playgoing.然而，来看戏剧的人却能在看戏
之余抽出一点时间观光游览。
句子主干 However, the playgoers do manage ajittl^si^it^seeing （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
along with
—级修饰 their playgoing.
playgoer along with
"司汇洼程： [，pleigg（r） ] n.（常）看戏的人 （除....外）还；与...同样地
contends, bring in
❹ It is the playgoers, the RSC who much of the town's revenue because they spend the night （some of
them four or five nights） pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.皇家莎士比亚剧团声称，正是这些戏迷为小镇
带来了大部分收入，因为他们要在镇上过夜（有些要住四到五个晚上），将大把的钱花在旅馆和饭店里。
79—级修饰 the RSC contends,
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
the playgoers,...bring in 知虫冬业急也更里照臭些（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [it is...who为强调句型， 强调主语the playgoers [
It is...who
because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because the night
—级修饰 they spend
J补充说明the night
（some of them four or five nights）
二级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
（in）
pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.
c*ontend [k bring in
i司定洼移 对tend] vt.声称；主张 引入；赚得；推行
❺The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.观光客则会在夜幕降临前游览完所有景点，离
开小镇。
The sightseers can take in everything （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） get out of
town by nightfall.
・・・・第四段•*•・
contribute subsidy
❶ The townsfolk don't see it this way and the local council does not directly to the of the Royal Shake
speare Company.小镇居民却不这样看，当地市政委员会也不直接给予皇家莎士比亚剧团补贴。
（1） The townsfolk don't see it this way （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and the local council does not contribute directly to ttiejsubsidy （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the subsidy
of
—级修饰 the Royal Sliakespeare Company.
c*ontribute s*ubsidy [
商帝洼暮 [kan tnbjuit]。.捐助；增加 -SAbsodi] n.补贴；补助金
❷Stratford cries poor traditionally.哭穷是斯特拉特福德镇的传统。
句子主干 Stratford cries poor traditionally.（主+谓）
「要廉洼籍；本句中,cries poor并不是常规用法,为了更好地理解文章，可将其整体视为谓语。
wing lounge.
❸ Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new or cocktail 尽管如此，镇上的各家旅馆似乎
都在增建新的侧厅或酒吧间。
M
—级修饰 town
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰every hotel
句子主干 Nevertheless every hotel...seems to be adding g_n^^jnjg_or cockt^jounge.（主+谓+宾）
w* ing [ l*ounge [ ]aund3
'词H：洼释' wig] n.侧厅;翼v.飞行 〕n_休息厅;客厅".坐;躺
---------------‘ .4
❹ Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear
Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.希尔顿集团正在那里筹建自己的
酒店，你可以肯定它会配备哈姆雷特汉堡店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会（莎士比亚悲剧《麦克白》中的情景）厅等
等，而且价格会十分昂贵。
80with
Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth,
二级修饰
—级修饰
句子主干
….第五段,,,•
❶ Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.无论如何，小镇居民都
不能理解为什么皇家莎士比亚剧团需要补贴。
—级修饰 Anyway,
插入语
the townsfolk can't understand （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 why引导的宾语从句, :作c*tan understand的宾语
why
the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.
attendance in a row.
❷（The theatre has broken records for three years （剧院上座率已经连续三年打破纪录。
句子主干
一级修饰
attendance in a row
词汇注释: [a-tendans] n.出席人数；参加 连续几次地，接连几天地
❸ Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.）去年该剧院 1431 个
座位的年平均上座率达到94% ,而且今年的情况将会更好。）
（1） Last year its 1,431 seats were 94pe£cent^ccupied all year long （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and this year they'll do better.）（主+谓）
:要点注释：本句和❷句共同解释说明❶句。
rocketed stayed
❹ The reason, of course, is that costs have and ticket prices have low,当然，（剧院需要补贴的）原因
是成本飞速上涨,而票价却一直低廉。
一级修饰 of course,
___________ «插入语
The reason,...is...（主+系+表从）
:that引导的表语从句
that
句子主干 costs have rocketed
| and连接并列的表语从句
and
ticket prices have stayed low.
81r*ocket s*tay [
词汇洼暮 [-rokit] vi.猛增;飙升n.火箭 stei] link. v.保持;停留
•…第六段.…
attractive
❶ It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most
clientele.
大幅度提高票价将会是一件为难的事，因为这会赶走那些斯特拉特福德镇最能吸引到的年轻顾客。
to
raise prices too much
句子主干 :It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
It would be ashame （主+系+表）
J because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because the young people
—级修饰 it would dove away
who引导的定语从句,|修饰the young people
Who
二级修饰 are Stratfbrd's most attractive clientele.
a*ttractive clientele
:词 j[:aS [airaktiv] a.吸引人的;诱人的 r ,kli：3n tel] n.顾客（总称）；客户
❷They come entirely for the plays, not the sights.这些年轻人完全是为了欣赏戏剧而非观光。
句子主干 They come entirely （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
for
—级修饰 the plays, not the sights.
lean, pointed,
❸ They all seem to look alike （though they come from all over）— dedicated faces, wearing jeans and
bedding down flagstones
sandals, eating their buns and for the night on the outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and
80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10：30 a. m.这些游客看上
去都差不多（尽管来自四面八方）——身材瘦削，棱角分明，神情专注，穿着牛仔裤和凉鞋，吃着小圆面包，在剧
院外的石板路上过夜，为的是能在上午1。：30售票处开门时，买到专门预留并出售给他们这些露宿者的20张坐
票和80张站票。
句子主干 Thej[ all seem to look alike （主+系 +表）
j : though引导的让步状语从句，作句了主干的止步状语
（though
they come from all over）
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
—-jean, pointed, dedicated faces,
并列成分
wearing
—级修饰 jeans and sandals,
I并列的现在分词短语
eating
their buns
and连接并列的现在分词短语
and bedding
down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre
|动词不定式短语作目的状语
to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets
二级修饰
过去分词短语作后置定语,｛修饰the 20 seats...tickets
held sold
for the sleepers and to them
三级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句
when
the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
82l*[eliamn] a. pointed
商汇洼释.bed down 瘦的；贫乏的〃.倾斜;靠 flagstone[ 'pomtid] a.尖的；直截了当的
在....过夜 [ •flaegstaon]几.石板
Text 3
•第一段・"・
prehistoric
O When extinct.man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly
became 当史前人类到达世界上某个新地方时，一些奇怪的事情发生在大型动物身上:它们突然灭绝了。
When
—级修饰 prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,
I
When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
------------- *
句子主干 something strange happened （主+谓）
":介词短语作状语，表对象
to
the large animals:
一级修饰 解释说明句子主干
they suddenly became extinct.
prehistoric extinct5^ [
:词汇注释 ' [ ipriihrstonk] a.史前的；远占的 ik-stigkt] a.灭绝的；（火山）死的
❷Smaller species survived.而小型物种却能幸存下来。
句子主干 Smaller species survived.（主+谓）
❸ The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.生K缓慢的大型动物容易被
捕获，并迅速遭到猎杀，以致灭绝。
The large, slow・growing animals were easyjgame,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and were hunted
quickly to extinction.
:要，&注辱;系表结构were easy game构成复合谓语。
❹Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.现在，类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。
句子主干 Now something similar could be happening （主+谓）
\介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in
—级修饰 the oceans.
•…第二段•…
❶That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.海洋鱼类被过度捕捞的事实多年来一直为人所周知。
That
the seas are being overfished
句子主干 j That引导的主语从句
...has been known for years.（主从+谓）
❷ What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. 兰森姆•迈
尔斯和鲍里斯-沃尔姆等研究者向我们揭示了事情变化得有多快。
such as
—级修饰 Ransom Myers and Boris Worm
]such as...举例说明researchers
What researchers..
.have shown
I What
引导的主语从句
句子主干 …鱼just...（主从+系+表从）
I
how引导的表语从句
how
fest things are changing.
83fisheries around the world.
❸ They have looked at half a century of data from 他们研究了世界各地渔场半个世纪的数据。
句子主干 They have looked at h^ a ce^ury of data (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语J修饰data
from
—级修饰 fisheries around the world.
jE fishery [-fijari] around the world
商 活籍: n.渔场 世界各地
attempt estimate biomass
❹ Their methods do not to the actual (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in
over time.
particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass 其研究方法并不是试图估算特定海域中
鱼类的实际生物量(活体生物的数量)，而是估算生物量随着时间推移所发生的变化。
句子主干
—级修饰
二级修饰
要点注释：本句中,not...but rather 连接并列成分 attempt to estimate the actual biomass...和(attempt to estimate)
changes.,否定刖者，月定后者o
i attempt' estimate * [
词汇洼释 “，tempt] m试图；努力上试图;企图 -estimeit ] v.估算;估计pestimot]几估价
biomass over time
[，bai0umaes] n.生物量 随着时间的推移
predators (
❺ According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large animals that kill and eat other ani
exploitation.
mals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of 根据他们最近发表
在《自然》杂志上的一篇论文可知，新渔场在开发的前15年里,大型食肉鱼类(猎食其他动物的鱼类)的生物量
平均减少了 80%。
published
二级修饰 in Nature,
过去分词短语作后置定语,]修饰paper
paper
一级修饰 According to their latest
\插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 the biomass of large predators...is reduced (主+谓)
解释说明 large predators
(animals that kill and eat other animals)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰large predators
in
一级修饰 a new fishery
介词短语作状语
:要点注释1括号中的内容解释说明large predators,其中嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句，修饰animals0
Predator exploitation
词汇注蒋'、、 [，predg(r)]几捕食性动物；掠夺者 [ te*nk]spbrteiJ 几开发；利用；剥削
❻In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then,从那以后，在一些长期捕鱼的海域，生物量又减少了
一半。
84一级修饰 In some long-fished areas,
1介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 it has halved again since then.（主+谓）
第三段••••
acknowledges conservative.
❶ Dr. Worm that these figures are 沃尔姆博士承认这些数据是保守的。
Dr.Worm acknowledges （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作acknowledges的宾语
that
these figures are conservative.
acknowledge ' conservative * [
;词汇注释 [ ak-nolids] vt.承认;认可 k*Sa3n ：vgtiv] a.保守的 n.保守党支持者
❷ One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.原因之一是捕鱼技术提高了。
One reason for this is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [that引导的表语从句
that
fishing technology has improved.
vessels prey
❸ Today's can find their using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago.如今的渔船能够
使用50年前还没有的卫星和声呐寻找猎物。
句子主干 Today's vessels can find dwirjgrey （主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的方式状语
using satellites and sonar.
—级修饰
which引导的非限定性定语从句，:补充说明satellites and sonar
which
二级修饰 were not available 50 years ago.
\ vessel^ p*[prreeyi]
[-vesl]几船;容器;血管 n.猎物;受害者疣•捕食;坑害（尤指弱者）
❹ That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is
likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.这意味着更大比例的海洋生物正在遭到捕捞，因
此现在跟过去生物量的实际差异很可能比捕捞量变化所记录的差异更大。
一级修饰
句子主干
—级修饰
'：要点注释! 介词短语of what is in the sea中嵌套了一个what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语；比较状语than...
中，过去分词短语recorded by changes in catch sizes作the one的后置定语。
85longlines saturated
❺ In the early days, too, would have been more with fish.而且，早些时候，多钩长线上能够挂满
更多的鱼。 C
—级修饰 In the early days, too,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 longlines would have been more saturated with fish.（主+谓）
:要点注馨■本句中，谓语would have been... saturated使用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反，意为“本可
二二二二以long…lin…e ” saturate^ [
:词汇您将 [lorjlam]几多钩长线，延绳钓 -S2et/0reit] vt.使充满;使饱满
baited trap
❻ Some individuualnsd weroeusldti mthaetree fore not shtoavcek sb een caught, since no hooks would have been available to them,
leading to an of fish in the past.但因为用没有挂诱饵的鱼钩来诱捕它们，因此个别鱼可能
会漏捕，这种情况会导致人们低估过去的鱼类储量。
句子主干 Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,（主+谓）
" ! since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
since
no baited hooks would have been available
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
leading
to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
二级修饰 trap them,
b*ait t*rap
:商汇注程：u*nder[ebsetilmt] avte.给 [ （鱼钩或陷阱等）上诱饵n.诱饵 s*"tock [[t rap] v.诱捕;诱骗n.陷阱;圈套
iAndsr estimeit]诅低估;轻视 stok]几.储备量；（商店的）现货
❼ Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.此夕卜，在
多钩长线捕鱼的早期，大量的鱼上钩以后又会被鲨鱼吃掉。
in
—级修饰 the early days of longline fishing,
J介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Furthermore,...a lot of fish were lost to sharks （主+系+表）
: after引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
after
—级修饰 they had been hooked.
❽ That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.如今,这不再 ~个问题了，因为周围的鲨鱼变少了。
句子主干 That is no longer a^roblem,（主+系+表）
i because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because
一级修饰 there are fewer sharks around now.
•・..第四段....
O baseline, take into
aDcr.c oMuynetr.s and Dr. Worm aigue that their work gives a correct which future management efforts must
迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士认为他们的研究给出了一个未来捕捞管理工作必须考虑的正确基准。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，:作argue的宾语
that a correct baseline,
their work gives
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明a correct baseline
which
—级修饰 future management efforts must take into account.
baseline take into account
商定生薜. [ -beislam] n.基准；基线 考虑到;把……计算在内
86current marine
❷ They believe the data support an idea among biologists, that of the u shifting baseline".他们认为这些
数据能够证明海洋生物学家普遍认可的观点，即“动态基准” O
They believe （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作believe的宾语
an idea
the data support
"]形容词短语作后置定语，修饰an idea
current
among marine biologists,
—级修饰 | an idea的同位语
that of the "shifting baseline".
c*urrent [ m* arine [
词汇注释 1 kArant] q.流行的；通用的 ms rim' a.海洋的;海事的
notion massive
❸ The is that people have failed to detect the changes which have happened in the ocean because they
have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.这种观点认为:人们未能察觉到海洋里已经发生的
巨大变化,因为他们一直以来只回顾过去相对较短时间内的情况.
The notion is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 j that引导的表语从句
that the massive changes
people have failed to detect
which引导的定语从句，修饰the massive changes ?
which
have happened in the ocean
一级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句
because a relatively short time
they have been looking back only
介词短语作后置定语，j修饰a relatively short time
into
二级修饰 the past.
n*otion [ m* assive [
〔词汇洼将: nsujn] n.观点;信念 maesiv] a.巨大的;结实的
sustainable yield cropped
❹ That matters because theory suggests that the maximum that can be from a fishery comes
target
when the biomass of a species is about 50% of its original levels.这很重要，因为"动态基准'理论指出：当口
标物种的生物量大约是初始水平的50%时，渔场能够获得最大持续滴获量。
句子主干 That matters （主+谓）
[ because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because suggests
theory
一级修饰 :that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
that the maximum sustainable yield..
.comes
t that引导的定语从句，[修饰the maximum sustainable yield
that
can be cropped from a fishery
二级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句
when
the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its onginai levels.
:sustainable y*ield
[system"] a.可持续的;合理利用的 n.产量;收益 vt.出产;产生
c*rop t*arget [
[krop] v.收获；有收成几庄稼；产量 -taigit] n.目标；对象
❺ Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.大多数渔场却远远低于这-水平，这是一种有
害的经营方式。
句子主干 Most fisheries are well^elowtfiat,（主+系+表）
T which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
which
一级修饰 is a bad way to do business.
87Text 4
•・..第一段....
❶Many things make people think artists are weird.许多事情让人们觉得艺术家是怪异的。
Many things make people think （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 ［省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作think的宾语
artists are weird.
❷ But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel
bad.但最怪异的也许在于:艺术家唯一的工作就是探究各种情感，然而他们却选择关注负面情感。
句子主干 But the weirdest may be fliis：（主+系+表）
［解释说明this
artists' only job is to explore emotions,
—级修饰 | and连接的并列句
and the ones
yet they choose to focus on
that引导的定语从句J修饰the ones
that
二级修饰 I feel bad.
• •• •第二段••••
❶This wasn't always so,情况并非总是如此。
句子主干 This wasn't always so.（主+系+表）
❷ The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy.最早的艺术形式，如绘画和
音乐，是最适于表达快乐的。
—级修饰 like painting and music,
!举例说明The earliest forms of art
句子主干 The earliest forms of art,...are those （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语,［修饰those
suited
—级修饰 best for expressing joy.
phony
❸ But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, or, worst of
daffodils
all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.但大约从 19 世纪开始，更多的艺
术家开始把快乐看作是毫无意义的、虚假的、甚至是使人厌倦的东西，正如我们从华兹华斯笔下的水仙花过渡
到波德莱尔笔下的恶之花时所体验到的那样。
from
一级修饰 somewhere the 19th century onward,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
But...more artists began seeing happiness （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [介词短语作happiness的补足语
as
meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring,
as引导的状语从句，作句子主干的状语
as
—级修饰 we went “
[介词短语作状语
from to
二级修饰 Wordsworth's daffodils Baudelaire's flowers of evil.
phony daffodil [
词汇洼盛 [ -fsoni] a.假冒的；虚伪的n.冒牌货 daefsdil] n.水仙花a.水仙花色的
88• •••第三段...•
skeptical misery.
❶ You could argue that art became more of happiness because modem times have seen so much 你可能
会辩称，因为现代社会遭受了太多痛苦,所以艺术对快乐愈发怀疑。
You could argue （主+谓+窘四）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作could argue的宾语
that
art became more skeptical of happiness
| because引导的原因状语从句
because
—级修饰 modem times have seen so much misery.
skeptical * [ m* isery [
词汇注将: *skeptikal] a.怀疑的 -mizari] n.痛苦,苦难;穷困
perpetual disaster massacre innocents.
❷ But it's not as if earlier times didn't know war, and the of 但这并不是说早期
时代好像就没有经历过连续不断的战争、灾难和滥杀无辜。
But it's not...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [as if引导的表语从句
as if
earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.
perpetual d*isaster [
[词汇注释： r [ pa petfual] q.连续不断的；无休止的 drza:stg（r）]儿灾难；不幸
☆ ★
massacre [ innocent [
•maesskofr） ] n. /vt.屠杀；（使）惨败 •masnt] n.无辜者 a.无罪的
❸ The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite： there is too much damn happiness in the world today.事实上，原因可能
恰恰相反：当今世界有太多令人厌烦的快乐。
—级修饰 in fact,
__________ j插入语
句子主干 The reason,...may be just the opjgosite:（主+系+表）
[解释说明The reason
一级修饰 there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
….第四段.…
After all, completely dedicated to depicting
O what is the one modem form of expression almost happiness?另U忘了 ,几
乎完全致力于描绘快乐的一种现代表现形式是什么呢？
—级修饰 After all,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 what is the one modem form of expression （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系动词+主）
, 形容词短语作后置定语,[修饰the one modern form of expression
dedicated
—级修饰 almost completely to depicting happiness?
after all completely
司汇注察. （解释或说明理由）别忘了，到底 [kam pliitH] ad.完全地;彻底地
（be）dedicated to d*epict
致力于;投身于 [d’pikt] vt.描写；描绘
❷ Advertising.是广告 °
有子辟解:本句是一个省略句，主语是Advertising,用于回答。句提出的问题。其完整形式应为Advertising is
the one modem form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness o
emergence
❸ The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in
ideology.
which happiness is not just an ideal but an 反快乐艺术几乎紧随着大众传媒的出现而兴起，与大众传媒
相伴而生的还有一种商业文化,在这种文化中，快乐不仅是一种理想,还是一种意识形态。
89■—级修饰 of mass media,
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the emergence
（1） The rise of anti・happy art almost exactly tracks flieemergence （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
There be there + is +
（2） and...（there is） a commercial culture （ 句型： 主）
[介词短语作（2 ）句的状语八
with
it,
一级修饰 介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰a commercial culture
in which
1 emergence
happiness is not just an ide
i
a
d
l
e
b
o
u
lo
t
g
an
y
☆id
[
eology.
词;匚洼蒋 [rmaidsans] n.出现；兴起 eidiplochi] n.意识形态
••••第五段•…
O People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery.早期时代的人们处于极其痛苦的境地。
in
—级修饰 earlier eras
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰People
句子主干 People.・・were surrounded （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
by
—级修饰 reminders of misery.
exhausted, protections
❷ They worked until lived with few and died young.他们工作到筋疲力尽，生活几乎没有任何
保障,年纪轻轻就去世了。
until
—级修饰 （they were） exhausted,
j
until引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
They worked （主+谓）
I并列谓语
lived
句子主干 with few protections
| and连接的并列谓语
and died
young.
exhausted protection
i司注暮‘ [ig-zoistid] a.筋疲力尽的 [pralekjn]几保护；防卫
literacy, medium
❸ In the West, before mass communication and the most powerful mass was the church, which remin
ded worshippers that their souls were in clanger and that they would someday be meat for worms.在西方，在大众传媒
和读写普及之前,最有影响力的大众传播媒介是教堂，它提醒信徒们:他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们有朝一日
会成为蛆虫的食物。
In
the West,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
before
mass communication and literacy,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the most powerful mass medium was th^church,（主+系+表）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明the church
which reminded
worshippers
that引导的宾语从句J作reminded的直接宾语
that
_级修饰 their souls were in danger
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and
that they would someday be meat for worms.
90l*iteracy [ m* edium [
:i司汇注卷： litsrasi] n.识字;读写能力 mi：dbm] n.（传播信息的）媒介;手段a.中等的
❹
Given bummer
all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a too.鉴于此，他们实在无须止艺术也成为令人烦
恼的事。
—级修饰 Given all this,
I插入语 ”
句子主干 they did not exactly need dieii^art to be a bummer too.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
given bummer
\商HZ洼蒋. [ gvn] prep.鉴于;考虑到 [ -bAm9（r） ] n.令人烦恼（或失望）的事
••••第六段••••
❶ Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy.
今天,围绕普通西方人的信息不是宗教的，而是商业的，而且是永远快乐的O
—级修饰 the average Westerner is surrounded with
I省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the messages
Today the messages...are not religous （主+系+表）
句子主干 | not...but连接的并列表语
but
commercial, and forever happy.
anchors,
❷ Fast-food eaters, news text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling.快餐食客、新闻主播、发短信者，都
在微笑、微笑、微笑。
；句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，省略了系动词are,其中主语是Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers,
表语是 smiling, smiling, smiling,词 all 作状语。
anchor^-
:Wltasj [.^k3（r）]几主播；节目主持人;锚仇抛锚;使固定
beaming celebrities
❸ Our magazines feature and happy families in perfect homes.我们的杂志以刊登满面春风的名人
和幸福美满的家庭为特色。
句子主干 Our magazines feature况迎®g您坦。史1箜空4一也观PY场典（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰happy families
in
一级修饰 perfect homes.
beaming c*elebrity [
:WjEaS : [，bi：mi。] a.笑容满面的；耀眼的 sa lebrati] n.名人;名流
agenda— lure
❹ And since these messages have an to us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem
unreliable.由于这些信息都有一个目的——引诱我们打开钱包一-它们使“快乐”这一概念本身显得不可靠。
二级修饰 to lure us to open our wallets—
解释说明an agenda
i^nce an agenda
—级修饰 these messages have
[since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 And... they make diej^eryjdea^fhappiness seem unreliable.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
a*genda l*ure [
；高疟洼暮： [9.d3end9] n.目的;议程表 iU9（r） ] vt.引诱;诱惑几.诱惑力；诱饵
commanded arthritis
❺“Celebrate!'' the ads for the drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of
heart attacks. “欢庆吧！”关节炎药品“西乐葆”的广告这样鼓动道，随后我们却发现这种药会增加心脏病发作的
风险O
91句子主干 ^Celebrat^2 commanded the ads （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
一级修饰
command * [ arthritis
词汇注释 ka maind]。.指示；命令 [arOraitis] 关节炎
••••第七段•*••
depends on pain.
❶ But what we forget—what our economy us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without
但是我们所忘记的一一我们的经济指望我们忘却的——就是快乐不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。
一级修饰 —what our economy depends on us foi^etting—
I补充说明主语从句
what
we forget
j what引导的主语从句
句子主干 But...is...（主从+系+表从）
[that引导的表语从句
that
happiness is more than pleasure without pain.
depend on p*ain
:词汇注释 依靠;信赖 [pein] n.痛苦;苦恼v.使痛苦
❷ The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.带来最大快乐的东西也
最有可能带来损失和失望j
that
一级修饰 bring the greatest joy
]that引导的定语从句，修饰The things
句子主干 The things...carry tihejgreatest^otentisd （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the greatest potential
for
—级修饰 loss and disappointment.
❸ Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento moru. remember
that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. 今天，我彳门周
围充斥着承诺，告诉我们快乐可以轻易获得，我们需要艺术像宗教曾做过的那样提醒我们人终有一死:记得你
终将死去,一切都会结束，快乐不在于否认这一事实，而在于接受它
surrounded
—级修饰 by promises of easy happiness,
l过去分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 Today,...we need art to tell us,... Memento mori:（主+谓+宾+宾补）
as引导的方式状语从句[ '
as religion once did,
解释说明Memento mori
remember that
you will die,
[that引导并列的'宾语从句，作remember的宾语
一级修饰
that
everything ends,
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and
that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.
92;罢点注释:本句中,that... comes not in...but in...中的not... but连接并列的状语°
clove cigarette,
❹ It's a message even more bitter than a yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.这一启示甚至比丁 香烟还
要苦，但不知为何却带来了一股清新的气息。
more bitter
even
一级修饰 !形容词比较级作后置是语，修饰a message
than
a clove cigarette,
* j than...作(1 )句的比较状语
(1) It's am^sage (主+系+表)
句子主干 :yet连接的并列句，表转折
(2) yet, (it's) somehow, a^reatl^offresl^air.(主+系+表)
：
: clove c*igarette [,
[klauv] n. 丁香;蒜瓣 sigaret] n.香烟;纸烟
Part B
*• • • k• ••»
casino
O On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat ( a
gambling
place where games are played).印第安纳州埃文斯维尔坐落于俄亥俄河的北岸，它是52岁的大卫•威
廉姆斯的家乡，也是一处河船赌场(一个玩赌博游戏的场所)的所在地。
On
—级修饰 the north bank of the Ohio river
:介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 sits Evansville, Ind・,(倒装句：谓+主)
I Evansville, Ind.的同位语
---------------- -1 ........................................ .
home of David Williams, 52.
一级修饰 (and连接的并列结构
and a riverboat casino
(home) of
| 解释说明a riverboat casino
二级修饰 (a place where gambling games are played).
casino gambling
商无生蒋. [ka-simau] n.赌场 ［，g庞mb囱］几赌博；打赌；赌钱
auditor approximately
❷ During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state earning $35 ,000 a year, lost
$175,000.威廉姆斯是州政府的一名审计员，年薪3.5万美元。在那个赌场赌博的几年时间里，他输了大约17.5
万美元。
二级修饰
一级修饰
句子主干 Williams,...lost approximately $175^000.(主+谓+宾)
要点注释:a state auditor...中，现在分词短语earning $35 ,000 a year作后置定语，修饰a state auditor o
auditor approximately
词汇注释: [ ■□：dita(r) ] n.审计员 [ g-proksimstli] ad.大约；大概
93coupon worth
❸ He had never gambled before the casino sent him a for $20 of gambling.在赌场赠送给他 20 美兀的赌
博优惠券之前，威廉姆斯从不赌博。
句子主干 He had never gambled （主+谓）
[before引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
before a coupon
一级修饰 the casino sent him
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a coupon
二级修饰 for $20 worth of gambling.
c*oupon [ w* orth [
词汇注释1 ku：pon] n.优惠券;订货单 W3：0j n.价值；意义a.值得的
•…第二段•…
O He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left.他第一次到赌场，输掉这20美兀后就离开了。
He visited the casino,（主+谓+宾）
I并列谓宾
lost
句子主干 the $20
I and连接的并列谓语
and left.
❷ On his second visit he lost $800.第二次他输了 800 美元。
On
—级修饰 his second visit
:介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 he lost $800.（主+谓+宾）
❸ The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card," which when used in the casino earns points for meals and
drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities.赌场认为威廉姆斯是位好顾客，给他发 T一张
“娱乐卡”，在赌场使用可积分兑换食物和饮料。这也使得赌场可以跟踪持卡人的赌博活动G
句子主干 The casino issued to him,...虬夷（主+谓+宾）
插入语，［补充说明him
as a good customer,
which引导的非限定性定语从句,补充说明a "Fun Card”
which...earns
points for meals and drinks,
'and连接的并列谓宾
—级修饰
and enables the casino
，动词不定式短语作the casino的补足语
to
track the user's gambling activities.
when引导的时间状语从句
when
二级修饰 （the "Fun Card" was） used in the casino
❹ For Williams, those activities became what he calls Melectronic heroin."对威廉姆斯来说，这些活动变成了他所谓的
“电子海洛因”。
<4
For Williams, those activities became...（主+系 +表从）
句子主干 T what引导的表语从句
what
he calls "electronic heroin."
94• •••第三段•••・
O By the time he had lost $5 ,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit,输到 5000 美元时，
他对自己说如果能够回本，就不赌了。
By the time
一级修饰 he had lost $5,000t
[By the time引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
he said to himself （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作said的宾语
that...
be would quit.
[if引导的条件状语从句
—级修饰 if he could gel back to even,
One night he won $5 ,500, but he did not quit.但一天夜里他赢了 5500美元,却并没有就此停手。
（1） One night he won $5^500,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，•表转折
（2） but he did not quit.（主+谓）
slot
In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one machine in two days. 1997 年，他在一台老虎机上两天之内就输了 2.1 万美元
句子主干 In 1997 he lost $21J）00 （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
to one dot machine
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
in two days.
i词汇注释： s*lot [slot!几硬币投放口；窄缝vt.投放;插入
❹ Jn March 1997 he lost $72,186. 1997 年 3 月，他输了 72186 美元。
In March 1997
一级修饰
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 he lost $72,186.（主+谓+宾）
（locked
❺ He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat at 5 a.m., then went back aboard
when the casino opened at 9 a.m.有时他同时在两台老虎机上赌博一整夜，直到早晨5 ：00船停靠码头。然后到
上午9 ：00赌场开放时，他又上船睹博。
until
the boat docked at 5 a.m.,
—级修饰 until引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
all night,
插入语J补充说明句子主干
He sometimes played twoslotjnachines at a time,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 并列谓语
went
then back aboard
[when引导的时间状语从句
一级修饰 when the casino opened at 9 a. m.
3司汇注释' d*[doDckk] 0.（使船）停靠码头n.船坞
95suing patronage
❻ Now he is the casino, charging that it should have refused his because it knew he was addicted. 现
在，他正在起诉该赌场,指控赌场既然已经知道他赌博成瘾,就应拒绝他继续进场。
句子主干 Now he is suing the casino,（主+谓+宾）
“ 一也--------------- ————
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
charging
—级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，作charging的宾语
that
it should have refused his patronage
f because引导的原因状语从句
because it knew
二级修饰 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作knew的宾语
he was addicted.
，
sueYf patronage
词汇注释' [su:] vt.控告vi.提出请求 [-paetrsmds] n.光顾;赞助
❼It did know he had a problem.赌场确实也知道他存在这一问题。
句子主干 It did know he had a problem.（主+谓+宾从）
・...第四段....
O involuntarily confined to
In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to
inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. 1998年3月，威廉姆斯的一位朋友将他强制送进了戒赌治疗中
心，并写信通知赌场关于威廉姆斯的赌博问题。•
In
—级修饰 March 1998,
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
confined
involuntarily to a treatment center for addictions,
I过去分词短语作him的补足语
+ ▼
句子主干 a friend of Williams's got him （主+谓+宾+宾补）
| and连接的并列谓语
and wrote
:动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
—级修饰 inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem.
involuntarily confine to
[ m volantrali] ad.强迫地;非自愿地 控制在....范围之内
u cease admissions"
@ The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a
letter.赌场把威廉姆斯的照片纳入禁止赌博的赌徒照片之列，并给他发了“禁止进入赌场”的通知信。
The casino included ^hoto^fWilliams among those of banned gamblers,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I and连接的并列谓宾
and wrote
to him a "cease admissions" letter.
c*ease admission
词汇注释 [si：s] m （使）停止;结束 *[ 9dmijn^ n.准许进入，进入权
❸
Noting psychological" readmitted
the u medical/ nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being to
demonstrating patronizing
the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information that the casino would
threat
pose no to his safety or well-being.信上指明了问题赌博行为的病理和心理特征，同时还提到，如果他要再
次进场赌博，就必须提供医疗和心理状况的相关信息，证明光顾赌场不会对他的安全和健康造成任何威胁。
96Noting
_级修饰 the ttmedical/psychologicalM nature of problem gambling behavior,
]现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
the letter said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作said的宾语
that... information
he would have to present medical/psychological
[介词短语作时间状语
before
being readmitted to the casino
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰information
demonstrating
—级修饰
that引导的宾语从句，；作demonstrating的宾语
that
patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
note * [ psychological
词汇注将 readmint a[u t ]小.指出；留意几记录；便条 d*emonstrate [ [i saika lodsikl] q.心理的；精神的
patronize vt.允许再次加入 threat^ [ demanstreit] vt.证明；表达
[ -paetranaiz] m 光顾；资助 eret]几.威胁；恐吓
…•第五段…
presented, pepper
❶ Although no such evidence was the casino's marketing department continued to him with mailings.
尽管没有此类证据被出'示，赌场市场部仍然不断地给他发邮件、
Although
—级修饰 no such evidence was presented,
I Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the casino's marketing department cnetinsed （主+谓+宾）
p*resent pepper^7 [
词汇注释 [pn zent] vt.呈现；展示[preznt] a.当前的 pepa（r） ] vt.连续击打 n.胡椒
❷ And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.而且他进赌场使用娱乐卡时也无人察觉o
And he entered th^casino （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and used
his Fun Card
介词短语作状语
without
—级修饰 being detected.
。…第六段•…
O The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,
not over it. ”根据《华尔街日报》报道，该赌场内有24个警告标牌:“享受乐趣……永远保持清醒，请勿过度”。
The WcM Street Journal reports （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，:作reports的宾语
that signs
the casino has 24
现在分词短语作后置定语,;修饰signs
：
warning
—级修饰 and连接的并列祈使句，j作warning的宾语
44Enjoy the fun.. .and always bet with your head, not over
97toll-free counseling
❷ Every entrance ticket lists a number for from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.赌场的每
张门票上都有印第安纳州心理健康部的免费咨询电话号码。
句子主干 Every entrance ticket lists ajolMreejiuinber （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语修饰number
forcounselii^
_ 级修饰
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰counseling
from
二级修饰 the Indiana Department of Mental Health.
toll-free [ counseling [
词汇注释 1 .taul-fri:] a.免费的 -kaunsalir）] n.咨询服务
❸ Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was uhelplessly addicted to gambling," intentionally
worked to "lure” him to **engage in conduct against his will. M然而,威廉姆斯在诉讼中控告赌场，明明知道他已经
“赌博成瘾，不可救药”，还故意“引诱”他，使他“做出违背自己意愿的行为”。
Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，[作charges的宾语
that him
句子主干 the casino,...intentionally worked to Ture"
'动词不定式短语作him的补足语]
to
"engage in conduct against his will."
现在分词短语作状语
knowing
一级修饰 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句J作knowing的宾语
he was ''helplessly addicted to gambling/，
❹Well.好吧。
句子辞解；Well是感叹词,在此处表示语气上的停顿。
••••第七段••••
required, compulsive
❶ It is unclear what luring was given his behavior.考虑到他的强迫性行为,目前尚不清楚的
是，需要什么样的诱惑（使他违背自己的意愿）。
what
luring was required,
句子主干 [it为形式主语，what引导的主语从句作真正的主语
It is ungear （主+系+表）
I介词短语作状语
given
—级修饰 his compulsive behavior.
；require * [ compulsive
词汇注释 n kwaia（r） ] vt.需要；要求 [kam paIsiv] a.强迫的；引人入胜的
❷And in what sense was his will operative?以及在何种意义上他的意愿才是有效的？
句子主干 And in what sense was his will operative?（特殊疑问句：介词+特殊疑问词+系+主+表）
•…第八段•…
«4
“ pathological
O The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says in qugeasmt bolfi ng"w iinnvdofalvlle.s
persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks a
《心理障碍诊断与统计手册》第四版提道:“病态赌博”指的是一种持续、反复且无法自控的行为,其更多在于寻
求冒险获取意外之财的刺激，并非仅仅是为了钱。
98一级修饰 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The fourth edition
The fourth editi（m...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 '省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
pursuit
''pathological g*ambling' ittvolves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable
less...than连接的介词短语作后置定语，修饰pursuit :
less of than of
—■级修饰 money the thrill of taking risks
］介词短语作状语
in quest of
二级修饰 a windfall.
diagnostic [ statistical
词汇注释 i （daiag nostik] a.诊断的 ti.诊断程序 [sta trstikl] Q.统计（学）的
manual^[ pathological [
maenjual] n.使用手册 a.手工的 .paeOa lodsikl] a.病态的；不理智的
in quest of windfall [
寻求，寻找 wmdfo：!] n.意外之财;横财
…•第九段•…
medicalizing
。It is worrisome that society is more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier,
sterner
generations explained as weakness of will.令人不安的是，社会正在用医学方法处理愈来愈多的行为问题
以前被更为严厉的先辈解释为意志薄弱的行为现在被定义为“成瘾症”。
It is womsome （主+系+表）
It
句子主干 t 为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that
society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,
［现在分词短语作伴随状语
defining
often as addictions
—级修饰 what引导的宾语从句，作defining的宾语
what
earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
:要出释:what引导的宾语从句，作defining的宾语，介词短语as addictions作宾语补足语。由于宾语较长，
'为使句子平衡，故将其置于宾语补足语之后。
medicalize ［ stern*［
:词汇洼薜: ，mediklaiz］仇.用医学的方法处理 st3：n］ a.严厉的;难对付的
reclassifying flaws
❷ Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is what once were considered character or
akin disabilities.
moral failings as personality disorders to physical 在科学或者所谓“科学”的推动下，现代社会将
从前我们认为的性格缺陷、道德沦丧重新划定为类似于生理缺陷的“人格障碍”。
Pushed
by science, or what claims to be science,
一级修饰 过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
akin
to physical disabilities.
形容词短语作后置定语,j修饰personality disorders
society is reclassifying...as personality disorders （主+谓+宾从+宾补）
句子主干 1 what引导的宾语从句，作is reclassifying的宾语
what
once were considered character flaws or moral failings
reclassify [
:词汇注释: irirklaesifai] vt.重新分类 n.缺陷;弱点;错误
akin disability [
[a kin] a.类似的；相似的 idisa-bibti] n.缺陷；障碍
.…第十段.…
❶ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social
disease.赌博一直是美国人生活的普遍特征。但长期以来，人们通常认为赌博是一种罪过或者是一种社会软病
99of
—级修饰 American life forever,
介词短语作后置定语,:修饰a commonfeature
（l）Gambling has been a_commonjeature （主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句
⑵but...it was broadly considered （主+谓）
［介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
for
a long time
一级修饰 or连接并列的名词短语作it的补足语
a sin, or a social disease.
aggressive promoter
❷ Now it is a social policy: the most important and of gambling in America is the government.现在
赌博却成为一种社会政策:在美国,赌博最重要、最积极的推动者就是政府。
句子主干 Now it is ajocial^policy:（主+系 +表）
j解释说明句子主干
promoter...
—级修饰 the most important and aggressive is the government.
介词短语作后置定语」修饰promoter
_______
of
二级修饰 gambling in America
a*ggressive promoter
词无洼蒋： [a gresiv] q.积极的;挑衅的 [prg'mgutg（r）]几推动者;倡导者
第^一段.…
lotteries,
O Forty-four states have 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you
wagering.
might say addicted to—revenues from 美国有44个州发行彩票,29个州开设赌场，这些州大多在不同程
度上依赖——你也可以说“沉溺于”一赌博收入。
（1 ）Forty・four states have lotteries,（主+谓+宾）
I并列句
句子主干 （2）29 （states） have casinos,（主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列句
（3）and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent （主+系+表）
介词短语作（3 ）句的状语[
on...
一级修饰 revenues from wagering.
___________ 补充说明]
二级修饰 —'you might say addicted to—
l*ottery wager
[-lotari] n.彩票的发行;碰运气的事 [ .weidsaCr） ] v.押（赌注）；打赌
❷ And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995 , competition for gamblers, dollars has become intense.自
从1995年第一家互联网赌博网站建立以来，争夺赌徒手中钱财的竞争就变得日益激烈。
since
—级修饰 the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,
i since引导的时间状语从句，作有子主干的时间状语
句子主干 And...competition...has become intense.（主+系+表）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰competition
for
_级修饰 gamblers, dollars
100❸ The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1 ,800 virtual casinos every week.《新闻周
刊》10月28日的报道称,每周有200万赌徒光顾1800家赌博网站。
The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,!作reported的宾语
that
2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week.
pornography profitable
❹ With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed as the Web's most
business.今年共有35亿美元在网络赌博上流失，它已超过色情业,成为网上盈利最高的行业。
With
—级修饰 $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,
" With独立主格结构作句子主干的状语
句子主干 gambling has passed p 土- o - r - n - o - g - r - a - phy （主+谓+宾）
斩:-----------------------
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
as
—级修饰 the Web's most profitable business.
pornography p*rofitable [
;词汇洼盛' [po: nografi] n.淫秽作品；色情书刊 profitsbl] a.盈利的；有益的
Part C
…第一段…
intellectual of no account
❶ Is it true that the American is rejected and considered in his society?美国的知识分子在他
所处的社会中受到排斥且被认为是无足轻重的,这是真的吗？
Is it true （ 一般疑问句：系+主+表）
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that is rejected
句子主干 the American intellectual
j and连接的并列谓语
and （is） considered
of no account in his society?
i*ntellectual of no account
「商汇注释 [.mta lektjual] n.知识分子a.智力的 无价值的;不重要的
❷I am going to suggest that it is not true.我要说的是，事实并非如此。
I am going to suggest （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 I that引导的宾语从句，作am going to suggest的宾语
that
it is not true.
❸ Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America.当
Bruckberger神父指出是知识分子排斥了美国时，他只讲出了部分实情。
句子主干 Father Bruckberger told gartofUjejtory （主+谓+宾）
: when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when observed
he
一级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，[作observed的宾语
that
it is the intellectuals who have rejected America.
JWiaSJ that引导的宾语从句是it is...who结构的强调句型，强调主语the intellectualso
❹But they have done more than that,然而知识分子做的还不止这些。
101句子主干 But they have done more （主+谓+宾）
[ than...作句子主干的比较状语
than
一级修饰 that.
dissatisfied
❺ They have grown with the role of the intellectual.他们渐渐对知识分子这个角色感至lj不满。
句子主干 They have grown di^atisfied （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
with
—级修饰 the role of the intellectual.
dissatisfied
:词汇注将 [ dis saetisfaid] q.（对....）不满的；不高兴的
❻It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.反对知识分子的不是美国，而是知识分子自己o
It is...who
句子主干 [it is... who为强调句型，强调主语they
they,...have become antb^ntellectual.（主+系+表）
[插入语，补充说明they
一级修饰 not America,
・...第二段....
pleads for definition.
❶First, the object of our study 首先，我们迫切需要对研究对象下一个定义
句子主干 First, the object...pleads for defmidon.（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the object
of
一级修饰 our study
plead for d*efinition [
:词汇洼释 请求；恳求；为....辩护 （defi-nifn] n.定义;解释
❷What is an intellectual?什么是知识分子？
句子主干 What is an intellectual?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
❸ I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in
Socratic way about moral problems.我会把知识分子定义为对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生
的首要责任和乐趣的人。
句子主干 I shall define him as an individual （主+谓+宾+宾补）
who引导的定语从句,[修饰an individual
who the activity of thinking
has elected... in Socratic way
—级修饰 介词短语作the activity of thinking的补足语|
as
his primary duty and pleasure in life
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the activity of thinking
about
二级修饰 moral problems.
consciously, articulately, frankly,
❹ He explores such problems and first by asking factual questions, then by asking
appropriate in the light of
moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems the factual and moral information
obtained.
which he has 他自觉、清晰、坦诚地探究道德问题，首先提出事实问题，接着提出道德问题，最后根据自
己所获得的事实和道德方面的信息，提出看似合适的行为建议。
102句子主干 He explores such^roblems consciously, articulately, and frankly,（主+i胃+宾）
[介词短语作方式状语
first by asking factual questions,
I并列的介词短语
_级修饰 then by asking moral questions,
并列的介词短语
by action
finally suggesting
which引导的定语从句，:修饰action
which
二级修饰 seems appropriate
[介词短语作状语
in the light of information
三级修饰 the factual and moral
which引导的定语从句，'修Winformation
which
四级修饰 he has obtained.
consciously articulately
:词汇注释:frankly [ ,konfasli] ad.自觉地；有意识地 a*ppropriate[ a[ rtikjalatli] ad.表达清楚地
in the lig[ h-ftr aoefg kli] ad.坦率地;老实说 obtain * [ s prsupriat] a.合适的；适当的
根据;按照 ab tem] vt.获得；实现 vi.存在
analogous obligation
❺ His function is to that of a judge, who must accept the of revealing in as obvious a manner as
possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.知识分子的职责与法官的职责相似，即他有义务用尽
可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
句子主干 His function is anal^ous （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
to a judge,
—级修饰 that of
who引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明a judge
who the obligation
二级修饰 must accept
介词短语作后置定语修饰the obligation
of the course of reasoning
三级修饰 revealing...
'介词短语作方式状语 “
in
as obvious a manner as possible
四级修饰 which引导的定语从句，修饰the course of reasoning
which
led him to his decision.
analogous o*bligation [
:词汇注释: [s naebgas] a.相似的；类似的 iDbh geiJn] n.义务；责任
…•第三段•…
excludes referred to as average
O This definition many individuals usually intellectuals—the scientist, for one. 这个定
义将许多通常被称作知识分子的人排除在外——比如普通科学家。
句子主干 This definition excludes many individuals （主+谓+宾）
… -==JT»g --------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
!过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰many individuals
referred
usually to as intellectuals
—级修饰 举例说明many individuals
—the average scientist, for one.
e*xclude refer to as
词汇注释 [ik sklu：d]仇.将... 排斥在外;不包括 被称作，被称为
a*verage [ •aevonds] Q.
普通的；平均的
103accomplishments contribute to
❷ I have excluded him because, while his may the solution of moral problems, he has not
been charged with approaching
the task of any but the factual aspects of those problems.我之所以将普通科学家排
除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实层面。
句子主干 I have excluded him (主+谓+宾)
[ because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because,. the task
—级修饰 ..he has not been charged with
'' 介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the task
of
approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
二级修饰 while引导的让步状语从句
while the solution
his accomplishments may contribute to
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the solution
of
三级修饰 moral problems,
accomplishment [ a contribute to
，词汇注释 I kAmpliJmant ] □.成就；成绩；才艺 有助于；贡献
be charged with approach * [ s
承担....；被控告 prgutj] vt.研究 n.方式
encounters routine
❸ Like other human beings, he moral issues even in the everyday performance of his duties一he is not
manufacture doctor
supposed to cook his experiments, evidence, or his reports.像其他人一样，即使在日常工作
中，科学家也会遇到道德问题一一他不应该篡改实验、捏造证据或伪造报告。
even in the everyday performance of his routine duties
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
Like
other human beings,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语]
句子主干 he encounters moraKssues (主+谓+宾)
[插入语，解释说明句子主干
—he is not supposed to cook his experiments,
I并列的动词不定式短语
(to)
_级修饰 manufacture evidence,
| or连接并列的动词不定式短语
or (to)
doctor his reports.
e*ncounter [ r*outine
词汇注蒋: in-kaunta(r) ] v.遇到；遭遇 [rurtizn] a.日常的；例行的 n.惯例
manufacture * [ d*octor [
imaenju fsektfa(r) ] vt.捏造；制造 -dokta^) ] vt.伪造；篡改
code governs
❹ But his primary task is not to think about the moral which his activity, any more than a businessman is
exploration conduct
expected to dedicate his energies to an of rules of in business.但是，普通科学家的首要任务并
不是思考支配自己行为的道德准则，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索商业行为准则一样。
句子主干 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code (主+谓+宾)
which引导的定语从句，|修饰the moral code
which
governs his activity,
—级修饰 than引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
than a businessman
any more is expected
动词不定式短语作a businessman的补足语
to an exploration
二级修饰 dedicate his energies to
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰an exploration
of
三级修饰 rules of conduct in business.
104:要点注释:"not...any more than...”是一种比较结构,意味着主句和than引导的比较状语从句均表否定意义。
c*ode ［kaud］ g*overn
:问汇箕样一， n.准则;法规;代码 ［，gAvn］皿支配;统治
exploration conduct
［ KkspMreiJn］几探索；探究 ★［虫DndAkt］几行为；举止；经营方式
❺ During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. 普通科学家
在其一生大部分时间里，都将遵守职业道德视,为理所当然，就像商人遵守商业道德一样。
During
一级修饰 most of his waking life
］介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 he will take his^ode for granted,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
: as引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
as
—级修饰 the businessman takes his ethics.
•••第四段•••
❶ The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method
whereby many intellectuals earn their living.这个定义也将大多数教师排除在外，虽然教学是许多知识分子传统的
谋生手段C
句子主干 The definition also excludes （主+谓+宾）
i介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
despite the fact
一级修饰
:that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
that the method
二级修饰 teaching has traditionally been
whereb｝引导的定语从句，修饰the method
whereby
三级修饰 many intellectuals eam their living.
要点注释：whereby引导定语从句时,相当于by which0
earn reflections
❷ They may teach very well, and more than their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent
on human problems which involve moral judgment.他们可以教得很好，而且不只是为了赚取薪资，但他们中的大多
数人却几乎或根本不会对涉及道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。
一级修饰 and more than eam their salaries,
!补充说明（i）句
（1） They may teach very well,（主+谓）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but most of them make little or no independent reflections （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语J表对象
on human problems
一级修饰
which引导的定语从句，j修饰human problems
which
二级修饰 involve moral judgment.
：
:诃汇洼释 e*[arn 3n] v.挣得；赢得 r*eflection [n-flekjn] n.思考；回忆
description eminent
❸ This even fits the majority of scholars.这种描述甚至适用于大多数杰出学者°
句子主干 This description even fits史急四叵此匹理匝竺以虫业（主+谓+宾）
105d*escription eminent^ [
:词汇注释' [di sknpjn] n.描述；种类 -emingnt] a.卓越的；著名的
learned illustrious
❹ Being in some branch of human knowledge is one thing； living in public and thoughts,n as Emerson
would say, is something else.在人类知识的某个领域学识渊博是一回事;而正如爱默生所说,过一种“心怀大众、
思想卓越”的生活,是另一回事。
of
二级修饰 human knowledge
介词短语作后置定语，修饰some branch
in some branch
—级修饰
介词短语作状语，修饰Being learned
(l)Being learned...is onejhing;(主+系+表)
句子主干 并列句
(2)living...is sometHn^else.(主+系 +表)
[介词短语作状语，修饰living
in “public and illustrious thoughts,"
一级修饰
插入语，[补充说明"public and illustrious thoughts,,
二级修饰 as Emerson would say,
learned illustrious
"司一汇让样一： [】3：nid] a.有学问的;博学的 [i lAStrias] a.卓越的；辉煌的
106
