文档内容
2017年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
❶People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.几个世纪以来，人们一直推洲一个没有工作的未来。
_级修饰 for centuries
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 People have speculated （主+谓）
［介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 about a future
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰a future
二级修饰 without work.
词汇注释 speculate * ['spekjuleit] v.推测；猜测；推断 c*entury fsentfsri] n.世纪；一百年
❷ Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again warning that technology is replacing human
workers,如今也一样，学者、作家和活动家们再次警示称技术正在取代人工。
句子主干 Today is nojdjfierent,（主+系+表）
[with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
with academics, writers, and activists once again warning
that引导的宾语从句，作warning的宾语[
一级修饰
that technology is replacing human workers.
词汇注释 academic ★ ［.aek^demik］儿学者a.学术的；学校的 replace * [n'pleis] vt.取代，代替；更换
❸ Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by inequality： A few wealthy people will own all the
capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.他们中一些人猜测,即将到来的无工作世界
将以不平等为特征：少数富人将拥有全部资本，而普通大众将在贫困的荒原上苦苦挣扎。
句子主干 Some imagine如辿蒙理虫电迎（主+谓+宾从）
解释说明句子主干]
A few wealthy people will own all the capital,
—级修饰 | and连接的并列句
and the masses will struggle
介词短语作地点状语]
二级修饰 in an impoverished wasteland.
73词汇注释 imagine * [i'maed3in] vt.猜测 v.认为；想象 inequality [.mi'kwnlsti] n.不平等；不
capital * [^aepitl] n.资本；资金；首都 s*truggle ['strAgl] vi.挣扎；奋斗
impoverished [im'pDvgft] 贫困的；贫瘠的 wasteland [’weistlaend] n.荒原；荒地
Q 第二段日
O A different and not mutually exclusive prediction holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one
characterized by purposelessness： Without jobs to give their lives meaning, people will simply become lazy and
depressed.一种与之不同但并不相互排斥的预测认为，未来将是另一种荒原，一种以漫无目的为特征的荒原：
没有工作赋予生活以意义，人们只会变得懒惰和沮丧。
A different and not mutually exclusive prediction holds （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作holds的宾语[
that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort,
a wasteland的同位语|
-级修饰 one characterized by purposelessness：
补充说明purposelessness
二级修饰 people will simply become lazy and depressed.
[Without独立主格结构作条件状语
三级修饰 Without jobs to give their lives meaning,
«词汇注释 mutually ['mju:tfu91i] ad.相互地；彼此 exclusive * [*sikklu:siv] a.排他的；独有的
purposelessness ['p3：p0sl0sii0s] 〃.无目的 depressed [di'prest] a.沮丧的；降低了 的
❷ Indeed, t*soday unemployed don't seem to be having a great time.确实,现在的失业者似乎过得并不快乐。
句子主干 Indeed, today's unemployed don't seem to be having a great time.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释'、'、、unemployed [.Anim'pbid] a.失业的；下岗的
❸ One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having
depression, double the rate for working Americans. 一项盖洛普民意调查发现，失业至少一年的美国人中有20%
称自己患有抑郁症，这一比例是有工作的美国人的两倍。
One Gallup poll found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that 20 percent of Americans.. .report having depression,
[who引导的定语从句，修饰Americans
who have been unemployed for at least a year
—级修饰 补充说明20 percent
double the rate for working Americans.
词汇注释 poll★ [psul] n.民意调查；投票W.对……进行民意调查 d*ouble fdAbl] y.是……的两倍
❹ Also, some research suggests that the explanation for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction
among poorly-educated, middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs.此外，某项研究表明，在受教育程度低
的中年人中，死亡、有心理健康问题和染上毒瘾的人的比例不断上升的原因是缺少高薪工作。
74Also, some research suggests （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作suggests的宾语
that the explanation...is a shortage
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰a shortage
of well-paid jobs.
-级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the explanation
for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰rising rates
二级修饰 among poorly-educated, middle-aged people
词汇注释:mortality [mo:'tael9ti] n.死亡数量；死亡率 mental-health 心理健康
❺ Perhaps this is why many worry about the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.也许这就是许多人担心无工作的未
来会痛苦无聊的原因。
Perhaps虫虫is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 ［why引导的表语从句
why many worry about the agonizing dullness
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the agonizing dullness
—级修饰 of a jobless future.
词汇注释 agonizing [^gsnaizig] a.令人痛苦的；折磨人的 dullness ［'dAlnss］ n.无聊；乏味
a
第三段
O But it doesn't necessarily follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.但类似
这样的发现并不一定意味着没有工作的世界将充满不安。
句子主干 But it doesn't necessarily follow fa>m 坝哄夔（主+谓+宾）
举例说明findings］
—级修饰 like these
that引导的同位语从句，|解释说明these
二级修浦 that a world without work would be filled with unease.
词汇注释:follow from是...的必然结果 unease [*i:Az]n n.不安；忧虑；挂念
❷ Such visions are based on the downsides of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.此类设
想是基于在社会中失业的缺点，而这个社会是建立在就业的概念之上的。
句子主干 Such visions are based （主+系+表）
［介词短语作状语
—级修饰 on the downsides
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the downsides
二级修饰 of being unemployed in a society
过去分词短语作后置定语，［修饰a society
三级修饰 built on the concept of employment.
75词汇注释 v*ision [，VI3n] n-想象；视野 downside ['daonsaid] n.缺点，负面，不利方面
© In the absence of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could yield strikingly different circumstances for
the future of labor and leisure.在没有工作的情况下，一个怀着其他目标的社会可能会在未来的劳动和休闲方面
产生截然不同的境况。
—级修饰 In the absence of work,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 a society...could yield strikingly迎剪叫0匹^巴坦理竺（主+谓+宾）
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a society
designed with other ends in mind
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表方面
for the future of labor and leisure.
词汇注释 in the absence of 没有,缺乏 yield ★[ji：ldE产生讨屈服；让步儿产量；利润
strikingly ['straikigli] ad.显著地，明显地 leisure * [ le39（r）] 〃•休闲；空闲
❹Today, the virtue of work may be a bit overblown.如今,工作的优点可能有点被夸大了。
句子主干 Today, the virtue of work maybe abitovgblown.（主+系+表）
词汇注释:virtue ★['V3：饷:]儿优点；德行 overblown [.aovo'bhon] a.夸张的；过分的
© "Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential/' says John Danaher, a lecturer at the
National University of Ireland in Galway.爱尔兰国立高威大学的讲师约翰•丹纳赫说道："许多工作枯燥乏味、
有失体面、损害健康且浪费人类潜能。”
"Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human p*otential/
句子主干 [直接引语作says的宾语
says JohnDanaher,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
| John Danaher的同位语
—■级修饰 a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.
词汇注释 degrading [di'greidig] a.不体面的；屈辱的 potential ★血切以]几潜能；可能性a.潜在的
第四段
❶ These days, because leisure time is relatively scarce for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the
intellectual and emotional demands of their jobs.如今，由于大多数工作者的闲暇时间相对不足，人们便利用自己
的空闲时间来平衡工作中脑力和情感方面的烦心事。
一级修饰 because leisure time is relatively scarce for most workers,
[ because引导的原因状语从句,作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 These days,...people use their free time （主+谓+宾）
]动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional demands of their jobs.
76词汇注释 scarce5^ [skess]不足的，缺乏的 counterbalance [jkauntsTjaehns] vt.对...起平衡作用
❷"When I come home from a hard day's work, I often feel tired Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don't have
to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself into a hobby or a passion project with
the intensity usually reserved for professional matters.丹纳赫说道："当辛苦工作一天回到家时，我经常觉得疲
倦，”他还补充道：“在不必工作的世界里，我的感觉可能会大不相同”——也许足够不相同到他会以通常用来
对待职业问题的专注度全身心投入到某个爱好或自己热爱的项目当中。
Danaher says, adding,
一级修饰 插入语
"When I come home from a hard day's work,
“ {when引导的时间状语从句，作（1 ）句的时间状语
（1）1 often feel tired,（主+系 +表）
句子主干 并列句
⑵]might feel史色£匚史鲤史琏”（主+系+表）
|介词短语作（2）句的地点状语
"In a world in which I don't have to work,
—级修饰 补充说明rather different
—perhaps different enough to throw himself into a hobby or a passion project with the intensity
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the intensity |
二级修饰 usually reserved for professional matters.
要点注释 '、、'介词短语In a world...work中，介词in 4-关系词which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a world;
破折号后的动词不定式短语to throw...作结果状语，其中，himself作throw的宾语，介词短语
into...project 和 with the intensity 均作状语。
词汇注释'、、、'passion ['paefh] «•热衷的爱好；激情；盛怒 intensity * [m'tensati] n.专。致志；强度
reserve * [n'z3：v] vt.把... 专门留给 储备（量） matter^ [*maeta （r）] n.问题；事情
Section H Reading Comprehension
//✓/✓✓//✓///✓/✓/////✓///////✓/✓/////////✓/////✓/✓/////✓///// P a rt
Text 1
第一段
❶Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park.每周六早上九点，
都会有5万多名跑步者出发，环绕着他们当地的公园跑5千米。
一级修饰 Every Saturday morning,
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语]
句子主干 at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners setoff to run 5km （主+谓）
介词短语作地点状语[
—级修饰 around their local park.
77©The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad."公园跑"
现象最初始于十几个朋友，如今已在英国引发了 400场活动，国外则更多。
The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends （主+谓）
| and连接的并列谓语
句子主干 and has inspired 400 events in the UK
and连接的并列成分
and more abroad.
and连接的并列成分中，400 events和more (events)均作has inspired的宾语；介词短语in the UK
和副词abroad均作地点状语。
J
phenomenon^ [fs'nDimnan] n.现象 i*nspire [in'spais（r）] vt.引起；鼓舞
Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers.这些活动都是免费的，担任工作人员的是成千上万名志愿者。
句子主干 Events are free,(主+系+表)
［过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Events
—级修饰 staffied by thousands of volunteers.
项汇注释」 s*taff ［stQ：f］仇•由...担任工作人贝 v*olunteer ［.vnlsn^isCr)］ n.志愿者；义勇兵
❹ Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes
48 seconds up to an hour.跑步者下至四岁孩童，上至祖父母辈；他们所用时长最短的是安德鲁•巴德利创下的
世界纪录13分48秒，最久的是1小时。
一级修饰 from four years old to grandparents;
[介词短语作状语，表范围
（l）Runners range （主+谓）
句子主干 并列句
（2）their times range （主+谓）
［介词短语作状语，表范围
—级修饰 from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.
range虫［remd3］讨包括；变化，变动 up to多达；直到
O Parkrun is succeeding where L*sondon Olympic "legacy" is failing."公园跑”的成功之处正是伦敦奥运“遗产”
的失败之处。
句子主干 Parkrun is succeeding （主+谓）
［where引导的地点状语从句，作句子主干的地点状语
一级修饰 where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing.
顶冬胡: s*ucceed [sak'si:d] w.成功；有成就 legacy ★ [Pegasi] n.遗产；后遗症
❷ Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.十年前的一个
周一，第三十届奥林匹克运动会被宣布将在伦敦举行。
78Ten years ago
一级修饰 名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
on Monday,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
k was announced （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.
:词汇注释」 announce * [a'naons]讨宣布；宣告
❸ Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to lever a nation of sport lovers away from their
couches.规划文件承诺，奥运会的伟大遗产将会是让全国的体育运动爱好者远离他们的沙发。
Planning documents pledged （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作pledged的宾语
that the great legacy...would be to lever a nation of sport lovers away
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰the great legacy
of the Games
一级修饰 介词短语作宾语从句的状语
from their couches.
'、、、、词汇注释:p*ledge [pled3] w.承诺；保证给予（或做） lever ☆ ['1&。（圳机.撬动；撬起；用力移动
❹The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners.国民将会更健壮、更健康，并产生更多的获胜者。
The population would be fitter, healthier （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and （would） produce more winners.
❺It has not happened.这并没有发生。
句子主干 It has not happened.（主+谓）
❻ The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run-up to 2012—but the general population
was growing faster.虽然每周做运动的成年人数量确实有所增加，至2012年伦敦奥运会前夕增长了近200万，•
但总人口增长更快。
_级修饰 doing weekly sport
[现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰adults
句子主干 The number of adults...did rise,（主+谓）
[介词短语作状语，修饰ris<
by nearly 2 million
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 in the run-up to 2012
补充说明句子主干
—but the general population was growing faster.
词汇注释:run-up ['rAn Ap] n.（重要事情的）前期；准备阶段 general * ['djenrsl] a.总的；普遍的
79❼Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate.更糟糕的是，这些数字现在正在加速下降。
句子主干 Worse, the numbers are now falling （主+谓）
介词短语作方式状语］
一级修饰 at an accelerating rate.
:词汇注释:f*all [fo:l]v.（数量）下降，减少；减小 accelerate * [sk'selareit] v.（使）加速；加快
❽ The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved.反X寸者声称，
每周运动至少两小时的小学生人数已经减少了近一半。
The opposition claims （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 ：省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作claims的宾语
primary school pupils…have nearly halved.
:现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰primary school pupils
一级修饰 doing at least two hours of sport
［名词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 a week
:词汇注释:opposition [.npa^Vh] n. （the-）对手，竞争者 halve [ha:v] v.（使）减半
© Obesity has risen among adults and children.成人和儿童当中的肥胖人数都上升了。
句子主干 Obesity has risen （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
一级修饰 among adults and children.
:词汇注释:o*besity ［9*bui:s9ti ］ n.肥胖；肥胖症
❿ Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation."官方不断反思为何 2012 年
的伦敦奥运会未能“激励一代人”。
句子主干 Official retrospections continue （主+谓）
i介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 as to why London 2012 failed to “inspire a g*eneration/
:要点注释:介词短语as to...a generation中，why引导的宾语从句作as to的宾语。
:词汇注释：retrospection [.retr^spekfh] n.回顾；回忆 g*eneration [.djens'reijh] n.—代人；一辈
® The success of Parkrun offers answers."公园跑”的成功给出 了答案。
句子主干 The success of Parkrun offers answers.（主+谓+宾）
第三段
❶ Parkrun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock."公园跑”并不是竞赛，而是计时赛：你
唯一的竞争对手是时间。
句子主干 Parkrun is （主+系+表）
解释说明句子主干］
一级修饰 Your only competitor is the clock.
80i词汇注释i time trial 计时赛 competitor ［kam,petita（r）］ n.竞争者，对手
❷The ethos welcomes anybody."公园跑”的理念就是欢迎任何人的参与。
句子主干 The ethos welcomes an^bodj^.（主+谓+宾）
i词汇注释i ethos CiiOns]几（某一团体或某类活动的）理念
❸ There is as much joy over a pufTed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining.当一
名初跑者气喘吁吁地跑过终点线，被掌声包围时，他获得的快乐不比闪耀着光芒的顶尖体育人才获得的少。
一级修饰 as there is about top talent shining.
[as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 There is as much joy （There be句型：There + is +主）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰much joy
一级修饰 over a puffied-out first-timer
现在分词短语作后置定语，［修饰a pufifed-out first-timer
二级修饰 being clapped over the line
i词汇注释i puffed-out气喘吁吁的 shining [^amirj] a.光彩照人的；华丽的
❹The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sport and to produce more elite athletes.相比之下,
奥运会的申办方想要更多的人参与运动，也想要产生更多的精英运动员。
—级修饰 by contrast,
j插入语
The Olympic bidders,...wanted to get more people doing sport （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and to produce more elite athletes.
bidder ['bKh（r）]儿投标者；出价者 by contrast相比之下
elite * [efli:!] a.精英的；最优秀的 a*thlete ['ae91i:t] n.运动员
© The dual aim was mixed up： The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.这两个目标掺
杂在一起：对成功的强调多于对参与的强调，让新手望而生畏。
句子主干 The dual aim was mixed up:（主+谓）
[补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.
dual [*dju ：91] a.双重的；两部分的 mix up混淆；弄混
take part （in sth.）参与某事 intimidating [in^imideitig] a.令人胆怯的
第四段
O Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots”
concept as community sports associations.的确，政府参与规划像社区体育协会这样一个本质上"草根”的概念
是有点荒谬可笑。
81一级修饰 a little absurd
形容词短语作后置定语,]修饰something
句子主干 Indeed, there is something （There be句型：there + is + 主）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
_级痂 in the state getting involved in the planning
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the planning
of such a fundamentally “grassroots" concept
二级修饰 介词短语作比较状语
as community sports associations.
要岳主释 介词短语 in the state getting involved in the planning 中，动名词复合结构 the state getting involved in
the planning作介词in的宾语，the state是getting的逻辑主语。
词汇注释 absurd [sb's3：d] a.荒谬的；荒唐的 association ★[。陟如顾问协会；合伙
❷ If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods一making sure there is
space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these
activities in schools.如果政府要发挥作用，那其实应该是参与提供公共物品-确保有修建运动场地的空地，
有铺设网球场及篮球场所需的资金，并且鼓励学校开展所有这些体育活动。
—级修饰 If there is a role for government,
If引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 it should really be gettingjnyolyed （主+系 +表）
介词短语作状语i
—级修饰 in providing common goods
解释说明 providing common goods |
―making sure there is space for playing fields and the money
二级修饰 I and连接并列的现在分词短语
and encouraging the provision
动词不定式短语作后置定语， 修饰the money
to pave tennis and netball courts,
三级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the provision
of all these activities in schools.
要点注释 一making sure...courts中，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作making sure的宾语，该宾语从句
是 There be 句型,其结构为"there + be （ is ） + 主语（space...and the money...） “。
■:词汇注释 pave * [peiv] vt.（用砖石）铺（地） provision * [prs'v^n] n.提供；准备
❸ But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and
declining attention on sport in education.然而，历届政府都在主持着出售绿地，压榨地方政府的资金，并在教育
方面减少对体育的关注。
But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces,（主+谓+宾）
I并列的动名词短语
句子主干 squeezing money from local authorities
| and连接并列的动名词短语
and declining attention on sport in education.
82；词汇注释;successive * [ssk'sesiv] a.相继的；连续的 preside [pn'zaid] vi.主持；负责
squeeze ☆ [skwi:z] w.削减，紧缩(资金) decline ★ [diklam] “ 减少；下降；衰弱
❹ Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive.
未来政府需要做更多事情来为运动事业的蓬勃发展提供条件，而不是提供冗长而空有美意的策略。
一级修饰 Instead of wordy, worthy strategies,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 future governments need to do more （主+谓+宾）
!动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to provide the conditions for sport to thrive.
质匚注程 wordy ['w3：di] a.冗长的；话多的 strategy * fstraetsdji] n.策略；战略
❺Or at least not make them worse.或者至少不要让事情变得更糟。
—级修饰 at least
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Or...(future governments need) not make them worse.(主+谓+宾+宾补)
Text 2
第一段]
O With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.父母在过多
地关注孩子使用数字产品时，容易忽略自己对数字产品的使用。
一级修饰 With so much focus on children's use of screens,
|介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
its easy (±+M+a)
句子主干 jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for parents to forget about their own screen use.
该句中，for parents to...use为动词不定式的复合结构，其中for引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语
parents o
@ "Tech is designed to really suck you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there
to promote maximal engagement.科技旨在让你真正沉浸其中”，珍妮•拉德斯基在其关于数字娱乐的研究
中说道，“而且数字产品的存在是为了促进最大限度的参与。
says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,
一级修饰 插入语
to really suck you in,"
[动词不定式短语作(1)句的目的状语
(1) uTech is designed (主+谓)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) "and digital products are there (主+系+表)
]动词不定式短语作(2)句的目的状语
—级修饰 to promote maximal engagement.
83:词汇注释！ digital * ['didjitl] a.数字的；数码的 p*romote [pra'maut] vt.促进；推动
maximal ['maeksiml] a.最大的；最高的 e*ngagement [m'geidsmsnt] n.（与... 的）密切关系；约会
❸ It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.n 这种沉迷使得人们难以脱身，
并且大量渗透到家庭日常生活中。”
to disengage,
［it为形式宾语，动词不定式作真正的宾语
句子主干 It makes it hard （主+谓+宾+宾补）
and连接的并列谓宾
and leads to a lot of bleed-over
［介词短语作状语
一级修饰 into the family routine."
disengage [.dism'geids] v.解脱；（使）脱离 bleed-over 渗透；渗开
第二段
O Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing
exercise,通过让数对母子参与一项食物测试活动，拉德斯基研究了人们进餐时使用手机和平板电脑的情况。
at mealtimes
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
of mobile phones and tablets
1 ［介词短语作the use的后置定语
句子主干 Radesky has studied the use （主+谓+宾）
w;-im牌r,， —
1介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.
❷ She found that mothers who used devices during the exercise started 20 per cent fewer verbal and 39 per cent fewer
nonverbal interactions with their children.她发现，在活动期间使用数字设备的母亲和其孩子间的言语交流减少
了 20%,非言语交流减少了 39%O
She found （主+谓+宾从）
:that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
句子主干 that mothers...started 20 per cent fewer verbal
| and连接的并列宾语
and 39 per cent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.
who引导的定语从句，修饰mothers
—级修饰 who used devices during the exercise
:词汇生森，v*erbal [*v3 ：bl] 言语的；口头的 interaction [.mtor'aekjh] n.交流；相互影响
❸ During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.在另外一次不同的观察
实验中，她发现手机成为家庭关系紧张的一个根源。
一级修饰 During a separate observation,
介词短语作句子主干的状语]
句子主干 she saw that phones became a source of tension （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰tension
—级修饰 in the family.
84!词汇注释:：observation * [.obza'veijh] n. ；观测 tension * ftenjh] n.紧张关系；（情绪上的）紧张
❹ Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.当孩子们
兴奋地努力引起父母的关注时，父母却在查看电子邮件。
句子主干 Parents would be looking at theiremails （主+谓+宾）
[while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.
词汇注释 bid ★ [bid] n.努力争取v.喊价
第三段.
O Infants are wired to look at parents * faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and
unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children,婴幼
儿生来就会通过观察父母的面部表情来试图了解他们的世界，而如果父母脸上毫无表情也无任何反应一一就
像他们沉迷于数字设备时经常表现的那样——这会让孩子感到非常不安。
二级修饰 to try to understand their world,
l动词不定式短语作目的状语
一级修饰 to look at p*arents faces
!动词不定式短语作状语
（1） Infants are wired （主+系 +表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and...it can be extremely disconcerting for the children.（主+系+表）
if引导的条件状语从句，[作（2）句的条件状语
—级修饰 if those faces are blank and unresponsive
as引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明条件状语从句
二级修饰 一as they often are when absolved in a device—
词汇注释 be wired to天生，自然就会 unresponsive [.Ann^pnnsiv] a.无反应的；未答复的
absorb * [9b'so:b] vt.使全神贯注；吸收 disconcerting [.disksn^sitig] a.令人不安的
, Radesky cites the "still face experiment,, devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.拉德斯基援
引了发展心理学家爱德华•特罗尼克在20世纪70年代设计的“面无表情实验”。
句子主干 Radesky cites 业*匚 （主+谓+宾）
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the "still face experiment”
—级修饰 devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick
[介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 in the 1970s.
词汇注释i c*ite [sait] w.援引，弓|用；列举 devise ☆[由'vaiz]忧设计；发明；想出
❸ In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving
them any visual social feedback: The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's
attention.在实验中，一位母亲被要求先用正常的方式和自己的孩子互动，之后摆出一副面无表情的神情且不
85给孩子任何视觉上的社交反馈：孩子在试图吸引母亲注意力的过程中变得越来越苦恼。
in a normal way
［介词短语作方式状语
一级修饰 to interact with her child
[动词不定式短语作a mother的补足语
句子主干 In it, a mother is asked （主+谓）
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
b^bre putting on a blank expression
—级修饰 and连接的并列谓宾
and not giving them any visual social feedback:
补充说明[
二级修饰 The child becomes increasingly distressed
as引导的时间状语从句|
三级修饰 as she tries to capture her mother's attention.
visual * [*vi3ual] a.视觉的；视力的 f*eedback [*fi:dbaek] n.反馈；反应
distressed [dfstrest] a.烦恼的；忧虑的 c*apture [rkaept|b（r）] vt.引起（注意）；捕获
❹ uParents don't have to be exquisitely present at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be
responsive and sensitive to a child's verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky. "父母不必
近乎完美地做到时时刻刻陪伴，但需要保持一种平衡，而且父母需要对孩子的言语或非言语表达的情感需求
有所回应并体察入微，”拉德斯基说道。
一级修饰 to a child's verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,'，
[介词短语作状语，表对象
and parents need to be responsive and sensitive
and连接的并列句
but there needs to be a balance
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
“Parents don't have to be exquisitely present at all times,
[直接引语作says的宾语
says Radesky.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
exquisitely [ik'skwizitli] ad.近乎完美地；精致地 s*ensitive fsensstiv] a.有感知力的；敏感的
OOn the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are bom out of an ^oppressive
ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It's based on a somewhat
fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if y*reou failing to expose your child to 30,000 words
you are neglecting them."另一方面，特罗尼克自己也担心，对孩子使用数字产品的各种担忧源自一种“要求父
母应该一直与他们的孩子互动的压制性的意识形态”：“它基于一种有点幻想成分、非常符合白人和中上层
阶级观念的意识形态，它认为如果你与孩子的言语交流未达到3万词，那你就是在忽视他们。”
86On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,:作复合谓语is concerned的宾语
that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an ^oppressive ideology
that引导的定语从句，修饰oppressive ideology]
—级修饰 that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children:
__________ 补充说明:
二级修饰 Tt's based on a somewhat fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology
that引导的定语从句，修饰ideology |
三级修饰 that says if you're failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them."
:要点注释:在定语从句that says...them中，省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作says的宾语。if引导的条件
状语从句，作该宾语从句的条件状语。
:词汇注释:oppressive [s'presiv] a.压制的；高压的 ideology ☆ [.aidi'nhdsi] «•意识形态；思想（体系）
fantasise [^ntasaiz] v.幻想;.想象 neglect * [*gmlekt] vt.忽视；疏忽
❷ Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it——particularly
if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child.特罗尼克认为，不能仅
仅因为孩子没有从数字产品中学到什么，就认定它毫无价值——特别是如果它能够让父母有时间洗澡、做家
务或者只是暂时离开孩子休息一下。
Tronick believes （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
句子主干 that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean
省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作doesn't mean的宾语]
there's no value to it
__________ 补充说明
—级修饰 一particularly if it gives parents time
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰time]
二级修饰 to have a shower, do houseworic or simply have a break from their child.
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中，because引导的主语从句作主语。该主语从句由“主语(a child )+谓语
(isn5t learning ) ” 构成；介词短语 from the screen 作状语，修饰 isn't learning。
© Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.他表示，
父母可以从使用数字设备和朋友交谈或者处理一些工作中获益良多。
out of using their devices to speak to a friend
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
he says,
［插入语“
Parents,...can get a lot （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | or连接的并列谓宾
or （can） get some work
］介词短语作状语
—级修饰 out of the way.
87❹ This can make them feel happier, which lets them be more available to their child the rest of the time.这能使他们感到
更加愉悦，让他们在其余时间能更多地和孩子待在一起。
_ 、 _ ■、
句子主干 This can make them feel happier,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
［which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明This
一级修饰 which lets them be more available to their child
［名词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 the rest of the time.
罢成主暨」which引导的非限定性定语从句中，which代替先行词This作主语，谓语是lets,宾语是them,
不带to的动词不定式短语be more available to their child作them的补足语。
Text 3
I
第一段
❶ Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a
fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook 由e possibility of taking a gap year.如今， （高中毕业
后）立即升入大学这种普遍的社会压力，加之在快速发展的世界中期望越来越高，往往导致学生彻底忽略选
择间隔年的可能性。
to immediately go to college
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰social pressure
Today, widespread social pressure...often causes students to...the possibilhy （主+谓+宾读补）
句子主干 in conjunction with连接并列的名词短语
in coiyunction with increasingly high expectations
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰high expectations
in a fest-moving world
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the possibility
of taking a gap year.
词汇注释 in conjunction with 连同；和... 协力 expectation * [.ekspek'teijh] n.期望；期待
overlook * [aovSlok] vt.忽略；忽视 g*[ga®pp]n. 间隔；间隙；豁口
❷ After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn't it?毕竟，如果你
认识的每个人都将在秋季步入大学，你自己却推迟一年入学，这似乎很愚蠢，不是吗？
—级修饰 if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,
if引导的条件状语从句，［作句子主干的条件状语
After all,...it seems silly...doesn^ it?（反义疑问句：主+系+表+附加疑问句部分）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to stay back a year,
❸ And after going to school fbr 12 years, it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.而且
在经历了 12年的求学生涯后，花一年时间做与学业无关的事会感觉不太正常。
88一级修饰 after going to school for 12 years,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
And...it doesn't feel natural （主+系+表）
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
to spend a year doing something
that引导的定语从句J修饰something
一级修饰 that isn't academic.
词汇注释！ natural *［'n®tfrd］ a.正常的；天生的 academic * [.aeko'demik] a.学业的；学术的
第二段
O But while this may be true, it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.但即使这可能是事实，它也并不足
以成为谴责间隔年的理由。
—级修饰 while this may be true,
while引导的让步状语从句J作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 But...it's not芝矍丝史52!里（主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，［修饰a good enough reason
—级修饰 to condemn gap years.
词汇注释 condemn ☆ [kan'dem] vt.谴责；宣判
❷ There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated "race to the finish line,"
whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or a lucrative career.社会中一直延续着"冲向终点线的比赛'，
无论这个终点是研究生院、医学院还是一份待遇优厚的职业，人们总是一直担心自己会落后于他人。
句子主干 There ,s always a constant fear （There be句型：There + is +主）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰a constant fear
一级修饰 of falling behind everyone else
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 on the socially perpetuated "race to the finish line,"
[whether.. .or引导的让步状语从句
三级修饰 whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or a lucrative career.
perpetuate [pa'petjueit] vt.使持续；使永久化 lucrative ['lu:krativ] a.赚大钱的；获利多的
❸ But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits一in fact, it probably
enhances it.然而，尽管存在普遍的误解，但间隔年并不妨碍学业追求上的成功——事实上，它还可能会促进
这种成功。
一级修饰 despite common misconceptions,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 But...a gap year does not hinder the success （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the success
of academic pursuits
-级修饰 补充说明句子主干
—in fact, it probably enhances it
89词汇注释 misconception [.miskan'sepjh] n.误解 hinder *「hinder）]讨妨碍；阻挡
pursuit * [po'sjul] n.追求；追赶 enhance * [m'ha:ns] vt.增进；提高
第三段.
O Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and
perform better in college than those who do not.美国和澳大利亚的研究显75,选择间隔年的学生通常会比那些没
有选择间隔年的学生（为上大学做的）准备更充分，而且他们在大学里的表现也更好。
—级修饰 from the United States and Australia
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Studies
Studies...show （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句,作show的宾语
句子主干 that students...are generally better prepared for （college）
| and连接的并列谓语
and perform better in college
who引导的定语从句, 修饰 students
who take a gap year
一级修饰 than...作比较状语
than those who do not.
❷ Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities
and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.间隔年并不会拖学生后腿，
而是通过让他们为独立、新的责任和环境变化——这些都是大一新生通常最为头疼的事情一做好准备，来
推动他们不断前行。
—级修饰 Rather than pulling students back,
介词短语作句子主干的状语[
句子主干 a gap year pushes them ahead （主+谓+宾+宾补）
也■'忡I F ---------------------- -------------------
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes
[补充说明independence...environmental changes
二级修饰 ―all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.
:词汇注释i pull back把... 向后拉；撤退 struggle *['strAgl]w. 抗争；斗争
❸Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new
environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders. I司隔年的经历能
够减轻学生适应大学生活和身陷全新的环境中时遇到的挫折，使学生更易专注于学业与活动，而不用为适应
环墙过程中所犯的愚蠢错误分心。
句子主干 Gap year experiences can lessen thejblow （主+谓+宾）
|when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when it comes to adjusting to college
| and连接的并列宾语
and being thrown into a brand new environment,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
making it easier to focus on academics and activities
rather than连接并列的名词短语，|肯定前者，否定后者
rather than acclimation blunders.
90要点注释；making it…中，让为形式宾语，动词不定式短语to focus on...acclimation blunders作真正的宾语。
有元生薜;lessen flesn] v.(使)减轻；变少 blow * [blau] n.挫折；打击
acclimation [.aekh^eijh] n.适应环境 blunder^ ['blAnds(r)] ".愚蠢的错误
O If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its flnancial impact
on future academic choices.如果你不相信用一年时间来探索兴趣爱好所产生的内在价值，那么就考虑一下其对
未来学业选择的经济影响。
三级修饰 in taking a year off to explore interests,
介词短语作后置定语修饰the inherent value
二级修饰 of the inherent value
[介词短语作状语
-级修饰 If you're not convinced
If引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 then consider its financial impact （祈使句：谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语修饰financial impact
—级修饰 on future academic choices.
，词汇注释，i*nherent [i^hiarsnt] a.内在的；固有的 financial * [fai'naenfl] a. 的；金融的
❷ According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their
majors at least once.根据国家教育统计中心的数据，近80%的大学生最终至少转过一次专业。
一级修饰 According to the National Center for Education Statistics,
插入语！
句子主干 nearly 80 percent of college students end up （主+谓+宾）
副词短语作状语]
一级修饰 at least once.
❸ This isn't surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor
understanding of the vast academic possibilities that await them in college.考虑到高中的基础必修课程使得学生对
大学里即将面临的广泛的学业选择了解甚少，上述现象就不足为奇了。
句子主干 This isn't surprising,（主+系+表）
|介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 conswiering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 with a poor understanding
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a poor
understanding
三级修饰 of the vast academic possibilities
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the...possibilities
四级修饰 that await them in college.
词汇注释i mandatory ['maendgtsri] a.强制的；法定的 c*urriculum [ka'nkjshm] n.全部课程
vast * [va:st] a.大量的；巨大的 await * [dwelt] w.等候；期待
91❹ Many students find themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking
college classes.许多学生发现自己在大学申请书上填报了一个专业，而上过大学课程之后却转到了另一个专业。
—级修饰 on their college applications,
[介词短语作状语
Many students find themselves listing one major (主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 [ I but连接并列的现在分词短语，表转折
but switching to another
介词短语作时间状语
—级修饰 after taking college classes.
词汇注释 application * [,aeplikqjh] n.申请书；应用 switch * [switf] m 转向；转变
❺ It's not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late
in the game.这未必是坏事，但根据学校的不同，在这场“游戏”中，如果转专业太晚，补学分的费用可能会
很高。
(1) It's not necessarily ^badjthing,(主+系+表)
| but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干
(2) but...it can be costly to make up credits (主+系+表)
八[现在分词短语作(2)句的状语
depending on the school,
—级修饰 介词短语作(2)句的时间状语
after switching too late in the game.
要点注释:（2 ）句中的it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to make up credits作真正的主语。
词汇注释！ costly * ［'kostli］ a.花钱多的；昂贵的 cred" ［kredit］几学分；贷款
❻ At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from
another department.例如，在波士顿学院，如果要从其他学院转入护理学院，你就必须再多读一年。
for example,
一级修饰 插入语
At Boston College,
［介词短语作句子主干的地点状语，，
句子主干 you would have to complete an extra year （主+谓+宾）
省略引导词（if）的条件状语从句，［作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.
PliaWl省略引导词（if）的条件状语从句中，虚拟语气中省略引导词（if）时需将were提前，构成部分
倒装句式。
❼ Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on,选择间隔年，一开始
就想明白一些事情，可以帮助预防压力并在之后省钱。
—级修饰 to figure things out initially
［动词不定式短语作目的状语
Taking a gap year...can help （to） prevent stress （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接并列的省略（to ）的动词不定式短语
and (to) save money later on.
92词汇注释i figure out弄明白；弄清楚 initially [I'mjbli] ad.开始；最初
Text 4
第一段〕
O Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of
its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.林火生态与
管理专家马克斯•莫里茨教授称，尽管日益频发的林火常常被视为西部各州的问题，但由于它对联邦税款产
生了影响，因而成了全国关注的问题。
_级修饰 Though often viewed as a problem for western states,
Though引导的让步状语从句，[作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern (主+系+表)
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语]
because of its impact on federal tax dollars,
一级修饰 插入语
says Professor Max Moritz,
Professor Max Moritz的同位语[
二级修饰 a specialist in fire ecology and management.
词汇注释 wildfire ['waildfaia(r)] n.野火 f*ederal [Ted^l] a联邦的；联邦制的
t*ax [taeks] 税；税款 e*cology [itknl9d3i]几生态；生态学
第二段
❶ In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—
nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.在 2015 年，美国林务局首次花费超过其年度预
算总额55亿美元的一半来抗击林火——几乎是20年前这方面支出比例的两倍。
—级修饰 fbr the first time
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语[
句子主干 In 2015, the US Forest Service...spent more than half...budget (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作状语]
(in) fitting fires
一级修饰 补充说明
—nearly double the percentage
省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句,[修饰the percentage
二级修饰 it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.
词汇注释 annual * ['aenjual] a.年度的；一年的 b*udget [!bAd3it] n.预算；财政收支状况
percentage * [pSsentid3] n.所占比例；百分比 effort * ['efst] n.有组织的活动；努力
❷ In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work—uch as forest conservation, watershed
and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.实际上，如今
93更少的联邦资金将被用于该机构的其他工作一一如森林保护、流域和文化资源管理，以及基础设施维护一一
这些工作影响着所有美国人的生活。
—级修饰 In茁ect,
__________ I插入语
句子主干 fewer federal funds today are going （主+谓）
介词短语作状语]
_级修饰 towards the agency's other work
插入语，举例说明other work |
二级修饰 一such as forest conservatitMi, wat^shed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep
| that引导的定语从句，修Wforest...upkeep
三级修饰 一that affect the lives of all Americans.
词汇注释 agency * [*eid39nsi] n.专门机构；经销机构 watershed [*wo:tsjed] n.流域；分水岭
infrastructure * [,mfrQstrAkyb（r）] n.基础设施 upkeep [*Apki:p] n.维护；保养
O Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone
districts.从其他机构获得的公共资金是否将会被用于火灾易发区的建设，是另一个全国关注的问题。
Another nationwide concern is...（主+系 +表从）
句子主干 [whether引导的表语从句
whether public funds...are going into construction
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰public funds
from other agencies
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰construction
in fire-prone districts.
词汇注释 fire-prone容易引发火灾的
❷ As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?正如莫里茨所说,
联邦资金用于建设那些可能会被林火摧毁的家园的频率如何？
—级修饰 As Moritz puts it,
' [插入语
句子主干 how often are federal dollars building homes
that引导的定语从句,修饰homes [
_级修饰 that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?
要点注释 句子主干是由how often引导的特殊疑问句，由“特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾”构成。
｝第四段〕
❶"It's already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says."从公共支出的
角度看，这对整个国家来说已经是个巨大的问题了，”他说。
94for the whole c*o*untry,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
from a public expenditure perspective
［介词短语作状语
"It's already a huge problem
句子主干
he says.（宾+主+谓）
词汇注释 expenditure * ［ik,spenditfb（r）］ n.开支；花费 p*erspective ［pa'spektiv］札角度；思考方法
❷“We need to take a magnifying glass to that, 我们需要用放大镜来看这个问题。
句子主干 “We need to take a magnifying glass to that.（主+谓+宾）
要点注释：介词短语to that作句子主干的状语，that指代❶句中的problem。
词汇注释:magnifying glass放大镜
❸Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK?'比如,等一下,这样做合适吗？
句子主干 Like,...is this OK?9 （一般疑问句：系+主+表）
__________ ［插入语
—级修饰 ’Wait a minute,
要点注释 本句是对❷句的举例说明。
❹ Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?w 我们是否应该转
而将那些资金重新分配，重点关注低风险地区？ ”
句子主干 Do we want instead tojgdirecUhosefunds （一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
［动词不定式短语作目的状语
一级修饰 to concentrate on lower-hazard parts
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰lower-hazard parts
二级修饰 of the l*a*ndscape?
词汇注释:redirect ［.ri^^rekt］ vt.（以新的方式或目的）重新使用 hazard虫［'haezod］ n.危险；危害
第五段］
O Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.研究人员称，
这种观点需要美国社会相应地改变其当下看待火灾的方式。
一级修饰 in the way US society today views fire,
介词短语作后置定语修饰a corresponding shift
句子主干 Such a view would require a corresponding shift （主+谓+宾）
［插入语
一级修饰 researchers say.
95要点注释:in the..Jire 中，省略（in which ）或关系词（that）的定语从句 US society today views fire,修饰 the wayo
词汇注释！ corresponding [.knrs^pDndig] a.相应的；相关的
第六段
❶ For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive.首先，关于林火的讨论范围需要更加广泛。
—级修饰 For one thing,
__________ ［插入语
句子主干 conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 inclusive衣[m'klu^iv] 范围广泛的；包容广阔的
❷ Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is
leading to conditions that worsen fires.在过去的十年里，关注点一直聚焦于气候变化-温室气体引起的地球变
暖如何造成使火灾加剧的环境。
一级修饰 Over the past decade,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the focus has been ondimate^hange （主+系+表）
插入语;补充说明climate change
—级修饰 how the wanning of the Earth...is leading to conditions
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the warming of the Earth
from greenhouse gases
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰conditions
that worsen fires.
a
!第七段,
❶ While climate is a key element, Moritz says,让 shouldn't come at the expense of the rest of the equation.莫里茨说,
尽管气候是一个关键因素，但它不应该以牺牲其他影响因素为代价。
—级修饰 While climate is a key element,
|While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it shouldn't come （主+谓）
__________ [插入语.
Moritz says,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
at the expense of the rest of the equation.
词汇注释:at the expense of在牺牲... 的情况下 e*quation [fkwe^n] n.（多种因素的）平衡，综合体
第八段〕
O "The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says.他说："人类
系统和我们赖以生存的自然环境息息相关，而且两者间的影响是双向的。”
96and the interactions go both ways,"
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 **1116 human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked,
l直接引语作says的宾语
he says.（宾+主+谓）
i要点注释i 省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句we live on,修饰the landscapeso
❷ Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be.他指出，如果没
有认识到这一点，就会导致“对可能的解决方案的看法过于简单化。
一级修饰 he notes,
[插入语
句子主干 Failing to recognize that,...leads to （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an...view [
—级修饰 of what the solutions might be.
介词短语of what...be中，what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语，该从句由"主语(the solutions )
+系动词(might be) +表语(what) ”构成。
i词汇注释i overly ['auvsli] ad.过于；很；十分 simplify * ['simplifai] vt.使简化；使简易
❸ Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”我们对问题及其解决方案的认知就
会变得非常局限。”
句子主干 Our perception...becomes very limited.59 （主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Our perception
of the problem
|and连接并列的介词短语
—级修饰
and of what the solution is
i词汇注释: perception [pg'sepjh] n.认知；感知 l*imited ['limitid] a.有限的；受（... 的）限制
第九段
❶ At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of
necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.同时，人们依旧把火灾视为一种需要被完全控制，只
在必要时才能被释放的事件，科罗拉多大学的鲍尔奇教授说道。
—级修饰 At the same time,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
people continue to treat fire （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [ [介词短语作fire的补足语
as an event
[that引导的定语从句，修饰an event
that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity,
—级修饰 插入语
says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.
97词汇注释 wholly ' ['hsulli] ad.完全地；整体地 unleash [心'1订]讥释放；使爆发；发泄
❷ But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and
practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.但是承认"火灾是人类生活中不可避免的存在"这一态度对于
制定保障火灾尽可能安全的法律、政策和惯例至关重要，她说。
一级修饰 in human life
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰fire's inevitable presence
句子主干 But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence...is an attitude （主+系+表）
"形容词短语作后置定语，修饰an attitude]
crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices
_级修饰 插入语
she says.
that引导的定语从句，修饰the laws, policies, and practices
二级修饰 that make it as safe as possible,
词汇注释 inevitable * [m'evitsbl] a.不可避免的 crucial * ['kru:Jl] a.至关重要的；关键性的
❶"We've disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says."我们已将自己从与火灾共存中隔绝开，”鲍尔
奇说。
"We've disconnected ourselves from living with f*ire/
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
Balch says.（宾+主+谓）
词汇注释 disconnect [.disks'nekt] vt.使分离；断开；切断
❷"It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.""理解并且努
力梳理如今人类与火灾之间的联系非常重要。”
“It is really important （主+系+表）
[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 to understand and try ai^ tease out
what引导的宾语从句，[作understand and try and tease out的宾语
what is the human connection with fire today."
词汇注释tease out梳理；梳通（毛发等）；探讨；深入研究
Part B
〃〃〃〃〃〃〃/〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃，
第一段
❶ The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump.美国制造业的衰退已
是老生常谈，更是唐纳德-特朗普经常挂在嘴边的话题。
98一级修饰 in American manufacturing
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The decline
句子主干 The decline...is （主+系+表）
插入语J补充说明a common refrain
一级修饰 particularly from Donald Trump.
i词汇注释i manufacturing [.maenju'faektfbng] n.制造业 refrain * [n'frein] n.反复说的话 vi.克制
"We don't make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.他向福
克斯新闻表示，“我们不再制造任何东西了” ,而与此同时又在为自己的墨西哥制造服装品牌辩解。
"We don't make anything anymore,M
[直接引语作told的直接宾语
句子主干
he told Fox^News,（直宾+主+谓+间宾）
1 while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.
i词汇注释i defend * [di'fend] vt.为... 辩解 v.保护
❶ Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise
questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.毫无疑问，制造业在近几十年来遭受了重创，且更多
的贸易协定又引发了这样的问题：新的冲击是否会打击制造业。
during recent decades,
—级修饰 介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
Without question,
[插入语 “
（1 ）manufacturing has taken a significant hit （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and further trade deals raise questions （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰questions
—级修饰 about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.
介词短语about...manufacturing中,whether引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。
significant ★[sighrfikont] a有重大意义的；显著的 take a hit遭到破坏；受到严重影响
O But there is also a different way to look at the data.然而还有一种不同的方式来看待这些数据。
句子主干 But there is also a different way （There be句型：there + is +主）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰a different way
—级修饰 to look at the data.
99第四段1
O Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: Instead of having too many workers, they
may end up with too few.全国各地的工厂老板现在正努力应对一项新的挑战：他们最终可能雇到过少而不是过
多的工人。
一级修饰 Across the country,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 factory owners are now grappling （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的状语]
一级修饰 with a new challenge：
解释说明 a new challenge j
二级修饰 Instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few.
i词汇注释i grapple ［'graepl］ v.努力设法解决
❷ Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring
boomers every year.尽管存在贸易竞争与外包业务，但美国制造业每年仍需要更替数以万计出生于婴儿潮时期
的临退休员工。
一级修饰 Despite trade competition and outsourcing,
［介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 American manufacturing still needs tojreplace^boomeiB （主+谓+宾）
|名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 every year.
皂
outsourcing [*aut so:sig] n.外包，外部采办 tens of thousands 数以万计
retire去[n'taio（r）]机（使）退休w.退出（比赛）boomer ['bu:mo（r）] n.生育高峰期出生的人
❸Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place.千禧一代或许对取代他们的职位没有多大兴趣。
—级修饰 in taking their place.
介词短语作状语［
句子主干 Millennials may not be that interested （主+系+表）
❹Other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.因为其他行业正在以同等或更高的薪金聘用他们。
句子主干 Other industries are recruiting them （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作方式状语
_级修饰 with similar or better pay.
词汇注释i r*ecruit [*knru:t] w.招聘v.征募（新兵）
第五段】
❶ For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. M寸于工厂老板而言，
所有这些共同引发了对工人的激烈争夺以及工资上涨的压力。
100_级修饰 For factory owners,
,,介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
it all adds up to stiff competition for workers （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
—~and upward pressure on wages.
要点注释i该句中，介词短语for workers和on wages分别作stiff competition和upward pressure的后置定语。
s*tiff [stif] a 激烈的；坚硬的 upward ^fApwod] a. ± 涨的；向上的
❷ “They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned
firm.金刚狼螺旋弹簧公司（一家家族企业）的董事长杰伊-邓威尔谈到，“工人更难找了，他们有很多工作
机会。
and they have job offers,
and连接的并列句
句子主干 "They're harder to find
[直接引语作says的宾语
says Jay Dunwell,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[Jay Dunwell的同位语
—级修饰 president ofWdverine Coil Spring,
| Wolverine Coil Spring的同位语
二级修饰 a family-owned firm.
词汇注释i offer *[*ofo （r）] n.提供物（文中引申为“工作机会”）spring * [spng] n.弹簧；泉水；春天
❸"They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as
manufacturing"他们或许会加入劳动力大军，但已经被其他与制造业表现不相上下的行业挖走了” 。
—级修饰 [into the workforce],
介词短语作状语]
⑴"They may be coming （主+谓）
句子主干
I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but they've been plucked （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
二级修饰 by other industries
that引导的定语从句,[修饰other industries
二级修福
that are also doing as well as manufacturing."
要点注释！❸句为直接引语的一部分，在逻辑上作树中says的宾语。
:词汇注释:workforce[*w3 ：kfo:s] n.劳动力；职工总数 pluck[plAk] vt.挖掘；采；摘；拔
❹ Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.邓威尔先生现
已着手将高三学生带入工厂，让他们接触企业文化。
101—级修饰 to the factory
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors （主+谓+宾）
so引导的目的状语从句,!作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 so they can get exposed to its culture.
词汇注释:junior * ['d3u:ni9（r）] n.（中学或大学的）三年级学生e*xpose [ikspouz] vt.使接触；暴露；显露
第六段〕
O At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980,
Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers.在罗曼制造（一家电力变压器和焊接设备生
产商，由罗伯特•罗斯的父亲与其他合伙人于1980年共同创立），罗伯特•罗斯密切关注着他手下将近200
名员工的年龄。
三级修饰 that his father cofounded in 1980,
[that引导的定语从句，修饰a maker
二级修饰 a maker of electrical transfonners and welding equipment
RoMan Manufacturing的同位语
—级修饰 At RoMan Manufacturing,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，
一级修饰 of his nearly 200 workers.
词汇注释 welding ['weldig] n.焊接,熔接 keep a close eye on密切关注；注意
❷Five are retiring this year.其中有5人将于今年退休。
句子主干 Five are retiring （主+谓）
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 this year.
❸ Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an
hour that rises to $17 after two years.罗斯先生招募了 3名社区学院的学生参与实习项目，起薪为每小时13美兀，
两年之后上涨至每小时17美元。
句子主干 Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作句子主干的状语]
in a work-placement program,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
with a starting wage of $13 an hour
that引导的定语从句，[修饰wage of $13 an hour
二级修饰 that rises to $17 after two years.
i词汇注释:enroll ★[m'rsul] v.招收（成员）；（使）加入；注册
102第七段】
❶ At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to
assemble and the arrival of two visitors.在变压器厂房内的一个工作台旁，面对需要他费力组装的铜线圈以及两
位参观者的到来，年轻的贾森-斯滕奎斯特显得局促不安。
一级修饰 At a worktable inside the transformer plant,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 young Jason Stenquist looks flustered （主+系+表）
|介词短语作句子主干的状语
by the copper coils he's trying to assemble
| and连接并列的名词短语
—级修饰
and the arrival
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the arrival
二级修饰 of two visitors.
介词短语by...visitors中，省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句he's trying to assemble,修饰先行
词 the copper coils o
flustered ［flAstod］ a.局促不安的；慌张的 copper * fkopoCr）］ n.铜；警察
coil * ［koil］儿线圈；圈；盘 v.（使）缠绕 assemble * ［a'sembl］ vt.组装 v.收集
❷It's his first week on the job,这是他上班的第一周。
句子主干 It'shi^firstweek （主+系+表）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰first week
—级修饰 on the job.
Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical
engineering.当被问及他的职业选择时，他谈到高中时曾考虑过上医学院，但之后却改修了电气工程。
—级修饰 Asked about his choice of career,
［过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
he says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
at high school he considered medical school
一级修饰 before switching to electrical engineering.
i词汇注释： engineering * [.endsfmsng] n.工程；工程学
❹“I love working with tools.我喜欢与工具打交道。
句子主干 “I love working with tools.（主+谓+宾）
❺ I love creating/* he says.我热爱创造”，他说。
I love creating/,
［直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
he says.（宾+主+谓）
103第八段
❶ But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle： parents, who lived through the
worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory.但是为了争取这些年轻工
人，制造商必须清除另一个主要障碍：父母。他们经历过大萧条以来美国最严重的经济衰退，告诫年轻工人
们要远离工厂。
to win over these young workers,
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 But.. .manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle：（主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
I who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明parents
二级修饰 who lived through the worst US economic downturn
[介词短语作时间状语
三级修饰 since the Great Depression,
要点注释 一级修饰 parents,...telling them to avoid the factory 为动名词的复合结构，其中，parents 是 telling
的逻辑主语，them作telling的宾语，动词不定式短语to avoid the factory作宾语them的补足语。
:词汇注释i hurdle rh3：dl] n.障碍；跨栏 downturn [*daunt3 ：n] n.衰退；下降
❷ Millennials ^remember their father and mother both were laid off.千禧一代"记得他们的父母曾双双被解雇。
Millennials ''remember （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 T省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作remember的宾语
their father and mother both were laid off.
layoff解雇；使下岗
© They blame it on the manufacturing recession,says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business
development agency for western Michigan.他们将其归咎于制造业的衰退。”理想之地（西密歇根州的一家商业
发展代理机构）的总裁比吉特•克洛斯说道。
They blame it on the manufacturing r*ecession/
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Birgit Klohs,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
| Birgit Klohs的同位语
一级修饰 chief executive of The Right Place,
|The Right Place 的同位语
二级修饰 a business development agency for western Michigan.
顶己主释
recession * [n'sefh] n.经济衰退 executive * [ig'zekjativ] n.主管领导，管理人员
第九段〕
O These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million
in 2015.有这些顾虑也并不是没有理由：制造业的从业人数从1970年的1700万人下降到2015年的1200
万人。
104句子主干 These concerns aren't misplaced:（主+系+表）
[解释说明句子主干
一级修饰 Employment in manufacturing has fallen
[介词短语作状语，表范围
二级修饰 &om 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015.
j misplaced[.mis'pleist] a.不适当的（文中引申为“没有理由的”）
❷ When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades.当经济开始复苏时，劳动力短
缺首次出现在高技能行业。
_级修饰 When the recovery began,
When引导的时间状语从句,[作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 worker shortages first appeared （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语:
—级修饰 in the high-skilled trades.
:词汇注释！ recovery * [*knAV9ri] n.复苏；回升；痊愈 appear *[9'pi9 （r）] vi.出现;呈现娅y.显得;似乎
❸Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.现在劳动力短缺正出现在中等技能水平的行业。
句子主干 Now shortages are appearing （主+谓）
介词短语作状语]
—级修饰 at the mid-skill levels.
Q 第十段：
O "The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor
at Montcalm Community College."（劳动力）缺口出现在无需技能的工作和需要很多技能的工作之间,'罗布,施
波尔（蒙特卡姆社区学院的一位商科教授）说道。
gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill,"
［直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Rob Spohr,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
| Rob Spohr的同位语
-级修饰 a business professor at Montcalm Community College.
要点注释 句子主干中，第一个that引导的定语从句that take no skills,修饰the jobs;第二个that引导的定
语从句 that require a lot of skill,修饰 those o
❷'"There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill."在麦
当劳和其他一些不需要很多技能的地方，已经有足够多的人填补岗位缺口。
—级修饰 to fill the jobs
［动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰enough people
句子主干 “There're enough people （ There be句型：There + are + 主）
|介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
_级修饰 at McDonalds and other places
where引导的定语从句，:修饰McDonalds and other places
二级修饰 where you don't need to have much skill.
105❸It's that gap in between, and that5s where the problem is."用工缺口就介于二者之间，而那正是问题之所在。
—级修饰 in between,
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰that gap
（l）It，stiiatgap （主+系+表）
and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and that's...（主+系+表从）
| where引导的表语从句
where the problem is.'，
O Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community College points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a
work/life balance.大急流城社区学院的朱莉•帕克斯指出了另一个吸引千禧一代进入制造业的关键因素，即工
作与生活之间的平衡。
-级修饰 of Grand Rapids Community College
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Julie Parks
句子主干 Julie Parks...points to another key （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语,修饰another key
to luring Millennials into manufacturing:
一级修饰 解释说明another key
a work/life balance.
i词汇注释: l*ure ［lua（r）］ vt.吸引；弓|诱
©While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility.尽管他们的父母愿意长时间工作,
但这些年轻人更为重视工作的灵活性。
一级修饰 While their parents were content to work long hours,
While引导的让步状语从句，［作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 young people value flexibility.（主+谓+宾）
i词汇注释； content * [ksn'tent] a.愿意的；满意的；满足的 flexibility [.flekss^iloti] n.灵活性
❸"Overtime is not attractive to this generation.对这一代人来说，加班并不具有吸引力。
句子主干 “Overtime is not attractive （主+系 +表）
介词短语作状语,［表对象
一级修饰 to this generation.
i词汇注释i overtime 去［'ouvstaim］ n.加班；加班费 attractive 去［dtraektiv］ a.有吸引力的，诱人的
❹ They really want to live their lives,n she says.他们真的想过自己的生活”，她说。
They really want to live their lives,"
［直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
she says.（宾+主+谓）
106Section HI Translation
O My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing.我的梦想一直是在时尚和
出版之间的领域寻找一份工作。
句子主干 My dream has always been to work somewhere （主+系+表）
介词短语作地点状语［
—级修饰 in an area
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰an area
二级修饰 between fashion and publishing.
"亟ij主鹿.areaUeori。］ 〃.领域；面积；区域，范围
❷ Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to
a fashion design course.中学毕业前两年，我选修了一门缝纫与设计课，心想以后会继续修一门时装设计课。
—级修饰 Two years before graduating from secondary school,
［名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 I took耳沈迦快如0竺（主+谓+宾）
|现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 thinking thatl would move on to a fashion design course.
:要点注释:现在分词短语thinking...course中，that引导的宾语从句that I would move...course作thinking的宾语。
:词汇注释:secondary school中学；中等学校 sewing ［'ssuig］ n.缝纫；缝纫中的衣物
❸ However, during that course I realised I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities
in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me.然而，在学习那门课程期间，我意识到自己在这个
领域不够优秀，将来不足以与其他有创造力的人竞争，因此我断定这条路并不适合我。
to compete with other creative personalities in the future,
-级修饰 动词不定式短语作状语
during that course
介词短语作(1)句的时间状语,，
I was not good enough in this area
,, [省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作realised的宾语
(1) However,...! realised (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 | S。连接的并列句，表因果
(2) so I decided (主+谓+宾从)
[that引导的宾语从句，作decided的宾语
that it was not the right path for me.
词汇注释 r*ealise ［Yi:olaiz］ v.意识到；认识到 c*reative [kri^itiv] a.有创造力的
personality * Lp3：s3naeloti］儿个性鲜明的人；名人 P*ath [pa:0] n.道路；小路；路线
❹ Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of
my favourite activities.在申请大学之前，我告诉所有人我会选择新闻学，因为写作曾经是，现在依然是我最喜
欢的活动之一
O
107—级修饰 Before applying for university
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
I told everyone （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作told的直接宾语
that I would study journalism,
|because引导的原因状语从句，作宾语从句的原因状语
一级修饰 because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities.
回匚胡j apply for 申请；请求 journalism['d33：nsliz9m] n.新闻学；新闻工作
❺ But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream——I knew that no one could
imagine me in the fashion industry at all!但是，说实话，当时我之所以那样说，是因为我认为与时尚结缘只不过
是一个梦—我知道，根本没有人能想到我会进入时尚行业。
—级修饰 to be honest,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 But,...I said it,（主+谓+宾）
|because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because I thou^it
—级修饰 | that引导的宾语从句，作thought的宾语
that fashion and me together was just a dream
__________ 解释说明|
二级修饰 —•I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!
词汇注释 to be honest老实说；说实在的 imagine *[i ，maed3in] v.想象；设想
❻ So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing.因此，我决定找一些既与时尚相关又包
含写作的课程。
句子主干 So I decided虹回虹坦£胜熙迪虫迦涎鱼丑近匹些缪（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句修饰courses
_ 级修饰 that included writing.
词汇注释 course *[ko ：s] n.课程；讲座；航线 i*nclude [m'klu:d] vt.包含；包括
❼ This is when I noticed the course "Fashion Media & Promotion.M 就在此时,我注意到了 "时尚媒体与推广”
这门课程。
This is...（主+系 +表从）
句子主干 [when引导的表语从句
when I noticed the course "Fashion Media & Promotion."
:词汇注释:notice * ['nwtis] y.注意到；意识到儿注意 promotion [prs'msujh] n.推广；促销；提升
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