文档内容
2004
年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
、
Section fl Use of English
*•••第一段
juvenile delinquency committed
❶ Many theories concerning the causes of （crimes by young people） focus either on the
contributing
individual or on society as the major influence.许多关于青少年犯罪（低龄人群犯罪）原因的理论不
是强调个人因素就是强调社会因素为主要的影响因素。
二级修饰 （crimes committed by young people）
解释说明juvenile delinquency
.......... ......、， _
一级修饰 concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Many theories
Many theories...focus either on theindividual or on society （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 [介词短语作the individual和society的补足语
as the major contributing influence.
「真&您蒋：在句子主干中，either...or连接的并列谓宾，谓语一是focus...on,宾语一是the individual,谓语二是
（focus） on,宾语二是 society o
j*uvenile [ delinquency
词汇注释: -dsuivanail] a. /n.少年（的） [ drhrjkwansi] n.犯罪；违法行为
c*ommit contribute * [
[ksmit] vt.犯（罪或错等）；承诺 kantnbjuit ] vi.是.... 的原因之一
engage
❷ Theories centering on the individual suggest that children in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently
penalized misdeeds interaction
for previous or that they have learned criminal behavior through with others. 强调个人
因素的理论认为:青少年实施犯罪行为是因为他们以前的不端行为没有受到应有的惩罚，或者是他们在与别人
的交往中学会了犯罪行为。
—级修饰 centering on the individual
；现£分词短语出后置定语，修饰Theories
Theories...suggest （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作suggest的宾语
句子主干 that children engage in criminal behavior
or连接并列的宾语从句
or that they have learned criminal behavior
• because引导的原因状语从句
because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds
一级修饰 介词短语作方式状语
through interaction with others.
e*ngage penalize [
-词汇注鹿 [m geidj] v.（使）从事;参加;吸弓I;适应 pimalaiz] vt.惩罚;处罚
misdeed interaction
[ imis dizd] n.不端行为;恶行 [ jntar'aekfn] n.交流;相互作用
❸ Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their
socioeconomic rejection
status, or as a of middle-class values.强调社会因素的理论认为：青少年犯罪是他们对未
能如愿提高自己的社会经济地位所做出的一种反应，或者是对中产阶级价值观的一种排斥。
1focusing
—级修饰 on the role of society
[现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Theories
句子主干 Theories...suggest 业拦蛆也竺夏空主£^^£5（主+谓+宾从）
[介词短语作状语
in response to failure
their
一级修饰 or连接并列的介词短语，作状语
or as
a rejection of middle-class values.
动词不定式短语作后置定语, 修饰failure
to
二级修饰 rise above their socioeconomic status,
socioeconomic rejection
;问汇注释: [ iSsusiauJikg-nDmik] a.社会经济的 [rrdjekfn] n.排斥；拒绝
• ...第一段
disadvantaged ignoring
O Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from families, the fact that
children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.大多数研究青少年犯罪的理论都把关注点放在了出身于贫困家
庭的孩子身上，忽略了富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪这一事实。
—级修饰 of juvenile delinquency
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Most theories
句子主干 Most theories...have focused on children (主+谓+宾)
children
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰
from
disadvantaged families,
—级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
ignoring the fact
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
that
二级修饰 children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.
disadvantaged i*gnore
:闻汇洼释; [(disad-varntidsd] a.贫困的;弱势的 [ig-noi(r)] vt.忽略;对....不予理会
lack parental
❷The latter may commit crimes for of adequate control.富裕家庭的孩子可能由于缺少父母足够的管教
而犯罪。
句子主干 The latter may commit crimes （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语]
for
—级修饰 lack of adequate parental control.
l*ack parental
:商;[洼祢《 [laek] n. /vt.缺少；匮乏；短缺 [pg rentl] a.父母的；双亲的
tentative criticism.
❸All theories, however, are and are subject to 不过，所有这些理论都不是定论，并且都易遭到批判。
All theories, however, are tentative （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接并列的系表结构
and
are subject to criticism.
t*entative [ c*riticism [
：词汇洼蒋: -tentativ] a.不确定的；暂定的；踌躇的 kntisizam] n.批判；批评;责备
蠢第三段
❶ Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.社会结构方面的变化可能会间接地影响青
少年犯罪率。
__________ V*
句子主干 Changes...may indirectly affect四寒j坦吏H受史（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Changes
in
—级修饰 the social structure
2@ For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general
gainful obtain.
make employment increasingly difficult to 例如，经济领域的变化导致年轻人的就业机会减少、失
业率上升,这通常会使待遇优厚的工作越来越难找。
For example,
—级修饰 插入语 “
in general
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 changes...make 亶皿L竺史处巴四 increasingly difficult to obtain.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
“[介词短语作后置定语，修饰changes
in the economy
that引导的定语从句，修饰changes
—级修饰 that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth
| and连接的并列宾语
and rising unemployment
gainful [ gemfl] a. o*btain [sb tem]
'、、词汇注释' 有报酬的;有收益的;有利可图的 vt.获得;赢得
discontent lead
❸ The resulting may in turn more youths into criminal behavior.由此产生的不满情绪转而可能会使更
多年轻人实施犯罪行为。
句子主干 The resulting discontent may...lead mor^youths into criminal behavior.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
:介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in turn
discontent I*[elia:dd]
:词汇注释： [idiskan tent]儿不满;不满足 仇导致，造成（后果）；引领
....第四段•...
❶ Families have also experienced changes these years.这些年来，家庭也经历了一些变化。
句子主干 Families have also experienced changes these years.（主+谓+宾）
households
❷ More families consist of one-parent or two working parents ； consequently, children are likely to have less
supervision
at home than was common in the traditional family structure.单亲家庭或双职工家庭更多了 ；因此，这些
家庭的孩子受到的家庭监管可能要比过去传统家庭结构下的孩子所受到的监管要少。
or two working parents;
| or连接的并列宾语
句子主干 （l）More families consist of one-paren£househol^ （主+谓+宾）
I
并列句
（2）consequently, children are likely to have less supervision （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语[
at home
—级修饰 than引导的定语从句，修饰supervision
than was common in the traditional family structure.
household * [ • supervision
沔l汇连馨一； haushauld ] n.家庭;一* 家人 [ isuipg'visn] m 监督；管理;指导
❸ This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.人们认为缺乏父母监管是影响
青少年犯罪率的一个因素。
3—级修饰 of parental supervision
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰This lack
句子主干 This lack.・・is thought （主+谓）
''动词不定式短语作主语补足语
—级修饰 to be an influence
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an influence
二级修饰 on juvenile crime rates.
identifiable offensive frustration availability
❹ Other causes of acts include or failure in school, the increased of drugs
incidence neglect.
and alcohol, and the growing of child abuse and child 其他有关青少年犯罪行为的可确认因素还
竺壁竺的挫折或失败、毒品和酒精越来越容易获得，以及虐待和疏于照顾儿童的事件的发生率日益增加。
—级修饰 of offensive acts
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Other identifiable causes
Other identifiable causes...include如荣理迦竺国兰气虫 竺也凹（主+谓+宾）
I
并列的名词短语
句子主干 the increased availability of drugs and alcohol,
and连接并列的名词短语
and the growing incidence
介词短语作后置定语，修饰incidence
—级修饰 of child abuse and child neglect.
[ identifiable offensive1" [ 3 a.
[ai.dentrfaisbl] a.可识别的;可辨认的 fensiv] 攻击性的;得罪人的
frustration availability
[frA-streiJn]几挫折;受阻；受挫 [me板biloti] n.可得性
i*ncidence [ n*eglect
qnsidans] n.发生率;发生范围 [nrglekt] vt.疏于照顾;忽视
tend to causal
❺ All these conditions increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct
relationship has not yet been established.所有这些情况往往会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，然而它们之间的直接因
果关系还未得到证实。
句子主干 All these conditions tend to increase th^probability （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语修饰the probability
of a child committing a criminal act,
—级修饰 although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
商无洼暮 tend to 往往会;常常就;趋于;照料 causal a.因果关系的;前因后果的
I Section ffl Reading Comprehension 〃
Part A
Text 1
• •••第一段....
stumbled across database
❶ Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon CareerBuilder, a job on the Internet.
去年年底，甘特-雷德蒙律师找工作时，在网上偶然发现了一个名为“凯业必达招聘网”的求职数据库。
—级修饰 Hunting for a job late last year,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的时间状语u
句子主干 lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder,（主+谓+宾）
CareerBuilder 的同位语]
一级修饰 a job database on the Internet.
4stumble across d*atabase [
，词汇注释： 意外发现;偶然遇见 -deitgbeis] n.数据库
❷ He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's 44personal search agent".虽然他当时搜索数据库之后
并没有成功找到所需职位的信息，但却被该网站的“个人搜索代理”所吸引。
一级修饰 with no success
1 介词短语作结果状语
He searched it （主+谓+宾）
句子主干
but连接的并列谓语
but was attracted by the site's ^personal search agent".
key in criteria
❸ It's an interactive feature that lets visitors job such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when
matching posted
a position is in the database.这种搜索代理具有互动功能，访客可以键入自己的求职要求，比如
工作地点、职位和薪水，当数据库内出现与这些要求相匹配的职位时,该搜索工具就会给访客发送邮件。
句子主干 It's an interactive feature （主+系+表）
一级修饰
二级修饰
key in criteria
'、、词汇注释、 键入;用键盘输入 [krai tisna] n. [p/.]标准;准则
matching [ p*ost [
maetjirj] a.相配的;相称的;相同的 psust]仇.张贴;公布；邮寄
Q Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D. C.雷德蒙选择了"法律""知识产权”
和“华盛顿特区”三个关键词。
句子主干 Redmon chose the keywords （主+谓+宾）
the keywords的同位语T
一级修饰 legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C.
intellectual property
:词汇注释: 知识产权
❺ Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening.三周后，他收到了第一个职位空缺通知。
一级修饰 Three weeks later,
［名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 he got 些虫浅褒2竺竺i竺匹竺L2於瘦旻，（主+谓+宾）
❻"I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a
company.雷德蒙感叹道:“我挖到宝了。”他用电子邮件把自己的简历发送给雇主,之后得到了在一家公司内部
做法律顾问的工作。
<4I struck gold,"
［直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Redmon,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Redmon
who E-mailed his resume to the employer
一级修饰 and连接的并列谓宾
and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
5• •••第二段••••
promising
❶ With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding openings can be time-consuming and
inefficient.
互联网上与求职有关的网站数以千计,因此想要找到有前途的空缺职位不仅费时，而且效率低下。
—级修饰 With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,
[with独立主格结构，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.（主+系+表）
1 p*romising [ inefficient
"司汇注睡 promisirj] a.有前途的;有希望的 [（im fijnt] a.效率低的;能力差的
❷ Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.搜索代理减少了人们反复访问数据库的需要。
句子主干 Search agents reduce the need （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the need
—级修饰 for repeated visits to the databases.
experts drawbacks
❸ But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career see .但是，尽管搜索代理帮助雷德蒙找
到了工作,就业专家们还是发现了一些弊端。
_级修饰 although a search agent worked for Redmon,
[although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 But ...career experts see drawbacks.（主+谓+宾）
e*xpert drawback^ [
福汇注屣： [-ekspait] n.专家a.熟练的；内行的 droibaek] n.弊端;缺点；不利条件
O work against eliminate
Narrowing your criteria, for example, may you: u Every time you answer a question you a
possibility, n says one expert.例如，将个人求职要求的范围设置得过窄可能会对你不利。一位专家说:“每回答
一个问题,你就排除了一种可能性。”
句子主干 Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:（主+谓+宾）
[解释说明
一级修饰 you eliminate a possibility,v says one expert.
[Every time引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 "Every time you answer a question
本句中,for example 作插入语，直接引语MEvery time you answer a question you eliminate a possibilityM
作says的宾语。
work against e*liminate [ i limmeit]
词汇注释！ 使对（某人）不利;违背 vt.排除；淘汰
第三段••••
O narrow broaden
For any job search, you should start with a concept—what you think you want to do—then it.无论找
什么工作，你首先应该有一个窄范围的概念一一你认为自己想做什么一然后再去拓宽它。
一级修饰 For any job search,
[介词短语作状语
you should start （主+谓）
句子主干 |并列谓语■
then broaden it.
介词短语作状语
—级修饰 with a narrow concept
[解释说明a narrow concept
二级修饰 —what you think you want to do—
6n*[arrow broaden [
；词汇注释: n$r3u] q.窄小的；狭义的 br3：dn]。.扩宽；变宽;增长（经验、知识等）
@ "None of these programs do that,” says another expert.而这些程序都无法做到这一点，”另一位专家说。
句子主干 says another expert.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
implicit
❸“There's no career counseling in all of this. ” "所有这些都不包含职业咨询服务。"
________ r»
句子主干 "There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." （There be句型：There+is+主）
；
:WitSS i*mplicit [
im-phsit] a.内含的;含蓄的;完全的
keep abreast of particular
❹ Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to jobs in a database ；
when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.而最佳策略应是把搜索代理看作一种提示
服务，借助它了解某特定数据库中最新发布的职位信息；当你收到电子邮件时,就把它看作是一种提示,再次去
查阅该数据库。
一级修饰 to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database;
动词不定式短语作（1）句的目的状语]
（l）Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service （主+系+表）
句子主干
并列句
（2）consider it a reminder （祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）
，动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a reminder
to check the database again.
一级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
when you get E-mail,
keep abreast of p*articular [
:词汇注释: 了解....的最新情况;跟上 p9-tikjala（r） ] q.特定的;格外的
❺"I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me, ” says the author of
a job-searching guide. 一本求职指南的作者说:“我不会依赖这些搜索代理帮我寻找可能令我感兴趣的数据库中
新增的所有信息”。
二级修饰 that might interest me,"
that引导的定语从句,[修饰a database
—级修饰 that is added to a dat l abase
that引导的定语从句, 修饰everything
"I would not rely on agents for finding everything
句子主干 !直接引语作says的宾语
says the author of a job・ssarching guide.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
….第四段.…
❶Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.―些网站设计搜索代理来吸引求职者回访。
句子主干 Some sites design their agents （主+谓+宾）
i
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to tempt job hunters to return.
signed up fbr
❷ When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have its service, for example, it includes only
potential
three jobs—those it considers the best matches.比如，"职业网站”的代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，
它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的职位。
7二级修饰 who have signed up for its service,
who引导的定语从句，修饰those
When CareerSite^ agent sends out messages to those
—级修饰 When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
for example,
|插入语
句子主干 it includes only three^otentiayote （主+谓+宾）
[补充说明three potential jobs
—级修饰 —those it considers the best matches.
sign up for p*otential [*tepnajl]
顶汇注整 报名（参加课程） a.可能的;潜在的n.可能性;潜力
❸ There may be more matches in the database ； job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do.
而数据库里可能还有更多匹配的职位,求职者只好再次访问这个网站来搜索它们一他们确实也这样做了。
（1） There may be more matches in the database; （There be句型：There+may be+主）
I
句子主干 并列句
（2） job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them （主+谓+宾）
（2）
•补充说明 句
_级修饰 一and they do.
sharp vice
❹"On the day after we send our messages, we see a increase in our traffic,M says Seth Peets, president of
marketing for CareerSite. u职业网站”的营销部副总裁塞思-皮茨说:“我们发出邮件后的第二天，网站的访问量
就会急剧上升。”
—级修饰 覆'On the day after we send our messages,
介词短语作时间状语
we see a sharp increase in our traffic,M
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Seth Peets,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
Seth Peets的同位语
—级修饰 vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
：
sharp v*[ice
:词汇洼释 *[Ja:p] a.急剧的;锋利的;敏锐的 vais] a.副的n.罪行;恶习；不道德行为
••第五段•*••
worthwhile.
❶ Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents 即使是那些非求职者也可能会发现搜索代理
的价值。
句子主干 Even those...may find search agents worthwhile.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰those
一级修饰 who aren't hunting for jobs
：
w* orthwhile [ iWaiO-wail]
:词汇洼释 a.有价值的;值得花府间；重要的
keep a close watch on gather compensation
❷ Some use them to the demand for their line of work or information on to
negotiating
arm themselves when for a raise.有些人借助他们密切关注自己所在行业的需求情况,或者收集有关
薪酬待遇的信息以备加薪谈判时使用。
8句子主干 Some use them （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work
or连接并列的动词不定式短语
一级修饰 or （to） gather information on（u）mpensation to arm themselves
when+现在分词短语结构，作句子主干的时间状语
when negotiating for a rai
（
keep a close watch on g*ather ['gaed9r） ]
词汇注将！ 密切注视;严密监视 v.收集；聚集
compensation negotiate * [
[ tkompen'seijn] n.补偿金；赔偿物 ni gguJieit ]。.谈判；协商
employed, maintains
❸ Although happily Redmon his agent at CareerBuilder,尽管雷德蒙已愉快就职，但他仍继续使
用凯业必达网站的搜索代理。
—级修饰 Although （Redmon is） happily employed,
^Although引导的让步状语从宥，作扃孕主干的让步状语
句子主干 Redmon maintains his agent （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰his agent
—级修饰 at CareerBuilder.
「套，&洼寐］由于让步状语从句与句子主干主语一致，因此，从句中省略了主语和be动词，可还原为Although
Redmon is happily employed,谓语 is...employed 使用了一般现在式的被动语态。
e*mploy m* aintain
:词汇连将； ［ im pbi］化雇用;应用；利用 ［mem tem］加.保持;赡养;维修
❹"You always keep your eyes open," he says.他说:"你得时刻留意。”
"You always keep your eyes open,"
［直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
he says.（宾+主+谓）
❺ Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.拥有个人搜索代理就等于
多了一双眼睛帮你留意（职位信息）。
Woridng with a personal search agent means h^ing anothCT srt （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 现在分词短语作another set of eyes的补足语t
looking out for you.
Text 2
…第一段…
unfairness discrimination condemned illegal.
❶ Over the past century, all kinds of and have been or made 过去一百年
来,各种不公平现象和歧视行为要么遭到谴责，要么被视为非法。
—级修饰 Over the past century,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned （主+谓）
句子主干 。彪接的并列谓语
or （have been） made illegal.
9unfairness discrimination
:词汇注释 '、、 [lAirfeonos] n.不公平 [di1skrimrneij'n] 口.歧视；区另I];辨别力
condemn^ [ i*llegal [
kgn dem]沉.谴责；宣判 a.非法的；违法的几非法移民
：
insidious continues thrive alphabetism.
❷But one form to 然而，有一种潜在的不公平现象仍在继续盛行，那就是
字母排序歧视。
句子主干 But one insidious form continues tojhnye: alphabetism.（主+谓+宾）
:要点注释 冒号后的alphabetism解释说明主语one insidious formo
insidious c*ontinue [
:词汇洼释 [m-sidigs] a.潜在的；隐伏的 kan tmjui] v.持续;继续存在
t*hrive alphabetism
[eraiv] vi.蓬勃发展；繁荣;兴盛 [ （aelfs-batizam] n.字母排序歧视
as yet unaware refers to surnames
❸ This, for those of such a disadvantage, discrimination against those whose begin
with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.对于那些迄今为止还未意识到这种劣势的人来说，它指的是那些姓
氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人所遭受的歧视。
—级修饰 fbr those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,
[介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 This,...refers to虫耍瘦度赠四（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰discrimination
一级修饰 against those
whose引导的定语从句，[修饰those
二级修饰 whose surnames begin with a letter
___________ 介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a letter
三级修饰 in the lower half of the alphabet.
as yet unaware
:词汇注程: 至今还;到目前为止 [ ^ns-weg^） ] a.没意识到的;未注意到的
refer to s*urname [
指的是；涉及;谈到 saineim] □.姓，姓氏
*•••第二段• ••爨
firm has a advantage over
O It has long been known that a taxi called AAAA cars big Zodiac cars when customers
thumb through directories.
their phone 人们早就知道，当顾客翻阅电话号码簿的时候，名为AAAA cars的出租
车公司就比名为Zodiac cars的出租车公司更有优势。
It has long been known （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语-
that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars
“when引导的时间状语从句，作主语从句的时间状语
—级修饰 when customers thumb through their phone directories.
firm* [farm] a. have an advantage over
:商元洼盛' .公司 坚固的 胜过;优于
thumb through d*irectory [
快速翻阅；浏览 d*a rekt an] n.电话号码簿
❷ Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman.但鲜为人知的是，在生活中，名叫
Adam Abbott比名叫Zoe Zysman更具优势。
句子主干 Lessjvelljuiown is the advantage （倒装句：表+系+主）
[that引导的定语从苛，修饰the advantage
—级修饰 that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo€ Zysman.
fairly evenly
❸ English names are spread between the halves of the alphabet.英文名字在字母表的前后两部分分布相
当均匀。
10句子主干 English names are fairly evenly spread (主+谓)
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语[
—级修饰 between the halves of the alphabet.
f*airly evenly
成汇注程」 [，feoli] ad.相当地;一定地;公正地;简直 [，i：vnli] ad.均匀地;相等地;平静地
r»
suspiciously
❹ Yet a large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.彳旦是，姓氏-首字
A K
母排在 和 之间的上层人士却多得出奇。
句子主干 Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames (主+谓+宾)
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰surnames]
—级修饰 beginning with letters between A and K.
suspiciously
:词汇注释 [ sa^pijasli] ad.出奇地;可疑地
• ...第三段•••*
respectively
❶ Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C ； and 26 of George
predecessors
Bush's （including his father） had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second
half.如此说来，美国总统和副总统的姓氏分别以字母B和字母C起头；乔治-布什的前任（包括其父亲）中，有
26位总统的姓氏首字母处于字母表的前半部分，而姓氏首字母在字母表后半部分的总统仅有16位。
一级修饰 starting with B and C respectively;
现在分词短语作后置定语,[修饰surnames
(1) Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
1
(2) and 26 of George Bush's predecessors...had surnames (主+谓+宾)
补充说明George B*sush predecessors [
(including his father)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰surnames
一级修饰 in the first half of the alphabet
介词短语作状语， 表对比
against just 16 in the second half.
respectively [n predecessor
词汇注释: spektivH]邳 分别地;各自地 [.pri：dises9（r）]几前任；被替代的事物
striking,
❷ Even more six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged
(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi).更令人震惊的是，七国集团的政府首脑中有六位的姓
氏首字母在字母表中排序靠前(Berlusconi, Blair、Bush、Chirac、Chretien 和 Koizumi) o
句子主干 Even more striking, six of the seven heads...are alphabetically advantaged (主+系+表)
一级修饰
striking" [ straikio] a.
:商元洼落: 异乎寻常的；引人注目的;显著的;妩媚动人的
central
❸ The world's three top bankers ( Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet,
characters.
even if one of them really uses Japanese 世界三大央行行长(Greenspan、Duisenberg 和 Hayami)的姓氏
11首字母排序都很靠前,即使其中一位实际上用的是日文。
句子主干 The woidd's three top central bankers...are all cl^e to the top of the alphabet,（主+系+表）
解释说明The world's three top central bankers
(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)
—级修饰 even if引导的让步状语从句， 作句子主干的让步状语
even if
one of them really uses Japanese characters.
c*entral [ c*haracter [
:商汇注释: sentral] a.中央的;最重要的；首要的 -kaeraktaCr)]几.文字;人物；品质
❹ As are the world's five richest men ( Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).世界五大首富(Gates、Buffett、
Allen、Ellison 和 Albrecht)的情况也是一样。
句子主干 As are the world's five richest men (倒装句：表+系+主)
[解释说明the world's five richest men
—级修饰 (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
:要点注释:As指代❸句中的close to the top of the alphabet,作本句中句子主干的表语。
第四段
merely coincidence?
❶ Can this be 这难道只是一个巧合？
句子主干 Can this merely be coincidence?（一般疑问句：情态动词+主+系+表）
m* erely [ coincidence
'；问汇注皆: miali] ad.仅仅；只不过 [ kau msidans] n.巧合；相符；并存
dreamt up rot sets in
❷ One theory, in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the early.
有一种理论（这是那些姓氏首字母在字母表中的排序不占优势的人在闲暇时凭空臆想出来的理论）认为，歧视
早就开始了。
句子主干 One theory,...is些旦堕121竺也巫£竺勺？（主+系+表从）
'过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰One theory
dreamt the spare time
—级修饰 up in all
___________ 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the spare time
enjoyed
二级修饰 by the alphabetically disadvantaged,
dream rotrot]
「词汇洼释: 叩凭空想出，虚构出（尤指荒诞不经的事） 几.形势恶化;腐烂;废话
'set in
（不好的事情）开始，到来，产生，恶化
infant pupils
❸ At the start of the first year in school, teachers seat alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to
remember their names.在幼儿园的第一年之始，老师就按姓氏首字母顺序从前排往后给学生排座位，以便更容
易记住他们的名字。
At
—级修饰 the start of the first year in infant school,
___________ 拓矗语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,（主+谓+宾）
一动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to
—级修饰 make it easier to remember their names.
infant p*upil [
■网匹连墨! -infant] a.供幼儿用的；初期的n. pjuipl]几学生；弟子；瞳孔
short-sighted gets stuck posed
❹ So Zysman junior in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions by those
insensitive
teachers.因此，眼睛近视的小Zysman就只能坐在后排，那些不敏感的老师们也很少问他一些益智性
的问题。
12So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row,（主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and is rarely asked the improving questions
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the improving questions :
一级修饰 卜 posed by those insensitive teachers.
short-sighted get stuck
:商汇注卷： [ gt-saitid] a.近视的；目光短浅的 被困住，无法摆脱;被难住
p*ose insensitive
[psuz] v.提问；造成;佯装 n.姿势 [ m sensativ] a.不敏感的
❺ At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape.当时，那些姓氏首字母在字母表
上排序靠后的学生可能会为自己能逃避老师的提问而暗自庆幸。
At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作may think的宾语
they have had a lucky escape.
qualifications, confidence
❻ Yet the result may be worse because they get less individual attention, as well as less in
speaking publicly.但结果也许是，他们的学业越来越差，因为他们得到的个人关注较少，在公众场合讲话也缺乏
信心。
句子主干 Yet the result may be worse^ualifications,（主+系+表）
[because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because
they get less individual attention,
一级修饰 | as well as连接的并列宾语
as well as
less confidence in speaking publicly.
qualifications c*onfidence [
:词汇注释 « [ （kwolifrkeij'nzj n. [p/.]学历，资历 konfidsns] n.信心；信任；把握
…第五段…
humiliation
❶The continues.这种羞辱还在继续。
句子主干 The humiliation continues.（主+谓）
humiliation
,：词汇注释 '、、 [ hju：,mili eijn] n.屈辱;耻辱；蒙羞
ceremonies,
❷ At university graduation the ABCs proudly get their awards first； by the time they reach the Zysmans most
literally
people are having a ZZZ.大学毕业典礼上,姓氏首字母为ABC的学生骄傲地先领到毕业证书，等轮到像
Zysman那样姓氏首字母排序靠后的学生时，大多数人差不多都鼾声大作了。
一级修饰
[介词短语作(1)句的状语
（1） the ABCs proudly get theirawards first;（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列句
（2） most people are literally having a ZZZ.（主+谓+宾）
|by the time引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
—级修饰 by the time they reach the Zysmans
c*eremony literally^[
「商帝注福： [.seramani] n.典礼;仪式;礼节;礼仪 ditgraH] ad.差不多；照字面地
13❸ ：
Shortlists ballot attendees drawn
for job interviews, election papers, lists of conference speakers and all tend to be
up recipients plough through
alphabetically, and their lose interest as they them.求职面试的候选人名单、投票选
举名单、会议发言人或列席人员名单，往往都会按姓氏首字母顺序拟定，当拿到名单的人们费劲地从头到尾翻
阅这些名单时,他们也渐渐失去了兴趣。
二级修饰 of conference speakers and attendees:
介词短语作后置定语，修饰lists]
一级修饰 Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists
[all的同位语
（1） all tend to be drawn up alphabetically,（主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and their recipients lose interest （主+谓+宾）
[as引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
—级修饰 as they plough through them.
shortlist b*allot [
词汇注释: [-Joithst]几.候选名单;入围名单 baelst] n.选票v.无记名投票
attendee draw up
[ iaeteirdi：] n.出席者；在场者 拟定；制订;起草
r*ecipient [ plough through
n sipiant] n.接受者；受方 费劲地阅读;艰难地通过
Text 3
.…第一段.…
❶
When it comes to biting her nails
the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't just yet.当谈到经济发展速度放缓时，爱
伦-斯佩罗还不至于束手无策。
—级修饰 When it comes to the slowing economy,
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Ellen Spero isn't biting herjiails just yet.（主+谓+宾）
when it comes to bite one's nails
:词汇注释 当谈到，当提到 束手无策；咬指甲
manicurist filing polishing nails
❷ But the 47-year-old isn't cutting, or as many as she'd like to, either.但这位47 岁的
美甲师现在修剪、铿磨和上油的指甲都不如她期望的那样多了。•
句子主干 But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as 哩毁史^...either.（主+谓+宾）
jas引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
—级修饰 as she'd like to,
manicurist f*ile
词汇注释' [ 'maeniRjuanst] n.美甲师;指甲修理师 [fail] vt. ®平仇提出（申请）几文件
p*olish [ pohj] n*[naeilil]
加.润色;磨光几.擦亮剂；优雅 几.指甲；钉子沉.（用钉子）钉牢
❸ Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.她的
多数客户每周要消费12至50美元,可上个月两位老顾客却突然不再出现了。
（1） Most of her clients spend $12jo^$50 weekly,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 jbut连接的并列句，表转折
（2） bllt last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.（主+谓+宾）
14blames softening
❹Spero the economy.斯佩罗把这归咎于疲软的经济。
句子主干 Spero blames the^^teningjeconomy.（主+谓+宾）
blame1" soften
:词汇注释" [bleim]沉.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 [-sofn] v.（使）变软,软化;变温和
indicator, "
❺“I'm a good economic she says. “我是一个不错的经济晴雨表，”她说。
"I'm a good economic indicator,"
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
she says.（宾+主+谓）
indicator
；词汇注释: [undikeitMr）]几指示信号；指示器；指针；标志
❻"I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.""我提供的是一种
当人们想省钱的时候不要也行的服务。”
句子主干 “I provide aseryice （主+谓+宾）
?that引导的定语从句，修饰a service
that
—级修饰 people can do without
[when引导的时间状语从句
when
二级修饰 they're concerned about saving some dollars."
downscaling, suburban
❼ So Spero is shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her Cleveland home,
instead of Neiman Marcus.所以，斯佩罗也在降低消费档次，改在她克利夫兰郊区住处附近中档的迪拉德百货商
店购物，而不是在内曼-马库斯购物C
句子主干 So Spero is downscaling,（主+谓）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
shopping store
—级修饰 at middle-brow Dillard's department
:介词短语作状语
instead of
Neiman Marcus.
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰store
near
her suburban Cleveland home,
downscale skeil] suburban
词汇注释1 [ ^un v.降低档次;缩减规模 [sa baiban] a.郊区的;城外的;呆板的
clients abandon
❽"I don't know if other are going to me, too,” she says."我不知道别的客户是否也会弃我而去，”
她说。
if
other clients are going to abandon me, too,
[if引导的宾语从句，作don't know的宾语
句子主干
2£doif£know^ she says.（宾+主+谓）
c*lient [ abandon *
'、、词汇注释 klaiant ] n.客户；委托人；当事人 [g baendan] vt.离开;遗弃n.放任;放纵
"•••第二段
admission folks
❶ Even before Alan Greenspan's that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working had already
seen signs of the slowdown themselves.甚至早在艾伦•格林斯潘承认美国火热的经济正在降温之前，许多劳动者
自己就已经看到了经济发展放缓的迹象。
15二级修饰 that A*smerica red-hot economy is cooling,
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明admission
—级修饰 Even before Alan Greenspan's admission
___________ [介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 lots of working folks had already seen 夷理... themselves.（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语』修饰signs
一级修饰 of the slowdown
admission f*[ofalkuk]
:有无洼裕： *[ 3dmifn] n.承认;准许进入;入场费 n.人们a.传统民间的；民俗的
dealerships temper
❷ From car to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers their spending.由于消费
者削减开支，从汽车经销商到盖普品牌专卖店，销售额已连续数月下滑。
—级修饰 From car dealerships to Gap outlets,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
句子主干 sales have been lagging for months （主+谓）
‘as引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 as shoppers temper their spending.
dealership temper^ [
:词汇洼薜: [，di：yip]几（尤指汽车）经销店 •tempo（r） ] vt.使缓和;使温和n.脾气
retailers, revenue cautious
❸ For who last year took in 24 percent of their between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the
crucial 24% ,
approach is coming at a time.去年,零售商在感恩节至圣诞节期间赚取的收入占全年收入的 而在今
年的这一关键时刻,他们却要采取谨慎的方式。
二级修饰 who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明retailers
—级修饰 For retailers,
:介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 the cautious approach is coming （主+谓）
,介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 at a crucial time.
：
: retailer [ r*evenue [
] n.零售商；零售店 -rev3nju：] n.收入；税收；财政收入
c*autious [ Jas] c*rucial [
-koi a.谨慎的；小心的 ，kru:Jl] a.关键性的；至关重要的
❹ Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace.据专家称，节日营业额较之去年已经减少
了 7%o
—级修饰 experts say,
___________ ]插入语
句子主干 Already,...holiday sales are off^percent （主+系 +表）
"介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 from last year's pace.
alarms
❺But don’t sound any just yet.然而，目前还没有到拉响警报的时候。
句子主干 But don't sound any^alarms just yet.（祈使句：谓+宾）
a*larm [ aUaim]
:商无注祀 n.警报;惊恐vt.使惊恐
❻
Consumers optimistic
seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain about the economy's long
prospects belt-tightening.
term even as they do some modest 消费者似乎只是有些担忧，但并不恐慌;许多人表7K ,
即伸他们在小幅度缩减开支，他们对经济的长远前景仍然持乐观态度。
16（1） Consumers seem only mildly concerned, （seem） not panicked,（主+系+表）
句子主干 "nd连接的并列句
（2） and many say they remain optimistic （主+谓+宾从）
--- -— —— —
[ [介词短语作（2 ）句的状语，表对象
about
the economy's long-term prospects
■引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
—级修饰
as
even they do some modest belt-tightening.
词汇洼暮 consumer [ k3n-sju：ma（r） ] n.消费者;顾客 o*ptimistic [ 1Dpti mistik] a.乐观的；乐观主义的
p*rospect [ belt-tightening
prospekt] n.前景；设想；希望 [ -belt taitmg] n.缩减开支
：-»•••务有二' • ••娜
in despair dreadful
O Consumers say they're not because, despite the headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.
消费者说,尽管头条新闻很吓人，但他们并不绝望，因为他们依然对自己的个人财产状况感觉相当良好。
句子主干 Consumers say theyjejiotjnjd^spair （主+谓+宾从）
because引导的原因状语从句J作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because,...their own fortunes still feel pretty good.
1介词短语作让步状语
二级修饰 despite the dreadful headlines,
:词汇注释 in despair在绝望中；陷入绝境 dreadful [ •dredfl] a.令人畏惧的;可怕的;讨厌的
steady regions.
Home prices are holding in most 多数地区房价平稳。
句子主干 Home prices are holding steady in most regions.（主+系+表）
s*teady r*egion [
:词汇注释 [,stedi] a.平稳的；稳定的ad.持续地;稳定地 5电湖]n.地区；地方;行政区
predominantly
© In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, fed by Wall
broker
Street bonuses,M says Barbara Corcoran.在曼哈顿，"在400万到1000万美元的房价区间出现了新一轮的
淘金热，这主要是由于华尔街股票红利的注入。”经纪人芭芭拉-柯克兰说。
fed
一级修饰 predominantly by Wall Street bonuses,"
[过去分词短语作原因状语
"there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
In Manhattan,...says broker Barbara Corcoran.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
predominantly broker
:词汇注释 [pn dDmmantU] ad.占主导地位地；显著地 [ -braokaCr） ] m 经纪人;握客
frenzied overbidding
❹ In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as quiets.在旧金山，尽管狂热的高价竞房已经降
温，但房价仍在上涨。
句子主干 In San Francisco, prices are still rising （主+谓）
[as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 even as frenzied overbidding quiets.
frenzied overbid
':词汇注释 [ -frenzid] a.狂暴的;疯狂的 [guvMid] v.出价高于……的价值;出价过高
Bay real-estate
❺“Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,M says John Tealdi, a Area broker.
'海湾地区的房地产经纪人约翰•梯尔迪说，“现在你可能只能得到两三个报价了，而不是之前的二三十个
报价。”
17"Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,"
l直接弓I语作says的宾语
句子主干
says John Tealdi,（倒装句:宾+谓+主）
'John Tealdi的同位语
一级修饰 a Bay Area real-estate broker.
real-estate
词汇洼瘫 b*[baeyi] n.海湾；隔间；突出部分 [，rwl isteit] a.房地产的，不动产的
❻ And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.再有，令多数人仍感到信心满满
的是,他们有能力找到并保住一份工作。
句子主干 And most folks still feel pretty comfortable （主+系 +表）
、-,= -------------------------------------
[介词短语作状语，表对象
about
—级修饰 their ability to find and keep a job.
・.•.第四段....
silver linings
❶Many folks see to this slowdown.许多人从经济发展放缓中看到了一线光明o
句子主干 Many folks see silyerjinings to this slowdown.（主+谓+宾）
silver lining
:词汇注释’ （困境中的）一线希望；（黑暗中的）一线光明
❷ Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates,潜在的住房购买者因低利率而欢呼
句子主干 Potential home buyers would cheer （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语]
—级修饰 for lower interest rates.
❸ Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.雇主们并不在意就业市场少了些泡沫。
句子主干 Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a little fewer bubbles
—级修饰 in the job market.
❹ Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary
ingredient sustained
to a boom.许多消费者似乎已经受到股票市场波动的影响，而如今的投资者却认为这种波
动是经济持续繁荣不可缺少的因素。
句子主干 Many consumers seem to have been influenced （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by stock-market swings,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，]补充说明stock-market swings
二级修饰 which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.
ingredient^ [ sustained
'词汇注粹 in griidisnt] n.因素；成分;原料 [*ssteamd] a.持续的；持久的
❺
Diners upside,
might see an too.就餐者或许也看到了有利的一面。
句子主干 Diners might see anjipside, too.（主+谓+宾）
diner upside
词汇任释 卜daino（r）]儿就餐者;小餐馆，小饭店 Epsaid] n.有利的一面;好处
18❻ Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Aiain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible,以前曼哈顿新开张的人气餐馆
阿兰-杜卡斯一桌难求。
句子主干 Getting a table...used to be impossible.（主+系+表）
介词短语作地点状语
一级修饰 at Manhattan's hot new^Alain Ducasse restaurant
❼ Not anymore. 现在情况已大不相同。
句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，补充完整为 Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant is not
impossible anymoreo注意，本句与❻句是对比关系。
worth toasting.
❽For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be 就凭这个，格林斯潘（时任美联储主席）及其同事们或许仍
值得我们为之举杯。
句子主干 For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worthjoasting,（主+系+表）
要点注释: 句首的介词短语For that作原因状语,that指代❻❼句的内容。当worth为形容词时，其用法同介
词，后接名词、代词、数字或动词的-ing形式。
词汇注释 w* orth [w3：0] a.值得的;值……钱n.价值 toast [toust] vt.为……举杯敬酒n.干杯;吐司
Text 4
・...第一段....
intellect.
❶ Americans today don't place a very high value on 今天的美国人不太重视才智o
句子主干 Americans today don't place aj^eryjiighvalue （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作状语.
一级修饰 on intellect.
intellect [
.词汇注释 -mtalekt] n.才智；理解力；才智超群的人
entertainers, entrepreneurs,
❷ Our heroes are athletes, and not scholars.我们的英雄都是运动员、演艺人士和企业
家,而不是学者。
句子主干 Our heroes are （主+系+表）
补充说明
—级修饰 not scholars.
entertainer [ entrepreneur
:词汇注释 ^nta-temaCr） ] n.演员，表演者 [ 1Dntrapr9m3：（r） ] n.企业家，创业者
© Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of
knowledge,甚至学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育,而不是为了知识才去求学的地方。
Even our schools are...（主+系+表从）
句子主干
where引导的表语从句
where we send our children to get a practical education
[补充说明to get a practical education
一级修饰 —not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
❹
Symptoms pervasive
of anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.不难发现，我国的学校中普遍存在
反智主义症状。
19句子主干 Symptoms...aren't difficult to find.（主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Symptoms
—* 级修饰 of pervasive anti-intellectualism
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰pervasive anti-intellectualism
二级修饰 in our schools
s*ymptom pervasive
；词汇洼蒋■ 「simptom] n.症状;征兆 [pa'veisiv] a.遍布的；充斥各处的；弥漫的
• •••第二段••••
❶"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,n says education writer Diane
Ravitch. “学校一直处于一个实用重于才智的社会中，”教育作家戴安娜■拉维奇说。
一级修饰 where practical is more important than intellectual,M
where引导的定语从句,［修饰a society
"Schools have always been in a society
l直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says education writer Diane Ravitch.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
counterbalance. ”
Schools could be a “学校本来可以成为一种平衡力量。
句子主干 “Schools could be七竺兰想也包竺（主+系+表）
:童店洼蒋:本句仍为❶句中says的宾语。
counterbalance
:词汇注释 [-kaontabaebns] n.平衡抵消物[ikaonta baelans] vt.抗衡；抵消；对....起平衡作用
, traces
❸ Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms the roots of anti-intellectualism in our
anything but
schools, concluding they are a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.拉维奇
最新的著作《落后:学校改革失败的一个世纪》追溯了我国学校里反智主义的根源，并得出结论:学校根本不能
平衡美国人对追求才智的厌恶。
一级修饰 Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,
］Ravitch's latest book的同位语
句子主干 Ravitch's latest book,...traces thejroots （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰the roots
of anti-intellectualism in our schools,
—级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
concluding they are anything but a counterbalance
介词短语作后置定语，，修饰a counterbalance
二级修饰 to the American distaste
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the American distaste
三级修饰 for intellectual pursuits.
套出洼蒋一 现在分词短语 concluding...中，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句 they are anything but a counterbalance,
作concluding的宾语。
t*race anything but
词汇注释 [treis] vt.追溯；探索；追踪n.痕迹 根本不;决不
••••第三段••••
❶But they could and should be.但是学校原本能够而且也应该做到这一点。
20句子主干 But they could and should be (acounteibalaiice).(主+系+表)
[要点注释 '、、联系第二段❸句可知，该句省略了表语a counterbalanceo
vulnerable exploitation
❷ Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them to and control.鼓励孩子们拒绝精
神生活，会使他们容易被利用和控制。 ”
Encouraging kids t。reject the life of the mind leaves tihem (主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 T形容词短语作them的补足语
vulnerable
to exploitation and control.
v*ulnerable [ exploitation [
:词汇注释： VAlnarabl] a.易受....伤害的；脆弱的 lekspbi tei/n] n.利用；开发
defend
❸ Without the ability to think critically, to their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully
democracy
participate in our .如果孩子们不能批判性地思考,不能捍卫自己的观点，也不能理解他人的观点，那
么他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主生活。
and (to)
understand the ideas of others,
二级修饰 | and连接并列的动词不定式短语
to
defend their ideas
j并列的动词不定式短语
to
think critically,
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the ability
Without the ability
—级修饰
[介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 they cannot fully participate in our democracy.(主+谓+宾)
d*efend d*emocracy [
词汇连盛' [di-fend]。.捍卫;维护;辩解 di mokrssi] n.民主；民主制度
civil
❹ Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less
society. M作家厄尔-夏润思认为，照这样下去，“我们的国家就会变成二流国家，公民社会的程度将会降低。”
Continuing
along this path,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作(1)句的条件状语
says writer Earl Shorris,
,, l插入语
(1) “We will become a second-rate country.(主+系+表)
句子主干 j并列句
(2) We will have a less civil society.^, (主+谓+宾)
c*ivil
"司无洼洛！ [Sivl] a.公民的；文明的；民事的
…•第四段.…
resented privilege,w
❶ M Intellect is as a form of power or writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti
Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics,
religion, and education.历史学家理查德•霍夫斯塔特教授在《美国生活中的反智主义》一书中这样写道:“才智
被看作一种权力或特权而遭到人们的憎恨。”该书曾获普利策奖，探究了美国政治、宗教和教育领域中反智主义
的根源。
21"Intellect is resented as a form of power or p*rivilege/
［直接引语作writes的宾语
句子主干
writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter (倒装句：宾+谓+主)
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
in
一级修饰 Anti-Intellectualism in American Life,
\Anti-Intellectualism in American ▲泥的同位语
book
二级修饰 a Pulitzer-Prize winning
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰book
on anti-intellectualism
三级修饰 the roots of
介词短语作后置定语，i修饰anti-intellectualism
in US
四级修饰 politics, religion, and education.
:网汇连释 r*esent ［rrzent］仇.憎恨；怨恨 p*rivilege ［部1跆1电］几特权；荣幸；优惠
populist
From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and urges have driven us to reject anything
elitism.
that smells of 霍夫斯塔特说，自我们的历史开始之初,对民主化和民粹主义的渴望就驱使我们排斥一切
带有精英主义味道的东西。
From
the beginning of our history,
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
says Hofstadter,
插入语
句子主干 our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything （主+谓+宾+宾补）
that引导的定语从句,
that
一级修饰 smells of elitism.
:问汇注释: populist elitism
[ 'popjahst] a.民粹主义的 n.平民主义者 [ei liitizam] n.精英主义
❸ Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could
learn from a book.人们认为实用性、常识及先天智力是比从书本中学到的任何东西都高尚的品质。
句子主干 Practicality,...intelligence have been considered more noble qualities （主+谓）
[than...作句子主干的比较状语
than anything
一级修饰
省略关系词(that)的定语从句,:修饰anything
二级修饰 you could learn from a book.
•…第五段.…
rigorous
O Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and book learning put
shut up recitation
unnatural restraints on children:u We are in schools arffl college rooms for 10 or 15 years and come
bellyful
out at last with a of words and do not know a thing. ”拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和其他一些超验主义哲学
家认为，学校教育和严苛的书本学习抑制了孩子们的天性:“我们被关在中小学和大学的教室里死读了约10到
15年，最后出来时却空有一肚子的墨水，什么也不懂。”
22Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought （主+谓携从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句J作thought的宾语
schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:
___________ [解释说明
are shut up
"We in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years
[and连接的并列谓语
and come out
—级修饰 at last with a bellyful of words
| and连接的并列谓语
and do not know
a thing."
rigorous^ [ shut up
:词汇注卷■ ngaras] a.严格的;严密的;细致的 把....关起来;闭嘴
recitation bellyful [
[ （resrteifn] n.朗诵；朗读；逐一列举 beliful] n. 一肚子；过量
exemplified
❷ Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn American anti-intellectualism,马克•吐温的小说《哈克贝利•费恩历险
记》就是美国反智主义的一个例证。
句子主干 Mark Twain's Huckleberry Firm exemplified 生四匹（主+谓+宾）
e*xemplify [
:问汇注将; ig-zemphfai]诅举例说明
preserve innate
❸ Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can his goodness. 书中的
主人公拒绝被教化一一不上学，也不学习读书写字一这样他就能保住自己的善良天性。
—级修饰 ~~going to school and learning to read—
[解释说明 being civilized
（1） Its hero avoids beingciyilized （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |S。连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so he can preserve his innate goodness.（主+谓+宾）
p*reserve innate
；问汇洼卷' [pri z3：v]保持;保存;维护;腌制 [ rneit] a.天生的;先天的
••••第六段••••
❶ Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.在霍夫斯塔特
看来，才智不同于先天智力,后者是我们不太愿意去赞赏的一种资质。
—级修饰 according to Hofstadter,
___________ ]插入语
句子主干 Intellect,...is different （主+系+表）
i介词短语作句子主干的状语
from native intelligence,
_级修饰
T native intelligence 的同位语
二级修饰 a quality we reluctantly admire.
；要点注释：a quality...中，省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句 we reluctantly admire,修饰 a qualityo
critical, contemplative
❷ Intellect is the creative, and side of the mind.才智是精神世界中的批判、创造和沉思的一面。
句子主干 Intellect is （主+系+表）
c*ritical contemplative
:词汇洼森 [-kntikl] a.批判性的;挑剔的;关键的 [kon-templgtiv] a.沉思的;冥想的
manipulate, ponders,
❸ Intelligence seeks to grasp, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, wonders, theorizes,
criticizes and imagines.智力寻求的是理解、运用、重组和调节，而才智力求审视、思考、质疑、推理、批判和想象。
23（1 intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 Iwhile连接的并列句，表对比
I
（2）while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.（主+谓）
manipulate^ p*onder [ •
词汇洼释' [ma mpjuleit] vt.（熟练地）使用;控制 ponds（r）]。.深思，仔细思考
•…第七段…
❶ School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.在学校，才智仍然备受怀疑o
句子主干 School remains ajplace （主+系+表）
I
where引导的定语从句，修饰a place
where
—级修饰 intellect is mistrusted.
proclaim
❷ Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who 44 joyfully and militantly their
hostility
to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."霍夫斯塔特
表示,我国的教育制度掌握在这样的一群人手里，他们“沾沾自喜、霸气十足地公然表示对才智的敌意,且急切
地对那些才智发展潜力最小的孩子表示认同。”
Hofstadter says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
people
our c*sountry educational system is in the grips of
who引导的定语从句,:修饰people
who hostility... eagerness
—级修饰 "joyfully and militantly proclaim their and their
介词短语作后置定语，修饰hostility!
to
intellect
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰eagerness
to children
identify with
who引导的定语从句，修饰childrenT
who
三级修饰 show the least intellectual promise.,,
proclaim^ hostility
"词汇洼释 [pra kleim] vt.明确表示；宣告;声明 [ho'stibti] n.敌意;抵制；对抗
Part B
...•第—段
❶ The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.数百年来，语言与思维之间的关系
一直让哲学家们很感兴趣。
of
—级修饰 language and mind
介词短语作后置定语，修WThe relation
__________ ■'
句子主干 The re ation...has interested philosophers （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
fbr
_级修饰 many centuries.
took root
❷ The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which in
diverse
Europe long before people realized how languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着
某种联系c汶种观点早在人们认识到语言的千差万别之前就在欧洲根深蒂固了。
24The Greeks assumed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作assumed的宾语
that
the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明宾语从句
which
—级修饰 took root in Europe
| before弓1导的时间状语从句
before realized
long people
二级修饰 how引导的宾语从句,J作realized的宾语
how
diverse languages could be.
;词真:注释: take root植根;深入人心 d*iverse [darvais] a.不同的；多种多样的
…•第二段•…
❶ Only recently did linguists begin the serious Study of languages that were very different from their own.直到最近，语言
学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语完全不同的语言。
句子主干 Only recently did linguists begin the^erious^tudy （倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the serious study :
of languages
一级修饰
that引导的定语从句，修饰languages t
that
二级修饰 were very different from their own.
only
Tips： 引起的部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分（系动词、助动词、情态动词）放到主语之前。当“ Only +状语”位于句首
时,其后要用部分倒装。例:Only in this way can you do it well.只有用这种方法你才能把它做好。Only after
he had paid the price did he realize he had made a big mistake.直到他付出了代价,他才意识到自己犯了一个严
重的错误。
anthropologist-linguists, pioneers
Two Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were in describing many native languages of
North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.人类语言学家弗朗茨•博厄斯和爱德华•萨
丕尔是20世纪上半叶描述南北美洲许多土著语言的先驱。
—级修饰 Two anthropologist-linguists,
| Franz Boas and Edward Sapir的同位语
句子主干 Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰pioneers]
in
—级修饰 describing many native languages of North and South America
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
during
二级修饰 the first half of the twentieth century.
anthropologist p*ioneer [
'词汇注释 [ taenera-poladsist] n.人类学家 jpaia nisCr） ] n.先驱沉.倡导；做先锋
are obliged to vanished, died out
We them because some of these languages have since as the peoples who spoke them
assimilated
or became and lost their native languages.我们应感谢这两位先驱，因为在此之后，这些土著语言中有
一些已经不复存在了，这是由于使用这些语言的部族消亡或被同化而丧失了本族语言。
25句子主干 We are obliged to them （主+系+表）
:because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because some of these languages have since vanished,
[as引导的原因状语从句
as the peoples...died out
| or连接的并列谓语
二级修饰 or became assimilated
| and连接的并列谓语
and lost their native languages.
who引导的定语从句，修tftthe peoples
三级修饰 who spoke them
be obliged to sb v*anish [
词汇注释 .感谢某人 vasmj] vi.不复存在；消亡;突然消失
die out assimilate^ [
逐渐消失，灭绝 a simaleit] v.同化 vt.吸收；消化
bizarre "exotic”
❹ Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with data from
language, were not always so grateful.然而，本世纪早期，另外一些语言学家对此并无感激之情，因为他们对研究
“异族”语言的古怪数据并不怎么感兴趣。
in
—级修饰 the earlier part of this century,
!介词短语作后置定语，修饰Other linguists
句子主干 Other linguists...however,...were not always so grateftil.（主+系+表）
[who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Other linguists
who bizarre data
—级修饰 were less eager to deal with
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰bizarre data
from
二级修饰 "exotic” language,
bizarre^ exotic^ [
词汇注释: [brza:（r）] q.古怪的;奇异的 ig zotikj a.来自异国的;异国情调的;外来的
❺ The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast
accused fabricating
Asia that some scholars even Boas and Sapir of their data.这些新近被描述的语言和已得到充
分研究的欧洲及东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责那些数据是博厄斯和萨丕尔捏造的。
二级修饰 of Europe and Southeast Asia
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰1anguages
—级修饰 from the well studied languages
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different （主+系+表）
so...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语j
―级修饰 that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
a*ccuse f*abricate [
词一汇注释： [°，kju：z] vt.指责；谴责;控诉 febnkeit] vt.捏造；编造;装配
❻ Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a
code during World War D to send secret messages.美洲的土著语言的确与众不同，以至于美军在第二次世界大战
中将纳瓦霍语作为传递秘密情报的密码来使用。
26句子主干 Native American languages are indeed different, so much （主+系+表）
［so...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
—级修饰 so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code
［介词短语作时间状语 “
” during World War 0
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a code
to send secret messages.
要点注释：本句中的so much作状语，修饰different,表程度。
第三段•…
❶ Sapifs pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.萨丕尔的学生本杰明•李•沃
尔夫继续研究美洲印第安语言。
句子主干 Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued thestudy （主+谓+宾）
Benjamin Lee Whorf的同位语
Sapir's pupil,
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰the study
of American Indian languages.
❷ Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language
determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，因而形成了这样的
观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
—级修饰 Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,
［现在分词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 Whorf developed thejdea （主+谓+宾）
［that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the idea
—级修饰 that the structure of language determines the structure...in a society.
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the structure
二级修饰 of habitual thought
❸ He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of
that language think along one track and not along another.他推断说,在某一特定的语言中，人们确切表达某些概念
比表达另一些概念更容易，这就导致了使用这种语言的人往往沿着一条轨迹思考问题，而不是沿着另外一条轨
迹进行思考。
He reasoned （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作reasoned的宾语
that...the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.
[because引导的原因状语从句，作宾语从句的原因状语
—级修饰 because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others
:介词短语作状语，表范围
二级修饰 in a given language,
要出洼释：because引导的原因状语从句中，it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to formulate certain concepts and
not others作真正的主语。
i丽:洼祁« r*eason [，ri：zn]仇推断;思考n.原因；理智 f*ormulate [ f0：mjuleit] vt.确切表达;制订;规划
27imprisons
❹ Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language the
far-reaching
mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce consequences for the culture of a
society.沃尔夫逐渐相信某种语言决定论，该理论的极端说法是:语言禁锢了思维，并且语言的语法结构可以对
一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
句子主干 Whorf came to believe in 料竺切些噬业凶£也埋垩蛆迎（主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句，修饰a sort of linguistic determinism
which, in its strongest form, states
—级修饰
二级修饰
which引导的定语从句中，in its strongest form作插入语。
「词汇洼释 imprison [im pnzn] vt.禁锢;束缚;监禁 far-reaching [ |fa:-ri:tjirj] a.影响深远的
hypothesis, inappropriate.
❺ Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf but this term is somewhat 后来，
此观点成为著名的萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说，但这一术语并不恰当。
（1） Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,（主+系+表）
I
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
I
（2） but this term is somewhat inappropriate.（主+系+表）
hypothesis inappropriate
词汇洼蒋 [ hai-poeosis] n.假说，假设 [ iina-praupriat] a.不恰当的，不合适的
emphasized explicitly
❻ Although both Sapir and Whorf the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never supported the
notion of linguistic determinism.虽然萨丕尔和沃尔夫都强调语言的差异性，但是，萨丕尔本人却从未明确表示支
持语言决定论的观点。
—级修饰 Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,
|Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语[修饰the notion
—级修饰 of linguistic determinism.
e*mphasize [ explicitly
:词汇洼释: emfasaiz] vt.强调；重视;使突出 [ik sphsitli] ad.明确地;清楚明白地
28
