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2015年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲 J
J • - " 」 ..一 ，-d-. — - 一 ，k.,，一^}
七•，点戚峰矗胰娅礴矗
…第一段…
❶ Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes.朋友之间虽然
没有血缘关系，但却“亲”如第四代表亲，约有1%的基因相同。
—级修饰 Though （they are） not biologically related,
[Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 friends are as ''related^ （主+系+表）
t [as引导的比较状语从句
as fourth cousins （are）,
-级修饰 I现在分词短语作伴随状语
sharing about 1% of genes.
词汇生释:biologically [^aia lodsikli] ad.生物地;生物学地 g*[de3nie:n] n.基因
❷ That is what a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, has concluded,这是由加州大学和耶鲁大学共同发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项
研究得出的结论。
句子主干 That is what a study,...has concluded.（主+系+表从）
[过去分词短语补充说明a study
—级修饰 published from the University of California and Yale University
[介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
词汇注释:proceedings [pra-si；dir）s] n. [pZ・]会刊;公报 academy * [ 3 kaedami ] n.学院;研究院;学会
I••第二段•••
O The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1,932 unique subjects which compared pairs of unrelated friends and
unrelated strangers.这项研究对1932个独特的受试对象进行了全基因组分析,它比较了成对的无血缘关系的朋友
和陌生人。
and unrelated strangers.
一级修饰
and连接并列的名词短语|
which compared pairs of unrelated friends
]which引导的定语从句,修饰a genome・wide analysis
句子主干 The study is a genome-wide analysis （主+系 +表）
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a genome-wide analysis
一级修饰 conducted on 1,932 unique subjects
39'、、词汇注释 genome [，d3i:nsum]儿基因组；染色体组 s*ubject [ SAbdsikt]几.实验对象;接受试验者
❷The same people were used in both samples.两组样本中使用T相同的受试对象。
句子主干 The same people were used （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in both samples.
:词汇注释 s*ample [ -saimpl]几•样本;样品;节录乐曲
…•第三段•…
❶While 1% may seem insignificant, it is not so to a geneticist.虽然1%看似微不足道，但对遗传学家而言却并非如此。
—级修饰 While 1% may seem insignificant,
[While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it is not so to a geneticist.（主+系+表）
:再|汇注释 insignificant [ iinsig'nifiksnt] a.微不足道的 geneticist [ d33,netisist] n.遗传学家
❷ As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, **Most people do not even know their fourth
cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who resemble our kin."正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医
学遗传学教授詹姆斯-福勒所言:“大多数人其至不认识他们的第四代表亲，但不知怎么的，却会选择与自己亲
戚相似的人做朋友丁
professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,
James Fowler的同位语
3航
As James Fowler,...says,
As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
"Most people do not even knew their fourth cousins （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but连接的并列谓宾
but somehow manage to select as friends the people
who引导的定语从句，修饰the people]
一级修饰 who resemble our kin."
要点注释
but连接的并列谓宾结构中，介词短语as friends作the people的补足语，但为了强调，故将其前置。
"词无注薜 genetics [ dja^etiks] n.遗传学 k*in [km] n.亲戚，亲属
•…第四段
❶ The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. 该研究还
发现，朋友之间有着相似的嗅觉基因，而不具有相似的免疫基因。
The study also found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that the genes for smell were something
'、 过去分词短语作后置定谱,:修饰something
shared in friends
一级修饰 补充说明
but not genes for immunity.
40■词汇生幕:s*mell [smel] n.嗅觉;气味 immunity [i mjumati] n.免疫力；豁免;免除
❷ Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.这种相似性为何存在于嗅觉基因中，目前还
很难解释。
Why this similarity exists in smell genes
句子主干 | Why引导的主语从句 "
...is to explain, for now.（主从+系+表）
:罢点洼释」动词不定式to explain作状语;介词短语for now作句子主干的时间状语。
❸ Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more to it.也许，正如该团队所指出
的，它将我们吸引到相似的环境中,但事情没那么简单。
—级修饰 as the team suggests,
[as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
（1） Perhaps,...it draws us to similar environments （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） bllt there is more to it. （There be句型：there + is +主）
❹ There could be many mechanisms working together that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends rather than
**functional kinship” of being friends with benefits!可能有多种机制共同作用，驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，而
不是因为利益而结交的“实用的亲密关系” ！
句子主干 There could be many mechanisms working together （There be句型：There + could be + 主）
t th砒引导的定语从句，修饰many mechanisms
that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends
—级修饰 ratherthan连接的并列名词短语，|肯定前者，否定后者
rather than “functional kinship"
介词短语作后置定语,I修饰"functional kinship"
二级修饰 of being fnends with benefits!
:词汇注释: m* echanism [ •meksnizam] n.机制；方法 genetically [dsa-netikli] ad.基因地;遗传地
functional [ fAijkJanl] a.实用的;作用的 kinship [»kmfip] n.亲密关系
…第五段…
❶ One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving faster than other genes.
这项研究的显著发现之一是，相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得更快。
of the study
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the remarkable findings
One of the remarkable findings…was...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 that引导的表语从句]
that the similar genes seem to be evolving faster
than...作比较状语]
j than other genes.
41： remarkable * [ n mazkabl ] a.显著的;非凡的;卓越的 e*volve [i-volv] vi.进化 v.逐渐发展
❷ Studying this could help understand why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment
being a major contributory factor.对此进行研究有助于理解过去三万年里人类进化步伐加快的原因，因为社会
环境是一个主要的促成因素。
Studying this could help （to^understand （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 why引导的宾语从句，[作understand的宾语
why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,
[with独立主格结构作原因状语
一级修饰 with social environment being a major contributory factor.
商汇注幕i e*volution [,i：va4u:fn] n,进化;演变;发展 contributory [kan-tnbjstari] a.促成的;促进的
…•第六段…
❶ The findings do not simply explain people's tendency to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds, say the researchers.
研究人员称,调查结果不仅仅解释了人们与种族背景相似的人结交的倾向。
—级修饰 say the researchers.
___________ [插入语
句子主干 The findings do not simply explain geople^sjtendency （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰people’s tendency
—级修饰 to befriend those
介词短语作后置定语J修饰those
二级修饰 of similar ethnic backgrounds,
3亟:注释't*endency [-tendansi] n.倾向;趋势 befriend [bi frend] vt.做....的朋友;友好对待
❷ Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects,
friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.尽管所有的受试对象均选自有欧洲血统的种群，但研
究人员仍谨慎地确保所有受试对象，不管是朋友还是陌生人，都来自同一种群。
二奴修饰
from a population of European extraction,
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 Though all the subjects were drawn
j Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 care was taken （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken
介词短语作状语[
二级修饰 from the same population.
动词不定式短语to see...were taken中,that引导的宾语从句，作see的宾语;friends and strangers作
all subjects的同位语。
词汇注释 extraction [ik^trakjn] n.血统；提取 p*opulation [ ,pDpju-leiJn] n.种群;人 口数量
42w//
Part A
Text 1
"••第一段
❶ King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted u kings d*ton abdicate, they die in their sleep."西班牙国王胡安•卡洛斯曾
坚称“国王不会退位,他们只会在睡梦中辞世。”
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted （主+谓+宾）
▲
J直接引语作insisted的宾语
句子主干 “kings don't abdicate,
I并列句
they die in their sleep."
「妻J&SE祢：直接引语包含两个并列句，分句一由“主语（kings） +谓语（don't abdicate）"构成;分句二的主语
'they指代kings,谓语为die,介词短语in their sleep作状语。但因其为口头表述，两句之间并没有
连词,仅有逗号隔开，语法结构不够严谨，考生在写作时切勿模仿。
:词汇注释1 i*]nsist wrsist]坚持说;坚决要求 abdicate [-aebdikeit] vi.退位vt.推卸（职责）
❷ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat
his words and stand down.但令人尴尬的丑闻和左翼共和党近期在欧洲选举中的大受欢迎迫使他不得不食言并退位，
But embarrassing scandals and the popularity...have forced him （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 t动词不定式短语作him的补足语]
to eat his words and stand down.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the popularity
—级修饰 of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections
:商 函降：s*candal [.skaendl] n.丑闻;流言蜚语 popularity [ iPDpju-laerati] n.受欢迎;普及;声望
r*epublican [n，pAbhk°n] n.共和党党员 stand down （从要职上）退下;离职;下台
❸ So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?那么，西班牙的危机是否暗示着君主制即
将穷途末路？
So, does the Spanish crisis suggest （―般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作does...suggest的宾语
that monarchy is seeing its last days?
:词汇注释:c*risis [ kraisis] n.危机;危急关头 monarchy [ -mDnaki] n.君主制;君主政体
❹ Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic
lifestyles?这是否意味着所有欧洲王室，连同他们华丽的制服和高贵的生活方式都将面临消亡的厄运？
Does that mean （一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作Does...mean的宾语
the writing is on the wall
[介词短语作状语，表对象
fbr all European royals,
一级修饰 介词短语作伴随状语
with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
:词汇注释: the writing is on the wall不祥之兆（文中引申为“即将面临消亡的厄运”）
magnificent^ [maeg nifisnt] a.华丽的 majestic [mydgestik] a.高贵的;壮丽的
43•…第二段…
❶TTie Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.西班牙的例子为支持和反对君主制都提供了依据。
句子主干 The Spanish case provides arguinents （主+谓+宾）
both...and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语J修饰arguments
_级修饰 both for （monarchy） and against monarchy.
❷ When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise
above "mere" politics and "embody” a spirit of national unity.当公众舆论两极分化严重时，就像佛朗哥政权结束
时那样，君主能够超越“纯粹的”政治，并“象征”国家团结的精神。
二级修饰 as it was following the end of the Franco regime,
[as引导的方式状语从句
一级修饰 When public opinion is particularly polarised,
| When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
monarchs can rise above ^mere^politics （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） "embody" a spirit of national unity.
词汇注释 polarise [，paulgiz] v.两极分化，截然对立 r*egime [rei sizm] n.政权,政体;管理体制
. ...第三段
O It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity as heads of state. 正是这种
明显的对政治的超越，解释了君主作为国家元首一直很受欢迎的原因。
It is...that
句子主干 [It is...that为强调句型，强调主语this apparent transcendence of politics
this apparmt transcentoice （rf pditics. ..explains （主+谓+宾）
介词短语补充说明monarchs T
一级修饰 as heads of state.
句云注释 transcendence [traen-sendans] n.超越 m* onarch [ 'rnDnak] n.君主；帝王
❷ And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms ( not
counting Vatican City and Andorra).因此，除中东以外，欧洲是世界上君主最多的地区，这里有十个王国(不包括
梵蒂冈城和安道尔)。
—级修饰 the Middle East excepted,
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 And so,...Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,（主+系+表）
I补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 with 10 kingdoms （not counting Vatican City and Andorra）.
:词汇注释；infest [*femst] 讥遍布于;大批出没于 c*ount [ kaunt ] vt.包括;把....计算在内
❸ But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow
44voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.但是与海湾地区和亚洲的专制君
主不同，大多数欧洲王室能够幸存下来，是因为他们使选民无须费力寻找一个没有争议而又受人敬重的公众人物。
二级修饰 in the Gulf and Asia,
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰their absolutist counterparts
~- ■: , ■ ~~
_级修饰 unlike their absolutist counterparts
[介词短语作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 But...most royal families have survived （主+谓）
because引导的原因状语从句作句子主干的原因状语
_级修饰 because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the difficult search
二级修饰 for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
:词汇生每 '、、absolutist [ aebsaluztist]几.专制主义者 c*ounterpart [ kauntapazt]几职位相当的人
royal *[ -roial] a.王室的；皇家的 controversial * [ .kontra-vazfl] a.有争议的
•••第四段••-
❶Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.即便如此，国王和女王无疑都有不足之处。
一级修饰 Even so,
[插入语
句子主干 kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 undoubtedly ' [ An dautidli] ad.毫无疑问地 downside [ 'daunsaid] n.缺点；不利方面
❷ Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies
outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities,虽然他们声称自己是国家团结的象征，但他们的历史本
身一有时还有其当下的行为方式——体现着过时且不合理的特权和不平等。
■•级修饰 Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,
as引导的让步状语从句,]作句子主干的让步状语
▼
句子主干 their very history。• .embodies四坦理冥辿淄回主驱竖垣竺.（主+谓+宾）
|插入语，补充说明their very history
—级修饰 一and sometimes the way
:省略（in which ）或关系词（that ）的定语从句，修饰the way
二级修饰 they behave today—
要点注释'as引导的让步状语从句使用了部分倒装结构，正常语序应为:as they claim to be symbolic of national
unity o
:词汇生蒋:embody*[im bDdi] vt.体现,代表;包括 indefensible [undMensobl] a.站不住脚的
p*rivilege [ -pnvalids] n.特权;荣幸 inequality [ .mi-kwolati] n.不平等;不平衡
❸ At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited
wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states.
在托马斯-皮凯蒂等经济学家对这种不断加剧的不平等和因继承财富而拥有的不断扩大的权力发出警告时,
富有的贵族家庭竟依旧是现代民主国家的核心象征,这十分怪异。
45and the increasing power of inherited wealth,
二级修饰 and连接的并列成分|
when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality
| when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
一级修饰 At a time
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
it is bizarre （主+系+表）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart
介词短语作后置定语，fttftthe symbolic heart]
_级修饰 of modem democratic states.
:词汇注释 inherited [nrheritid] a.继承的;遗传的 aristocratic [ .aensta-kraetik] a.贵族的
*•••第五段••••
。The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.最成功的王室家族努力抛弃或隐
藏他们先前的贵族作风。
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | or连接的并列宾语
or （to） hide their old aristocratic ways.
❷ Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses （or helicopters）.王子和公主有日常工作，他们骑
自行车而不骑马（或搭乘直升机）。
Princes and princesses have jgy加垣（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and ride bicycles,
___________ [补充说明
_级修饰 not horses （or helicopters）.
❸ Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1 % , and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly
difficult to maintain the right image.即便如此，这些也是富有世家，他们只与全球1%的富人进行社交活动，而且
媒体的干涉使他们越来越难以维持良好的形象。
7疝
who party with the international 1%,
who引导的定语从句，[修饰wealthy families
（1） Even so, these are wealthy families （主+系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2） and media intrusiveness makes it [燕史.竺]驱成@坦®辿（主+谓+宾+宾补）
it为形式宾语，[动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
to maintain the right image.
词汇注释 intrusiveness [in-truisivnas] n.干涉性;侵入性 m* aintain [mem-tem] vt.维持;保持;维修
46•••第六段••―
O While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who
have most to fear from the Spanish example.欧洲的王室无疑足够聪明，他们会继续存在一段时间，但最害怕自己
会重蹈西班牙覆辙的当属英国王室了。
二级修饰 to survive ft5r some time to come,
动词不定式短语作结果状语
一级修饰 While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough
{while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
the British royals...have most to fear （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [it is...who为强调句型，强调主语the British royals
it is...who
介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 from the Spanish example.
…•第七段•…
O It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary （ if well-heeled） granny style.
只有女王以她相当普通的（尽管穿着相当考究）奶奶风格保住了王室的声誉。
It is...who
句子主干 | It is...who为强调句型，强调主语the Queen
only the Queen...has preserved 虫爻刊坠些虫侄（主+谓+宾）
]介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 with her rather ordinary （if well-heeled） granny style.
:词汇注释:well-heeled [ iwebhizld] a.穿着考究的;富有的 granny [fgraeni] a.老太太式样的
❷ The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of 出e
world.查尔斯王子将面临险境，他有着奢华的生活品位和颇具等级色彩的世界观。
句子主干 The danger will come with Charles,（主+谓+宾）
who引导的非限定性定语从句j补充说明Charles
一级修饰 who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.
[国汇遂释：lifestyle [ 'laifstail] n.生活方式;工作方式 hierarchical [ ihaiaTazkikl] a.按等级划分的
❸ He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial
and non-political heads of state.他未能明白大部分君主制之所以能幸存下来,是因为他们提供了一种服务——
充当无争议、非政治性的国家元首。
He has failed to understand （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作understand的宾语
that monarchies have largely survived
because引导的原因状语从句[
_级修饰 because they provide a service
[解释说明service
二级修饰 一as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.
47❹ Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst
enemies.查尔斯王子应该知道，正如英国历史所昭示的那样：君主本人，而非共和党人，才是君主制最大的
敌人。
Ch&Hes ought to know （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句，作ought to know的宾语
句子主干 that...kings, not republicans,...are the m*s onarchy worst enemies.
J it is...who为强调句型，强调kings
it is...who
as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明宾语从句
—级修饰 as English history shows,
要足注释that引导的宾语从句^P.not republicans为插入语，补充说明kingso
「诃正豆建；ought to （表示劝告或建议）应该;应当 enemy*[ enami]几.敌人;仇人;反对者
Text 2
*•・••第一段•・・•
❶Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?宪法究竟能在多大程度上保护你的数据信息？
句子主干 Just how much does the Constitution protect your j^gital data?
要点注释 本句是一个特殊疑问句,结构为“特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾” O
词汇洼释:c*onstitution [ikonsti tjuijn] n.宪法;章程 d*igital [ didsitl] a.数字式的;数码的
❷ The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the
phone is on or around a person during an arrest.目前，最高法院将考虑在没有搜查令的情况下，警察是否可以在
逮捕过程中搜查嫌疑人身上或身边手机中的内容。
The Supreme Court will now consider （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 whether引导的宾语从句，[作will...consider的宾语
whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant
if引导的条件状语从句[
—级修饰 if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
词汇注释；warrant/[-worant ] n.搜查令；执行令 arrest * [ a rest] n. /讯.逮捕；中止
・・••第二段
O California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that
authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.加州政府已经要求法官们要
避免作出一刀切的裁决,尤其不要推翻原有的“有关部门在逮捕嫌疑人时可以搜查他们的财物”这一设想。
句子主干 California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
补充说明a sweeping ruling |
_级修饰 particularly one
“ that引导的定语从句J修饰。ne
二级修饰 that upsets the old assumption
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明the old assumption
三级修饰 that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
48汇遂群 r*efrain [n-frem] vi.避免;克制;节制 sweeping [ swixpirj] a. 一概而论的;笼统的
a*ssumption [a SAmpJn] n.设想;假定；承担 search through 搜遍
possession^ [ps zejn] n.私人物品；个人财产 s*uspect [ SAspekt] n.犯罪嫌疑人a.不可信的
❷ It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.加州政府
认为,让法官去评估日新月异的技术可能产生的影响确实比较困难。
一级修饰 the state argues,
___________[插入语
It is hard,（主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for judges to assess the implications
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the implications
—级修饰 of new and rapidly changing technologies.
:要店至祢:for judges to...中，介词for引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语judges。
:词汇注释:a*ssess [a-ses] vt.评估;评定;估算 i*mplication [ jmpirkeifn] n.可能的影响
…•第三段•…
❶ The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice.如果最高法院听取了加州政府的建议，那它
真是“谦虚”得不计后果。
句子主干 The court would be recklessly 理堡]哭｛（主+系+表）
if引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 if it followed California's advice.
词汇注释:recklessly [，rekbsli]以 不计后果地;不顾一切地 m* odest [ modist] q.谦虚的;适度的
❷ Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.新技术可能产生的足够多的影响是可辨识的,甚至是显而易见的，
因此法官能够并且应该给警方、律师和被告提供最新的指导原则。
句子主干 Enough of the implications are世ggg四也鱼成些坦迥史，（主+系+表）
| so that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
一级修饰 so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines
[介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 to police, lawyers and defendants.
:词汇注释：discernable [drsamabl] a.辨别得出的;看得出的 j*ustice [，d3AStis]几.法官;公平;公正
guideline^ [ *gaidlain]几.指导原则 d*efendant [drfenddnt] n.被告
•・••第四段•••
❶ They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast
storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspecfs purse.他们首先应该摒弃加州政府
蹩脚的观点:智能手机是一个巨大的数据信息库，查看其中的内容就类似于，比方说,搜查嫌疑人的钱包。
49句子主干 They should start （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
_级修饰 by discarding California's lame argument
that引导的同位语从句,[解释说明C alifomia's 1
二级修饰 that exploring the contents of a smartphone...is similar
解释说明a smartphone |
―a vast storehouse of digital information—
三级修饰 介词短语作状语
to, say, going through a suspect's purse.
；诃汇连群」d*iscard [dis ka：d] vt.丢弃;抛弃 lame12' [leim] g.蹩脚的;跛的
storehouse [ *st3：haus] n.仓库;货栈 p*urse [ p3：s] n.钱包；资金
❷ The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of
an arrestee without a warrant.最高法院已裁定，警方在没有搜查令的情况下,搜查被捕者的钱包或皮夹并不违反
宪法第四修正案。
The court has ruled （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作has ruled的宾语
that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment
[when引导的时间状语从句
_级修饰 when they go through the wallet or pocketbook
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the wallet or pocketbook
of an arrestee
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
without a warrant.
:国汇注群：v*iolate [ vaialeit]说.违反，违犯;亵渎 amendment [a.mendmant]儿修正案
pocketbook [ -pokitbuk] n.皮夹子;记事本 arrestee [oiresli:] n.被逮捕者
❸ But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home.但是查看一个人的智能手机更像是私闯民宅。
句子主干 But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home.（主+系+表）
❹ A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records
of recent correspondence.智能手机可能包含被捕者的阅读、财务、就医等历史记录以及近期全部的通信记录。
A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列成分
financial history, medical history and comprehensive records
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰comprehensive records
—级修饰 of recent correspondence.
[通汇汪努:c*omprehensive [ ikompri hensiv] a.全部的 c*orrespondence [ ikoro spondans] n.通信
❺ The development of **cloud computing,M meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.与此同时，“公计
算”的发展使得这种搜查变得更加容易。
50—级修饰 of "cloud computing,M
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰The development
句子主干 The development.. .has made that exploration so much the easier.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
__________ [插入语
—级修饰 meanwhile, ■
…•第五段•…
❶Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.美国人应该采取措施来保护他们的数据隐私。
句子主干 Americans should take steps （主+谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to protect their digital privacy.
❷ But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. 但是将敏感信息、保
存在这些数字设备上正逐渐成为正常生活的一种需求。
句子主干 But keeping sensitive information...is increasingly a requirement （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
on these devices
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a requirement
of normal life.
:词汇注释：s*ensitive [ .sensgtiv] a.敏感的;体贴的 d*evice [drvais] n.设备;装置;仪器
i*ncreasingly [ m*kri ：sigli] ad.日益增加地 requirement * [ rrkwaiamsnt ] n.需求；必要条件
❸ Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition
on unreasonable searches.公民仍然享有私人文件不外泄以及在宪法保护下不受无理搜查的权利。
句子主干
to expect private documents
一级修饰 J动词不定式短语作private documents的补足语
to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰Constitution's prohibition
二级修饰 on unreasonable searches.
画无注雷 prohibition [ iprwrbijn]几.禁止；阻止 unreasonable [*rAi:znndbl] a.不合理的;不公正的
••••第六段•・••
❶ As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing.情况往往如此：阐明原则并不
会使划定界限的挑战得到缓解。
一级修饰 As ► often is the case,
As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 stating that principle doesn't ease （主+谓+宾）
51Tips： as is the case 的用法
as is the case是一个基本句型，其含义是“这是常见的情形；情况往往如此”，它通常和often及always
等词连用。1 .该句型作为从句使用时，一般位于句首，其后再接一个陈述句用于具体描述某个情形。例如：
As is often the case, arrogance is the primary cause of failure.通常情况下，自大是失败的主要原因。2.该
句型后面还可以接介词with和ino例如:As is the case with her mother, she is fond of dancing.跟她母亲
一样，她* 喜欢跳舞 。
❷ In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.
在许多情况下，对有关部门而言，获得搜查手机内容的授权不会太麻烦。
一级修饰 In many cases,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
it would not be overly burdensome （主+系+表）
一一 • . “ * —_———_—.
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.
:要点注释: for authorities to…中，介词for用于引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语authoritieso
；词汇注释: burdensome [ -bardnsam] a.令人烦恼的;负担沉重的
❸ They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could
take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. 在面对严峻且
紧迫的情况时，他们仍然可以不受第四修正案的保护条例的约束c此外，在等待搜查令期间，他们还可以采取
合理的措施确保手机中的数据不被删除或更改。
一级修饰 when （they are） facing severe, urgent circumstances,
|when引导的时间状语从句，作（1 ）句的时间状语
⑴They could still invalidate坦里虫虫螳也些座jpj枣£勉四（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（ 、 2 ' ） and they could take reasonable measures （主+谓+宾）
”乂 , , ....... ..........----------------------------~
|动词不定式短语作（2）句的目的状语
to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered
一级修饰 while引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
while （they are） waiting for a warrant.
i要点注释： 目的状语to ensure...,that引导的宾语从句作ensure的宾语。
'、、词汇注释 invalidate [ m-vaelideit ]仇.使无效;使作废 e*rase [rreiz]祝.删除;擦掉;消除
❹ The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. 尽管女口
此，最高法院可能想给警方留出余地，让他们列举自己的处境,在这些情况下，他们有权享有更多自由。
句子主干 The court, though, may want to^allowroom （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，:雀饰room
____ = J
一级修饰 for police to cite situations
where引导的定语从句,[修饰situations
二级修饰 where they are entitled to more freedom.
52•••第七段•••
❶ But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole.但法官们不应全盘接受加州政府的建议。
句子主干 But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释'、's*wallow [-swolao] vt.完全相信％吞下;咽下 argument*[ •aigjumant ] n.论点（文中引申为“建议”）
❷ New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections.全新的、颠覆性的
技术有时要求对宪法保护条例进行创新性运用。
句子主干 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands noyelapplications （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰novel applications
一级修饰 of the Constitution's protections.
disruptive [dis rAptiv] a.破坏性的（文中引申为“颠覆性的”）novel*[ novi] a.新的;新奇的;新颖的
❸ Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the
establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the
new personal domain of the passenger car then； they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital
information now.法学教授奥林-科尔把21世纪的数字信息大爆炸及其易获取性，与20世纪将汽车使用确立为
实际生活必需品进行了比较：当时法官不得不为轿车这一新兴私人领域明确新的规则；而当下他们必须解决第
四修正案如何适用于数字信息的问题〉
一级修饰 a law professor,
[Orin Kerr的同位语
句子主干 Orin KeiT,・.・ compares虫些更5^55^5四竺竺现型（主+谓+宾）
介词短语做后置定语J修饰the explosion and accessibility
of digital information in the 21st century
介词短语作句子主干的状语
with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th:
补充说明句子主干
The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;
I并列句
they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
;要点注释:介词短语 with the establishment... in the 20th 中，介词短语 of automobile use 和 in the 20th 均作后置
定语，分别修饰 the establishment 和 life；并列句一-The justices had to...car then 中，介词短语 for the
new personal domain 和 of the passenger car 均作后置定语，分别修饰 novel rules 和 the new personal
domain；副词then作时间状语;并列句二they must sort out...中,how引导的宾语从句作must sort
out的宾语。
:词汇生暮：accessibility [skjsess-bihti] n.易接近;可以得到 v*irtual [-vaztjusl] a.实际上的;实质上的
specify * [ *spesifai ] vt.明确说明;详述 domain * [da«mem] n.领域，范围，范畴
Text 3
….第一段.…
O The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia
McNutt announced today.《科学》杂志主编玛西娅•麦克纳特今天宣布，该杂志将在同行评审过程中增加一轮
额外的统计审查。
53句子主干 The journal Science is adding 四丝里四坚注 （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象 "
to its peer-review process,
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干
editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.
:坷汇莲释 '、'statistical [ s*titsatikl] a.统计的;统计学的 peer-review [ ipisr rrvju：] n.同行评审
editor-in-chief [ teditar in ,tjirf] n.主编 announce * [ a*nauns ] vt.宣布；宣告;通知
❷ The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are
contributing to 出e irreproducibility of many published research findings.这一政策效仿了其他期刊的类似做法。
因为人们普遍担心，数据分析中的基本错误正导致许多已发表的研究成果无法复制。
—级修饰 from other journals,
介词短语作后置定语修饰similar efforts
句子主干 The policy follows similar efforts （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语]
_级修饰 after widespread concern
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明widespread concern
二级修饰 that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the irreproducibility]
三级修饰 of many published research findings.
:词汇注释：w*idespread [ waidspred] a. 遍的;广泛的 a*nalysis [a-naebsis] n.分析;分析结果
c*ontribute [k*tnabnju ：t]航.促成，促使 irreproducibility [rnpro^juzsd'bihti] n•不可复制性
• •••第二段••••
❶ ** Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal, ** writes McNutt in an editorial.“读者必
须要对发表在我们杂志上的研究结论有信心，”麦克纳特在一篇社论中写道。
—级修饰 published in our journal,
过去分词短语作后置定语，[修饰the conclusions
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions
句子主干 [直接引语作writes的宾语
writes McNutt in an editorial.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
以汇注群:c*onclusion [kan klu：3n] n.结论;推论 e*ditorial [ ledrtoirial] n.社论;评论
❷ Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of
reviewing editors （SBoRE）.通过与美国统计协会合作，该杂志已指派七名专家成立一个统计审核编委会（SBoRE）。
_级修饰 Working with the American Statistical Association,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 the journal has appointed sevene^CTts （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 to a statistics board "
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a statistics board
二级修饰 of reviewing editors （SBoRE）.
54:要点注释:of reviewing...中，（SBoRE）为 a statistics board of reviewing editors 的同位语。
；词汇注释:a*ssociation [a.sauji^ijn]瓶协会;社团;联盟 r*eview [rrvju：]仇.审核;评论；回顾;检阅
❸ Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of
Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.愿稿将被杂志内部编辑、现有审核编委会或外部同行评审做上标
记，以接受额外审查。
句子主干 Manuscript will be flagged up （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
_级修饰 for additional scrutiny
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰additional scrutiny
by the journal's internal editors,
| or连接并列的介词短语
二级修饰 or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors
I。施接并列的介词短语
or by outside peer reviewers.
词汇注释：manuscript * [ -maenjuskript ] n.原稿;手稿 f*[lfalageg] vt.标记 vi.衰退
❹ The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts,之后统计审核编委会的专家将寻
找外部的统计学家来评审这些原稿。
The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 |动词不定式短语作external statisticians的补足语
to review these manuscripts.
:词汇注释:p*anel [ paenl]几.专家咨询组;专门小组 statistician [ tstaetrstijn]儿统计学家;统计员
• ••笙二麻•••
❶ Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the' statistics board' was
motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."当被问及是否有某些特殊的论文推动
了这一改变时，麦克纳特表示:“’统计编委会’的成立是出于科学研究中对数字统计及数据分析应用的广泛关
注，也是《科学》杂志为提升其所发表的研究成果的可复制性而做出的全面努力的一部分。”
_级修饰 Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,
[过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
-M--cN--u-t-t- s -- a - i - d： （主+谓+宾）
[直接引语作said的宾语
句子主干 “The creation of the 4statistics board, was motivated by concerns
| and连接的并列谓语 "
and is part of Science^ overall drive
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰Science's overall drivej
to increase reproducibility in the research we p**ublish.
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语,修饰concerns
broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research
55:矍应注释:过去分词短语Asked whether...中,whether引导的宾语从句作Asked的宾语。
:词汇注释：impel [impel] vt.推动,推进;促使 m* otivate [ mautiveit] vt.成为....的动机
a*pplication [ .aepli keijn] n.应用，运用 o*verall [ ^uvgr □:!] a.全面的;总体的;综合的
・...第四段
O Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he
expects the board to Mplay primarily an advisory role. ”哈佛大学公共卫生学院的生物统计学家、统计审核编委会
成员乔瓦尼•帕玛强尼表示,他期望编委会“主要发挥咨询作用”。
a member of the SBoRE group,
一级修饰 并列的同位语
a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,
Giovanni Parmigiani 的同位语
Giovanni Parmigiaiii,…says （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
句子主干 he expects the board
]动词不定式短语作the boanl的补足语
to "play primarily an advisory role."
词汇注释: biostatistician [ ibaiauistaetrstijan] n.生物统计学家 m* ember [，membo（r） ] n.成员；会员
primarily [prai-merali] ad.主要地;根本地 advisory [ad-vaizari] a.咨询的，顾问的
❷ He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and
likely to have a lasting impact.他同意加入编委会是因为他“发现统计审核编委会成立背后有着新颖、独特的远
见，而且很有可能产生持久的影响。
句子主干 He agreed tojoin （主+谓+宾）
I because弓I导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE
一级修饰 [动词不定式短语作the foresight的补足语
to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.
:词汇注释 foresight [ f3!sait] n.先见之明；深谋远虑 u*nique [ju niik] a.独特的，独一无二的
❸ This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing
places that may want to model their approach after Science."这种影响不仅会遍及《科学》杂志上发表的文章，而且
还有望延伸到更多想效仿《科学》杂志这种做法的出版单位”。
This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | not only...but连接的并列成分
but （will be） hopefully through a larger group of publishing places
that引导的定语从句，修饰publishing places|
一级修饰 that may want to model their approach after Science：'
•…第五段•…
O John loannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forwardM
and “long overdue. ”致力于钻研研究方法论的约翰-约安尼季斯医生称，该政策是“最受欢迎的一次迈进”，而
且“早该实行了”。
56一级修饰 a physician who studies research methodology,
I John loannidis的同位语
John I
