2015年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲 J
J • - " 」 ..一 ，-d-. — - 一 ，k.,，一^}
七•，点戚峰矗胰娅礴矗
…第一段…
❶ Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes.朋友之间虽然
没有血缘关系，但却“亲”如第四代表亲，约有1%的基因相同。
—级修饰 Though （they are） not biologically related,
[Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 friends are as ''related^ （主+系+表）
t [as引导的比较状语从句
as fourth cousins （are）,
-级修饰 I现在分词短语作伴随状语
sharing about 1% of genes.
词汇生释:biologically [^aia lodsikli] ad.生物地;生物学地 g*[de3nie:n] n.基因
❷ That is what a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, has concluded,这是由加州大学和耶鲁大学共同发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项
研究得出的结论。
句子主干 That is what a study,...has concluded.（主+系+表从）
[过去分词短语补充说明a study
—级修饰 published from the University of California and Yale University
[介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
词汇注释:proceedings [pra-si；dir）s] n. [pZ・]会刊;公报 academy * [ 3 kaedami ] n.学院;研究院;学会
I••第二段•••
O The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1,932 unique subjects which compared pairs of unrelated friends and
unrelated strangers.这项研究对1932个独特的受试对象进行了全基因组分析,它比较了成对的无血缘关系的朋友
和陌生人。
and unrelated strangers.
一级修饰
and连接并列的名词短语|
which compared pairs of unrelated friends
]which引导的定语从句,修饰a genome・wide analysis
句子主干 The study is a genome-wide analysis （主+系 +表）
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a genome-wide analysis
一级修饰 conducted on 1,932 unique subjects
39'、、词汇注释 genome [，d3i:nsum]儿基因组；染色体组 s*ubject [ SAbdsikt]几.实验对象;接受试验者
❷The same people were used in both samples.两组样本中使用T相同的受试对象。
句子主干 The same people were used （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in both samples.
:词汇注释 s*ample [ -saimpl]几•样本;样品;节录乐曲
…•第三段•…
❶While 1% may seem insignificant, it is not so to a geneticist.虽然1%看似微不足道，但对遗传学家而言却并非如此。
—级修饰 While 1% may seem insignificant,
[While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it is not so to a geneticist.（主+系+表）
:再|汇注释 insignificant [ iinsig'nifiksnt] a.微不足道的 geneticist [ d33,netisist] n.遗传学家
❷ As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, **Most people do not even know their fourth
cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who resemble our kin."正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医
学遗传学教授詹姆斯-福勒所言:“大多数人其至不认识他们的第四代表亲，但不知怎么的，却会选择与自己亲
戚相似的人做朋友丁
professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,
James Fowler的同位语
3航
As James Fowler,...says,
As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
"Most people do not even knew their fourth cousins （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but连接的并列谓宾
but somehow manage to select as friends the people
who引导的定语从句，修饰the people]
一级修饰 who resemble our kin."
要点注释
but连接的并列谓宾结构中，介词短语as friends作the people的补足语，但为了强调，故将其前置。
"词无注薜 genetics [ dja^etiks] n.遗传学 k*in [km] n.亲戚，亲属
•…第四段
❶ The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. 该研究还
发现，朋友之间有着相似的嗅觉基因，而不具有相似的免疫基因。
The study also found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that the genes for smell were something
'、 过去分词短语作后置定谱,:修饰something
shared in friends
一级修饰 补充说明
but not genes for immunity.
40■词汇生幕:s*mell [smel] n.嗅觉;气味 immunity [i mjumati] n.免疫力；豁免;免除
❷ Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.这种相似性为何存在于嗅觉基因中，目前还
很难解释。
Why this similarity exists in smell genes
句子主干 | Why引导的主语从句 "
...is to explain, for now.（主从+系+表）
:罢点洼释」动词不定式to explain作状语;介词短语for now作句子主干的时间状语。
❸ Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more to it.也许，正如该团队所指出
的，它将我们吸引到相似的环境中,但事情没那么简单。
—级修饰 as the team suggests,
[as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
（1） Perhaps,...it draws us to similar environments （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） bllt there is more to it. （There be句型：there + is +主）
❹ There could be many mechanisms working together that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends rather than
**functional kinship” of being friends with benefits!可能有多种机制共同作用，驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，而
不是因为利益而结交的“实用的亲密关系” ！
句子主干 There could be many mechanisms working together （There be句型：There + could be + 主）
t th砒引导的定语从句，修饰many mechanisms
that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends
—级修饰 ratherthan连接的并列名词短语，|肯定前者，否定后者
rather than “functional kinship"
介词短语作后置定语,I修饰"functional kinship"
二级修饰 of being fnends with benefits!
:词汇注释: m* echanism [ •meksnizam] n.机制；方法 genetically [dsa-netikli] ad.基因地;遗传地
functional [ fAijkJanl] a.实用的;作用的 kinship [»kmfip] n.亲密关系
…第五段…
❶ One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving faster than other genes.
这项研究的显著发现之一是，相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得更快。
of the study
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the remarkable findings
One of the remarkable findings…was...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 that引导的表语从句]
that the similar genes seem to be evolving faster
than...作比较状语]
j than other genes.
41： remarkable * [ n mazkabl ] a.显著的;非凡的;卓越的 e*volve [i-volv] vi.进化 v.逐渐发展
❷ Studying this could help understand why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment
being a major contributory factor.对此进行研究有助于理解过去三万年里人类进化步伐加快的原因，因为社会
环境是一个主要的促成因素。
Studying this could help （to^understand （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 why引导的宾语从句，[作understand的宾语
why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,
[with独立主格结构作原因状语
一级修饰 with social environment being a major contributory factor.
商汇注幕i e*volution [,i：va4u:fn] n,进化;演变;发展 contributory [kan-tnbjstari] a.促成的;促进的
…•第六段…
❶ The findings do not simply explain people's tendency to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds, say the researchers.
研究人员称,调查结果不仅仅解释了人们与种族背景相似的人结交的倾向。
—级修饰 say the researchers.
___________ [插入语
句子主干 The findings do not simply explain geople^sjtendency （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰people’s tendency
—级修饰 to befriend those
介词短语作后置定语J修饰those
二级修饰 of similar ethnic backgrounds,
3亟:注释't*endency [-tendansi] n.倾向;趋势 befriend [bi frend] vt.做....的朋友;友好对待
❷ Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects,
friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.尽管所有的受试对象均选自有欧洲血统的种群，但研
究人员仍谨慎地确保所有受试对象，不管是朋友还是陌生人，都来自同一种群。
二奴修饰
from a population of European extraction,
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 Though all the subjects were drawn
j Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 care was taken （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken
介词短语作状语[
二级修饰 from the same population.
动词不定式短语to see...were taken中,that引导的宾语从句，作see的宾语;friends and strangers作
all subjects的同位语。
词汇注释 extraction [ik^trakjn] n.血统；提取 p*opulation [ ,pDpju-leiJn] n.种群;人 口数量
42w//
Part A
Text 1
"••第一段
❶ King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted u kings d*ton abdicate, they die in their sleep."西班牙国王胡安•卡洛斯曾
坚称“国王不会退位,他们只会在睡梦中辞世。”
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted （主+谓+宾）
▲
J直接引语作insisted的宾语
句子主干 “kings don't abdicate,
I并列句
they die in their sleep."
「妻J&SE祢：直接引语包含两个并列句，分句一由“主语（kings） +谓语（don't abdicate）"构成;分句二的主语
'they指代kings,谓语为die,介词短语in their sleep作状语。但因其为口头表述，两句之间并没有
连词,仅有逗号隔开，语法结构不够严谨，考生在写作时切勿模仿。
:词汇注释1 i*]nsist wrsist]坚持说;坚决要求 abdicate [-aebdikeit] vi.退位vt.推卸（职责）
❷ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat
his words and stand down.但令人尴尬的丑闻和左翼共和党近期在欧洲选举中的大受欢迎迫使他不得不食言并退位，
But embarrassing scandals and the popularity...have forced him （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 t动词不定式短语作him的补足语]
to eat his words and stand down.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the popularity
—级修饰 of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections
:商 函降：s*candal [.skaendl] n.丑闻;流言蜚语 popularity [ iPDpju-laerati] n.受欢迎;普及;声望
r*epublican [n，pAbhk°n] n.共和党党员 stand down （从要职上）退下;离职;下台
❸ So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?那么，西班牙的危机是否暗示着君主制即
将穷途末路？
So, does the Spanish crisis suggest （―般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作does...suggest的宾语
that monarchy is seeing its last days?
:词汇注释:c*risis [ kraisis] n.危机;危急关头 monarchy [ -mDnaki] n.君主制;君主政体
❹ Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic
lifestyles?这是否意味着所有欧洲王室，连同他们华丽的制服和高贵的生活方式都将面临消亡的厄运？
Does that mean （一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作Does...mean的宾语
the writing is on the wall
[介词短语作状语，表对象
fbr all European royals,
一级修饰 介词短语作伴随状语
with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
:词汇注释: the writing is on the wall不祥之兆（文中引申为“即将面临消亡的厄运”）
magnificent^ [maeg nifisnt] a.华丽的 majestic [mydgestik] a.高贵的;壮丽的
43•…第二段…
❶TTie Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.西班牙的例子为支持和反对君主制都提供了依据。
句子主干 The Spanish case provides arguinents （主+谓+宾）
both...and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语J修饰arguments
_级修饰 both for （monarchy） and against monarchy.
❷ When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise
above "mere" politics and "embody” a spirit of national unity.当公众舆论两极分化严重时，就像佛朗哥政权结束
时那样，君主能够超越“纯粹的”政治，并“象征”国家团结的精神。
二级修饰 as it was following the end of the Franco regime,
[as引导的方式状语从句
一级修饰 When public opinion is particularly polarised,
| When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
monarchs can rise above ^mere^politics （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） "embody" a spirit of national unity.
词汇注释 polarise [，paulgiz] v.两极分化，截然对立 r*egime [rei sizm] n.政权,政体;管理体制
. ...第三段
O It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs' continuing popularity as heads of state. 正是这种
明显的对政治的超越，解释了君主作为国家元首一直很受欢迎的原因。
It is...that
句子主干 [It is...that为强调句型，强调主语this apparent transcendence of politics
this apparmt transcentoice （rf pditics. ..explains （主+谓+宾）
介词短语补充说明monarchs T
一级修饰 as heads of state.
句云注释 transcendence [traen-sendans] n.超越 m* onarch [ 'rnDnak] n.君主；帝王
❷ And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms ( not
counting Vatican City and Andorra).因此，除中东以外，欧洲是世界上君主最多的地区，这里有十个王国(不包括
梵蒂冈城和安道尔)。
—级修饰 the Middle East excepted,
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 And so,...Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,（主+系+表）
I补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 with 10 kingdoms （not counting Vatican City and Andorra）.
:词汇注释；infest [*femst] 讥遍布于;大批出没于 c*ount [ kaunt ] vt.包括;把....计算在内
❸ But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow
44voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.但是与海湾地区和亚洲的专制君
主不同，大多数欧洲王室能够幸存下来，是因为他们使选民无须费力寻找一个没有争议而又受人敬重的公众人物。
二级修饰 in the Gulf and Asia,
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰their absolutist counterparts
~- ■: , ■ ~~
_级修饰 unlike their absolutist counterparts
[介词短语作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 But...most royal families have survived （主+谓）
because引导的原因状语从句作句子主干的原因状语
_级修饰 because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the difficult search
二级修饰 for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
:词汇生每 '、、absolutist [ aebsaluztist]几.专制主义者 c*ounterpart [ kauntapazt]几职位相当的人
royal *[ -roial] a.王室的；皇家的 controversial * [ .kontra-vazfl] a.有争议的
•••第四段••-
❶Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.即便如此，国王和女王无疑都有不足之处。
一级修饰 Even so,
[插入语
句子主干 kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 undoubtedly ' [ An dautidli] ad.毫无疑问地 downside [ 'daunsaid] n.缺点；不利方面
❷ Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies
outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities,虽然他们声称自己是国家团结的象征，但他们的历史本
身一有时还有其当下的行为方式——体现着过时且不合理的特权和不平等。
■•级修饰 Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,
as引导的让步状语从句,]作句子主干的让步状语
▼
句子主干 their very history。• .embodies四坦理冥辿淄回主驱竖垣竺.（主+谓+宾）
|插入语，补充说明their very history
—级修饰 一and sometimes the way
:省略（in which ）或关系词（that ）的定语从句，修饰the way
二级修饰 they behave today—
要点注释'as引导的让步状语从句使用了部分倒装结构，正常语序应为:as they claim to be symbolic of national
unity o
:词汇生蒋:embody*[im bDdi] vt.体现,代表;包括 indefensible [undMensobl] a.站不住脚的
p*rivilege [ -pnvalids] n.特权;荣幸 inequality [ .mi-kwolati] n.不平等;不平衡
❸ At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited
wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states.
在托马斯-皮凯蒂等经济学家对这种不断加剧的不平等和因继承财富而拥有的不断扩大的权力发出警告时,
富有的贵族家庭竟依旧是现代民主国家的核心象征,这十分怪异。
45and the increasing power of inherited wealth,
二级修饰 and连接的并列成分|
when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality
| when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
一级修饰 At a time
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
it is bizarre （主+系+表）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart
介词短语作后置定语，fttftthe symbolic heart]
_级修饰 of modem democratic states.
:词汇注释 inherited [nrheritid] a.继承的;遗传的 aristocratic [ .aensta-kraetik] a.贵族的
*•••第五段••••
。The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.最成功的王室家族努力抛弃或隐
藏他们先前的贵族作风。
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | or连接的并列宾语
or （to） hide their old aristocratic ways.
❷ Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses （or helicopters）.王子和公主有日常工作，他们骑
自行车而不骑马（或搭乘直升机）。
Princes and princesses have jgy加垣（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and ride bicycles,
___________ [补充说明
_级修饰 not horses （or helicopters）.
❸ Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1 % , and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly
difficult to maintain the right image.即便如此，这些也是富有世家，他们只与全球1%的富人进行社交活动，而且
媒体的干涉使他们越来越难以维持良好的形象。
7疝
who party with the international 1%,
who引导的定语从句，[修饰wealthy families
（1） Even so, these are wealthy families （主+系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2） and media intrusiveness makes it [燕史.竺]驱成@坦®辿（主+谓+宾+宾补）
it为形式宾语，[动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
to maintain the right image.
词汇注释 intrusiveness [in-truisivnas] n.干涉性;侵入性 m* aintain [mem-tem] vt.维持;保持;维修
46•••第六段••―
O While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who
have most to fear from the Spanish example.欧洲的王室无疑足够聪明，他们会继续存在一段时间，但最害怕自己
会重蹈西班牙覆辙的当属英国王室了。
二级修饰 to survive ft5r some time to come,
动词不定式短语作结果状语
一级修饰 While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough
{while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
the British royals...have most to fear （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [it is...who为强调句型，强调主语the British royals
it is...who
介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 from the Spanish example.
…•第七段•…
O It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary （ if well-heeled） granny style.
只有女王以她相当普通的（尽管穿着相当考究）奶奶风格保住了王室的声誉。
It is...who
句子主干 | It is...who为强调句型，强调主语the Queen
only the Queen...has preserved 虫爻刊坠些虫侄（主+谓+宾）
]介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 with her rather ordinary （if well-heeled） granny style.
:词汇注释:well-heeled [ iwebhizld] a.穿着考究的;富有的 granny [fgraeni] a.老太太式样的
❷ The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of 出e
world.查尔斯王子将面临险境，他有着奢华的生活品位和颇具等级色彩的世界观。
句子主干 The danger will come with Charles,（主+谓+宾）
who引导的非限定性定语从句j补充说明Charles
一级修饰 who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.
[国汇遂释：lifestyle [ 'laifstail] n.生活方式;工作方式 hierarchical [ ihaiaTazkikl] a.按等级划分的
❸ He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial
and non-political heads of state.他未能明白大部分君主制之所以能幸存下来,是因为他们提供了一种服务——
充当无争议、非政治性的国家元首。
He has failed to understand （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作understand的宾语
that monarchies have largely survived
because引导的原因状语从句[
_级修饰 because they provide a service
[解释说明service
二级修饰 一as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.
47❹ Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst
enemies.查尔斯王子应该知道，正如英国历史所昭示的那样：君主本人，而非共和党人，才是君主制最大的
敌人。
Ch&Hes ought to know （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句，作ought to know的宾语
句子主干 that...kings, not republicans,...are the m*s onarchy worst enemies.
J it is...who为强调句型，强调kings
it is...who
as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明宾语从句
—级修饰 as English history shows,
要足注释that引导的宾语从句^P.not republicans为插入语，补充说明kingso
「诃正豆建；ought to （表示劝告或建议）应该;应当 enemy*[ enami]几.敌人;仇人;反对者
Text 2
*•・••第一段•・・•
❶Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?宪法究竟能在多大程度上保护你的数据信息？
句子主干 Just how much does the Constitution protect your j^gital data?
要点注释 本句是一个特殊疑问句,结构为“特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾” O
词汇洼释:c*onstitution [ikonsti tjuijn] n.宪法;章程 d*igital [ didsitl] a.数字式的;数码的
❷ The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the
phone is on or around a person during an arrest.目前，最高法院将考虑在没有搜查令的情况下，警察是否可以在
逮捕过程中搜查嫌疑人身上或身边手机中的内容。
The Supreme Court will now consider （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 whether引导的宾语从句，[作will...consider的宾语
whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant
if引导的条件状语从句[
—级修饰 if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
词汇注释；warrant/[-worant ] n.搜查令；执行令 arrest * [ a rest] n. /讯.逮捕；中止
・・••第二段
O California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that
authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.加州政府已经要求法官们要
避免作出一刀切的裁决,尤其不要推翻原有的“有关部门在逮捕嫌疑人时可以搜查他们的财物”这一设想。
句子主干 California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
补充说明a sweeping ruling |
_级修饰 particularly one
“ that引导的定语从句J修饰。ne
二级修饰 that upsets the old assumption
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明the old assumption
三级修饰 that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
48汇遂群 r*efrain [n-frem] vi.避免;克制;节制 sweeping [ swixpirj] a. 一概而论的;笼统的
a*ssumption [a SAmpJn] n.设想;假定；承担 search through 搜遍
possession^ [ps zejn] n.私人物品；个人财产 s*uspect [ SAspekt] n.犯罪嫌疑人a.不可信的
❷ It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.加州政府
认为,让法官去评估日新月异的技术可能产生的影响确实比较困难。
一级修饰 the state argues,
___________[插入语
It is hard,（主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for judges to assess the implications
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the implications
—级修饰 of new and rapidly changing technologies.
:要店至祢:for judges to...中，介词for引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语judges。
:词汇注释:a*ssess [a-ses] vt.评估;评定;估算 i*mplication [ jmpirkeifn] n.可能的影响
…•第三段•…
❶ The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice.如果最高法院听取了加州政府的建议，那它
真是“谦虚”得不计后果。
句子主干 The court would be recklessly 理堡]哭｛（主+系+表）
if引导的条件状语从句，[作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 if it followed California's advice.
词汇注释:recklessly [，rekbsli]以 不计后果地;不顾一切地 m* odest [ modist] q.谦虚的;适度的
❷ Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.新技术可能产生的足够多的影响是可辨识的,甚至是显而易见的，
因此法官能够并且应该给警方、律师和被告提供最新的指导原则。
句子主干 Enough of the implications are世ggg四也鱼成些坦迥史，（主+系+表）
| so that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
一级修饰 so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines
[介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 to police, lawyers and defendants.
:词汇注释：discernable [drsamabl] a.辨别得出的;看得出的 j*ustice [，d3AStis]几.法官;公平;公正
guideline^ [ *gaidlain]几.指导原则 d*efendant [drfenddnt] n.被告
•・••第四段•••
❶ They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast
storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspecfs purse.他们首先应该摒弃加州政府
蹩脚的观点:智能手机是一个巨大的数据信息库，查看其中的内容就类似于，比方说,搜查嫌疑人的钱包。
49句子主干 They should start （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
_级修饰 by discarding California's lame argument
that引导的同位语从句,[解释说明C alifomia's 1
二级修饰 that exploring the contents of a smartphone...is similar
解释说明a smartphone |
―a vast storehouse of digital information—
三级修饰 介词短语作状语
to, say, going through a suspect's purse.
；诃汇连群」d*iscard [dis ka：d] vt.丢弃;抛弃 lame12' [leim] g.蹩脚的;跛的
storehouse [ *st3：haus] n.仓库;货栈 p*urse [ p3：s] n.钱包；资金
❷ The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of
an arrestee without a warrant.最高法院已裁定，警方在没有搜查令的情况下,搜查被捕者的钱包或皮夹并不违反
宪法第四修正案。
The court has ruled （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作has ruled的宾语
that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment
[when引导的时间状语从句
_级修饰 when they go through the wallet or pocketbook
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the wallet or pocketbook
of an arrestee
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
without a warrant.
:国汇注群：v*iolate [ vaialeit]说.违反，违犯;亵渎 amendment [a.mendmant]儿修正案
pocketbook [ -pokitbuk] n.皮夹子;记事本 arrestee [oiresli:] n.被逮捕者
❸ But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home.但是查看一个人的智能手机更像是私闯民宅。
句子主干 But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home.（主+系+表）
❹ A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records
of recent correspondence.智能手机可能包含被捕者的阅读、财务、就医等历史记录以及近期全部的通信记录。
A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I并列成分
financial history, medical history and comprehensive records
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰comprehensive records
—级修饰 of recent correspondence.
[通汇汪努:c*omprehensive [ ikompri hensiv] a.全部的 c*orrespondence [ ikoro spondans] n.通信
❺ The development of **cloud computing,M meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.与此同时，“公计
算”的发展使得这种搜查变得更加容易。
50—级修饰 of "cloud computing,M
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰The development
句子主干 The development.. .has made that exploration so much the easier.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
__________ [插入语
—级修饰 meanwhile, ■
…•第五段•…
❶Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.美国人应该采取措施来保护他们的数据隐私。
句子主干 Americans should take steps （主+谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to protect their digital privacy.
❷ But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. 但是将敏感信息、保
存在这些数字设备上正逐渐成为正常生活的一种需求。
句子主干 But keeping sensitive information...is increasingly a requirement （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
on these devices
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a requirement
of normal life.
:词汇注释：s*ensitive [ .sensgtiv] a.敏感的;体贴的 d*evice [drvais] n.设备;装置;仪器
i*ncreasingly [ m*kri ：sigli] ad.日益增加地 requirement * [ rrkwaiamsnt ] n.需求；必要条件
❸ Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition
on unreasonable searches.公民仍然享有私人文件不外泄以及在宪法保护下不受无理搜查的权利。
句子主干
to expect private documents
一级修饰 J动词不定式短语作private documents的补足语
to remain private and protected by the Constitution's prohibition
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰Constitution's prohibition
二级修饰 on unreasonable searches.
画无注雷 prohibition [ iprwrbijn]几.禁止；阻止 unreasonable [*rAi:znndbl] a.不合理的;不公正的
••••第六段•・••
❶ As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of line-drawing.情况往往如此：阐明原则并不
会使划定界限的挑战得到缓解。
一级修饰 As ► often is the case,
As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 stating that principle doesn't ease （主+谓+宾）
51Tips： as is the case 的用法
as is the case是一个基本句型，其含义是“这是常见的情形；情况往往如此”，它通常和often及always
等词连用。1 .该句型作为从句使用时，一般位于句首，其后再接一个陈述句用于具体描述某个情形。例如：
As is often the case, arrogance is the primary cause of failure.通常情况下，自大是失败的主要原因。2.该
句型后面还可以接介词with和ino例如:As is the case with her mother, she is fond of dancing.跟她母亲
一样，她* 喜欢跳舞 。
❷ In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.
在许多情况下，对有关部门而言，获得搜查手机内容的授权不会太麻烦。
一级修饰 In many cases,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
it would not be overly burdensome （主+系+表）
一一 • . “ * —_———_—.
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.
:要点注释: for authorities to…中，介词for用于引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语authoritieso
；词汇注释: burdensome [ -bardnsam] a.令人烦恼的;负担沉重的
❸ They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could
take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. 在面对严峻且
紧迫的情况时，他们仍然可以不受第四修正案的保护条例的约束c此外，在等待搜查令期间，他们还可以采取
合理的措施确保手机中的数据不被删除或更改。
一级修饰 when （they are） facing severe, urgent circumstances,
|when引导的时间状语从句，作（1 ）句的时间状语
⑴They could still invalidate坦里虫虫螳也些座jpj枣£勉四（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（ 、 2 ' ） and they could take reasonable measures （主+谓+宾）
”乂 , , ....... ..........----------------------------~
|动词不定式短语作（2）句的目的状语
to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered
一级修饰 while引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
while （they are） waiting for a warrant.
i要点注释： 目的状语to ensure...,that引导的宾语从句作ensure的宾语。
'、、词汇注释 invalidate [ m-vaelideit ]仇.使无效;使作废 e*rase [rreiz]祝.删除;擦掉;消除
❹ The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. 尽管女口
此，最高法院可能想给警方留出余地，让他们列举自己的处境,在这些情况下，他们有权享有更多自由。
句子主干 The court, though, may want to^allowroom （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，:雀饰room
____ = J
一级修饰 for police to cite situations
where引导的定语从句,[修饰situations
二级修饰 where they are entitled to more freedom.
52•••第七段•••
❶ But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole.但法官们不应全盘接受加州政府的建议。
句子主干 But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释'、's*wallow [-swolao] vt.完全相信％吞下;咽下 argument*[ •aigjumant ] n.论点（文中引申为“建议”）
❷ New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections.全新的、颠覆性的
技术有时要求对宪法保护条例进行创新性运用。
句子主干 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands noyelapplications （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰novel applications
一级修饰 of the Constitution's protections.
disruptive [dis rAptiv] a.破坏性的（文中引申为“颠覆性的”）novel*[ novi] a.新的;新奇的;新颖的
❸ Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the
establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the
new personal domain of the passenger car then； they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital
information now.法学教授奥林-科尔把21世纪的数字信息大爆炸及其易获取性，与20世纪将汽车使用确立为
实际生活必需品进行了比较：当时法官不得不为轿车这一新兴私人领域明确新的规则；而当下他们必须解决第
四修正案如何适用于数字信息的问题〉
一级修饰 a law professor,
[Orin Kerr的同位语
句子主干 Orin KeiT,・.・ compares虫些更5^55^5四竺竺现型（主+谓+宾）
介词短语做后置定语J修饰the explosion and accessibility
of digital information in the 21st century
介词短语作句子主干的状语
with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th:
补充说明句子主干
The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;
I并列句
they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
;要点注释:介词短语 with the establishment... in the 20th 中，介词短语 of automobile use 和 in the 20th 均作后置
定语，分别修饰 the establishment 和 life；并列句一-The justices had to...car then 中，介词短语 for the
new personal domain 和 of the passenger car 均作后置定语，分别修饰 novel rules 和 the new personal
domain；副词then作时间状语;并列句二they must sort out...中,how引导的宾语从句作must sort
out的宾语。
:词汇生暮：accessibility [skjsess-bihti] n.易接近;可以得到 v*irtual [-vaztjusl] a.实际上的;实质上的
specify * [ *spesifai ] vt.明确说明;详述 domain * [da«mem] n.领域，范围，范畴
Text 3
….第一段.…
O The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia
McNutt announced today.《科学》杂志主编玛西娅•麦克纳特今天宣布，该杂志将在同行评审过程中增加一轮
额外的统计审查。
53句子主干 The journal Science is adding 四丝里四坚注 （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象 "
to its peer-review process,
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干
editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.
:坷汇莲释 '、'statistical [ s*titsatikl] a.统计的;统计学的 peer-review [ ipisr rrvju：] n.同行评审
editor-in-chief [ teditar in ,tjirf] n.主编 announce * [ a*nauns ] vt.宣布；宣告;通知
❷ The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are
contributing to 出e irreproducibility of many published research findings.这一政策效仿了其他期刊的类似做法。
因为人们普遍担心，数据分析中的基本错误正导致许多已发表的研究成果无法复制。
—级修饰 from other journals,
介词短语作后置定语修饰similar efforts
句子主干 The policy follows similar efforts （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语]
_级修饰 after widespread concern
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明widespread concern
二级修饰 that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the irreproducibility]
三级修饰 of many published research findings.
:词汇注释：w*idespread [ waidspred] a. 遍的;广泛的 a*nalysis [a-naebsis] n.分析;分析结果
c*ontribute [k*tnabnju ：t]航.促成，促使 irreproducibility [rnpro^juzsd'bihti] n•不可复制性
• •••第二段••••
❶ ** Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal, ** writes McNutt in an editorial.“读者必
须要对发表在我们杂志上的研究结论有信心，”麦克纳特在一篇社论中写道。
—级修饰 published in our journal,
过去分词短语作后置定语，[修饰the conclusions
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions
句子主干 [直接引语作writes的宾语
writes McNutt in an editorial.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
以汇注群:c*onclusion [kan klu：3n] n.结论;推论 e*ditorial [ ledrtoirial] n.社论;评论
❷ Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of
reviewing editors （SBoRE）.通过与美国统计协会合作，该杂志已指派七名专家成立一个统计审核编委会（SBoRE）。
_级修饰 Working with the American Statistical Association,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 the journal has appointed sevene^CTts （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 to a statistics board "
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a statistics board
二级修饰 of reviewing editors （SBoRE）.
54:要点注释:of reviewing...中，（SBoRE）为 a statistics board of reviewing editors 的同位语。
；词汇注释:a*ssociation [a.sauji^ijn]瓶协会;社团;联盟 r*eview [rrvju：]仇.审核;评论；回顾;检阅
❸ Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of
Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.愿稿将被杂志内部编辑、现有审核编委会或外部同行评审做上标
记，以接受额外审查。
句子主干 Manuscript will be flagged up （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
_级修饰 for additional scrutiny
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰additional scrutiny
by the journal's internal editors,
| or连接并列的介词短语
二级修饰 or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors
I。施接并列的介词短语
or by outside peer reviewers.
词汇注释：manuscript * [ -maenjuskript ] n.原稿;手稿 f*[lfalageg] vt.标记 vi.衰退
❹ The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts,之后统计审核编委会的专家将寻
找外部的统计学家来评审这些原稿。
The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 |动词不定式短语作external statisticians的补足语
to review these manuscripts.
:词汇注释:p*anel [ paenl]几.专家咨询组;专门小组 statistician [ tstaetrstijn]儿统计学家;统计员
• ••笙二麻•••
❶ Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the' statistics board' was
motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."当被问及是否有某些特殊的论文推动
了这一改变时，麦克纳特表示:“’统计编委会’的成立是出于科学研究中对数字统计及数据分析应用的广泛关
注，也是《科学》杂志为提升其所发表的研究成果的可复制性而做出的全面努力的一部分。”
_级修饰 Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,
[过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
-M--cN--u-t-t- s -- a - i - d： （主+谓+宾）
[直接引语作said的宾语
句子主干 “The creation of the 4statistics board, was motivated by concerns
| and连接的并列谓语 "
and is part of Science^ overall drive
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰Science's overall drivej
to increase reproducibility in the research we p**ublish.
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语,修饰concerns
broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research
55:矍应注释:过去分词短语Asked whether...中,whether引导的宾语从句作Asked的宾语。
:词汇注释：impel [impel] vt.推动,推进;促使 m* otivate [ mautiveit] vt.成为....的动机
a*pplication [ .aepli keijn] n.应用，运用 o*verall [ ^uvgr □:!] a.全面的;总体的;综合的
・...第四段
O Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he
expects the board to Mplay primarily an advisory role. ”哈佛大学公共卫生学院的生物统计学家、统计审核编委会
成员乔瓦尼•帕玛强尼表示,他期望编委会“主要发挥咨询作用”。
a member of the SBoRE group,
一级修饰 并列的同位语
a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,
Giovanni Parmigiani 的同位语
Giovanni Parmigiaiii,…says （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
句子主干 he expects the board
]动词不定式短语作the boanl的补足语
to "play primarily an advisory role."
词汇注释: biostatistician [ ibaiauistaetrstijan] n.生物统计学家 m* ember [，membo（r） ] n.成员；会员
primarily [prai-merali] ad.主要地;根本地 advisory [ad-vaizari] a.咨询的，顾问的
❷ He agreed to join because he " found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and
likely to have a lasting impact.他同意加入编委会是因为他“发现统计审核编委会成立背后有着新颖、独特的远
见，而且很有可能产生持久的影响。
句子主干 He agreed tojoin （主+谓+宾）
I because弓I导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE
一级修饰 [动词不定式短语作the foresight的补足语
to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.
:词汇注释 foresight [ f3!sait] n.先见之明；深谋远虑 u*nique [ju niik] a.独特的，独一无二的
❸ This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing
places that may want to model their approach after Science."这种影响不仅会遍及《科学》杂志上发表的文章，而且
还有望延伸到更多想效仿《科学》杂志这种做法的出版单位”。
This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | not only...but连接的并列成分
but （will be） hopefully through a larger group of publishing places
that引导的定语从句，修饰publishing places|
一级修饰 that may want to model their approach after Science：'
•…第五段•…
O John loannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forwardM
and “long overdue. ”致力于钻研研究方法论的约翰-约安尼季斯医生称，该政策是“最受欢迎的一次迈进”，而
且“早该实行了”。
56一级修饰 a physician who studies research methodology,
I John loannidis的同位语
John I<mniiidis,・.・says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作says的宾语
that the policy is "a most welcome step forward" and Tong o*verdue.'
■要成注.;a physician...中,who引导的定语从句，修饰a physiciano
:词汇注释 '、、physician^ [fi-zijn] n.医生，内科医生 methodology [ ^me时cbEsi] n.方法论;原则
❷“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.他谈道：“大多数期刊
在统计审查方面很薄弱,而这有损发表内容的质量。
（1 yfcMost journals are weak in statistical review,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and this damages the gualij^ （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the quality
—级修饰 of what they publish.
:要点莲暮:（1）句中，介词短语in statistical review作（1）句的方面状语;of what...中,what引导的宾语从句，作
介词of的宾语。
❸ I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review," he
says.我认为,对于现今大多数科技论文来说,统计审查比专家审查更重要o ”
—级修饰 for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,
[介词短语作状语，表对象
that,...statistical review is more essential than expert review,"
[that引导的宾语从句，作think的宾语
句子主干 】think
he says.（宾+主+谓）
愚成连移〕本段❷句及❸句引号中的内容均为直接引语,共同作。句中says的宾语。
❹ But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association
and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.不过他指出，一些生物医学期刊，诸如《内科医学年鉴》《美
国医学协会杂志》和《柳叶刀》等都非常重视统计审查。
But he noted （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作noted的宾语
that biomedical journals...pay strong attention to statistical review.
[such as...举例说明biomedical journals
such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association
•-级修饰 | and连接并列的名词短语
and The Lancet
:商5E注幕]biomedical [ .baiwmedikl] a.生物医学的 lancet [ 4a:nsit] n.（医生用的）柳叶刀，小刀
….第六段.…
❶ Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in
57published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.据细胞生物学家大卫•沃克斯所言,专业的科学家
们应该知道如何分析数据，但在已发表的研究成果中，统计误差惊人地普遍。
—级修饰 to know how to analyze data,
]动词不定式短语作Professional scientists的补足语
⑴Professional scientists are expected （主+谓）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but statistical errors are alarmingly （主+系+表）
介词短语作（2 ）句的状语]
in published research,
一级修饰 插入语
according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.
词汇注释 alarmingly [a-laimigli] ad.惊人地 biologist [barobdsist] 生物学家
❷ Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, **engaging
reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process."他在2012 年写道，研究人员应该提高
自身的水平，但期刊本身也应该采取更强硬的措施，“让通晓统计学的评审专家和能够核实研究过程的编辑参
与进来”。
（l）Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵ but journals should also take ajtougherline,（主+谓+宾）
_____ \现在分词短语解释说明（2 ）句
—级修饰 "engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process."
「商汇S主释：l*ine [lam] n.方式;方法（文中引申为“措施” ）v*erify [ venfai] vt.核实;查对
❸ Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the
board of reviewing editors to identify *the papers that need scrutiny" in the first place. “ 沃克斯表示,《科学》杂志将一些论
文送交统计学家的主意“有一定的好处，但也有一个缺点:它首先依赖审核编委会确定'需要审查的论文O
—级修饰 to pass some papers to statisticians
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰Science's idea
Vaux says that Science9s idea..."has some merit,（主+谓+宾从）
I but连接的并列句
but a weakness is...
句子主干 [that引导的表语从句
that it relies on the board of reviewing editors
[动词不定式短语作the board...editors的补足语
to identify 'the papers that need s*crutiny in the first place."
「有W淫暮:m* erit [ -merit] n.长处;优点;美德;价值 s*crutiny [，skru：询ni] n.审查;仔细检查
Text 4
• •••第一段••••
O Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the Munsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our
institutions."两年前，鲁伯特-默多克的女儿伊丽莎白曾说:“我们许多机构都存在令人担忧的诚实正直缺失问题”。
58_级修饰 Two years ago,
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Elisabeth^ spoke of 些:（主+谓+宾）
| Elisabeth的同位语
Rupert Murdoch's daughter,
_级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the... integrity
across so many of our i*n*stitutions.
；词汇遂释；speak of谈到;论及;表明 unsettling [ A*sentlirj] a.令人担忧的
dearth [d3：0] n.缺乏;不足 i*ntegrity [in.tegrsti] n.正直;诚实;完整
❷ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only M sorting mechanismM in society
should be profit and the market.她说,诚实正直已经沦丧了，因为大家普遍认为社会中唯一的“分选机制”应该是
利益和市场。
_级修饰 she argued,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 Integrity had collapsed,（主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
_级修饰 because of a collective acceptance
that引导的同位语从句J解释说明a collective acceptance
二级修饰 that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market.
成汇注程]c*ollapse [kddaeps] vi.坍塌;崩溃;瓦解 c*ollective [ka4ektiv] a.共有的;集体的
acceptance * [ ak-septons] n.认可；同意;接纳 sorting mechanism 分选机制
❸ But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit."然而，"是我们人类自己，而不
是利益，创造了我们想要的社会。”
lt9s...who
句子主干 ]it's...who为强调句型，强调主语us, human beings, we the people
But "..・us, human beings, we the people...create toe society (主+谓+宾)
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句,[修饰the society
we want,
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
not profit.”
:要况洼释:主语us, human beings, we the people这几个部分互为同位语，本句为❶句中Elisabeth所说的话,
偏口语化，语法结构不够严谨,大家在写作时切勿模仿。
• •••第二段••••
O Driving her point home, she continued: " It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language
within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom."
为了把自己的观点阐释清楚，她继续说道:“越来越明显的是，政府、媒体或企业内部目标和道德语言的缺失可
能会成为资本主义与自由最危险的目标之一。”
59_级修饰 Driving her point home,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的目的状语
she continued: "It's increasingly apparent （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作直接弓]语真正的主语
that the absence...could become one of the most dangerous goals
[并列的介词短语作后置定语，修饰the absence '、
of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the most dangerous goals
for capitalism and fireedom."
'、、坷汇注释；a*pparent [ g'paerant] a.明显的;貌似的 capitalism [ •kaepitslizam] n.资本主义
❷ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more
likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.她认为，这种同样的道德目标的
缺失正在对诸如新闻国际这样的公司造成伤害,使它更有可能像过去一样因大规模非法电话窃听而误入歧途。
句子主干 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies （主+谓+宾）
such as...举例说明companies]
such as News International,
插入语
she thought,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
making it more likely
it为形式宾语,[that引导的宾语从句作真正的宾语
that it would lose its way
__________ ■ as引导的方式状语从句[
二级修饰 as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
:词汇注释’w*ound [wumd] vt.使受伤;伤害 hack [haek] vi.侵入（他人计算机系统）
• ••• 二 ••••
❶ As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to
hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of
integrity still stands.尽管窃听案审判结束了一前《世界新闻报》主编安迪-库尔森因密谋策划了电话窃听案
而被判有罪，但他的前任主编丽贝卡•布鲁克斯受到同样的指控却被判无罪一一但更大范围的诚实正直缺失
问题仍然存在。
句子主干 the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.（主+谓）
〔As引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
二级修饰
As the hacking trial concludes
[补充说明
―finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson,
二级修饰 | and连接并列的现在分而短语
and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—
介词短语作原因状语
旬修饰
for conspiring to hack phones,
60：要点注释:现在分词短语finding guilty ...中，Andy Coulson作finding的宾语，guilty为宾语补足语。one
ex-editor of... World 为 Andy Coulson 的同位语。
J ： t*rial [-traial] n.审判，审理;试验 conspire [k3n-spai3（r）] vi.密谋;图谋；阴谋
p*redecessor [ pri：disesa （r） ] n.前任;前辈 i*nnocent [ masnt] a.无罪的;无辜的；清白的
❷ Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.据悉，新闻记者窃听了多达 5500 人的电话。
句子主干 Journalists are known （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作Journalists的补足语
—级修饰 to have hacked the phones
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the phones
二级修饰 of up to 5, 500 people.
© This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the
World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.正如格伦•穆尔凯尔所承认的那样,这是一次具有一定行
业规模的窃听事件。他在2001年受雇于《世界新闻报》，因电话窃听案成为焦点人物。
句子主干 This is hacking （主+谓）
| [介词短语作状语，表程度
on an industrial scale,
一级修饰 as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,
[独立主格结构补充说明Glenn Mulcaire
二级修饰 the man...to be the point person for phone hacking.
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the man
三级修饰 hired by the News of the World in 2001
« 词汇左籍:i*ndustrial [m dAStrial] a.产业的;工业的 acknowledge^ [9k-nDlid3] vt.承认
❹Others await trial.其他人还在等待审判。
句子主干 Others await trial.（主+谓+宾）
❺This long story still unfolds.这一长串事件仍在继续。
句子主干 This long story still unfolds.（主+谓）
国* 无注 u*nfold [An f3Uld] （故事）展开（文中引申为“继续”）
・.・.第四段・...
❶ In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms
on which the trial took place.在许多方面，道德目标的缺失不仅体现在如此大规模的电话窃听事件当中，也体现
在审判所依据的辩词之中。
―级修饰 In many respects,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact...but the terms （主+谓+宾）
介词of引出the fact的同位语]
of such widespread phone hacking
—级修饰 介词on+which引导的定语从句，修饰the terms
on which the trial took place.
61:要匾注释]句子主干中，宾语是由not only...but连接的并列名词短语构成的。
，词无洼释j f*rame [freim] vt.（以某种方式）表达 take place发生;举行
❷ One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she
thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.令人震惊的真相之一是丽贝卡•布鲁克
斯竟然对她的新闻编辑部中发生的事情知之甚少，她几乎不过问，也从来不询问这些新闻是如何得来的。
One of the astonishing revelations was...（主+系+表从）
]how引导的表语从句
how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,
句子主干 I并列的表语从句
how little she thought to ask
| and连接的并列表语
and the fact
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
that she never inquired
—级修饰 how引导的宾语从句，[作inquired的宾语
how the stories arrived.
:通汇注释 astonishing [a^tomfig] q.惊人的，令人惊讶的revelation^ [ irevadeijn]几.被暴露的真相
❸ The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.她成功脱罪的核心就是她一无所知°
一级修饰 of her successful defence
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The com
句子主干 The core...was that she knew nothing.（主+系+表从）
第五段•…
❶ In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the
organisations that they run.在当今世界，高薪资的管理者们不必对其运营的机构内所发生的事情负责，这已经成
为常态。
—■级修饰 In today's world,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
it has become normal （主+系+表）
fit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that well-paid executives should not be accountable for
what引导的宾语从句，[作for的宾语
what happens in the organisations
that引导的定语从句修饰the organisations
岑 fliat th«y nin.
•再I汇注努:executive * [ ig• zekjativ ]几.管理人员，主管领导accountable [a'kauntabl] a.有责任的;应做解释的
❷Perhaps we should not be so surprised.也许我们不应该如此惊讶。
句子主干 Perhaps we should not be so surprised,（主+系+表）
62For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. 对于一•代人
而言,集体的信条一直都是“社会的分选机制应该是利益”。
-级修饰 For a generation,
1介词短语作句子主干的状语
the collective doctrine has been…（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [that引导的表语从句
that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.
:词汇注释： doctrine * [ -doktrin ] n.信条;教义；学说 mechanism * [ -mekanizam ] n.机制；方法
❹ The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation,
sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.重要的字眼是效率、灵活性、股东价值、有利营商、财富创造、销售
额、影响力及报界的发行量。
一级修饰 that have mattered
' that引导的定语从句，修饰The words
句子主干 The words...are efficiency, flexibility,...and,...circulation.（主+系+表）
"迥汇洼释］ e*fficiency [rfifnsi]几.效率;效能;功效 flexibility [ JleksMilMi]几灵活性
shareholder [ •JeghsuldaCr） ] n.股东 circulation [ iS3：k*lejiaJn] n.发行量；流通
❺ Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.退化到边
缘的字眼则是正义、公平、包容、均衡和责任制。
句子主干 Words. ..have been 皿匹曳坦些是坦丝些务巴史剪竺盛以52注2史2S些坝剪（主+系+表）
［过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Words
一级修饰 degraded to the margin
，迥汇荏将」 degrade [drgreid] vt.（使）退化，降解 m* argin [ -maidsm] n.边缘;空白页
proportionality [praps印naeloti] n.相称原则 accountability [aikaunts-bilsti] n.应负责任
•・..第六段...♦
O The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or
to betray any common humanity.编辑《世界新闻报》不是为了促进读者的理解，也不是为了确保所写内容的公
正，或是揭露共同的人性。
一级修饰 of editing the News of the World
j介词短语作后置定语，修饰The purpose
The purpose.. .was not to promote reader understanding,（主+系+表）
并列表语
句子主干 to be fair in what was written
。港接的并列表语
or to betray any common humanity.
:词汇注释: promote * [ pr9，maut ] vt.促进；推动 h*umanity [ hju:-maenoti] n.人性；人类；人道
63❷It was to min lives in the quest for circulation and impact.其目的在于不惜毁掉别人的生活来追求发行量和影响力。
句子主干 It was坦叫口史竺（主+系+表）
]介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
_级修饰 in the quest for circulation and impact.
❸ Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions,
gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.对她的记者们是如何得到那些新闻报道材料的，
布鲁克斯女士可能有过怀疑,又或许从未怀疑过,但是她从没有过问过,从没有给出过任何指示,也没有收到过
任何可追踪、有记录的答案。
_级修饰 about how her journalists got their stories,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰suspicions
（l）Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions （主+谓+宾）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but she asked no questions,（主+谓+宾）
I并列谓宾
gave no instructions
补充说明（2）句
—级修饰 nor received traceable, recorded answers.
要点在释 介词短语about how...中,how引导的宾语从句,作介词about的宾语。
诃汇函店:suspicion5* [ss-spifn] n.怀疑;嫌疑 j*ournalist [ djaznaiist] n.新闻记者;新闻工作者
i*nstruction [m-strAkJn] n.指示;命令;吩咐 traceable [ «treisabl] a.可追踪的;可追溯的
Part B
•…第一段•…
O How does your reading proceed?你是如何进行阅读的？
句子主干 How does your reading proceed?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词）
❷ Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships
between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.显然，你会试图通过辨别每个词的含义，弄
胆宜禁间的联系，并运用你固有的英语语法知识来进行理解。
句子主干 Clearly you try to comprehend,（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words
| and连接并列的动名词短语
_级修饰 and working out relationships between them,
I并列的动名词短语
drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.
:商汇洼暮:comprehend5^ [ .kompn-hend] v.理解;领悟 draw on利用;凭借;动用
❸ If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. 如果你不
熟悉单词或习语，你会利用上下文的线索去猜测它们的意思。
一级修饰 If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子呈干的条件状语
句子主干 you guess at theirjneaning,（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的方式状语
_级修饰 using clues presented in the context.
64词汇注释：i*[dioin idiam] n.习语;成语;惯用语 c*[klulue ：]几.线索;迹象;提示
❹ On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible
links between them.假设下文会出现这些词的相关信息，你会在心里记下一些语篇实体以及它们之间可能存在
的联系。
—级修饰 On the assumption that they will become relevant later,
[介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 些make amwitaljiote （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰a mental note
—级修饰 of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
;饕鹿洼释:On the assumption...later中,that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the assumption的具体内容。
[词汇注释 make a mental note牢记;铭记 discourse[ diskois] n.语篇;话语;论文
❺ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved:
Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.你开始推理文章的语境，例如通过确定所涉及的言语活
动来做出推断:谁在说话，跟谁说话，在什么时候、什么地点。
句子主干 You begin to infer a cor^ext for the te）d, for instance,（主+谓+宾）
i介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved:
______________ I解释说明
二级修饰 Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
要点注释：by making...中，介词短语about what...作decisions的后置定语，其中嵌套了一个what引导的宾语
从句,作介词about的宾语。
:词汇注释！ involved [iirvDlvd] a.涉及的;参与的 utterance [, Atarans] n.说话;话语;言论
…•第二段•…
❶ The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.毫无疑问，这里所指的阅读方式是一
种理解方式。
句子主干 The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt 鱼虫页丝哩四些gg蛔.（主+系+表）
"词汇注释：indicate * [ -mdikeit] vt.指出；指示;表明 comprehension ☆ [ ikompri・henjn ] n.理解；理解力
❷ But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and
problem-solving.但这些阅读方式表明，理解不仅仅包括被动吸收，还包括积极推理和解决问题。
But they show comprehension （主+谓+宾+宾补）
|动词不定式短语作comprehension的补足语
句子主干 to consist not just of passive assimilation
| not just...but连接并列的介词短语
but of active engagement
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰active engagement
—级修饰 in inference and problem-solving.
:词汇注释:consist of 包括;包含 assimilation [aisima4eijn] n.吸收;接受
engagement * [m-geidsmsnt] n.（与....的）密切关系 inference * [ 'infargns ] n.推理；推论
65❸ You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
你会推断出你认为作者通过提供特定的证据和线索想要你掌握的信息。
句子主干 You infer inforaiation （主+谓+宾）
T省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，修饰information
一级修饰 you feel the writer has invited you to grasp
］介词短语作方式状语
二级修饰 by presenting you
［介词短语作状语
M磕
with specific evidence and clues.
❹ You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—
inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.你还会
做出进一步的推断，比如文本对你的重要程度，或者文本的合理性如何，这些推断是形成个人反应的基础，而文
本作者对这种反应所负的责任必然小得多。
一级修饰 for instance,
1插入语
句子主干 You make further inferences,（主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰further inferences
about how the text may be significant to you,
。健接并列的介词短语
一级修饰 or about its validity
解释说明further inferences
—inferences that form the basis of a personal response
which引导的定语从句，:修饰a personal response
二级修饰 for which the author will inevitably be fiar less responsible.
:要点注释: 介词短语about how...中，how引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语;一inferences that... response
中,that引导的定语从句,修饰inferences。
3司汇注释: validity ［v*liadati ］ n.正确（性）；符合逻辑 inevitably [*eivnit3bli] 以 必然地;不可避免地
…•第三段…
❶ Conceived in this way. comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader.这样设想的话，每位读
者的理解思路并不完全相同。
一级修饰 Conceived in this way,
［过去分词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 comprehension will not follow exactly the same track （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语,［表对象
一级修饰 for each reader.
:词汇注释'、、c*onceive ［kan siiv］勘.设想;构想;怀孕 t*rack ［tr®k］ n.（思想等的）思路v.跟踪
66❷ What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for
accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.这里所说的"理解”并非找回那些可被直接读出且能检
验其准确性的绝对的、固定的或“真正的”含义，也不是找出文本与世界的某种永恒联系。
What is in question
［what引导的主语从句
句子主干
...is not the retrieval （主从+系 +表）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the retrieval
of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning
-级修饰 。薛接的并列成分
or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
that引导的定语从句，修饰meaning
二级修饰 that can be read off and checked for accuracy,
:词汇注释'、 retrieval ［ rrtriivl ］几.找回；检索;取回 timeless [吒aimbs] a.永恒的;永久的;永存的
❸ Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual
material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures （ so especially its language
structures） and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text. 相反，我
赋予文本以意义,这基于我们所谓的文本材料和背景材料的相互作用:我们从文本的形式结构（尤其是它的语
言结构）中得出的各种组织或模式和我们理解文本时代入其中的各种背景知识、社会知识、信仰和态度之间的
相互作用。
句子主干 Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts （主+谓+宾）
］介词短语作句子主干的状语
_级修饰 on the basis of interaction
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰interaction
二级修饰 between what we might call textual and contextual material:
___________ ［补充说明
三级修饰 between kinds of organization or patterning...and various kinds
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，［修饰organization or patterning
we perceive in a text's formal structures （so especially its language structures）
四级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰various kinds
of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude
that引导的定语从句，修饰background...and attitude |
五级修饰 that we bring to the text.
!问汇遂敷；ascribe [o-skraib] vt.认为....具有 contextual ［ k*teaknstjual ］ a.与上下文有关的
・...第四段...•
❶Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.这种背景资料不可避免地反映了我们的个人特征。
句子主干 Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.（主+谓+宾从）
67❷ Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage
us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.诸如我们阅读的地点和时
间、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素都会促使我们做出某种解读,但同时会模糊甚至屏蔽其他解读。
二级修饰 in which we are reading,
]介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰the place and period
—级修饰 such as the place and period...our gender, ethnicity, age and social class
]such as...举例说明Factors
Factors...will encourage us towards certain interpretations （主+谓+宾+宾补）
I but连接的并列谓宾
句子主干 but at the same time （will） obscure
I。健接的并列谓宾
or even （will） close off others.
；坷汇连释:ethnicity [eO nisati] n.种族渊源;种族特点 interpretation [ mitaipn teifn] n.解释;说明；理解
obscure[ 3b-skjua（r） ] vt.使模糊;遮掩 close off隔离（文中引申为"屏蔽”）
❸ This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely, relative or even pointless.然而，这并不会使解读具有局限性或者
甚至毫无意义。
句子主干 T^s doesnt however, make intergetatiOTi merely relative or even pointless.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
❹ Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping
r*eading tha same words on the page——including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns——debates
about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.正是因为读者们处于不同的历史时
期、来自不同的地方,拥有不同的社会经历，会对书面上同样的文字（包括那些涉及人类关切的根本性问题的文
本）产生不同却乂重合的解读，关于文本的争论才会在有关信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要的作用。
三级修稀
二级修饰
一级修饰
句子主干 debates about texts can play anjmportantrole （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
in social discussion of beliefs and values.
商无挂祢〔 overlap^ [ ^va laep] v.与....重合;交叠 fundamental * [ jAnda-mentl] a.根本的;基础的
••第五段"・
O How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.我们如何阅读一篇特定
文本在一定程度上还取决于我们对该文本有特别的阅读兴趣。
68How we read a given text
句子主干 | How引导的主语从句
...also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.（主从+谓+宾）
❷ Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course?我们是否正在以
达到某一特定课程要求的方式来研读文本并作出反应？
句子主干 Are we studying that text and trying to respond （—般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 in a way
that引导的定语从句，［修饰a way
二级修饰 that fulfils the requirement of a given course?
❸Reading it simply for pleasure?还是只为了消遣而阅读？
句子主干 （Are we） Reading it simply for pleasure?（一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
❹Skimming it for information?或是为了获取信息而略读？
句子主干 （Are we） Skimming it for information?（一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
❺ Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room, 在火车上或床
上，阅读方式也可能和在研讨室大不相同,
—级修饰 of reading on a train or in bed
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰Ways
句子主干 Ways…are likely to differ considerably （主+谓）
［介词短语作状语
—级修饰 from reading in a seminar room.
:商汇生程：considerably ［kmsidgbli］诚.非常;很 seminar^ ［-semma：（r）］几.研讨会;培训会
❻ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit
（often unacknowledged） agenda to any act of reading.阅读的这些层面-正如书中随后要介绍的其他层面一
样一表明我们是带着隐含的（通常是无意识的）目的开始一切阅读行为的。
_级修饰 一as others introduced later in the book will also do—
补充说明句子主干］
Such dimensions of reading suggest （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作suggest的宾语
that we bring an implicit （often unacknowledged） agenda
介词短语作状语，表对象［
一级修饰 to any act of TeajHO
! iMaZSE# : d*imension ［darmenjn］ n.方面;维濯度 i*mplicit ［yplisit］ a.隐含的；含蓄的；固有的
❼ It doesn't then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another.
这并不一定意味着某种阅读方式比另一种更全面、更先进或更有意义。
It doesn’t then necessarily follow （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,［作doesn'...follow的宾语
that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another.
69❽ Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one
another.理想情况下，不同的阅读方式互相影响、互为有益的参考并互相平衡。
Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other,(主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列谓宾
句子主干 and act as useful reference points for (each other)
| and连接的并列谓宾
and (act as) counterbalances to one another.
，要应注释'、. 本句为省略句，补充完整为 Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful
reference points for ( each other) and ( act as) counterbalances to one anothero
❾ Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual
environment.它们共同构成了读者整体读写能力的阅读部分，或者其与周围文本环境的关联。
句子主干 Together, they make up fee reatog component (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the reading component
—级修饰 M your overall literacy, or relationship
介词短语作后置定语J修饰relationship
二级修饰 to your surrounding textual environment.
:饵I汇建释:c*omponent [kom paunont] n.组成部分 l*iteracy [ litarasi] n.读写能力;有文化
surrounding [sg raundig] a.周围的；附近的 textual [ .tekstjual] a.文本的;篇章的
Part C
• •••第一段••••
❶ Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the
great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.在十七世纪到十八世纪初这一百年间，一股移民
潮一史上超大规模的一次人口流动一从欧洲席卷到美洲。
Within the span of a hundred years,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a tide of emigration…swept (主+谓)
［介词短语作状语，表范围
ftrom Europe to America.
一级修饰 补充说明a tide of emigration
—one of the great folk wanderings of history—
词汇注释 fmigrathm [ .emrgreifn] n.移民 wanderings [ wondangz] n. [pZ.]漫游;流浪;漂泊
70❷ This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature.
shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.在各种强大动机的推动下，这场移民运动在荒野上创
建了一个民族，且从本质上塑造了一个全新大陆的特点并决定了它的命运。
_级修饰 driven by powerful and diverse motivations,
|过去分词短语作后尊定语，修饰This movement
This movement,…built 旦旦丝迦 out of a wilderness （主+谓+宾）
:*干句子 I and连接的并列谓宾
and,...shaped the character and destiny
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the character and destiny
of an uncharted continent.
一级修饰 插入语
by its nature,
:通汇注释:motivation [ imaulrveifn] n.动机;原因 wilderness [ -wildanas] n.荒野;未开发的地区
uncharted [ i*tAfanztid ] a.未被探索的;未知的 continent * [ kontmant ] n.大陆；陆地；洲
…第二段•…
❶ The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,
customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.合众国是两股主
要力量作用的产物:一是带有不同思想、风俗习惯和民族特性的欧洲各民族的迁入，二是这个新国家因改变了
这些特征而产生的影响。
句子主干 The United States is the product of two principal forces （主+系+表）
[two principal forces 的同位语
一级修饰 一the immigration of European peoples...and the impact of a new country
介词短语作后置定语j修饰European peoples
with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics
二级修饰 which引导的定语从句，修饰a new country
which modified these traits.
•词汇注释：p*rincipal [ pnnsapl] a.主要的;最重要的 immigration [ amrgreijn] n.移民;移民人数
c*haracteristic [ ikaerakts nstik] n.特征;特色 m* odify [ modifai] vt.改变;修改
❷Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe.不可避免地，殖民时期的美国是欧洲的一个投影°
句子主干 Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释]c*olonial [ka bunial] a.殖民的 projection [pr3 d3ekfn] n.投影;设想
r
❸ Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen,
Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. ―^批批英格兰人、
法国人、德国人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人、荷兰人、瑞典人还有许多其他国家的人陆续横渡大西洋而来，他们试图将
自己的习惯和传统移植到这个新大陆。
句子主干 Across the Atlantic came successive groups of.・・maiiy others （倒装句：谓+主）
who引导的定语从句J修饰successive...many others
—级修饰 who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new worid.
71；迥汇注释 s*uccessive [ ssk sesiv] a.相继的；连续的 t*ransplant [traens'plaint] vt.移植；迁移
❹ But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another,
and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 但是美洲特
有地理条件的作用，不同族群之间的相互影响，以及在这片原始的新大陆上维持旧世界运行方式的巨大困难，
所有这一切引发了意义重大的变化。
一级修饰 peculiar to America,
I形容词短语作后置定语，修饰geographic conditions
But the force of geographic conditions...caused 匝（主+谓跋）
并列主语
句子主干 the interplay of the varied groups upon one another,
and连接的并列主语
and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways
[介词短语作地点状语
一级修饰 in a raw, new continent
:词汇注释 geographic [ ^siza-graefik] a.地理的 p*eculiar [prkju：lia（r） ] a,特有的，独特的
interplay [ mtaplei] n.相互作用（或影响） s*heer [Jia（r）] a.巨大的;完全的;十足的
❺These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.这些变化是循序渐进的，最开始的时候几乎看不出来。
句子主干 These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.（主+系+表）
词汇注释: scarcely ☆ [ •skeasli] ad.几乎不;勉强 v*isible [ vizabl] a.看得见的；可见的
❻ But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character
that was distinctly American.但结果是产生了一种新的社会模式，尽管这种模式在许多方面与欧洲社会类似，但
还是具有明显的美国特色。
句子主干 But the result was a^ewsocial^atteni （主+系+表）
which引导的定语从句,[修饰a
new social pattern
一级修饰 which,...had a character
although引导的让步状语从句]
although it resembled European society in many ways,
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰a character
that was distinctly American.
商店主释 r*esemble [n zembl]讽类似;像;看起来像 distinctly [di stigktli] ad.明显地;很
• •••第三段••••
❶ The Grst shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than
a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.十五、十六世纪，人们探索发现 K北美
洲,一百多年之后，第一批满载移民的航船横渡了大西洋,驶向今天合众国这片土地。
二级修饰 which is now the United States
which引导的定语从句，[修饰the territory
一级修饰 bound for the territory
形容词短语作后置定语,]修饰The first Uploads of immigrants
句子主干 The first shiploads of immigrants...crossed the Atlantic （主+谓+宾）
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语I
一级修饰 more than a hundred years after the 15th-and・ 16th-century explorations of North America.
72问汇建将」bound for（车船等）开往……的 t*erritory [ leratri] n. 土地；领土
❷ In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.与此
同时，蓬勃发展的西班牙殖民地早已在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美洲建立起来。
句子主干 In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established （主+谓）
I介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.
❸ These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft.这些旅客搭乘着狭小且拥挤不堪
的小船前往北美洲。
—级修饰 to North America
j介词短语作后置定语,修饰These travelers
句子主干 These traveleTS.・・ came （主+谓）
I介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft.
:词汇注释：unmercifully [ad-massifali] ad.冷酷无情地 overcrowded [quvykraudid] a.过于拥挤的
❹ During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them.在六到十二周的航行
中，他们靠分到手里勉强够吃的食物生存。
一级修饰 During their six- to twelve-week voyage,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they survived （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 on barely enough food allotted to them,
voyage^ [.vond3] a.航行;（尤指）航海;航天 allot [34Dt] vt.分配;分派;划拨
❺ Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. 许多船
只遭遇风暴而沉没，大量旅客死于疾病，婴儿在旅途中几乎无一幸存。
（l）Many of the ships were lost in storms,（主+系+表）
I并列句
句子主干 （2）many passengers died of disease,（主+谓）
| and连接的并列句
（3）and infants rarely survived thejoumey.（主+谓+宾）
❻ Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.有时风暴会刮
得船只远离航线，而经常性的风平浪静却又使航程长时间延长，让人难以忍受。
（1） Sometimes storms blew 些半竺g|g off dieir course,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主宇」 and连接的并列句
（2） and often calm brought unbearably long delay.（主+谓+宾）
:! vessel^ [ wesl] n.轮船;器皿 unbearably [An be9r9bH] ad.不堪忍受地
73…第四段•…
❶ To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.在看到美洲海岸线的那
一刻，这些焦急的旅客感到了几乎难以言表的宽慰。
一级修饰 To the anxious travelers
[介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 the sight of the American shore brought almost jgggpgg竺虫坦jgjj或（主+谓+宾）
「词汇注释1 inexpressible [ （imk-spresabl] a.难以言传的 r*elief [ndiif] n.宽慰；安慰；解脱
❷ Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." 一位事件i己
录者说，“远在12里格（1里格约等于3海里）外的空气闻起来就像鲜花初放的花园一样甜美。”
Said one recorder of events,（倒装句：谓+主+宾）
句子主干 |直接引语作Said的宾语
"The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden."
;词汇注释: league^ [li：g] n.（长度单位）里格;联赛;联盟 new-blown [ •njuzbhun] a.（花）刚开的;新开的
❸ The colonists, first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.殖民者第一眼看见的新大陆是一片茂密的
树林。
句子主干 The colonists9 first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 g*limpse [glimps] n. 一看；一瞥;扫视 d*ense [dens] a.稠密的；密集的
❹ The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way
down to Georgia.树种丰富多样的原始森林从缅因州一直向南绵延至佐治亚州，可谓一个真正的宝库。
—级修饰 with its richness and variety of trees
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The virgin forest
句子主干 The virgin forest...was a real treasure-house （主+系+表）
|which引导的定语从句，修饰The virgin forest
一级修饰 which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
词汇注释： virgin★[.v3：d3in] a.原始状态的;未开发的 treasure-house宝库;宝藏室
❺Here was abundant fuel and lumber.这里有丰富的燃料和木材。
句子主干 Here was abundant fuel and lumber.（倒装句：表+系+主）
「词汇注祢:a*bundant [3 bAndant] a.丰富的;大量的 l*umber [ lAmb9（r）]几.木材；旧家具
❻ Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.这里有建造房屋、做家
具、造船、生产钾肥、染料和海军储备所需的原料。
句子主干 Here was the raw material （倒装句:表+系+主）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the raw material
一级修饰 of houses and furniture, ships and gotash, dyes and naval stores.
，词汇洼释: f*urniture [ .f3：nitja（r） ] n.家具 potash [ •pntaej] n.钾碱（有时用作肥料）
d*ye [dai] n.染料；染液 n*aval [ neivl] a.海军的
74
