虹2020年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲御
Section I Use of English
a
第一段】
❶ Being a good parent is what evriy parent would like to be.成为一个好父母是每个父母的心愿
句子主干 Being a good parent is兰坦t §竺卫饕四竺口以块，顷妙（主+系+表从）
❷ But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very tricky, particularly since children respond
differently to the same style of parenting. (3.^,要界定"做个好父母"的内涵无疑是非常难的，尤其是因为孩子
们对同一种养育方式会•有不同的反应•
要点注释 在defining what...parent中，what引导的宾语从句作defining的宾语，其中，it为形式主语，谓
语是means,宾语是what,动词不定式短语to be a good parent作真正的主语。
伺汇注释 define * （di'fam] vt.界定；解释 undoubtedly [An'dautidli] ad.毋庸置疑地；确实地
tricky ['tnki] a.棘手的；难对付的 respond * [n'spnnd] vi.作出反应；响应；见起色
❸ A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, for example, a younger one.
例如，对于某种与众不同的养育方式，一个冷静、守规缶的孩子可能比一个更年幼的孩子反应更好：
词汇注释 rule-following循规蹈矩的；遵守规则的 parenting['pesrantig] n.养育；抚养
a
第二段
O Fortunately, there's another sort of parent that's easier to describe: a patient parent.幸运的是，还有另一种比较容易
形容的父母： 耐心的父母❷Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.耐心的养育对每个年龄阶段的孩子都有好处。
一级修饰
柘隹干
一级修饰
❸ Slill, while every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy task.不过，尽管每个父母都希望自己有耐心，但这
一级修饰 while every parent would like to be patient,
[while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 Still,...this is no easy task.（主+系+表）
—
❹ Sometimes, parents get exhausted and are unable to maintain a tolerant style with their kids.有时，父母会感到筋疲
力尽，无法一直以宽容的方式来对待孩子。 ，
词汇注释 exhausted[ig'zo:stid] a.疲惫不堪的；筋疲力尽的 tolerant ^['tnbrant] a.宽容的；容忍的
❺I understand this.这一点我理解o
句子主干 I understand this.（主+谓+宾）
1
第三段
❶ You're only human, and sometimes your kids can push you just a little too far.你只是普通人，而且有时你的孩子可能把
你逼得有点过头了。
（1） You're only human,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and sometimes your kids can push you （主+谓+宾）
副词短语作（2 ）句的状语J修饰can push
一级修饰 just a little too far.
❷ And then the inevitable happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was too
harsh and does nobody anv good.然后不可避免的事情就发生了：你失去了耐心，要么对孩子大喊大叫，要么说
一些过于严厉、对双方都没有好处的话。
句子主干 And then thn inevitable happens:（主+谓）
―解释说明句子主干
You lose your patience
| and连接的并列成分
-级修饰 and either scream at your kids
| either...or连接的并列谓语
or say something
that弓|导的定语从句J修饰something
二级修饰 that was too harsh and does nobody any good.
2:词汇注释：inevitable*[m'evitabl] a.不可避免的；不能防止的 patience '['peijns] ».耐心；忍耐力
scream ' [skri:m] v.（向某人或为某事）高声喊 harsh，[haj]。严厉的；残酷的
© You wish that you could turn back the clock and start over.你希望自己能让时光倒流.重新开始-
You wish （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作wish的宾语
句子主干 that you could turn back the clock
[ and连接的并列谓语
| and （could） start over.
❹We've all been there.我们都经历过这样的事
句子主干 We've all been there.（主+系+表）
第四段
O However, even though it's common, it's vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something
to your child that you may regret for a long time.然而，尽管这很常见，但重要的是要记住：在某个疲惫的时刻.
你会对孩子说一些可能会令自己后悔很久的话:
_级修饰 even though it*s common,
________ ] even though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
However,...it's yi想 1 to keep in mind （主+系+表）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作keep in mind的宾语
that...you can say something to your child
T
介词短语作时间状语
1 in a single moment of fatigue,
.
一级修饰 that引导的定语从句， 修饰 something
that you may regret
二级修怖 I ft>ra long tknc.
要点注释：句子主干中的it为形式主语，系动词为is,表语为vital,动词不定式短语to keep in mind that...
作真正的主语。
商汇;主释:common ★[知mw] a.常见的；通常的；普遍的 fatigue 7r[f9,ti：g] n.疲劳；劳累
@ This may not only do damage *fo your relationship with your child but also affect your child's self-esteem.这不仅会破坏
你和孩子之间的关科 还会彭响孩子的自尊心：
三级修饰 with your child
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰relationship
-级修饰 to your relationship
介词短语作句子主干的状语[表对象
This may not only do damage （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I not only...but also连接的并列谓宾
but also affect your child's self-esteem.
:词汇注释 self-esteem [seifj-sti：!,!] n.自尊（心）
3第五段，
O If you consistently lose your cool with your kids, then you are modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.如果
你总是对自己的孩子W去冷静，那么你就是在为自回的孩子树立缺乏情绪控制力的范例-
If you consistently lose your cool with your kids,
［if引导的条件•状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 then you are modeling g ｝竺of 理西竺匹弓四史］（主.谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
—级修饰 for your kids.
词汇注释 consistently [ksn'sistontli] ad. 一贯地；一致地 model * ['modi] w.使仿效；将....做成模型
@ We are all becoming increasingly aware of the importance of modeling patience for lhe younger generation.我们都越来
越意识到为年轻一代树立耐，I榜样的重要性 , " 了 .
句子主干 We are all becoming increasingly aware （主+系+表）
J
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 of the importance
介词短语作后置定语， the importance
二级修饰 of modeling patience
J
介词短语作状语 表对象
—M磁-
for the younger generation.
© This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.这是一项能让他们终身受用的技能
句子主干 This is a skill （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，修饰a skill
—级修饰 that will help them
<l介同短语作时间状语
二级修怖 all throughout life.
❹ In fact, the ability to maintain emotional control when confronted l）v stress is one of the most significant of all life's
skills,事实上，在面对压力时控制妊情绪是最重要的生活技能之一
词汇注释 confront * [ksn'fiAnt] w.面对；对抗；处理；解决（问题或困境）
a
第六段.
O Certainly, it's hard to maintain patience at all times with your kids.学然,始终对孩子保持耐心是困难的。
Certainly, i£s hard （主+系+表）
句子主干 ［，E急形W主曹动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to maintain patience
介词短语作时间状语
at all times
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
with your kids.
4❷ A more practical goal is to try to be as calm as you can when faced with trying situations involving your children. 一个
更实际的目标是，在面对关乎孩子的令人恼火的情况时，尽量保持镇定，
j伺汇注释！ practical * fpraektikl] a.实际的；真实的 trying ftrang] a.令人厌烦的；难对付的
©I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and emerge from
stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.我可以向你保证：朝着这个目标努力的结果是，你和
你的孩子都会从感到有压力的时刻中获益并摆脱出来，身心状态都会更好：
:词汇注释；as a result of作为....的结果 work toward努力达到，努力完成
emerge [i*m3：d3] w （从困境或不好的经历中）摆脱出来stressful「stresfl] a紧张的；压力重的
Section U Reading Comprehension
，,, •1'，，•，，/，•，，•，'，，，，，，，，，，,，，，，
Part A、、、、、、、、、、、、'、、、、、、、、'、、、、、•、、、、
Text 1
第一段】
O Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate
with and enemies to avoid.玄禺等动物需要非常熟悉来自其他动物的社交信号.以便识别哪些是可以合作的朋
友以及哪些是需要躲避的敌兀
:要点注释:（2）句中，动词不定式（短语）to cooperate with和to avoid均作后置定语，分别修饰friends和enemies。
5词汇注释attuned [”tju:nd] a.熟悉；适应；习惯 cooperate with与....合作
@ To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her
colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.为了弄清楚动物是否对非生物体也会产生
同样的反应，加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的拉蕾-奎因和她的同事们就老鼠是否能够察觉来自机器鼠的社
交信号进行了测试C
一级修饰
句子主干
&霭说爨以，•'隆
一级修饰
要点注释 动词不定式短语To find out...beings中，if引导的宾语从句，作find out的宾语；从句中，主语是
this,谓语是extends,介词短语to non-living beings作状语，表对象。
坷汇还释fi” out弄清（情况）；查明 extend ★ [Ostend] w.适用于；包括；延伸（距离）
detect ★ [di'tekt] w.察觉；发现 robotic [^o^tik] a.机器人的；机械的
第二段】
❶ They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial—for four days.研究人员将八只
成年鼠与两种机器鼠---种具有社交功能，另一种不具有社交功能一在一起四天。
"词汇注释house * [haoz] w.安置；供……居住 social [ei's3u*l] a不善交际的；不合群的
@ The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around
and colourful markings.这些机器鼠设计得非常简约，形似一个装有轮子可四处移动，带有彩色标记的更加矮胖
的电脑鼠标。 「 建,S ,
句子主干 The robot rats were quite minimalist,（主+系+表）
A
]现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 resembling a chunkier version
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰a chunkier version
二级修饰 of a computer mouse
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a computer mouse
三级修饰 with wheels...and colourful markings.
-"加J词不备式短语作后置定醇，修饰wheels
四级修饰 to move around
词汇注释 minimalist ['minimalist] 极简派风格的 resemble * [n*zembl] vt. ....相似；类似
chunky [VADki] 矮胖的；结实的 version*卜3：问〃.版本；变体；说法
6第三段
❶ During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage
doors to let trapped rats escape.实验过程中，社交机器鼠跟着老鼠们四处走动，和它们玩一样的玩具，还打开
笼门让被困的老鼠逃脱。
During the experiment,
\介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
the social robot rat followed the living rats around,（主+谓+宾）
I
并列谓语
played with the same toys,
I and连斯的并列谓语
and opened cage doors
■动词不定式短语作目的状语
一级修饰 to let trapped rats escape.
顶汇注释
trapped [traept] a.受困的；受限制的 escape* [fskeip] w.逃跑v.逃脱，摆脱
❷ Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.与此同时，非社交机器鼠只是前
后左右地移动。
❶ Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
接着，研究人员将机器鼠都关进笼子，并留给老鼠们通过按下控制杆来释放机器鼠的机会。
Next, the researchers trapped 糜竺如坦 in cages （主+谓+宾）
r…...............
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and gave the rats the opportunity
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰the opportunity
项舟
to release them
介词短语作方式状语
EOF by pressing a lever.
「词汇注释i release * [n'li:s] w.释放；放开n.发行 lever * ['li：v9(r)] *.控制杆；把手；杠杆；手段
❷ Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 per cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.
在对每只(老鼠)各18次的试验中，老鼠们释放社交机器鼠的概率比释放非社交机器鼠的概率平均高出了 52%。
句子主干
一级修饰
7要点注释！句子主干中，半助动词were...likely...to与其后的动词set共同构成复合谓语。
i词汇注释；trial * ['traial] n.试验；审讯v.试验 on average按平均值
❸ This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.这表明老鼠们将社交机器鼠当成 了真
正的社交生物〉
This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 介词短语作the social robot的补足语
■
as a genuine social being.
词汇注释;perceive * [pa'si:v] vt.将....视为；认为 genuine女[*d3enjuin] a.真正的；真诚的
❹ They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and
playing.它们可能与社交机器鼠建立了更加密切的联系，因为社交机器鼠表现出了诸印共同探索与玩耍的行为。
They may have bonded more （主+谓）
介词短语作状语，表对象
with the social robot
because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because it displayed behaviours
举例说明behaviours
like communal exploring and playing.
词汇注释 bond * [bund] v.增强信任关系；建立互信关系 display * [di'splei] w.表现；显露；展示
behaviour * [bi'heivja（r）] n.（亦作 behavior）行为；举止 communal [ka'mju:nl] a.共有的；公用的
❺ This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when
they get trapped, says Quinn.奎因表示.这可能会使老鼠们更清楚地记得自己早先释放过机器鼠，并希望机器
鼠能够在自己被困时给予回报。
O "Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as
direct reciprocity—where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.奎因称："已有研究
表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠----只老鼠会帮助另一只曾经帮助过它们
的老鼠。”
三级修饰
8第六段
❶ The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.社交机器鼠的设计极为
简约，老鼠却仍愿意与它交朋友，这令人十分意外。
句子主干 The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was guip西ng （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
一一级修稣-
given its minimal design.
「毓生释: befriend [bi'frend] vt.和... 交朋友；友善对待 minimal ['minimsl] a.极少的；最小的
❷ The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.这种机器鼠与普通老鼠一
样大，但看上去像一个带轮子的简易塑料盒。
一级修饰
句子主干中，系表结构was the same size可整体看作复合谓语；but resembled...wheels中，介词
短语on wheels作后置定语，修饰a simple plastic box。
词汇注释 regular* ['regjab(r)] a. ＜通的；通常的；平常的 plastic* ['plaestik] a.塑料的；虚伪的
© "We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like
'"' a real rat, but that wasn't necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the
research.澳大利亚昆士兰大学的珍妮特•怀尔斯协助了此次研究，她表示，“我们原本认为必须要给它装上
可以活动的头和尾巴，再添加一些面部特征，并给它附上气味以使它闻起来像一只真正的老鼠.但那并没有
必要”。
assume * [a'sju:m] vt.认为；假定 facial ['feijl] a.面部的n.面部护理；美容
feature * ['fi^XO]"特征；特色 scent [sent] n.气味；香味w.闻到；觉察出
第七段
❶ The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.这一发现表明老鼠对社
交信号非常敏感，即使这些信号来自最简单的机器鼠。
9The finding shows （主+谓+宾从）
j how引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
句子主干
how sensitive rats are to social cues,
[when引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
一级修饰 even when they come from basic robots.
Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.
同样地，孩子们常常会将机器人当成同伴来对待，即使机器人只是发出简单的社交信号。
句子主干 Similarly, children tend to treat robots （主+谓+宾）
Tas if引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
as if they are fellow beings,
一级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句,作句子主干的时间状语
even when they display only simple social signals.
要点注释 句子主干中，半助动词tend to与其后的动词treat共同构成复合谓语。
词汇注释 fellow H'fel。。] 〃 同伴；伙伴；同类 display * （dfsplei] w.表现；显露；展示
❸"We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too," says Wiles."我们人类似乎对机
器人很着迷.结果表明其他动物也是如此”，怀尔斯说。
"We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,
and连接的菲列句
句子主干 and it turns out other animals are too,"
直接引语作says的宾语
says Wiles.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
Text 2
第一段
O It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the
mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about
500%. CEO的薪资确实上涨了一 均来说，顶级CEO的薪资可能是普通员工的300倍，且各种不同方式的
估算都表明，自20世纪70年代中期以来，美国大型上市公司CEO的薪资已经上涨了约500%。
10词g主释:corporation * [.ko pa'reijn]儿（大）公司 estimate * ['estimat] n.估算 festimeit] vt.估价
❷ The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.现在，美国顶级公司具有代表性
的CEO年薪为1890万美元左右。
一级修饰 of a top American corporation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰The typical CEO
句子主干 The typical CEO...now makes about $18.9 million a year.（主+谓+宾）
a
第二段
O The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business
opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.理解CEO薪资增长的最佳模型是，全球范围内顶级公司的商
机正在迅速增长，但CEO人才紧缺。
句子主干 The best modeL.is that of limited£EO talent （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰The best model
for understanding the growth of CEO pay
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰limited CEO talent
fin a world
where引导的定语从句J修饰a world
二级修饰—
where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
「商汇部］
talent * ['园9间n.人才；天赋 rapidly ad.迅速地；立即
@ The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy.
美国收入最高的那1%的人所做出的努力，一直是使全球经济更具活力的因素之一。
句子主干 The efforts...have been 竺ggf tpg more dynemigflemgnts （主+系+表）
,介词短语作后置定语，修饰The efforts
of America's highest Yarning 1%
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语,j修饰the more dynamic elements
of the global economy.
「词汇注释
effort * fefat] n.努力；尝试；吃力；费力 highest-earning最高收入的
dynamic * [dai'naemik] a 强有力的；发展变化的 element * ['ehmant] 〃.要素；成分
❸ It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game
relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.这种说法并不普遍，但CEO的薪资增幅如此之大的一个原因
是，与美国经济中的许多其他工作者相比，他们的确提升了自身的工作技能
（1） Ifsjiot 竺 to say,（主+系+表）
I but连参的并列句，表转折
句子主干 （2） but one reason...is...（主+系+表从）
[that引导的表语从句 ,,
that CEOs really have upped their game
省略关系词（why）的定语从句，修饰one reason
their pay has gone up so much
一级修饰 介词短语作比较状语
-■ -4 ' ■
relative to many other workers
介词短语作后置定语J修饰many ,,5：、、
other workers
二级修饰 in the U.S. economy.词汇注释 popular * ['pDpjalo(r)] a.普遍的；受喜爱的 up one*s game提高表现，增加努力
relative to与....相比；关于，涉及
a
第三段
❶ Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able Iq "run the
company"如今的CEO,至少对美国的大型公司来说，必须具备更多的技能，而不仅仅是能够“经营公司”。
❷ CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. CEO 必须对
金融市场有良好的判断力，甚至可能需要熟知公司应如何在金融市场中，进行受易。
要点注释 介词短语of...them中，how引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。从句中，主语是the company,
谓语是should trade,介词短语in them作状语。
词汇注释 financial * [fafnaenfl] a.金融的；财政的；有钱的
............?.......
❸ They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be
signiHcant.他们也需要比他们的前任们拥有更好的公关技巧，曲为即使是一个小小的失误也可能会付出巨大
的代价。
词汇注释 predecessor ['pri:dises9（r）]儿前辈；前任 slipup ['slipAp] n.轻微的过错；疏漏
❹Then there's the fact that lai^e American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across
a larger number of countries.再者，事实上，美国大型公司比以往任何时候都更加全球化，供应链遍布更多的国家。
句子主干 Then there's the fact （There be 句型：there + is + 主）
"that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
一级修饰 that large American companies are much more globalized
than...作比较状语
than ever before,
二级修饰 with独立主格结构作伴随状语
with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries.
词汇注释: supply chain 供应链
❺ To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling.在这样的系统中发挥领导作用需要掌握的知
识之多令人难以想象。
12------——-------T-T
一级修饰 that is fairly mind-boggling.
that引导的定语从句，[修饰knowledge
句子主干 To lead in that system requires knowledge （主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释 i mind-boggling ['maind .buglig] a.难以想象的；难以理解的；令人惊愕的
❻ Plus, virtually ail major American companies are becoming tech companies, often with their own research and
development.而且，几乎所有美国的大型公司都在向科技公司转型，通常都具备自主研发实力。
句子主干 Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies,（主+系 +表）
介词短语作后置定语,修饰 tech companies
C.
_级修饰 often with their own research and development.
❼ And beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the dav-to-day work they have always done.除此之外，身居要职的
CEO还必须做他们一直以来都在做的所有日常工作；
一级修浦-
beyond this,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 And.. .major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work （主+谓+宾）
省略关系词（that）的定语从句,[修饰
all the day-to-day work
一级修饰 they have always done.
a
第四段
❶ The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. CEO 的高薪
主要是对员工的剥削，这一普遍如点并不能很好地反映过去的事实情况。
句子主干 The common idea...doesn't explain history very well.（主+谓+宾）
t that引导的同位语从句，解释说明The common idea
一级修饰 that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off
MW—1
i 词汇注释 ： rip off剥削；敲诈 explain * [ik'splem] v.解释；阐明
❷ By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s.从大多数衡量标
准来看，自20世纪70年代以来，公司管理变得越发严格。
二级修饰
By most measures,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
since the 1970s.
「词汇注释] tight * [tait] a.严格的；牢固的；紧身的 rigorous ['ngaras] a.严格的；谨慎的
❸ Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.然而，主要就是
在公司管理力度加大的这段时期内，CEO的薪资一直处在一个相当高的水平，并且持续上涨。
二级修饰 of stronger governance
介词短语作后置定语，修饰this period
it is...that
一级修饰 it is...that 为强调句型，强调时间状语 principally during this period
principally during this period
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
Yet...CEO pay has been high （主+系+表）
I
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and （has been） rising.
13要点注释 句子主干中，系表结构has been high构成复合谓语。
❹ Thai suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recnjit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.这表明，招聘
顶尖候选人处理日益艰雄的丁•作符合公司更广泛的利益C
That suggests （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
句子主干 it is in the broader corporate interest
"t为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to recruit top candidates
介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 for increasingly tough jobs.
a
第五段
O Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to tlfe cozy insider picks, another sign that high
CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company;此外，最高的 CEO 薪资是付给（公
司）外部候选人的.而非那些身处安逸环境之中的内部人选.这也表明付给CE。高薪并不是某种以公司其他
员I.利益为代价的掠夺之举
二级修饰 not to the cozy insider picks,
补充说明I
*
一级修饰 to outside candidates,
介词短语作状语,]表对象
句子主示
Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid （主+谓）
\补充说明句子主干
一级修饰「 another sign
that引导的同位语从句解释说明another sign
三级修饰 that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰some kind of depredation
三级修饰 at the expense of the rest of the company.
词汇;主释 depredation[.depr^deijh] 掠夺；劫掠 at the expense of 以....为代价
❷ And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say. stock prices, a sign that those practices
build up corporate value not just for the CEO.而当公司将CEO薪资与（比如说）股票价格挂钩时，股票市场就
会做出积极反应，这表明这些举措不只为了 CEO,也增加了企业价值：
句子主干 And the stock market reacts positively （主+谓）
] [when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices,
|补充说明句子主F
一级修饰
a sign
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明a sign
二级修饰 I that those practices build up corporate value
'介词短语作状语，表对象
i
三级商 not just for the CEO.
词汇注释 stock ' [stok] 股票；股份 corporate[-k3：p3rat] a.公司的；法人的
14Text 3
第一段
❶Madrid was hailed as a public health guiding light last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most
polluting cars.去年11月，马德里针对污染最严重的汽车出台了耗资巨大的限制措施，因此被誉为公共卫生的
指路明灯。
句子主干 Madrid was hailed （主+谓）
介词短语作Madrid的补足语
public health guiding light
一级修饰 名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
last November
when引导的定语从句，修饰last November
二级修饰 when it rolled out ambitious restrictions
介词短语作状语，表对象
三级修饰 on the most polluting cars.
词汇注释 hair [heil] v/.赞扬讨•下冰雹；出生于 guiding light指明灯；引导灯
roll out开展（新的政治运动）；推出（产品）restrictionln，stnkJ'n] n限制法规；制约因素
❷ Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone,
a first step toward its possible termination.七个月后，大选之日刚过，新一届保守派市议会中止了清洁空气区计
划的实施，迈向了可能使该计划走向终结的第一步。
词汇注释；election [nekfh] 选举；推选 conservative * [k9n's3：vativ] a.（英国）保守党的儿保守者
suspend亡[sa'spend]讥暂停；延缓 enforcement [m'fdsmont]儿实施，执仃；强迫
zone * [zaun] ”.地区，地带；区域 termination [,t3：mi'neijh] n.终止；结束
© Mayor Jos6 Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its
success in improving air quality*尽管清洁堂气区在改善空气质量方面取得了成功，但市长何塞•路易斯•马丁
内斯-阿尔梅达还是把反对清宿空气区作为他竞选活动的核心主张：
15词汇注释 mayor *' [mes（r）] n.市长 opposition [.opa'zijh] n.反对，反抗；对手
centrepiece ['sentapi:s] n.最好（或最有趣）的部分 campaign * [kaem'pem] n.活动；运动
❹ A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them restored.现在，一位法官已经否
决了该市停止征收罚款的决议，并下令恢复罚款制度，
句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释 overrule [.auvs'ru:!] vr,否决；拒绝；更改决定 decision [di'si3n] n.决定，抉择；果断
lev广['levi] w.征收；征(税)n.征收额 restore * [n,sto:(r)] vt.恢复；重新采用
❺ But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.但司法拉锯战卷前，即使从最乐观的一面来看・
清洁空气区的未来似乎也并不明朗：
with legal battles ahead,
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 But...the zone*s future looks uncertain （主+系+表）
4词短语作状语
at best.
词汇注释 battle f ['baetl]〃.斗争；战役；争论 at best充其量
O Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork, city-by-city approach that
characterises efforts on air pollution across Europe, Britain very much included.马德里在清洁空气问题上的反复不
定明确提醒我们，欧洲各国（当然也包括英国在内），以这种拼凑式的、一个城市接着一个城市为特点的方
式去努力改善空气污染问题具有局限性。
词汇注释 back and forth反反复复 pointed fpomtid] a.明确的；尖锐的
patchwork ['paetfw3：k] a.拼缀的 characterise * ['kaeraktaraiz]（亦作 characterize） w.是....的特征
第三段
❶ Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically
controversial, and therefore vulnerable.除其他劣势外，各城市在独立处理空气污染问题上不得已采取的措施还
存在政治争议.也因此容易受到攻击：
16Among other weaknesses,
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
the measures...are politically qo蛆竺竺涅,（主+系+表）
and连接的并列表语
and therefore vulnerable.
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the measures
cities must employ
when引导的时间状语从句
when （they are） left to tackle dirty air
■介词短语作状语
on their own
i 词汇注释 measure * ['me32（r）]儿措施；方法w.测量 tackle * ['taekl] vt.处理；解决
controversial * [,kDntrs'v3：Jl] a.有争议的 vulnerable * ['vAlnarabl] a.易受批评的；脆弱的
❷ That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better
vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.这是因为这
些措施不可避免地把清洁空气的成本转嫁到了司机个人身上一司机要么得付费，要么得购买更好的汽车一
而不是转嫁到汽车制造商身上，汽车制造商的欺骗行为才是造成有毒污染的真正原因。
i 词汇注释 inevitably [m'evitobli] ad.不可避免地；必然地 manufacturer [.maenju'faektfsrsCr）] n.制造商
cause * [ko:z] n.原因；起因；事业vt.引起 toxic *「tnksik] a.有毒的；引起中毒的
❸ It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.不难想象伦敦也会发生类似的反转。
It*s not hard （主+系+表）
句子主干 It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
"imagine a similar reversal
t现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a similar reversal
一级修饰 happening in London.
词汇注释 imagine * [i'maed3in] vt.想象；猜想；幻想 reversal [n'v3：sl] n.(角色的)互换；反转；颠倒
17❹ The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election.新的超低排放区
(Ulez)很可能是明年市长选举中的一个重大议题。
句子主干 The new ultra・low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be ^Jbig j竺u?(主+系+表)
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in next year's mayoral election.
:要点注释 句子主干中，半助动词is likely to与其后的be共同构成系动词。
词汇注释 emission [i'mijh] n.排放；排放物 mayoral [*mear91] a.市长的
❺ And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark
intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected,而且，如果萨迪克,汗获胜，
并如其所愿在2021年将超低排放区延伸至南北环线，那势必会引起更多汽车司机备强烈反对，因为届时他们
将会受到影响,
二级修饰
一一级修饰
句子主干
-级修饰
修饰
:要点注释 句子主干中，半助动词is sure to与其后的spark共同构成谓语。who will...affected中，主语是
who,谓语是 will...be affected, then 作时间状语。
词汇注释intend * [m'tend] v.想要；计划；打算 spark* [spa:k] vr.引发；触发机火花
intense * [m'tens] a. -f-分强烈的；很大的 motorist ['moutsnst] n.驾车者；开汽车的人
❶It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless.并不是说像伦敦设立超低排放区那样的举措无用。
句子主干 It's not 些]里箜sui*gg二竺gjii竺处竺（主+系+表从）
[such as...举例说明 measures
一级修饰 such as London's Ulez
Far from it.远非如此。
;句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，补充完整为It is far from ito该句中，It为主语，is为系动词，far from it为
表语。
❸ Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents* health in the face of a serious
threat.面对严重的威胁，当地官员正利用他们所能采取的方法来保护居民的健康。
18句子主干 Local officials are using the levers （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰the levers
that are available to them
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to safeguard residents* health
介词短语左鬲孕ww的状语
in the face of a serious threat.
词汇注释 safeguard * ['seifga:d] v,保护；保障 n.保护措施 resident * ['rezidant] 〃.居民 q.居住的
❹ The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits,这些区
域确实对改善空气质量有所帮助，而且科学表明，这意味着切实的健康收益C
—级修饰 to air quality,
___________ ［介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象 ，
（1 ）The zones do deliver ［呼艮竺糜nts （主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and the science tells us （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作tells的直接宾语
■■■-
that means real health benefits.
省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句中，主语是that,指代（1 ）句内容，谓语是means, 宾语是real
health benefits0
第五段
O But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.但是，对
于远非任何一个城市或城镇所能解决的问题，市长们和议员们只能做这么多。
句子主干 But mayors and councillors can only do so much （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语
about a problem
that引导的定语从句,I修饰a problem
三
that is far bigger
than...作比较状语
一或而
than any one city or town.
:词汇注释 councillor ［'k^onssb（r）］（亦作 councilor ） n.市议员；政务委员会委员
@ They are acting because national governments—Britain's and others across Europe—have failed to do so.他们现在采
取行动是因为各国政南—英国以及欧洲其他国家政府——都未能这么做。
句子主干 They are acting （主+谓）
because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because national governments...have failed to do so.
插入语，补充说明national governments
—Britain's and others across Europe
第六段
O Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas― ity centres, "school streets", even individual roads—are a
response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring
19their vehicles into compliance.限制高污染车辆进入特定区域——市中心、“学校街道”，甚至个别道 ~~是
对“未能更强力地妥善执行现有法规并要求汽车公司生产合规车辆”的回应。
:词汇注释 absence * ['aebsans] n.缺乏；缺席；不在 compliance [kgm'plaians] n.遵从；服从；顺从
❷Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution.威尔士已经实施了专门的低速限制，以使污染最小化c
句子主干 Wales has introduced spegia] low spged Jimitg （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to minimise pollution.
词汇注释 minimise，[minimaiz] w.使减少到最低限度；对....作最低估计
❸ We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.我们正在做所有（能做）的事情,除了坚
持要求汽车制造商“清洁”其汽车。
商汇生释！ insist* [in'sist] v.坚决要求；坚持；固执己见 clean up清扫；把……弄干净
Text 4
第一段
O Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this
generation was bom after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.由于 Z 世
代的成员将于今年春季大学毕业一对于这一代人最普遍接受的定义是,在1995年（或前后一年）之后出生
的人——最近几周.（社会对他们的）关注度持续上升。
20:词汇注释:definition * [.deft'mjh] n.定义；解释 generation * [.dsena'reifh] n. 一代；同辈人
give or take相差不到；出入至多
❷ Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that*s tighter than it's been in decades. Z 世代即
将步入社会，在比过去几十年竞争更为激烈的劳动力市场中寻找工作。
句子主干 Gen Zs are about to hit the streets (主+谓+宾)
|现在分词短语作句子主干的目的状语
looking for work
|介词■备作地点状语
in a labor market
that引导的定语从句,I修饰a labor market
that's
than引导的比较状语从句
than it's been in
:词汇注释] hit* [hit] w.到达（某地）；击，打 decade * ['dekeid] n.十年，十年期
❸ And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new ^aduates for jobs in the U. S. this year than last,
according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.全美高校和雇主协会进行的
一项调查显示，雇主们打算今年在美国雇用多于去年17%的应届毕业生人数。
than last (year),
一级修饰 than...作比较状语 _____________
for jobs in the U. S. this year
j介词短语作状嘉
句子主干 And employers are planning on .奥ng gp竺竺t morg 四叫 grqQuatt竺 (主+谓+宾)
____________ [插入语
—级修饰 according to a suTrvey
寻去分词短语作后置定语,修饰a survey
二级修饰 conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.
:诬DM释]plan on打算；有……的计划；想要 hire * [fhai9(r)] v.雇用w.租借
conduct * [kan'dAkt] vt.进行；指导
❹ Everybody wants to know ho噂 the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who
came before them.每个人都想知道，即将占据办公室空隔间的人与先于他们来的那些人有何不同。
:词汇注释 inhabit* [m'haebit] vt.占据；居住在 cubicle [*kju:bikl] h.隔间,（大房间分隔出的）小房间
21第二段
❶ If "entitled" is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials （those bom between 1981 and 1995）,
the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.如果说"享有权利”是最常用来形容千禧一代（那些
在1981-1995年出生的人）的词，无论这样形容公平与否，那么Z世代的标志词就是务实和谨慎。
三级修饰 （those bom between 1981 and 1995）,
解释说明millennials
applied to millennials
二级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语. 修饰 the most common adjective
fairly or not,
i插入语
—级修饰 If "entitled'' is the most common adjective.
If引导的条件状语从句,l作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 the catch words...are practical and cautious.（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the catchwords
一顼修饰
for Generation Z
词汇注释 entitle ★[m'taitl] w 使符合资格 catchword [*k3eyw3：d] n.标语；口 号
❷ According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists.
据职业顾问和研究Z世代的专家所说，Z世代是头脑清晰的经济实用主义者。
二级修饰 who study them.
who引导的定语从句，修饰experts
匚3a修希 According to the career counselors and experts
插入语补充说明句子主干
句子主干 Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 counselor ['kaunsab（r）]（亦作 counsellor） n.顾问；指导老师 pragmatist ['praegmgtist] n.实用主义者
❸ Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like.
虽然毕业于过去50年以来经济情况最佳的时代，但是Z世代了解经济列车遭遇重创时的情景。
二级修饰 inthe past 50 years,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the best economy
一级修饰 Despite graduating into the best economy
I介词短语作句子主F的让步状诂
Gen Zs know （主+谓 + 宾从）
句子主干 what引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语
what an economic train wreck looks like.
词汇注释 graduate *['gr3ed3ueit] 大学毕业['grsdjuat] n.大学毕业生 wreck ^[rek] n.失事 vt.破坏；损坏
❹ They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings
or both. 2008年经济危机时，他们正是易受影响的孩子，当时他们许多人的父母失去了工作或毕生积蓄.或两
者都失去了。
22句子主干 They were impressionable kids （主+系+表）
介词短语作时间状语[
一级修饰
二级修饰
词汇注释■ impressionable [im'prefanabl] a.易受影响的crash * [虹时]叫破产；暴跌机碰撞
❺ They aren't interested in taking any chances.他们对冒险毫无兴趣。
句子主干 They aren't interested （主+系+表）
介词短语作方面状语]
-级修饰 in taking any chances.
词汇注释：take chances冒险
© The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,
especially for those who have college debt.蓬勃发展的经济似乎并没有缓解这一代人心中潜藏的焦虑紧迫感，尤
其对于那些背负大学债务的人而言。
i 词汇注释:assuage [o'sweids] vr.缓和；减轻（不快） underlying * [.Anda'iang] a.潜在的；根本的
❼ College loan balances in the U. S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.美联储的数据
显示，美国大学贷款欠额目前达到创纪录的1.5万亿美元。
一级修饰 in the U.S.
J
介词短语作后置定语，修饰College loan balances
句子主干 College loan balances...now stand at 叩丝咀 §1：。]迎迦,（主+谓+宾）
''插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 according to the Federal Reserve.
:伺汇注释]balance * ['basbns] n.余额；均衡 stand at达特定水平（或数量、高度等）
reserve * [n*z3：v] m储备；自然保护区
23第三段
❶ One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind.
埃森哲公司的一项调查发现，今年88%的应届毕业生在选择专业时考虑了工作问题。
_级修饰 from Accenture
］介词短语作后置定语，修饰One survey
One survey ...found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | that寻I导的宾语^从句，作found的宾语
that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major
with独立主格结构作伴随状语|
—级修饰 with a job in mind.
❷ In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a
future employer was the ability to offer secure employment （followed by professional development and training, and then
inspiring purpose）.与此同时，佐治亚大学就业指导中心在2019年对该校学生进行的一项调查中发现，未来雇
主最受欢迎的特征是提供稳定的丁•作的能力（其次是职业发展和培训，之后是鼓舞人心的宗旨）。
词汇注释 desirable * [di'zawrsbl] a.受欢迎的;可取的trait * [treit] n.特征，特性，特点
❸ Job security or stability was the second most important career goal （work-life balance was number one）, followed by a
sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good. X作保障或稳定是第二重要的职业
目标（工作与生活的平衡居于首位），随后是对事业的奉献感或对服务于更伟大事业的满足感。
词汇注释 security * [sfkjuaroti] n.安全；安全工作 stability * [sta*bibti] n.稳定（性）；稳固（性）
dedicated ['dedikeitid] a.献身的；专心致志的；一心一意的
24第四段
❶ That's a big change from the previous generation.与上一代人相比，这是一个很大的变化。
That's at l）ig change （主+系+表）
4?
部短语作印于声手的比较状语
from the previous generation.
@ MMillennials wanted more flexibility in their lives," notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-
based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to
American youth.千禧一代希望他们的生活更加灵活”，YouthSight （英国一家品牌管理商，定期对英国青年
进行为期60天的调查）的副总监塔尼娅-米歇尔森在可能同样适用于美国青年的调查发现中指出，
flexibility [fleks/biloti] n.灵活性 associate * [a'saujist] a.副的；非正式的
© "Generation Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy."由于零工经济的
崛起，Z世代正在寻求更高的确定性和稳定性。
词汇注释 certainty * ['sa.tnti] n.确定性；确信 gig [gig] （尤指临时的）工作
。They have trouble seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse.” 他们难以预见未来的经济状况.并且极
力规避风险” O
一一级修饰一
句子主干
词汇注释 trouble * ['trAbl] n.困难；问题；忧虑 averse [a'v3：s] a.厌恶的；不愿意的；反对的
25//////////✓//// /////〃/////////• pari o '、、'、'、、\\、\\、\、、、、、\ \\\\\\\、、\\、、、\\
❶ Is it possible to like everyone in your office?有没有可能喜欢办公室里的每一个人?
Is it possible （一般疑问句：系+主+表）
句子主干 1 it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to like everyone
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰everyone
一级修饰 in your office?
❷ Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly.想想看,把 15 个相
处融洽的人聚在一起有多困难，更别说50个了。
Think about how tough it is （祈使句：谓+宾从）
句子主干 it为形式主语，[动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to get together 15 people,
t f插入语
； much less 50,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，［补充说明15 people
一级修饰
who all get along perfectly.
词汇注释 i get along和睦相处 perfectly[*p3：fiktli] ad.非常；完美地；完全地
❸But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers.但与朋友关系不同，同事于你是必需的。
一级修饰 unlike in friendships,
[介词短语作有子主干的比较状语
句子主干 But...you need coworkers.（主+谓+宾）
❹ You work with them every day, and you depend on them just as they depend on you.你每天和他们一起工作，你依赖
他们，正如他们依赖你一样。
一级修饰 every day,
[名词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（l）You work with them （主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and you depend on them （主+谓+宾）
[as引导的方式状语从句，作（2 ）句的方式状语
一级修饰 just as they depend on you.
❺Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.下面的一些方法可以让你底得办公室所有人的好感。
句子主干 Here are some ways （倒装句：表+系+ 主）
［that引导的定语从句，修饰some ways
that you can get the whole office
［介词短语作the whole office的补足语
一级修饰
on your side.
26a
第二国，
❶If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try to stay tight-lipped around them.在工作场合，
如果你对某个人有意见，在他们身边时你可能会缄默不语。
二级修饰 in your workplace,
介词短语作地点状语
一级修怖 If you have a bone to pick with someone
If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 you may try to stay tight-lipped （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 around
词汇注释 have a bone to pick with sb.对某人有意见 tight-lipped Ltait lipt] a.缄口 不语的；守 口 如瓶的
❷ But you won't be helping either one of you.但这对谁都没有好处。
句子主干 But ^ou won't be helping either one of you,（主+谓+宾）
❸ A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more
highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness.哈佛商学院的一项研究发现，观察者一向对那些对自己坦诚的
人评价更高， 而那些隐藏自己的人则会损失可信度。
A Harvard Business School study found （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句 的宾语
句子主干 that observers consistently rated those...more highly,
while连接的并列句，表对比
翳川IMIWII川 IIII IIIIH”・I
while those...lost trustworthiness.
who引导的定语从句, 修饰those
who were frank about themselves
一级修饰 who引导的定语从句， 修饰those
who hid
词汇注释 observer何b'z3：va(r)]儿观察家；观察员；评论员rate ★ [reit] v.评价；评估；估价
frank叽行判灯。坦率的；直率的 trustworthiness ['trAStw3：dinas] n.信用；可信赖
0The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details
about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest.这个教训并不是告诉你，应该将自己的私人
生活公之于众，而是在能够选择向别人提供关于自己的详细信息或者煞费苦心隐藏信息时，你应该诚实。
27词汇注释 option *rDR|h] «选择；可选择的事物；选择权 offer up献上，祭献
painstekingly ['peinzteikujli] ad.煞费苦心地 conceal [kon'si:!] vr.隐藏；隐瞒
a
第三段
❶ Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.与坦诚面对自己同样重要的是，要善于
接纳他人的意见。
just
as important as being honest about yourselfo
词汇注释 honest * ['umst] a.坦诚的；诚实的 receptive [n*septiv] a.乐于接受的；愿意倾听的
❷ We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a
compliment.我们常常觉得有必要告诉他人我们的想法，不管它是对一个项目的担忧，还是一闪而过的想法，
抑或是一种赞美。
❸ Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too.那些都是合理的，但你也需要花时间
听同事把话讲完。
（1） Those are all valid,（主♦系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but you need to take time...too.（主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作（2 ）句的目的状语
一级修怖 to hear out your coworkers,
词汇注释;valid ^['vaelid] a合理的；正当的；有效的 hear out sb.听某人把话说完
❹ In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions.实际上，急
于抛出自己的想法会让同事觉得你不重视他们的意见。
28一级修饰 In fact,
〕插入语
句子主干
❺ Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own
thoughts.要尽可能与你的同事进行真诚的、交互式的谈话，而不是将自己的想法放在第一位，
词汇注释 engage sb. in sth.使某人参与某事 back-and-forth来回的；反复的
prioritize [prai'nrataiz] w.给... 优先权；优先考虑
第四段】
O It's common to have a "cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting.在工作场合有一个"隔间伙伴 或特殊
的知己很常见。
It's common （主+系+表）
J It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 to have a "cubicle mate"
连接并列的名词短语
or special confidant
介词短语作地点状语
二级而
【ting.
词汇注释 confidant ［'kunfidaent］儿知己，密友；心腹 setting* fsetig] n. 背景；级；底座
❷ But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around
you.但除了那些值得信赖的同事，你也力该拓宽你的视野.去了解身边的其他人：
in addition to 除....之外 expand * [ik'spasnd] v.扩展；增加，增强
horizon * [ha'raizn] n.眼界；范围；阅历 find out about弄清（情况）；查明
❸ Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see.利用中午用餐和喝咖啡的休息时
间去结识那些不经常见面的同事：
句子主干 Use your lunch and coffee breaks （祈使句：谓+宾）
］动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to meet up with colleagues
省略关系词（whom/who/that）的定语从句，修饰colleagues
二级修饰 you don't always see.
29岛己主释 break * [breik] n.休息；间歇y•打碎；弄坏 meet up with结识；会面
❹ Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. 了解他们工作以外的生活和兴趣。
词汇注释 minimal [minimgl] 极小的；极少的；最小的 go a long way大有帮助；走了很长一段路
' . 、
❻ This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in I* work day.它除 了让你在工作日
有一个愉快的小憩外，也有助于你扩展个人内部关系网。
句子主干 This will help [o段竺 y。11，竺1凹三芝理）虫,（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
二级必 in addition to being a nice break
”介鬲赢论商间状语
二级修饰 in the work day.
词汇注释 internal * [m'ta^l] a.内部的；里面的；体内的 network * [*netw3：k] 关系网；网络讨•交际
Q 第五段
O Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear,正面的反馈对任何人来说都很重要。
句子主干 Positive feedback is jmpo空n]（主+系+表）
T动词不定式作状语
一级修饰 iyone to hear.
要点注释 一级修饰中，介词for引出动词不定式to hear的逻辑主语anyoneo
词汇注释 positive* fpnzativla.正面的；积极的；自信的〃.优势 feedback * Cfidbaek] n.反馈；反应
❷ And you don't have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project.你不一定必
须是某些人的老板，才能赞赏他们在某个特定项目中表现出色。"
©This will help engender good will in others.这么做会让他人产生好感。
句子主干 This will help (to) engender good 'ill in 理坦平.(主+谓+宾)
30词汇注释 engender [in^send^r）] vt.产生，引起（某种感觉或情况）will * [wil] n.意愿；意志；自制力
❹But don't overdo it or be fake about it.但不宜过度，也不要假意为之。
词汇注释 overdo [.aova'du:] w.做得过分；夸张 fake ★ [feik] a假的；伪造的v.假装讥伪造；冒充
© One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it
suggested they had won somebody over. 一项研究发现，人们对那些从负面转向正面的评价反应最好，可能是因
为这种评价表明他们已经赢得了某个人的支持。
词汇注释 comment * [foment] n.评论；解释 shift *LTift]w.变动；变换；更替
negative * fnegstiv]。负面的；消极的 win sb. over SI得某人的支持；说服某人
a
第六段
❶ This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results.虽然这一点实施起来可能
有些困难，但它确实能大大助你取得实效。
级修饰｝ to pull off,
____________ [动词不定式作状语
（l）This one may be a bit rnore di瓯ult （主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but it can go a long way （主 +谓）
介词短塞作状语I
一级修饰 to achieving results.
:词汇注释！ pull off做成，完成（困难的事情） achieve *[a'tfi:v]w.（经努力）获得，完成，达到
❷ Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction.与任何一个同事打交道时，都记
住他们欣赏什么样的互动。
一级修饰 from an interaction.
]介词短语作状语
句子主干 Remember..延竺thgy£ppreci£te （祈使句:谓+宾从）
■介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in dealing with any coworker
31顶汇注释 deal with sb.与某人打交道；对待某人 appreciate* [a*pri:Jieit] w.欣赏；理解；感激
❸ Watch out for how they verbalize with others.留意他们如何与他人交谈。
Watch out for （祈使句：谓+宾从）
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句，作Watch out for的宾语
how they verbalize with others.
:词汇注释 watch out for留意；密切注意 verbalize [*v3：bslaiz] y.用言语（或文字）表达
❹ Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while others are more straightforward.
一些人喜欢在会议进入重要议题之前先聊一聊，而另一些人则更直截了当。
词汇注释 dig into探究；探寻；开始贪婪地吃 straightforward * [.streit'f□:wad] a.直截了当的；易懂的
❺ Jokes that work on one person won't necessarily land with another.对一个人有用的笑话不一定对另一个人奏效o
句子主干 Jokes...won't necessarily land with another.（主+谓）
that引导的定语从句，修饰Jokes
一级修饰 that work on one person
：词汇注释 necessarily [.ness'serali] ad. 一定地；必然地 land * [land] w.按预想的那样发生
❻So, adapt your style accordingly to type.所以，要根据（谈话对象的）类型相应地调整自己的谈话风格。
句子主干 So, adapt your style accordingly （祈使句：谓+宾）
I
介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 to type.
词汇注释 adapL[dd&pt] w使适应，使适合（新用途、新情况）accordingly [a'ko:digli] ad.相应地；所以
❼ Consider the person that you're dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.事先了解你要
与之打交道的人，并思考什么才能让你达到预期的效果。
[that引导的定语从句,修饰the person
Consider the person...in advance （祈使句：谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and what will get you to your desired outcome.
词汇注释 consider * [k湘sido（r）] v.仔细考虑，细想w.觉得 in advance事先；预先；提前
32Section ID Translation
a
第一段
❶h's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.人的一生几乎不可能不经历某种失败。
ITs almost iiggg竺iblg （主+系+表）
句子主干 为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to go through life
____ ［冬词短语罗寸随^语
—级修饰 without experiencing some kind of failure.
❷But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.然而，失败的绝妙之处在于，
如何看待失败完全取决于我们自己O
句子主干
要点注释 to decide how...it中，“疑问词how+动词不定式短语”结构作decide的宾语。
a
第二段
❶We can choose to see failure as "the end of the world：”我们可以选择将失败看作“世界末日’。
We can choose to see failure （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 介词短语作failure的补足语
as "the end of the world."
❷ Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.或者我们可以把它视为绝佳的学习经
历，其通常也的确如此。
句子主干 Or, we can look at 以ilur§ as the incredible learning experience （主+谓+宾+宾补）
；th砒引导的定语从句,
* . - - - 级 -Ct- 修 • 饰 ,V,J, ■ that it often is.
词汇注释！ incrediblev [m'kredsbl] a.极好的；难以置信的
❸ Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we're meant to learn.每当遭遇失败时，我们可以
选择从中吸取应该学习的教训，
—级修饰 Every time we fail at something,
引导满商萩畚’从扃，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 we can choose四!oo]c f。三也，[坐空(主+谓+宾)
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从仞J修饰the lesson
一级修饰 we're meant to learn.
33These lessons are very important; they're how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again.这些教
训非常重要，它们不仅使我们成长，而且能够防止我们再犯同样的错误。
词汇注释 keep from doing sth.防止做某事
❺Failures stop us only if we let them.只有我们任由失败击垮我fl j时，我们才会被击垮。
句子主干 Failures stop us (主+谓+宾)
! only if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
only if we let them (stop us). A
Q 第三段］
❶ Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.失败也可以教会我们认识
自己，如果没有经历失败，我们绝不会有这样的认识。
一级修饰
句子主干
一级修饰
❷ For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.比如，失败可以帮助你认识到自己有多么
强大。
词汇注释 for instance比如；例如 discover * [di'skAvXO] vt.认识到；了解到
❸ Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
失败可以帮助你认清谁是你真正的朋友，或者帮助你找到成功路上意想不到的动力C
句子主干
一级修饰
要点注释 or (can) help you (to) find...motivation 中,省略(to)的动词不定式短语(to) find unexpected motivation,
作you的补足语c
词汇注释 unexpected* [.Amk spektid] a.出乎意料的；始料不及的 motivation [.mautfveijh] n.动力；诱因
34
