文档内容
2014年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
❶Thinner isn't always better.更瘦并不总是意味着更好。
句子主干 Thinner isn't always better.（主+系+表）
@ A number of studies have concluded that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to
those who are overweight. 一些研究已得出结论：体重正常的人事实上比超重的人患某些疾病的风险更高。
A number of studies have concluded （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
that引导的宾语从句，[作have concluded的宾语
that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases
[过去分词短语作比较状语
—级修饰 compared to those
who引导的定语从句，[修饰those
二级修饰 who are overweight.
conclude [kan'klu:d] vt.得出结论；达成 y.（使）结束 compare * [ksm'peaCr）] vt.比较；将....比作
❸ And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually protective.并且，在某些健康问题上，超重
实际上是有保护作用的。
句子主干 And there are health conditions （There be句型：there + are +主）
which引导的定语从句,[修饰health conditions
一级修饰 for which being overweight is actually protective.
项匚递 condition [kan^ijh] n.问题；疾病；状况；状态 protective [pra'tektiv] a.保护的；防护的
❹ For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.例如，相比于苗条的女性,
较重的女性没那么容易缺钙。
ZJr ~
_级修饰 For example,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency （主+谓+宾）
[ than...作比较状语
—级修饰 than thin women.
:词汇注释 i calcium y ['kaelsiam] n.钙 deficiency * [di'fijnsi] n.缺乏；缺陷；缺点
❺ Likewise, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health.同样地，在老年人中，
稍微超重往往是身体健康的标志。
129一级修饰 among the elderly,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
句子主干 Likewise,...being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health.（主+系+表）
词汇注释:likewise * flaikwaiz] ad.同样地；也；而且 indicator「mdikeito(r)]儿标志；迹象；指示器
a
、
— pn
—P R
a
❶ Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.更令人们关注的是，肥胖被证
明是很难界定的。
句子主干 Of even greater concern is the fact (倒装句：表+系+主)
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明the fact
一级修饰 that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.
i词汇注释:concern * [kan's3：n] n.关注；忧虑讨使担心 obesity* [au^i^sti] n.肥胖；肥胖症
❷ It is often defined in terms of body mass index, or BMI.它通常依据身体质量指数,即 BMI 来定义。
句子主干 It is often defined in terms of body mass index, or BMI.（主+谓）
i词汇注释i in terms of依据；在... 方面 index ★ [mdeks]儿指数；指标；索引
❸ BMI equals body mass divided by the square of height. BMI 等于体重除以身高的平方。
_级• 修—饰― divided by the square of height.
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰body mass
句子主干 BMI equals body mass （主+系+表）
::词汇注释:equal虫[*i:kw91] link.v.等于a.平等的；相同的 square丈[skwes（r）] «.平方；广场；正方形
❹ An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. BMI 介于 18 至 25 之间的成年人通常被认
为体重正常。
句子主干 An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作An adult的补足语
—级修饰 to be normal weight.
词汇注释 consider玄[kan'sidsfr)] vt.认为；体谅u仔细考虑normal * ['no:ml] a.正常的；一般的；意识健全的
❺ Between 25 and 30 is overweight. BMI 介于 25 至 30 之间为超重。
:句子讲解:本句是简单句，承接❹句内容，省略了 An adult with a BMI,介词短语Between 25 and 30作后置
定语，修饰a BMI,其与with a BMI共同构成后置定语，修饰An adult, is为系动词，overweight作
• 表语。
❻ And over 30 is considered obese. BMI 超过 30 则被认为是肥胖。
句子主干 And （an adult with a BMI） over 30 is considered obese.（主+谓）
❼ Obesity, in turn, can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.而肥胖相应地也可分
为中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。
句子主干 Obesity, in turn, can be divided （主+谓）
|介词短语作Obesity的补足语
—级修饰 into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
词汇注释 divide * [di'vaid] v.分成；（使）分开 vt.分配 moderately ['mndaratli] ad.适度地；一般地
i
130第三段〕
❶ While such numerical standards seem straightforward, they are not.虽然这样的数字标准看起来-目 了然，但其
实不然。
一级修饰 While such numerical standards seem straightforward,
|While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 they are not （straightforward）.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释i numerical* [nju/menkl] a.数字的 straightforward * [,streiffo:w9d] a.简单的；易懂的；坦率的
❷Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.与体重相比，肥胖可能更多的是人体月旨肪含量的问题。
句子主干 Obesity is probably less^jmatterofwei^ht （主+系 +表）
than...作句子主干的比较状语[
一级修饰 than body fat.
❸ Some people with a high BM1 are in fact extremely fit, while others with a low BMI may be in poor shape.—些 BMI 高的
人实际上非常健壮，而有些BMI低的人却可能身形不佳。
（1） Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,（主+系+表）
句子主干 while连接的并列句，表转折
（2） while others with a low BMI may be injpoorjhape.（主+系+表）
❹ For example, many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.
譬如，许多大学足球运动员和职业足球运动员都称得上肥胖，虽然他们的体脂占比低。
句子主干 For example, many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese,（主+谓）
though引导的让步状语从句，[作句子主干的让步状语
—级修饰 though their percentage body fat is low.
:要点注释:句子主干中，介词短语as obese作主语many...players的补足语。
「商匚3释]collegiate [kofli:d3i9t] a.大学的；学院的 qualify ★「kwnhfai] 符合，配得上（某称号、名称等）
❺ Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a normal BMI.相反，一些体形小的人体脂占比
可能高，但BMI却正常。
—级修饰 with a small frame
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰someone
句子主干 Conversely, someone...may have high body fat but a normal BMI.（主+谓+宾）
「词无主释W conversely * [*kDnv3：sli] ad.相反地；反过来 frame* [freim] W;骨架；框架；支架
第四段』
❶Today we have a tendency to label obesity as a disgrace.如今，我们倾向于将肥胖看作一件不光彩的事。
句子主干 Today we have a tendency （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a tendency
—级修饰 to label obesity as a disgrace.
;词汇注释'、、、label...as把... 称为 disgrace [dis'greis] n.不光彩；耻辱讨使丢脸
❷ The overweight are sometimes pictured in the media with their faces covered.有时媒体登载超重者的照片时会遮住他
们的脸。
131句子主干 The overweight are sometimes pictured in the media （主+i胃）
with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语[
—级修饰 with their faces covered.
❸ Stereotypes associated with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success.与月巴胖木目关
的刻板印象包括懒惰、缺乏意志力以及成功机会渺茫。
句子主干 Stereotypes...include 唾竺泾座& £蛭竺・（主牯胃演）
［过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Stereotypes
一级修饰 associated with obesity
i词汇注释i stereotype fsteristaip] n.刻板印象；老一套 prospects * fprnspekts] n. [pl.]成功的机会；前途
❹ Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.老师、雇主以及健
康专家均已撤证明对肥胖者怀有偏见。
句子主干 Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown （主+谓）
:动词不定式短语作Teachers,...professionals的补足语
一级修饰 to harbor biases
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰biases
二级修饰 against the obese.
i词汇注释i harbor fha^^r）］ vt.怀有；庇护〃.港口 bias ［'baios］儿偏见；偏心；偏爱vt.使偏心
❺ Even very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem
in schools.甚至连非常小的孩子往往也看不起超重者，嘲笑（别人的）体型是校园里一直存在的一个问题。
（1） Even very young children tend to look down on th^oyerweight,（主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
（2） and teasing about body build has long been ^problem in schools.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释i look down on瞧不起；蔑视；轻视 tease about嘲笑
❶ Negative attitudes toward obesity, grounded in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity policies.基于
对健康的担忧而对肥胖持有的负面态度促使了一些抗肥胖政策的提出。
—级修饰 toward obesity,
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰attitudes
句子主干
Negative attitudes...have stimulated a number of anti-obesity policies.（主+谓+宾）
[过去分词短语作状语
一级修饰 grounded in health concerns,
i词汇注释： negative * fnegstiv］ a.负面的；否定的；坏的 stimulate * ［'stimjuleit］ vt.激发；刺激；使兴奋
❷My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.我所在的医院系统已经禁止含糖饮料进入其下
属医院。
句子主干 My own hospital system has banned sugarj^drinks from its facilities.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释:ban [baen] vt.禁止；取缔儿禁令 facility * [fo'siloti]儿（供特定用途的）场所
132© Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.许多雇主设立了减肥和健身计划。
句子主干 Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.（主+谓+宾）
i词汇注释* institute * ['mstitju:t] vt.设立；建立儿机构 initiative* [fniptiv] n.新方案；倡议；积极性
❹ Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign against childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our
greatest national security threat.米歇尔•奥巴马发起了一项知名度很高的对抗儿童肥胖的运动，甚至宣称儿童
肥胖代表了美国最大的国家安全威胁。
句子主干 Michelle Obama has launched生坦g坦业逝些匕竺冯四亶J （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰campaign |
against childhood obesity,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
罢笛主释:在现在分词短语中，that引导的宾语从句，作claiming的宾语。
词汇注释 i launch * [lo.ntf] vt./n.发起，发动；上市；发射 represent * [.repn'zent] vt.代表；象征
security * [si'kjusrsti] n.安全；担保；保护措施 threat * [Gret] n.威胁；恐吓；凶兆
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
/////////////////////////////////////.
Text 1
第一段]
❶What would you do with $ 590m?如果有5.9亿美兀，你会怎么花？
句子主干 What would you do with $ 590m?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+情态动词+主+谓语动词）
❷ This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed
house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.这是一位 84 岁的寡居妇人格洛丽亚•麦肯齐
现在所面临的问题。她最近离开了自己那座位于佛罗里达州的小铁皮屋顶房，去领取由她独揽的史上金额最高
的彩票头奖。
句子主干 This is now aquestion for Gloria Mackenzie,（主+系+表）
Gloria Mackenzie 的同位语]
—级修饰 an 84-year-old widow
who引导的定语从句，[修饰widow
二级修饰 who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida
|动词不定式短语作定语从句的目的状语
三级修饰 to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.
«词汇注释:widow 17 ['widau] n.寡妇；遗孀 emerge from从（建筑物等）出来；摆脱；露出
lottery * [Hntsri] n.彩票；靠运气的事 jackpot [d3aekpDt] n.头奖，最高奖
❸ If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money
by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.如果她想让这笔新到手的财富给她带来持久的满足感，倒不妨去读一读
由伊丽莎白•邓恩和迈克尔•诺顿合著的《花钱带来的幸福感》。
133her new-fbund fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment,
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作hopes的宾语
—级修饰
If she hopes
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 she could do worse than read 史型世竺殳（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰Z/oppy Money
一级修饰 by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.
要点注释 could do worse than do可视为固定搭配，意为“倒不如做某事；不妨做某事……”，语义上相当
i
于 had better do0
词汇注释 yield★ [ji:ld] w.给予;提供；产出；放弃 fulfilment [forfilmant] n.满足感；完成；实现
i
!第二段
❶ These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be
counterintuitive,这两位学者运用一系列行为研究表明，最有益的花钱方式可能与直觉相反。
句子主干 These two academics use （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to show
[that引导的宾语从句，作sh6w的宾语
—级修饰
that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.
；词汇注释: academic * [^ks'demik] n.学者；大学教师 an array of ―系列；一排；一批
behavioral [bfheivjsral] a.行为的 counterintuitive [^auntorm'ljujtiv] a.违反直觉的
❷ Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.对于巨额财富的幻想往往伴随
着对豪车豪宅的想象。
句子主干 Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰visions
一级修饰 of fancy cars and extravagant homes.
；词汇注释: fantasy * ['faentssi] n.幻想；想象产物 wealth *r[wel0] 〃.财富；富有；丰富
involve * [m'vnlv] vt.涉及；包含；使加入 vision * ['vi3n] n.想象；幻想；视野
fancy ★ [Taensi] a.豪华的；异常复杂的 extravagant* [ik^traevsgsnt] a.过于昂贵的；浪费的
❸ Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly.然而购买这些物质产品带来的满足感稍纵
即逝。
句子主干 Yet satisfaction...wears off fairly quickly.（主+谓）
，介词短语作后置定语，修饰satisfaction
—级修饰 with these material purchases
[翊匚注释」 satisfaction * [.saetis'faekfh] n.满足；满意 purchase * ['p3：tfos] n.购买；购买行为 w.购买
wear off消逝；逐渐停止；磨损 fairly * ffeali] ad.相当地；公正地；竟然
❹What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in.曾经令人兴奋又新奇的东西变得陈旧过时，懊
悔之心悄然而至。
134What was once exciting and new
| What引导的主语从句作主语
句子主干 （1）...becomes old-hat;（主从+系+表）
I并列句
（2）regret creeps in.（主+谓）
:词汇注释i old-hat陈旧的；过时的 creep in开始发生（或影响）；悄悄出现
❺ It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or
even going to the cinema.邓恩女士和诺顿先生说道,把钱花在体验上要好得多，比如有趣的旅行、特别的餐点，
或者甚至是去看电影。
It is better （主+系+表）
句子主干 :It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to spend money on experiences,
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton,
—级修饰 举例说明experiences
like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema.
词汇注释 spend玄[spend] y.花（钱）讥度过；花费 unique * [ju*ni:k] a.独特的；独一无二的
❻ These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling
more connected to others.这些消费体验就如同故事或回忆一样，往往会随着时间的沉淀变得更加珍贵，尤其是
当它们让你感受到与他人联系更加紧密时。
句子主干 These purchases often become more valuable with time （主+系+表）
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
——as stories or memories—
一级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
词汇注释！ valuable * fvaeljusbl] a.珍贵的；有价值的 memory * ['memsri] n.回忆；记忆力；内存
第三段
❶ This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your
buck.”这本薄薄的书中满是诀窍，能够帮助工薪阶层和彩票赢家“从金钱中获得最大化的幸福”。
句子主干 This slim volume is packed with tips （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰tips
to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners
:动词不定式短语作wage slaves和lottery winners的补足语
一级修饰
（to） get the most "happiness bang for your buck."
[知匚胡 be packed with充满；有大量... 的 buck [bAk] n.美兀；雄鹿；小伙子
❷ It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and
family and less of it watching television （something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,
and is hardly jollier for it）.似乎对于大多数人来说，如果能够缩短通勤时间，多花些时间陪朋友和家人，少看
电视（美国人平均每年看电视的时间长达两个月，但也几乎没有因此更快乐），他们就会过得更好。
135]It seems...（主+ 系）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的表语从句
most people would be better off
if引导的条件状语从句，作表语从句的条件状语
if they could shorten their commutes to work,
一级修饰 并列谓宾
（could） spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television
watching television的同位语]
二级修饰 （something
省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰something]
the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,
J
三级修饰 and连接的并列谓语
and is hardly jollier for it）.
词汇注释： commute * [kSmjirt] n.通勤的路程vt.减刑讨通勤 whopping [*WDpig] a.巨大的；庞大的
hardly ['ha:dli] ad.几乎不；几乎没有 jolly [*d3Dli] a.快乐的；惬意的ad.很
❸ Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most
enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.给他人买礼物或捐款给慈善机构往往比给自己买东西更让人快乐，
有节制地消费奢侈品才最令人愉悦。
一级修饰 than purchasing things for oneself,
]than…作比较状语
（l）Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable （主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and luxuries are most enjoyable （主+系+表）
一级修饰
| when引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
when they are consumed sparingly.
词汇注释 pleasurable [缺3。母1] a.令人愉悦的,适意的 sparingly ['speangli] ad.节俭地；保守地
0
This is apparently the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib一a marketing trick that has
turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.这显然是麦当劳限量供应其受欢迎的烤汁猪排堡的原因-
这一营销手段已经将猪肉三明治变成了令人痴迷的对象。
句子主干 This is apparently the reason （主+系+表）
[省略关系词（why ）的定语从句,修饰the reason
一级修饰 McDonald's restricts the availability
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the availability
of its popular McRib
二级修饰 补充说明
—a marketing trick
I
that引导的定语从句，修饰a marketing trick
三级修饰 that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
词汇注释 availability [s.veih^ihti] n.可得性；有效性 obsession [ab'sejn] 〃.着迷；困扰
136a 第四段 i
❶ Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger,《花钱带来的幸福感》一
书的读者显然是一群享有特权的人，他们只需要为满足感担忧，而不需要为果腹担忧。
.—
句子主干 Readers of Happ, Money are clearly a privileged lot,（主+系+表）
形容词短语补充说明a privileged lot]
一级修饰 anxious about fulfilment, not hunger.
词汇注释 privileged fpnvslidsd] a.有特权的；特许的lot * n-某一类人；（一）组，群；命运
❷ Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.
金钱或许不能真正买来幸福，但是生活在富裕国家的人通常要比贫穷国家的人更幸福。 •
（1） Money may not quite buy happiness,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but people in wealthier countries are generally haggier （主+系 +表）
than...作（2）句的比较状语[
—级修饰 than those in poor ones.
词汇注释 wealthy fwelOi] 口 富裕的，富饶的 generally fdjenrsli]"通常；一•般地
❸Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the
world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.然而在全世界范围内，无论是在穷人还是
富人身上，都能看到“感到快乐”和“把钱花在他人身上”之间的联系。此外，对大部分人来说，稀缺性提
高了他们对大部分事物的愉悦感。
among rich and poor people around the world,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表范围
between feeling good and spending money on others
” !介词短语作后置定语，修饰the link
（1） Yet the link...can be seen （主+谓）
句子主干
一级修饰
| and连接的并列句
（2） and scarcity enhances （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语J表对象
for most people.
词汇注释： scarcity ['skesssti] n.稀少；缺乏 enhance * [m*ha:ns] vt.提周；增强
❹ Not everyone will agree with the authors' policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax
incentives for American homebuyers.并非每个人都同意作者从"下令增加休假时长”到"减少对美国购房者的
税收刺激”等政策理念。
句子主干 Not everyone will agree with the authors' policy ideas,（主+谓+宾）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明the authors* policy ideas
一级修饰 which range
介词短语作状语,:表范围
二级修饰 from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives
介词短语作后置定语，修tfttax incentives
三级修饰
|
for American homebuyers.
137:词汇注释:mandate ['maendeit] vt. 令；授权〃.授权 incentive * [m'sentiv] n.刺激；鼓励
© But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.但大多数看过这本书的人都会觉得
它非常值得购买。
句子主干 But most people will come away from this book （主+谓）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
believing
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，［作believing的宾语
一级修饰
it was money well spent.
Text 2
O An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more
beautiful than you are.《科学美国人》上的一篇文章指出：实证研究表明，事实上，你会把自己想得比实际上
更漂亮。
—级修饰 in Scientific American
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰An article
An article...has pointed out （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，[作has pointed out的宾语 ,
句子主干 that empirical research says
that引导的宾语从句，[作says的宾语
that, actually, you think you're more beautiful
than引导的比较状语从句J作宾语从句的比较状语
一级修饰 than you are.
:词汇注释； point out指出，指明 empirical * ［im'pmkl］ a.实证的；经验主义的
@ We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies
to achieve this.我们有一种对自己感觉良好的需要，这种需要根深蒂固，而且我们会自然而然地采用一些自我
优化的策略来满足这种需要。
—级修饰 to feel good about ourselves
动词不定式短语作后置定语，［修饰a deep-seated need
（1） Wehaveadeep^eatedjneed （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and we naturally employ （主+谓+宾）
［动词不定式短语作（2）句的目的状语
一级修饰 to achieve this.
i词汇注释： deep-seated [tdi:p *si:tid] a.根深蒂固的；难以改变的 self-enhancing自我提高
Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the "above average effect," or "illusory
superiority,M and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and
85% at getting on well with others一all obviously statistical impossibilities.社会心理学家就其所称的“高于均数效
应”或“虚幻的优越感”积累了大量研究，并指出：例如，我们当中有70%的人认为自己的领导能力优于常人,
93%的人认为自己的驾驶技能比常人更高超，85%的人认为自己比常人更擅长与人交往——很明显，所有这
些从统计学上讲都是不可能事件。
138—级修饰 into what they call the "above average effect/ or "illusory superiority,,s
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰 oceans of research
Social psychologists have amassed oceansofresearch (主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列谓宾
and (have) shown
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作(have) shown的宾语
that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,
并列句|
93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others
补充说明that引导的宾语从句
—级修饰 一all obviously statistical impossibilities.
要点钱释]that引导的宾语从句由三个并列句构成，第一个分句由“主语(70% ofus) +谓语(rate) +宾
语(ourselves) +宾语补足语(as above average ) ”构成，介词短语in leadership作状语；后两个
分句为省略句,补充完整为 93% (of us rate ourselves as above average) in driving and 85% (of us rate
ourselves as above average) at getting on well with otherso
词汇注释i amass [s'maes] vz.积累；收集 illusory [i'lu:S9ri] a.虚幻的；幻觉的；虚假的
superiority * [su^pisri^rsti] n.优越(性)；优势 statistical [sta'tistikl] a.统计学的；统计的
O We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.我们美化自己的记忆，并使自己处于自
我肯定状态。
We rose-tint ou^memories (主+谓+宾)
and连接的并列谓宾
句子主干 and put ourselves
[介词短语作ourselves的补足语
into self-affirming situations.
i词汇注释i tint [tint] w. ……轻微染色；给……略微着色 affirm☆["3：m]讨肯定；断言；确认
❷ We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem,受至！J批评时,
我们变得心存戒备，并对他人抱有消极成见，以增强自己的自尊。
一级修饰 when (we are) criticised,
I when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
W ===== e - b - ec - o - m -- e - d - efensive (主+系+表)
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and apply negative stereotypes to others
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to boost our own esteem.
词汇注释！ defensive [dffensiv] a.戒备的；自卫的 esteem * [i*sti:m] n.尊重；敬重讨尊重；把... 看作
© We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.我们趾高气扬，自认为很了不起。
139句子主干 We stalk around (主+谓)
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
thinking
[省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作thinking的宾语
—级修饰
we're hot stuff.
:词汇注释i stalk [sto:k] vi.趾高气扬地走".柄；茎；秆 hot stuff 了不起的人；能力杰出的人物
O Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness.
心理学家兼行为科学家尼古拉斯•埃普利对一项有关自我优化和吸引力的关键性研究进行了监督。
句子主干 Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a key study
一级修饰 into self-enhancement and attractiveness.
i词汇注释i oversee [.auva'si:] vt.监督，监视 attractiveness [a'traektivnas] n.吸引力
❷ Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph
of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.埃普利并非要
求受试者简单地通过与别人对比来评价自己的美貌，而是让他们从一组经过美化或丑化处理的照片中识别出
一张自己的原始照片。
-级修饰 compared with others,
j过去分词短语作方式状语
Rather than have people simply rate their beauty
| Rather than连接的并列成分
句子主干
he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves （主+谓+宾+宾补）
1介词短语作状语
一级修饰 from a lineup
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a lineup
二级修饰 including versions
that引导的定语从句，j修饰versions
三级修饰 that had been altered
[动词不定式短语作定语从句的目的状语
四级修饰 to appear more and less attractive.
；词汇注释： identify * [afdentifai] vt.识别;认出；鉴定；确认 alter * [*o:lto（r）] w.修改 v,改变，更改
Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little
or no apparent conscious deliberation."该研究显示：视觉识别是"一个无意识的心理过程，它依靠直觉快速发生，
几乎没有或没有明显的刻意思考。”
一级修饰 reads the study,
插入语1补充说明句子主干
句子主干 Visual recegnition,...is “空史匹9!5奕£四理?!理些!更2竺?，（主+系+表）
[补充说明an automatic psychological process
一级修饰 occurring rapidly and intuitively
j介词短语作伴随状语，修饰occurring
二级修饰 with little or no apparent conscious deliberation."
140词汇注释 intuitively [m'tjuntivli] ad.直觉地；直观地 deliberation [dijiba'reifh] 〃.考虑；细想
❹ If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how
they looked.如果受试者迅速选取了一张比本人好看的虚假照片——大多数受试者都会这样选——他们真的认
为这就是自己真实的样子。
二级修饰 一which most did—
] which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明条件状语从句
—级修饰 If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image
I If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
they genuinely believed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作believed的宾语
it was really how they looked.
:要点注释:宾语从句it was really...中,how they looked为表语从句。
:词汇注释！ flattering ['flaetsng] a.使人显得更漂亮的 genuinely Cdsenjumli] ad.真诚地；真正地
第四段
O Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. 埃普利发现受试者在反应上并没有明显的性别差异。
一级修饰 in responses.
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Epley found no significant gender difference (主+谓+宾)
词汇注释 significant * [sig^ifiksnt] a.显著的；有重大意义的 gender * ['d3ends(r)] 〃.性别；性
❷ Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most
positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities,也没有任何证据表明，
那些自我优化最多的人(即那些认为修改得最漂亮的照片是其真实样子的受试者)这样做是为了弥在内心强
烈的不安全感。
句子主干 Nor was there any evidence (倒装句：否定词+ was + there +主)
[that引导的同位语从句,解释说明any evidence
—级修饰 that those...were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.
| who引导的定语从句,修饰those
who self-enhanced the most
二级修饰 补充说明those
(that is, the participants
who引导的定语从句,[修饰the participants
三级修饰 who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real)
要点注释：句子主干使用了 There be句型的倒装句，当否定词Nor位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。括号内
who引导的定语从句中，the most positively...为省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作thought的宾语。
to make up...是动词不定式短语作目的状语。
词汇注释 participant * [pa/tisipant] n.参与者；参加者 doctor 玄['dnkt9（r）] vt.修改；伪造 n.医生；博士
profound * [prs'faund] 强烈的；深刻的；巨大的 insecurity [jnsikjomti] n.不安全
141❸ In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those
who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem.事实上，那些认为更具吸引力的照片是自己真实样子的
人正是那些在其他方面表现出更强自尊心的人。
句子主干 In fact, those...directly corresponded with those （主+谓+宾）
who引导的定语从句，[修饰those
who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem.
who引导的定语从句，修饰those
一级修饰 who thought
[that引导的宾语从句，作thought的宾语
that the images...were real
|形容词短语作后置定语，修饰the images
二级修饰 higher up the attractiveness scale
词汇注释:correspond with与 一致；符合 self-esteem [.self i*sti:m] n.自尊（心）
❹“I don't think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,，5 says Epley.我认为我们已有的研究
结果并不能证明这是个人错觉”，埃普利说道。
一级修饰 that we have
]that引导的定语从句，修饰the findings
the findings...are any evidence of personal delusion,"
|省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作don't think的宾语
句子主干 “I don9t think
[直接引语作says的宾语
says Epley.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
词汇注释 evidence * ['evidons] 〃.证明；根据；证据 delusion [di'lu：3n] n.错觉；妄想；欺骗
❺“It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.""这种情况只不过是人们普遍自我感觉良
好的L种体现。”
句子主干 “It's a reflection simply （主+系+表）
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰a reflection
—级修饰 of people generally thinking well of themselves."
要点注释 该句中，people generally thinking well of themselves 是动名词的复合结构,其中，people 为 thinking
well of的逻辑主语。
❻If you are depressed, you won't be self-enhancing.如果你感觉沮丧，你就不会去自我优化。
一级修饰 If you are depressed,
If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
I
句子主干 you won't be self-enhancing.（主+系+表）
词汇注释i depressed [dfprest] a.沮丧的；萧条的
a
第五段]
O Knowing the results of Epley's study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally— n
one level, they don't even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. 了解了埃普利的研究结果，就能理解为
什么许多人打心底里讨厌自己的照片一一从某种程度上来说，他们甚至不承认照片中的那个人就是自己。
142二级修饰 of Epley's study,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the results
一级修饰 Knowing the results
[现在分词短语作句子主干的条件状语
it makes sense （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 :it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that many people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally
［补充说明主语从句
―n one level, they don't even recognise the person
|介词短语作the person的补足语
—级修饰
as themselves.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the person
二级修饰 in the picture
词汇注释 viscerally [Vissrsli] ad.发自肺腑地 on one level从某种程度上来说
❷ Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of
their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles.因此，脸书成了自我优化者的乐园，在那里，人们可以只分享自己
最光鲜的照片，展示自己的机智、品味、美丽、才智和生活方式的精华部分。
句子主干 Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise,（主+系+表）
where引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明:
I paradise
—级修饰 where people can share only the most flattering photos,
补充说明the most flattering photos |
二级修饰 the cream
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the
cream
of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles.
词汇注释 cream * [kri:m] n.精华；奶油淡黄色的 wit * [wit]儿机智；风趣；智力
© It's not that people's profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray
an idealised version of themselves."威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的卡特琳娜•托马说道，并不是说人们的个人形象
不真实，“而是他们描绘了一个理想化版本的自己”。
一级修饰 says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University,
［插入语，补充说明句子主干
It's not that people's profiles are dishonest,（主+系+表从）
句子主干
| not...but连接并列的表语从句
"but （that） they portray an idealised version of themselves.,,
要点注释 It's not that..., but （that）...表示"不是... ,而是...."。句中，says...University把前后完整的内容分
割成为两个部分，因此将其视为插入语。
词汇注释 profile * ['prsufail] n.形象；印象 vt.概述 portray* [po/trei] vt.描绘；扮演（某角色）
i
Text 3
第一段〕
O The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most
acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries."人机矛盾”这一概念至少可以追溯至工业革命时
期，但是在经济衰退且复苏乏力的情况下，人们对这一现象的感受往往最为强烈。
143of man versus machine
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰The concept
as the industrial revolution (is),
“ ]as引导的比较状语从句，作(1 )句的比较状语
(1) The concept...is at least asold (主+系+表)
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干
(2) but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt (主+谓)
[介词短语作(2)句的时间状语
—级修饰 during economic downturns and fragile recoveries.
词汇注释 acutely [Skju:tli] ad.强烈地，极其 downturn ['daunts：!!] n.衰退，下降
❷ And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle.
然而，那种认为“我们此刻只是在经历盛衰交替周期的痛苦面”的想法会是个错误。
And yet, it would be amistake (主+系+表)
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 to think
［省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作think的宾语
we are right now simply experiencing the painful side
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the painful side
—级修饰 of a boom and bust cycle.
词汇注释：painful * fpemfl］ a.令人痛苦的；艰难的 boom and bust繁荣与萧条
❸Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines.某些因使用机器而过时的工作已经永远消失了。
句子主干 Certain jobs have gone away for good,(主+谓)
i过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 outmoded by machines.
词汇注释 for good永远；永久 outmode [.aut'maud] vt.使过时；使废弃
❹ Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to
restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.由于技术贪得无厌地吞噬人类的工作，这一现象将
会以我们无法即时预见的方式继续重构我们的经济。
二级修饰 for eating up human jobs,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an insatiable appetite
一级修饰 Since technology has such an insatiable appetite
[Since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作方式状语,［修饰］
restructure our economy
i
一级修饰 in ways
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，
二级修饰 we can't immediately foresee.
词汇注释i insatiable [m'seijabl] a.贪得无厌的 appetite* [faepitait] n.强烈欲望；食欲，胃口
restructure [.ri/strAktfo^)] v,重建；调整结构 foresee ☆ [fb/si:] vt.预见；预知
144第二段〕
O When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune
from automation suddenly become threatened.当技术的价格和性能迅速改善时，那些曾被认为不会被自动化取
代的工作突然受到了威胁。
in the price and perfbnnance of technology,
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰rapid improvement
When there is rapid improvement
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 jobs...suddenly become threatoied.（主+系+表）
：that引导的定语从句，修饰jobs
that were once thought to be immune from automation
间己主艺 nmune* [i'mju:n] a.免除；豁免；受保护 automation* [p^o'meijh] n.自动化
❷ This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik
Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.这一观点由于《与机器
赛跑》一书的热卖已经受到广泛关注，该书的作者埃里克-布伦乔尔森与安德鲁•迈克菲均来自麻省理工学
院数字商业中心。
句子主干 This argument has attracted ajnt^f^attention,（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
via the success of the book
the book的同位语|
二级修饰 Race Against the Machine,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰Race Against the Machine
三级修饰 by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,
[who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Erik...McAfee
-
四级修饰 who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.
"希主祖 argument* ['a:gjum9nt] n.论点；辩论；论据 hail from 来自；出生于
a
第三段
❶This is a powerful argument, and a scary one.这一观点很有说服力，同时也让人恐慌。
句子主干 This is巴EQ猊坦£璀竺匹兰辿5注竺2岌11夕（主+系+表）
词汇注释 powerful* ['pausfl]强有力的；有权力的 scary [,skeari] a.引起恐惧的；吓人的
❷ And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why
these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.然而，著有《拉动力》以及其他书作的约翰•哈格尔
认为，布伦乔尔森与迈克菲从一开始就忽视了这些工作在技术面前如此不堪一击的原因。
—级修饰 author of The Power of Pull and other books,
I John Hagel的同位语
And yet, John Hagel,...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作says的宾语
Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason
why引导的定语从句， e reason
一级修饰 why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
145词汇注释 vulnerable * ［'vAlnarsbl］ a.脆弱的；易受伤害的 in the first place究竟；到底；当初
O Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be "tightly scripted,, and "highly standardized^ ones that
leave no room for ^individual initiative or creativity?*哈格尔说，在美国，我们倾向于把工作设计得“高度模式化”
和“高度标准化”，以至于没有给“个人的主动性或创造性”留下空间。
FW!
Hagel says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
we have designed jobs in the U. S.
that引导的定语从句，［修饰jobs
一级修饰 that tend to be "tightly scripted" and "highly standardized** ones
that引导的定语从句修饰ones
^51^"缶 that leave no room for "individual initiative or creativity."
i词汇注释： scripted ['sknptid] 口 照本宣科的；照稿子念的 standardize「staendodaiz] vt.使标准化
❷ In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings.简而言之，这些类型
的工作，机器可以比人类更好地完成。
句子主干 In short, these are flietyp^rfjobs （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句,［修饰the types of jobs
—级修饰 that machines can perform much better at
T than…作比较状语
_级修饰 than human beings.
❸ That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.哈格尔称，这便是我们在美
国工人背后贴上巨大标靶的方式。
That is...（主+系+表从）
［how引导的表语从句
how we have put a giant target sign on the backs
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the backs
of American workers,
插入语
Hagel says.
第五段〜
❶ It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of
work, Hagel says.哈格尔认为，是时候彻底改变工作模式了，因为我们对工作的认知还停留在20世纪。
Hagel says.
［插入语
句子主干 It's time （主+系+表）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰time
to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted,
—级修饰 since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work,
146:词汇注释:reinvent [.ri^n^ent] w.彻底改变；改造 formula «.方案；方法；公式；规划
❷ In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise
their imagination "to respond to unexpected events."在经济迅速变化的形势中，我们比以往任何时候都更需要
那些在工作中能够发挥主动性并运用想象力“去应对突发事件”的人才。
in the workplace
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰people
In our rapidly changing economy,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 we more than ever need people (主+谓+宾)
:who引导的定语从句，修饰people
who can take initiative
| and连接的并列谓宾
一级修饰
and (can) exercise their imagination
动词不定式短语作定语从句的目的状语
二级修饰 "to respond to unexpected events."
词汇注释 more than ever比以前更加地，越发 initiative * [fnijbtiv] n.主动性；倡议
imagination 玄[i.maedsi'neijh] n.想象力；创造力 respond * [rfspnnd] vi.应对 v.回答
❸ That's not something machines are good at.那是机器所不擅长的事情。
句子主干 That's not something （主+系+表）
[省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰something
—级修饰 machines are good at.
❹They are designed to perform very predictable activities.它们被设计来执行高度可预测的行动。
句子主干 They are designed （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to perform very predictable activities.
词汇注释:perform * [po'fb：m] vt.执行；表演v.运转 predictable [prfdiktobl] a.可预测的；可预见的
第六段
❶ As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book.正如哈格尔所指出的，布伦乔
尔森和迈克菲在他们的书中确实提到了这一点。
—级修饰 As Hagel notes,
[ As引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point （主+谓+宾）
i介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 in their book.
:词汇注释i note * [nsut] vt.指出；注意〃.笔记；便条；批注 touch on提及；谈及
❷ We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.我们需要把“与机器赛跑”的观念重新表述
为“与机器同跑”。
147We need 史述[理乂竺£竺区竺也£殍丝女（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 j介词短语作race against the machine的补足语
as race with the machine.
i 词汇注释 reframe [ri/freim] vt.再构造；再组织 race * [reis] v.参加比赛；（使）快速运转n.赛跑；种族
© In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it,换句话
说，我们需要找到机器能提高而非取代人类劳动的方法。
一级修饰 In other words,
[插入语
句子主干 we need tojook^ttheways （主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句,[修饰the ways
in which machines can augment human labor
一级修饰 rather than连接的并列谓宾,肯定前者，否定后者
rather than （can） replace it.
:词汇注释 i augment [o:g'ment] vt.提高；增加；加强 replace* [ri'pleis] vt.取代；代替；更换
❹ So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work
practices?"所以，问题事实上并不在于技术本身，而在于“我们如何革新我们的工作体制和工作方式”。
So then the problem is not really about technology/（主+系 +表）
句子主干 | not...but rather连接的并列表语
but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"
"熟朔」 not...but rather...表ZK不是... 而是.... o表语how do we...是由 疑I可词（how ） 4-助动词（do）
+ 主语（we ） +谓语动词（innovate ） +宾语（our institutions and our work practices ） ”构成的特
殊疑问句。副词really起加强语气的作用。
i 词汇注释 ： institution * [,msti'tju:Jh] n.制度；机构；建立 practice * ['prasktis] n.通常做法；实践；练习
Text 4
第一段
O When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways,
broadband and energy.政府在谈到对经济做出贡献的基础设施时，关注点通常在公路、铁路、宽带以及能源上。
二级修饰 contributing to the economy
现在分词短语作后置定语修饰infrastructure
—级修饰 When the government talks about infrastructure
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the focus is usually 22垩西51_理为?套虫25^^22^52^£££1§?，（主+系+表）
[词汇注释 infrastructure * ['mfrastrAktf9（r）] n.基础设施 broadband [*br3：dbaend] n.宽带
❷Housing is seldom mentioned;住房则很少被提及。
句子主干 Housing is seldom mentioned.（主+谓）
148第二段，
❶Why is that?为什么会这样呢?
句子主干 WhX虫that?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
❷To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.从某种程度上来讲，房地产行业必须承担责任。
一级修饰 To some extent
［介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the housing sector must shoulder the blame.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 sector* ［'sekts（r）］ n.行业，部门；扇形；区域 shoulder* ［'J9uld9（r）］ vt.承担；扛儿肩膀
© We have not been good at communicating the real value t:hat housing can contribute to economic growth. —直以来我
们都不善于传达住房能对经济增长做出贡献的实际价值。
句子主干 We have not been good at竺空里削史如戏既££也竺坦£ （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句，［解释说明the real value
一级修饰 that housing can contribute to economic growth.
:词汇注释:contribute to做出贡献；有助于；促成 economic* [（i：ka'nnmik] a.经济的；有利可图的
❹ Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.还有就是典型住房项目的规模。
句子主干 Then there is the scale （ There be句型：there + is +主）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the scale
一级修饰 of the typical housing project.
词汇注释 scale ★[skeil]〃.规模，范围，程度 typical * ftipikl] a.典型的，有代表性的；特有的
❺ It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is
focused elsewhere.（典型住房项目）要在数十亿英镑的基础设施项目中获得关注很难，因此政府将注意力放在
其他项目上也在所难免。
to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects,
I It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
（l）It is hard （主+系+表）
句子主干 | so连接的并列句，表因果
⑵so it is inevitable （主+系 +表）
［it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the attention is focused elsewhere.
i 词汇注释:multibillion ［'mAlti.biljon］ q 数十亿的 inevitable * ［m'evitsbl］ a.不可避免的；惯常的
❻But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.但或许最主要的原因是,
这个问题一直受到严重的政治制约。
But perhaps the most significant reason is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 that引导的表语从句［
that the issue has always been so politically charged.
:词汇注释:issue * ［加•问题；重要议题优宣布；发出 charge ★［也1由］讨命令；指不；指责收费
149I
第三段
❶ Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate.然而，经济适用房形势很严峻。
句子主干 Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释：affordable housing经济适用房 desperate * [•despsrst] a.极严重的；绝望的；渴望的
❷ Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.等候名单一直在增加，而我们确
实没有建造足够多的新房子。
（l）Waiting lists increase all the time （主+谓）
I
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and we are simply not building enough new homes.（主+谓+宾）
，― , ---- -- -----
samaasa
第四段：
O The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.综合开支审查给政
府提供了一个帮助调整这一现状的契机。
句子主干 The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语,[表对象
fbr the government
—级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语, 修饰an opportunity
to help rectify this.
词汇注释 comprehensive * [.knmpn'hensiv] a.综合性的；全面的 rectify ☆ [Yektifai]讨•调整；纠正
❷ It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.政府需要将历
史偏见搁置一边，并采取一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。
句子主干 It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to address our urgent housing need.
词汇注释！ prejudice * [*pred3udis] n.偏见；成见w.使怀有偏见 urgent* a.迫切的；紧急的
第五段
❶ There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.有迹象表明，政府正准备这样做。
句子主干 There are some indications （ There be句型:There + are + 主）
that引导的同位语从句，:解释说明some indications
一级修饰 that it is preparing to do just that.
词汇注释 indication * [jndi'keijh] n.迹象；象征；指示 prepare [prfpeoCr）] vt.准备；安排；配制
❷ The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce
more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.社区
大臣唐-福斯特已经暗示，财政大臣乔治-奥斯本可能会更灵活地放宽地方政府现行住房存量债务的借贷数
额上限。一级修饰 The communities minister,
j Don Foster的同位语
Don Foster, has hinted （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作has hinted的宾语
that George Osborne,...may introduce more flexibility to the current cap
George Osborne 的同位语
Chancellor of the Exchequer,
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰the current cap
on the amount
that引导的定语从句，修饰the amount］
二级修饰 that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.
词汇注释
i
hint虫[hint] v.暗示儿暗示；征兆；窍门 cap虫［kaep］ n.最高限额；帽子vt.胜过；覆盖
❸ Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing
GDP by 0.6%.有证据表明，若上限被提升「未来5年内，可能有额外6万套新住房被建成，这会使GDP增长0.6%。
Evidence shows （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years
if引导的条件状语从句，作宾语从句的条件状语］
辫 if the cap were lifted,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作宾语从句的结果状语
increasing GDP by 0.6%.
a
第六段
O Ministers should also look at creating* greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact
on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.大臣们还应考虑提高房屋租赁环境的
稳定性，这将对注册供应商使用营业收入为新建住房提供资金的能力产生重大影响。
句子主 ■ 干 Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,：修饰certainty
in the rental environment,
一级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明 creating.. .certainty
which would have a significant impact
介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰 on the ability of registered providers
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the ability
to fund new developments from revenues.
a
第七段
❶But it is not just down to the government.但这不仅仅是政府的责任。
句子主干 But it is not just down to the government,（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释:be down to sb.由某人负责 government * fgAvsnmant] n.政府；政体；管理
❷ While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn
programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then.
151尽管这些措施在短期内会受欢迎，但是我们必须面对现实：当前用于投资新经济适用房的45亿英镑拨款项目
将于2015年到期，并且不大可能延期。
in the short term,
l介词短语作时间状语
一级修饰 While these measures would be welcome
j While?|导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 we must face up to thefect （主+谓+宾）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the fact
一级修希-
that the existing £ 4.5bn programme of grants...is unlikely to be extended beyond then.
:动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰programme of grants
盘嘴慵姗岫黑：
,.，,，• E to fund new affordable housing,
二级修饰 插入语,补充说明programme of grants
set to expire in 2015,
词汇注释 face up to敢于面对；敢于承担 grant ☆ [grant] n.拨款vt.授予；同意；承认
expire ☆ [ik'spaio(r)] w.到期；终止；去世 extend * [ik'stend] vt.使延期；使伸长；扩大
© The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to
power. T党最近宣布，如果重新执政，它将保留大部分联合政府支出计划。
The Labour party has recently announced （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,[作has...announced的宾语
that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans
[ if引导的条件状语从句，作宾语从句的条件状语
—级修饰 if it returns to power.
[圆匚j主释]retain * [ntan] w.保留；保持；聘请 coalition ☆ [.kaua'lijh] «.（两党或多党）联合政府
❹ The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants.房地产
行业需要接受的事实是，我们不大可能再回到大规模公共拨款时代。
The housing sector needs toaccept （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作accept的宾语
that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the era
—级修饰 of large-scale public grants.
❺We need to adjust to this changing climate.我们需要适应这一不断变化的形势。
句子主干 We need to adjust to this changing climate.（主+谓+宾）
第八段
O While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable
housing is real and is not going away.虽然政府对长期资助的承诺可能已经生变，但人们对更多经济适用房的迫
切需求是真实存在的，而且不会消失。
—级/rr 修/Ar L布 While the government's commitment to long-term fundin.g may have changed,
[ While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real （主+系 +表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and is not going away.
152〃/〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃
第一段
O Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including
Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the
studio and gallery.地景艺术兴起于60年代末并于70年代达到巅峰，是一系列新型艺术形式之一，这些新型艺术
还包括人体艺术、表演艺术、行为艺术以及装置艺术，它们促使艺术超越了工作室和画廊的传统局限。
-级修饰 Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,
]and连接并列的现在分词短语，作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Land Art was one of a range of new forms,（主+系+表）
[补充说明a range of new forms
including Body Art,...and Installation Art,
—级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句， 补充说明a range of new forms
which pushed art beyond the traditional confines
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the traditional confines
二级修饰 of the studio and gallery.
词汇注释 a range of 一系列；一套 traditional [trs'dijbnl] a.传统的；守旧的
confines ☆ ['konfamz] n. [pl.]局限；范围 gallery玄fgaebri] n.画廊；展览馆
❷ Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium,地景艺术
家们并不是描绘风景，而是以大地本身的实物作为他们的创作素材。
—级修饰 Rather than portraying landscape,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 land artists used ttiejphysi^^substance.. .as their medium.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
修饰the physical substance
介词短语作后置定语,j
二
of the land itself
词汇注释 substance * fsAbstsns] 〃.物质；物品 medium * [’mi:diom] n.（文艺创作中使用的）材料a.中等的
第二段
O The British land art, typified by Richard Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than
its American counterpart.以理查德•朗的作品为代表的英国地景艺术不仅在国内更具规模，而且比美国的地
景艺术更古怪奇特。
The British land art,...was理丈丝兰竺已四里竺如g身史竺回，（主+系+表）
句子主干 | not only...but连接的并列表语
but a lot quirkier
过去分词短语作后置定语, 修饰The British land art
typified by Richard Long's piece,
一级修饰 than...作比较状语
than its American counterpart.
词汇注释 typify「tipifai]讨代表；作为……的典型 domestically [ds'mestikli] ad.国内地；家庭式地
quirky ['kw3：ki] a.古怪的；离奇的；奇特的 counterpart ★ ['kauntopcut] n.对的人或物；对"手方
153❷ Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the
works themselves, Long's photograph of his work is the work.事实上，你口J能认为地景艺术展览只是作品的记录，
而非作品本身，但朗那些记录其工作的照片就是其作品。
rather than the works themselves,
rather than连接并列的名词短语，|肯定前者，否定后者
—级修饰 that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works
I that引导的宾语从句，作might assume的宾语
while you might assume
__________ [ while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 Indeed,...Long's photograph of his work is the^work.（主+系+表）
:要点注释'：that 引导的宾语从句中，records of works rather than the works themselves 整体作 would consist...of 的宾语。
:词汇注释 i assume ☆ [o'sjum]讨.认为；假定 exhibition * [.eksi'bijh] n.展览；表现；表演
© Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.因为他的"创作行为”发生在过去，照片
则是这种行为的唯一体现。
—级修饰 Since his "action" is in the past,
〔Since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 the photograph is迪竺坦丝业西竺（主+系+表）
:词汇注释i sole * [ssul] a.唯一的；专有的n.脚底 embodiment [im'bndimsnt] n.体现；典型，化身
第三段】
O That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white
photographs and relatively few natural objects.这个观点似乎有点令人费解，但它却为一场展览奠定了基调，这个
展览包括许多黑白照片和相对较少的自然物体。
（l）That might seem rather anjobscurejpoint,（主+系 +表）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干
⑵ but it sets thetone （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 for an exhibition
[that引导的定语从句，修饰an exhibition
二级修饰 that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.
要,尽主释 that引导的定语从句中，and连接并列的名词短语a lot of black-and-white photographs和relatively
few natural objects 均作 contains 的宾语。
词汇注释 obscure ☆ [9b'skju9（r）] a.费解的；无名的vt.使模糊 set the tone奠定基调，定调子
第四段
O Long is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach
laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form.朗是英国最负盛名的地景艺术家，其
作品《石环》是由取自波蒂斯黑德海滩略带紫色的石头铺在画廊地板上围成的一个精美的圆环，它代表了该
艺术形式高雅精妙的一面。
154（1） Long is Britain's best-known Land Artist （主+系+表）
句子主干
—级修饰
二级修饰
| and连接的并列句
（2） and his Stone Circle,...represents （主+谓+宾）
| Stone Circle的同位语
a perfect ring of purplish rocks
介词短语作后置定语，修饰purplish rocks |
from Portishead beach
过去分词短语作后置定语， 修饰purplish rocks
laid out on the gallery floor,
词汇注释！ purplish [,P3：p9liJ'] 略带紫色的；发紫的 layout摆放；清晰地表达；陈列展览
elegant ★ [^ligsnt] a.高雅的；精美的；简练的 rarefied ['reanfaid] a.高深精妙的；稀薄的
❷ The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect.另一方面，博伊尔家族则代表这一艺术形式
脏乱、都市化的一面。
句子主干 The Boyle Family,...stand for its dirty, urban aspect.（主+谓+宾）
|插入语
—级修饰 on the other hand,
词汇注释i stand for代表；支持 aspect宏[,aespekt] 〃.方面；层面；外表
© Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British
landscape on gallery walls.该家族包括艺术家马克•博伊尔、琼•希尔斯和他们的孩子，他们在画廊的墙壁上
随意重塑英国景观。
—级修饰 Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they recreated randomjections （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰random sections
of the British landscape
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
on gallery wails.
、'、、词汇注释:comprise * [ksm'praiz] vt.包括；由... 组成 random* ['raendsm] a.随意的；随机的；胡乱的
❹ Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness
that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.他们的作品《奥拉夫街研究》展示了一
片砖块散落的正方形荒地，描绘了大多数时候我们对景观的感受，是为数不多的涉及寻常事物的作品之一。
句子主干 Their Olaf Street Study,...is 四氏典，您L史?£坦 here （主+系+表）
[Olaf Street Study 的同位语
a square of brick-strewn waste ground,
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the few works
一级修饰 to embrace the commonplaceness
that引导的定语从句，修饰Olaf Street Study
that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
词汇注释：embrace * [im'breis] vt.包括；欣然接受乂拥抱 commonplaceness «平凡的事物
155◎
第五段
O Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park, in which a long
haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out
to be different parts of the same photograph.公园是一大特色，尤其是在早期作品中，像约翰,希利亚德非常有趣
的《漫步公园》，在这部作品的一系列图片中，一个漂亮女孩对一位长发流浪者报以不同的微笑，而流浪者
则莫名遭到攻击，这一系列图像正好是同一张照片的不同部分。
句子主干 Parks feature,（主+谓）
]介词短语作状语，表范围
一级修饰 particularly in the earlier works,
[such as...举例说明the earlier works
二级修饰 such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,
介词in+which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明Across the Park
in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl
三级修饰 [ and连接的并列谓语|
and （is） unwittingly assaulted
介词短语作状语
四级修饰 in a sequence of images
that引导的定语从句修饰a sequence of images
五级修饰 that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
，词汇注释！ feature ★ ['fi：tf0（r）]议以... 为特色〃.特点 stroller ['str9uh（r）] n.流浪者；散步者；闲逛者
unwittingly [An'witigli] ad.不知不觉地 assault ☆[亦。:珂vt.攻击，袭击n.突袭，突击
sequence ☆ ['si：kwons]儿一系列；一连串；顺序turn out结果是；在场
第六段
O Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are
traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.然而，通常英国地景艺术家们更
喜欢远离城镇，靠近传统意义上被认为景色宜人的地方，如湖区或威尔特郡丘陵区域。
句子主干 Generally however British land artists preferred 四嬖史竺刃匝回g电，（主+谓+宾）
\现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
_级修饰 gravitating towards landscapes
that引导的定语从句,修饰landscapes |
that are traditionally considered beautiful
二级修饰 such as...举例说明landscapes
such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.
词汇注释 prefer * [pn'f3：(r)] vt.更喜欢；偏好 get away from 远离；摆脱；逃离
gravitate ['graeviteit] vi.被吸引到；受重力作用 consider 会[kon'sido(r)] w.认为；考虑；体谅
❷ While it probably wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the
likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.虽然在当时可能不明显，但是这种作品大都弥漫着浪漫主义遁
世精神，像华兹华斯这样的作家很容易就能明白。
156一级修饰 While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,
: While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 much of this work is permeated （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by a spirit of romantic escapism
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a spirit of romantic escapism
二级修饰 that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.
词汇注释 permeate ☆ [*p3：mieit] “ 弥漫；渗透；传播 escapism [I'skeipizsm] n.逃避现实；解脱方法
❸ Derek Jarman's yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,
evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.德里克•贾曼的黄色调
电影《朝向埃夫伯里》，大部分是关于威尔特郡风景的远景且大都是静态画面，该影片让人想起了从塞缪尔•帕
尔默到保罗•纳什的英国风景画传统。
句子主干 Derek Jarman's yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury，・"evokes atradition （主+谓+宾）
Towards Avebury的同位语
a collection of long, mostly still shots
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰a tradition
of English landscape painting
介词短语作后置定语， 修饰shots
of the Wiltshire landscape,
二级修饰 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰English landscape painting
stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
词汇注释 i evoke * [1'vauk] vt.使人想起；唤起；召唤 stretch [strey'] vi.延伸 v.拉长 n.伸展
第七段
O In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of
walking pay.谈到哈米什•富尔顿，你不禁会觉得，这位苏格兰艺术家只不过找到了一种给他酷爱行走带来回
报的方式。
—级修饰 In the case of Hamish Fulton,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
you can't help feeling （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作feeling的宾语
that the Scottish artist has simply found a way
介词短语作后置定语，修饰away[
一级修饰 of making his love of walking pay.
i in the case of 就……来说；至于 simply * fsimpli] ad. H不过；仅仅；确实
❷ A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk,
with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.比如《七天》这部代表作品，包含一张在漫长且艰难的
步行途中拍下的漂亮的黑白照片，照片下方标注了此次行走的里程和天数。
157句子主干 A typical work,...consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph （主+谓+宾）
I
such as...举例说明 A typical work
such as Seven Days,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰photograph
一级修饰 taken on an epic walk,
with复合结构作后置定语，修饰photograph
with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.
词汇注释;mileage [•mailids] «■英里里程；好处 beneath 丈[bfni:0] prep.在（或往）... 下面
© British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the
landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through.正如这场精心挑选但规
模相对适中的展览所展示的一样，英国地景艺术不是强加于风景之上，而更多的是经过风景时创造出的一种
以风景为导向的光概念艺术。
—级修饰 as （it was） shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition
[as引导的状语从句，作句子主干的状语
British Land Art...wasn't about imposing on the landscape,（主+系+表）
句子主干 |并列的系表结构
（was） more a kind of landscape>orientated light conceptual art
[修饰landscape-orientated light conceptual art
过去分词短语作后置定语,
—级修饰 created passing through.
词汇注释 impose * [im'pauz] vt.把...强加于；使打扰 conceptual [kon'septfuol] a.概念（上）的
❹ It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
它源于辽阔的户外，但其成果却如特纳和康斯特布尔的画作一样只能摆在画廊展览。
—级修饰 in the great outdoors,
[介词短语作(1)句的地点状语
(1) It had its origins (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but the results were as gallery-bound (主+系+表)
[ as引导的比较状语从句，作(2 )句的比较状语
一级修饰 as the paintings of Turner and Constable (were).
Section HI Translation
第一段]
❶ Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that's perpetually half full.在大多数人眼中，
乐观意味着无尽的快乐，乐观的人总能看到杯子里还装着半杯水。
句子主干 Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,(主+谓+宾+宾补)
[介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 with a glass
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a glass
二级修饰 that's perpetually half full.
158词汇注释:optimism ['Dptimizsm] n.乐观；乐观主义 perpetually [ps'petfiisli] ad.永恒地；不断地
❷ But that's exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn't recommend.但这恰恰是一种虚
假的快乐，积极心理学家并不推崇。
句子主干 But that's exactly 剪J鱼些座（主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the kind of false cheerfulness
—级修饰 that positive psychologists wouldn't recommend.
词汇注释，exactly [ig'zaektli] ad.恰好；正是；精确地 cheerfulness ['tfisflnos] n.快乐，高兴，快活
positive * ['pnzstiv] a.积极的；自信的；建设性的 recommend * [.reks'mend] vt.推荐；建议
❸“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality," says Tai Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor.哈佛大浮教授
泰勒•本-沙哈尔说，“健康的乐观应切合实际。”
"Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,"
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Tai Ben-Shahar,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
项窿布
词汇注释
| Tai Ben-Shahar的同位语
a Harvard professor.
be in touch with…与... 有联系；和... 接触；知道professor * [pra*fesa(r)] n.教授；讲师,教员
❹ According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who
believe everything happens for the best.他认为，现实的乐观主义者会充分利用所发生的事情，而不是相信事事
都会顺利。
—级修饰 According to Ben-Shahar,
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 realistic optimists are those...but （are） not those （主+系+表）
who引导的定语从句,:修饰those
who make the best of things that happen,
一级修饰 who引导的定语从句，修饰those
who believe everything happens for the best.
要点注释 第一个who引导的定语从句中包含了由at引导的定语从句，that代替先行词things作从句的主语,
谓语是happen o
词汇注释 realistic * [.ri^'hstik] a.现实的；实际的 optimist ['nptimist] n.乐观主义者
第二段]
❶Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.本-沙哈尔常常会使用让人变得乐观的三步练习法。
句子主干 Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.(主+谓+宾)
❷ When he feels down—says, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human.当他情绪低落时----
比如，在做了一次糟糕的演讲后---他- 会先宽慰自己，这是人之常情。
159二级修饰 一ays, after giving a bad lecture—
__________ ]举例说明
_级修饰 When he feels down
〔When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 he grants himself permissiOTi （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语,j修饰permission
—级修饰 to be human.
「商己主释《 lecture* [kktfo（r）]〃.演讲，讲座；教训 permission* [ps'mijh] 准许；许可
❸ He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others.他提醒自己,
不是每次演讲都有获诺贝尔奖的水准；有些演讲的效果是不如其他演讲的。
He reminds himself （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
[that引导的宾语从句，作reminds的直接宾语
句子主干 that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner;
|并列句
some will be less effective than others.
词汇注释 remind * [n'mamd] vt.提醒； 使想起 effective* [ffektiv] a.有效的；实际的；生效的
❹ Next is reconstruction.下一步是回顾。
句子主干 Next is reconstruction.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 reconstruction [.ri^sn^trAkfh] n.再现；重建
❺ He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn't.他会分析发挥欠缺的
演讲，为以后汲取有用的经验和失败的教训。
句子主干 He analyzes thejveakjecture,（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 learning lessons
介词短语作状语]
for the future
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰 lessons
about what works and what doesn't.
要点注释 介词短语about...doesn't中,what引导的两个宾语从句，均作about的宾语。
❻ Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn't
matter.最后，要拥有这样一种观念，即承认在人生的宏伟蓝图中，一次演讲真的微不足道。
句子主干 Finally, there is perspective, （There be句型：there + is +主）
which引导的非限定性定语从句,[补充说明perspective
which involves acknowledging
—级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，[作acknowledging的宾语
that...one lecture really doesn't matter.
[介词短语作宾语从句的状语
二级修饰 in the grand scheme of life,
词汇注释 perspective * [ps'spektiv] n.观点；态度 involve * [in'vulv] vt.涉及；牵涉；包含
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