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2023年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
O Here's a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you're the CEO of a small business, and
though you*re making a nice profit, you need to find a way to take it to the next level.如今很多企业家都面临这样一
种常见情况： 作为一家小型企业的首席执行官，即使目前公司的收益很好，你也要找办法使其更上一层楼:
句子主干 Here's a common scenario （倒装句：表+系+主）
I that引导的定语从句，修饰a common scenario
that any number of entrepreneurs face today:
解释说明 a common scenario
一级修饰 you're the CEO of a small business,
and连接的并列句
and...you need to find a way to take it to the next level.
though引导的让步状语从句
二级修饰 though you're making a nice profit,
词汇注释 scenario [s9'na:ri9u] n.可能出现的情况 entrepreneur^ [.Dntraprs'naXr）] n.企业家，创业者
profit * ['profit] 收益；利润；好处
@ Whal you need to do is prioritize growth by establishing a growth team.你需要优先考虑增长，而这一点,建立"增
长团队”就可以做到。 , &
What you need to do is （to） prioritize growth （主从+系+表）
介词短语作方式状语
by establishing a growth team.
词汇注释 prioritize [prai'Drataiz] w.优先考虑；按优先顺序列出
© A growth team is made up of member* from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of
collaboration to focus exclusively on finding ways to grow,增长团队由公司内部不同部门的成员组成.并利用合
作的力量使团队完全埠集中.W寻找增长的方法：
二级祐饰
within your company,
介词短语作后置定语，!修饰different departments
一级修饰 from different departments
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰member
（1）A growth team is made up of members （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and it harnesses the power of collaboration （主.谓+宾）
—----------------------------------------------------
|动词不定式短语作（2）句的目的状语
一级修饰 to focus exclusively on finding ways to grow.
99伺汇注释 i departmenti [di'pa:tmant] n.部门；局；系 Harness fha^is] w.利用，控制
collaboration [ka.laebaYeVh] n.合作；协作 exclusively [ik*skiu:sivli] ad.完全地；排他地
❶Let's look at a real-world example.让我们来看一个现实生活中的例子。
句子主干 Let's look at a real-world example.（祈使句：谓♦宾+宾补）
；词汇注释i real-world [*ri:al W3：ld] a.存在于现实世界的；真实的
❷ Prior to forming a growth te^m, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the traditional
departments of engineering, marketing and product development.在组建增长团队之前，软件公司 BitTorrent 有
50名员工在工程部、营销部和产品开发部这些传统的部门工作。. •
Prior to forming a growth team^
,介词短语作句子诵间状语
句子主干 the software company BitTorrent had （主+谓.宾）
现在分词短语作后置定语修饰50 employees
working in the traditional departments
介词 of 引出 the traditional departments 的同位语
二级修饰 of engineering, marketing and product development.
词汇注释 prior to...在....之前 engineer!/ ' [,end3i'mang] n. I程；工程学
marketing ['ma:kitig] n.营销；销售活动
©This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued.这样的人员配置给公司带来 了不错的业绩，
但从2012年开始，公司的增长停滞了。
二级修饰 when their growth plateaued.
when引导鬲非限定性定语从句，补充说明2012
—级而 until 2012,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
-------------------- ♦
句子主干 This brought tligm gogd塑?坦（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
「词疝主释:plateau Cplajtau] vl处于停滞状态，保持稳定水平
❹ The problem was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product.问题在于太多客户使用
的都是公司产品的基础免费版本。
The problem was...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 [that引导的表语从句
that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product.
❺ And despite improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.尽管高级付费版本有
许多改进之处，但升级的人却很少。
—级修饰 despite improvements to the premium, paid version,
' …[介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 And...few people were making tlie gp旺gQe.（主+谓+宾）
「商志主释1 premium Cpri^iam] a 级的；优质的•第三段」
O Things changed, however, when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, created a growth team and
sparked the kind of fresh perspective they needed.然而，当一位富有创新精神的项目营销经理加入公司，创建
了增长团队, 并激发出团队所需的那种新的思维方式时，情况改变了。
句子主干 Things changed, however,（主+谓）
一级修饰
二级修饰
伺汇注释： innovativi ['msveitiv] a.富有创新精神的；创新的 spark * [spa：k] vt.激发；触发
perspective [po^pektiv] n.思维方式；看法
❷ By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became cle&r that the lack of upgrades wasn\ due to
a quality iissssuuee..通过从营销的角度考虑工程问题，可以清晰地认识到：产品升级量不足并不是因为产品的质量
问题。
from a marketing point of view.
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 By looking al engineering issues
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
it became clear （主♦系+表）
fit that
句子主干 为形式主语， 引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the lack of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue.
词汇注释 upgrade * fApgreid] n.升级 duet（因为，由于
❸ Most customers were simply ^tiaware of the premium version and what it offered.大多数客户只是不知道高级版本
的存在以及它所提供的服务祷已。 广 ..
Most customers were simply unay呼（主+系+表）
|介词短语作状语
of the premium version
and
连接的并列宾语
and what it offered.
:词汇注释 unawt [jAns'weafr）] a.不知道的；没意识到的
:要点注释 介词短语of the...it offered中，what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。从句中，主语是it,谓语
是offered,宾语是what。
1Q1 jO Armed with this insight, the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently
promoting the premium version to users of the free version,有了这样的深刻见解后，营销团队与工程团队联合起
来，着力向使用免费版本的用户推广高级版本.以此来增强用户升级版本的意识。
—级修饰 Armed with this insight,
l形容词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the marketing and engineering teams joined forces （主+谓 +宾）
■动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to raise awareness
介词短语作方式状语 =
二级修饰 by prominently promoting the premium version r
'介词短语作状语，表对象
三级修饰 to users of the free version.
:词汇注释:armed [ci:md] a.备有所需的 insight会['msait] 深刻见解；洞察力
join forces 联合；合作 awareness [s'weanas] «.意识；认识
promote * [pro'msut] vt.推销；促进；推动；晋升
© As a result, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent,结果，升级量飞涨，公司收入也增长
了 92%c
—级修饰 As a result,
___________ ;插入语
(1) upgrades skyrocketed,(主+谓)
句子主干 [and连接的并列句
(2) and revenue increased (主+谓)
____________ [介词短语作(2)句的状语
Tft修饰 by 92 percent.
词汇注释:skyrocket ['skaimkit] vi.飞涨；猛涨
❶ But in order for your growth team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader.但为了让你的增长团队成功，该团队
需要一位强有力的领导者。
—级修饰 in order for your growth team to succeed,
____________ |动词不定式的复合结构作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 But...it needs坦 蛔史* gtr四竺(主+谓+宾)
要点注释 in order for your growth team to succeed 为动词不定式的特殊形式，其中 for your growth team to
succeed为动词不定式的复合结构，介词for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语your growth teamc
@ It needs someone who can unite the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.它需要一■个
能够团绮跨学科团队，并且能够使这个团队有望做出改进的人。
102It needs someone （主+谓+宾）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰someone
who can unite the interdisciplinary team
and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） keep them on course for improvement.
词汇注释 interdisciplinary [.mtsdisa'plinsri] a.跨学科的 on course for 很可能做成（或做）
©This leader will identify the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the accomplishment of these goals.
这位领导者将会确定目标区域，设定明确目标，并为这些目标的实现确立时间范围。
O This growth leader is also responsible for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of
distractions.这位增长团队的领导者还负责让团队专注于前进，并引导他们远离干扰。
句子主干 This growth leader is also responsible （主+系+表）
————————————— ------------
|介词短语作状语
fbr keeping the team focused on moving forward
一级修饰 | and连接的并列宾语
and steering them clear of distractions.
词汇注释 steer ☆ [stio（r）] w.引导；控制 distraction [dfstraskfh] n.使人分心的事
❷ While attractive new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don't serve the current
goal and need to be put on the back burner.虽然有吸引力的新想法会使人分心，但团队领导者必须意识到什么
时候这些想法对当前的目标没有用,需要把它们先搁置起来。
词汇注释 attractive * [s'traektiv] a.有吸引力的，诱人的 on the back burner 暂时搁置
103Section U Reading Comprehension
/////✓✓✓////////////✓ / / /// / / /，/ / / / / / / /'//////// Part 2^ ■ AXW X Ax\ \\W\W \\v\A \ \ .\ \ \ \ \ \ A AXXWWWXWWX
Text 1
❶ In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut―and it.is the environment that is
paying the price.为追求完美的草坪，全国各地的房主都在走捷 一~而正付出代价的则是环境。
❷ About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest
gardening circles.每年会售出约800万平方米的塑料草坪，但反对意见现在已经传播到了最高的园艺界。
（1） About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year （主+谓）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but opposition has now spread （主+谓）
[介词短语作（2）句的状语
to the highest gardening circles.
❸ The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year's event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos.切尔西花
展已禁止今年的活动使用人造草坪，并宣称人造草坪并不符合其理念J
d时
from this year's event,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
旬子主干 The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass （主+谓+宾）
''现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一二级修页
declaring it to be not part of its ethos.
词汇注释 ban * [baen] vt.明令禁止n.禁令 ethos [*i:0Ds] n.理念
❹ The Royal Horticultural Society （RHS）, which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban
because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.每年在伦敦西部举办展会的英国皇家
园艺学会表示，他们之所以推行这项禁令，是因为塑料草坪会对环境和生物多样性造成破坏。
104一级修饰
福-
一三级修福
词汇注释 horticultural [.holfkAlVbrsl] q 园艺（学）的 biodiversity [,baiaudai'v3：s9ti] n.生物多样性
第二段】
❶ Ed Home, of the RHS, said: e launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our
ethos and views on plastic.英国皇家园艺学会的埃德-霍恩表示：“我们去年推出了可持续发展战略，人造草
坪与我们的理念以及我们对塑料的看法不符
i词汇注释 sustainability [sd.stemd,bibti]札（可）持续性,永续性
❷ We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating
flooding and cooling the environment：'我们建议使用天然草坪，因为它对环境有好处.包括维持野生动物的生
存、减轻洪水的危害和降低环境的温度”
句子主干 We recommend些ing竺国旺9竺（主+谓+宾）
____ I
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 because of its environmental benefits,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，彳卜充说明its environmental benefits
二级修希
which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment.**
复点迎 1 本句与本段❶句引号后的内容均为直接引语，共同作❶句中said的宾语。
"词汇连释: support * [ss'po:t] vt.维持....的生存 alleviate [a'li:vieit] w.减轻；缓解
第三段.
❶The RHS's decision comes as campaigners tn to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes.英国皇家园艺学
会的这一决定正是在活动家们试图提高人们对人造草坪造成的问题的意识之际做出的
105词汇注释：campaigner [kaem'peina（r）] n.活动家，运动参加者
❷ A Twitter account, which claims to "cut through the green-wash'' of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000
followers.-个声称“揭穿人造草坪的环保幌子”的推特账户已经拥有2万多名粉丝〉
句子主干 A Twitter account,...already has morgthzn ZQQQQ 现]丝?平.（主+谓+宾）
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明A Twitter account
一级修饰 which claims to "cui through the green-wash'* /
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the green-wash
二级修饰
词汇注释 green-wash ['gri:n wdJ] n.环保幌子，绿色粉饰 artificial * a.人造的；人工的
❸ It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another
calling for an "ecological damage" tax on such lawns,该账号正试图鼓励人们签署两份请愿书，一份呼吁禁止出
售塑料草坪，另一份呼吁对塑料草坪征收“生态破坏”税
It is trying to encourage people （主+谓+宾）
j动词不定式短语作people的补足语
句子主干
to sign two petitions,
j
分词的独立主格结构解释说明two petitions
one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass
.| and连接并列的分词的独立主格结构
一级修饰
and another calling for an "ecological damage** tax on such lawns.
要点注释 ―级修饰中，one calling for...grass 和 another calling for...lawns 均为分词的独立主格结构。one
calling for...grass 中，one 是 calling for...grass 的逻辑主语，a ban 作 calling for 的宾语,介词短语
on the sale of plastic grass 作后置定语，修饰 a ban0 another calling for...lawns 中，another 是 calling
for...lawns 的逻辑主语，an "ecological damage" tax 作 calling for 的宾语，介词短语 on such lawns
作后置定语,修饰 an "ecological damage" tax0
词汇注释 petition [p^'tijn] ”.请愿（书）;诉状
❹ They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.这两份请愿书已分别收集了 7276 个和 11282 个签名。
句子主干 They have gathered ’，列。,nd 1 [，类?兰虫凹四!塑.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释;signature ' ['signWXr）] n.签名；署名
第四段]
O However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need
mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.然而.人造草坪的支持者指出，天然草坪需要修剪，
因此通常会消耗电力或汽油，这也会对环境造成影响
106一级修饰 of fake grass
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰supporters
However, supporters...point out （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作point out的宾语
that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明natural lawns
which need mowing
一级修饰 and连接的并列谓宾
and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.
词汇注释 impact * 口mpaekt".影响；作用 consume* [kan'sju：!!!] vt.消耗;吃；喝
electricity * [i.lek'tnsati] n.电；电能
❷ The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and
that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more.人造草坪行业的人还指出.天然草坪需要大量的水、
除草剂或其他处理，而铺设人造草坪的人往往会更多地使用他们的花园C
The industry also points out （主+谓+宾从）
:词汇注释: considerable * [kan^idarabl] a.相当大的
❸ The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden,
which provides habitat for insects.人造草坪行业的人还声称，铺设人造草坪的人平均花费500英镑在他们花园
中的树木或灌木上，花园为昆虫提供栖息地，
The industry also claims （主+谓+宾从）
旬子主干 I that引导的宾语从句，作claims的宾语
> that people...spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden,
T who引导的定语从句，修饰people
who lay fake grass
一级修饰 which 导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明their garden
which provides habitat for insects.
i词汇注释I shrub [JrAb] ”.灌木
第五段
O In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30.000 signatures, the govemment
responded that it has "no plans lo ban the use of artificial grass."去年，另一份关于禁止使用人造草坪的请愿书收
集了 3万个签名，对这份请愿书，政府回应说.它“没有禁止使用人造草坪的计划”
107❶ It added: "We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters.政府
补充道：“我们更愿意帮助人们和组织做出正确的选择，而不是在这类问题上立法C
It added：(主+谓+宾)
句子主干
要点注释 直接引语中，省略to的动词不定式短语(to) make the right choice作people and organizations的补
足语。
❷ However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and
ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public
authorities to consider sustainable alternatives/'然而，人造草坪的使用必须遵从现行法律和政策保护措施,以
保护生物多样性，并确保可持续排水，而诸如加强生物多样性义务之类的措施应有助于促进公共当局考虑可
持续的替代品。“[要应送释i本句与本段❶句引号后的内容均为直接引语，共同作❶句中added的宾语。
:词汇注释！ comply * [ksm'plai] w.遵从；服从 sustainable [sa'stemsbl] a.可持续的
alternative * [o:l't3：notiv] n.替代品
Text 2
O It's easy to dismiss as absurd the Trump administration's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national
parks.特朗普政府填补美国国家公园长期资金缺口的想法很容易被认为是荒谬的而不予考虑。
词汇注释！ dismiss * [dis'mis] v/.不予考虑；摒弃 absurd [ab's3：d] a.荒谬的；荒唐的
administration * [od.mmi'streijh] n.政府 plug [pkg] w.补足；补充
chronic* ['kromk] a.长期的；慢性的 gap* [gaep] 〃.缺口；空白
❷ Can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up
under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Fark?有人真的认为让亚马逊送货到你在约塞米蒂国家公园的帐篷‘
或者让餐车在红杉树国家公园的红杉下排队是个好主意吗?
Can anyone really think （ 一般疑问句：情态动词+主+ 谓语动词+宾从）
i词汇注释 allow” °lau]此,允许；准许 line up排队（等候）；站队
第二段
❶ But the administration is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis.但该政府在一件事上的判断是正确
的：美国国家公园正处于危机之中-
句子主干 But the administration is right about one thing:（主+系+表）
解释说明one thing
一级修饰 U.S. national parks are in crisis.
「词汇而; crisis * ['kraisis] n.危机；危急关头
❷ Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion.总体上，美国国家公园积压的维修 I .作所
需费用超过120亿美元
[109句子主干 Collectively, they have a mmntenance backlog （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a maintenance backlog
一级修饰 of more than $12 billion.
词汇注释 collectively [kd'lektivli] ad.总体地 backlog [*baeklDg] n.积压的工作
❸ Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.道路、小径、卫生间、游客中心
和其他基础设施正在崩溃。
句子主干 Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.（主+谓）
词汇注释 infrastructure * ['infrastrAkVXr）] n-基础设施 crumble ['krAmbl] w.坍塌；损坏
a
第三段：
■?,，罗
-7 ■ «
❶ But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a cure-all.但将露营地私有化和商业化并不是
一；"
万能之计。
句子主干 But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a cure-all.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 privatize [’praivotaiz] vt.使私有化 commercialize [ko'm3：Jblaiz] w.使商业化
cure-all ['kjosr o:l] n.万灵药；灵丹妙药
❷ Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on
average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.露营地是整个积压的基础设施维修工作的
一小部分，公园的特许经营者平均只向国家公园管理局上缴其约5%的收入。
一级修饰 of the overall infrastructure backlog,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a tiny portion
（l）Campgrounds are a tiny portion （主+系+表）
句子主干 I and连接的并列句
（2）and concessionaires...hand over,...only about 5% of their revenues （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰concessionaires
in the parks
介词短语作插入语
一级修饰 on average.
介词短语作状语，表对象
to the National Park Service.
词汇注释 portion* [-po^n] n.部分；分享的部分 concessionaire [kgn.sefb'neXr）] n.特许经营者
on average平均来看 revenue* ['revanju:] n.（公司、机构的）收入
a
第四段】
O Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to
the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.此夕卜,
进一步的私有化肯定会削弱每年3亿游客来这些公园的主要原因之一：享受自然，暂时摆脱淹没日常生活的
商业鼓吹。
110why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year:
一级修饰 why引导的定语从句， 修饰 one of the major reasons
Moreover,
［插入语
句子主干 increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the m越or reasons （主+谓+宾）
解释说明 one of the major reasons
一级修饰 to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat
that引导的定语从句，修饰the commercial drumbeat :
二级修饰 that overwhelms daily life.
词汇注释 privatization [iPraivataj'zeiJn] n. 私营化 drumbeat ['drAmbi:t] n.大肆鼓吹；鼓声
overwhelm 土 [.aova'welm] w.淹没；漫过
第五段
O The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding.真正的问题是这些公园长期严重缺乏
资金。
The real problem is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 'that 引导的表语从句
that the parks have been chronically starved of funding.
［网汇注释 chronically ['kronikli] ad.长期地,慢性地
❷ We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that
Americans place a very high value on them —whether or not they actually visit them.我们进行了一项全面的调查,调
查美国居民如何看待他们的国家公园，我们发现美国人非常重视国家公园一无论他们是否真的去参观这些
公园。
—级修饰 examining how U.S. residents view their national parks.
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a comprehensive survey
（l）We conducted a comprehensive survey （主+谓+宾）
and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and we found （主 + 谓 + 宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
th珈 Americans plac a very high value on them
i补充说明
-级修饰 一whether or not they actually visit them.
要点注释 现在分词短语examining how...national parks中，how引导的宾语从句作examining的宾语；从句中,
主语为 U.S. residents,谓语为 view,宾语为 their national parks0
词汇注释 conduct * [kan'dAkt] vt.进行；实施 comprehensive * [.kompn'hensiv] a.全面的；详尽的
examine * [ig'zaemin] 调查；审查 resident * ['rezidsnt]儿居民；住户
❸ The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would
be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact.这项通过由&
件和互联网对700名美国纳税人进行的经同行评议的经济调查还发现，人们愿意支付一大笔钱，以确保公园
及其项目完好无损。The peer-reviewed economic survey...also found （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
二级痂
要点注释：动词不定式短语to make sure...kept intact中,省略引导词（that）的宾语从句作make sure的宾语；
从句中，主语为the parks and their programs,谓语are kept使用了一般现在式的被动语态，intact
■>
为主语补足语，补充说明the parks and their programso •/
词汇注释： conduct * [kan'dAkt] vt.进行；实施 significant * [sig'nifikant] a.数量相当大的；显著的
intact [m'taekt] a.完好无损；完整
❹ Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to
the national parks.约81%的受访者表示•,他们愿意在未来10年缴纳额外的税款，以避免任何对国家公.园的
削减。 :*
Some 81% of respondents said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作said的宾语
they would be willing to pay additional taxes
[介词短语作时间状语
for the next 10 years
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作目的状语
to avoid any cuts to the national parks.
:词汇注释 respondent [n'spondgnt] n.回答问题的人 cut' [kAt] n.削减，减少
第六段，
❶ The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature.国家公园为
美国居民提供了巨大的价值，其既是世外桃源，也是自然的象征』
句子主干 The national parks provide 既竺[\业§ to U.S. residents （主+谓+宾）
both...and连接并列的介词短语作The national parks的补足语
—级修饰 both as places to escape and as symbols of nature.
i 词汇注释:symbol' ['simbl] n.象征
❷ On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate
through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism.除此
之外，国家公园的价值还源自其广泛的教育项目、通过碳封存对气候产生的积极影响、.对我们的文化和艺术
生活的贡献，当然还有旅游业
112 .-级修饰 On top of this,
［介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they produce value （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语
from their extensive educational programs,
并列宾语
their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration,
j并列宾语
一级修饰
'. . . ...
their contribution to our cultural and artistic life,
and连接并列的介词短语
and of course through tourism.
词汇注释 ontopof. ..除... 之夕卜 ' produce * [pr°，dju:s] w.使产生；引起；导致
extensive * [ik'stensiv] a 大量的；广泛的 carbm [Jca:ban ,si:kwa'streijh] n 碳封存
❸ The parks also help keep America's past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around lhe counlrv to
protect historical sites—including Ellis Island and Gettysburg—and to bring the stories of these places to.life.这些公
园也有助于保持美国历史的活力，与全国数千个地方管辂区合作，保护包括埃利斯岛和葛底斯堡在内的历史
遗迹.并让这些地方的故事鲜活起来。 ，
句子主干 The parks also help （to） keep America's past alive,'（主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修商
词汇注释 jurisdiction [,d3gns，dik_fn] n 管辖区域；管辖范围
参〜 cKias
O The parks do all this on a shoestring 这些公园.都是小本经营：
、技，了.
句子主干 The parks do all this （主+谓+宾）
'介词短语作状语
一级修饰 on a shoestring.
词汇注释 on a shoestring以极少的钱
❷ Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system—an amount that has been flat since 2001 （in
inflation-adjusted dollars） with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package.国会
每年拨给国家公园系统的资金只有30亿美元，这一数额自2001年以来-•直没有变化（以通货膨胀调整后的
美元计算），除了 2009年作为奥巴马经济刺激计划的一部分进行r一次增长:
113二级修福 to the national park system
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
句子主干 Congress allocates only $3 billion a year （主+谓+宾）
|解释说明$3 billion
一级修饰 —an amount
二级修饰
三级修饰
函灰修饰
词汇注释
| that引导的定语从句，修饰an amount
that has been flat since 2001 （in inflation-adjusted dollars）
[介词短语作状语
with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰a onetime boost
as part of the Obama stimulus package.
Congress * ['kuggres] ” 国会，议会 allocate [,aebjkeit] vt.分配，配给
inflation* [m'fleijn] n.通货膨胀；通胀率 with the exception of 除....之外
boost* [bu:st] 〃.增长；提高
© Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million
visitors per year.与此同时，自1980年以来，每年的游客数量增长了 50%以上，现在每年有3.3亿游客。
一级修饰 by more than 50% since 1980,
[介词短语作状语
Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased （主+谓）
句子主干 [and连接的并列谓语
and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.
Text 3
第一段
O The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University
psychology professor Betsy Sparrow.哥伦比亚大学心理学教授贝齐•斯帕罗认为，互联网或许只不过正在改变我
们的记忆内容，而不是我们的记忆能力。
句子主干 The Internet may be changing merely what we remember,（主+谓+宾从）
\补充说明
not our capacity to do so,
一级修饰 插入语
suggests...Betsy Sparrow.
• t Betsy Sparrow的前置同位语
二级修饰 Columbia University psychology professor
词汇注释；merely * fmiali] ad. a 不过；仅仅 capacity* [k9'p®s9ti] 能力，才能
❷ In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer （"an ostrich's eye is
bigger than its brain,” for example）. 2011年，在斯帕罗开展的一项研究中，参与者被要求记录电脑上40个趣味
小新闻（例如，“鸵鸟的眼睛比它的大脑更大。
114一级修饰 In 2011,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Sparrow led ? stu^y (主+谓+宾)
T介词in + which引导的定语从句，修饰a study
一级修饰 in which participants were asked
[动词不定式短语作participants的补足语
三级修饰
to record 40 factoids in a computer
T举例说明40 factoids
三级修饰 ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain/' for example).
:伺汇注释' participant * [pa/tisipant] n.参与者；参加者 factoid ['faektoid] n.趣味小新闻
❸ Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved.
一半的参与者被告知这些信息会被删除，而另一半参与者则被告知这些信息会被保存。
the information would be erased,
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作were told的宾语
（1） Half of the participants were told （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | while连接的并列句，表对比
（2） while the other half were told （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，[作were told的宾语
it would be saved.
[通C注释：erase * [>'reiz] w.删除（计算机文件）；抹去（磁带录音）
❹Guess what?你猜怎么着？
"句子讲解]Guess what是感叹词.在此处用于引出下文。
❺ The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it
on their computers.后一组参与者在后来被询问信息时没有尝试回忆这些信息，因为他们知道可以在自己的电
脑上找到这些信息。
一级修饰 when （they were） quizzed on it later,
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The latter group made no effort （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰effort
to recall the information
because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 because they knew
!省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作knew的宾语
they could find it
''介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 on their computers.
词汇注释 effort *[fefot] 艰难的尝试；试图；尽力 qui/[kwiz]w.询问；测验（学生）
❻ In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in.在同一项研究
中，一组人被要求记住信息和存储信息的文件夹。—级修饰 In the same study,
I介词短语作句》主干的状语
句子主干 a group was asked （主+谓）
' |动词不定式短语作a group的补足语
—级修饰 to remember both the information and the folders
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句,［修饰the folders
三改修饰 it was stored in.
❼ They didn't remember the infonnation, but they remembered how to find the folders.他们不记得这些信息，但记得
如何找到这些文件夹。
（1） They didn't remember the information,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but they remembered how to find the folders.（主+谓+宾）
要点注释:在句子主干的（2）句中，“疑问词（how ） +动词不定式短语（to find the folders ） M结构作
remembered 的宾语。
❽ In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology," Sparrow says.
换句话说，人类的记忆并不是正在退化，而是“正在适应新的通信技术”，斯帕罗表示。.
In other words,
[插入语
human memory is not deteriorating （主+谓）
not...but连接的并列谓语
but "adapting to new communications technology,"
插入语
Sparrow says.
deteriorate [di'tiarisreit] w.退化；恶化 communications technology 通信技术
第二段】
O In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as ''cognitive
offloading?互联网正在以一种非常实用的方式变成我们记忆的外部硬盘，这个过程被称为“认知卸载” o
In a very practical way,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
for our memories,
介词短语作后置定语，！修饰an external hard drive
句子主干 the Internet is becoming an external hard drive （主+系+表）
\补充说明佩壬主干
一级修饰 a process known as "cognitive offloading."
词汇注释 hard drive ['ha d draiv] n.硬盘 cognitive * ['kngnativ] a.认知的；感知的
❷ Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data hanks, libraries, and other humans.—直以来，这个角色是由数据库、
图书饵和其他人完成的••
116句子主干 Traditionally, this role was fulfilled （主+谓）
（介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by data banks, libraries, and other humans.
:词汇注释 traditionally [trs'dijansli] ad.传统上 fuini * [forfii] w.完成；执行
❸ Your father may never remember birthdays bec ause your mother does, for instance.举个例子，你的父亲可能从不
记得（大家的）生日，因为你的母亲记得:
一级修饰 because your mother does,
| because ?|导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 Your father may never remember birthdays （主+谓+宾）
插入语
一级修饰 for instance.
for instance例如；比如
❹ Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. 一些人担心这将会给社会
带来破坏性的影响，诅是斯帕罗看到积极的方面
that this is having a destruclive effect on society.
]that引导的宾语从句，作worry的宾语
句子主干 （l）Some worry （主.谓+宾从）
|
:词汇注释\
but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but Sparrow sees an upside.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释 destructive ' [di'strAktiv] a.破坏（或毁灭）性的 upside ['Apsaid] n.好的一面
❺ Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization
to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking― omething that is not available on the Internet.她指出,这种趋势或
许将改变我们的学习方法，从关注单个事实和记忆变为更加注意概念思维 种无法从互联网上获得的
东西。
一级修饰 she suggests,
[备入语“
句子主干 Perhaps,...the trend will change our approach to learning （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
—_级修福
from a focus...to an emphasis
介词短语作后置定语, focus
on individual facts and memorization
二级修饰 介同短语作后置定语，修饰an emphasi
on more conceptual thinking
I 补充说明 conceptual thinking
三级修饰 ——something that is not available on the Internet.
要点注释 something...the Internet 中，that 引导的定语从句修饰 something
117C
的 注释 approach * 〃.方法，方式 emphasis'* [emfbsis] n.重视；强调
conceptual [ksn'septfual] a.概念的 available * [s'veilabl] a.可获得的；可找到的
❻"I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things," Sparrow says, adding that we
haven't lost our ability to do it.斯帕罗说.“我个人从未发现记忆事物的智力价值有多高”，并补充道，我们
并没有失去记忆事物的能力
—-级修饰 in memorizing things,"
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰intellectual value
"I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value
l直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
Sparrow says,（宾+主+ 谓）
\现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语 ...•
,
一级修饰 adding that we ha ven* t lost our ability to do it.
要忘注释 现在分词短语adding that...do it中，that引导的宾语从句作adding的宾语。从句中，主语是we,
谓语是haven't lost,宾语是our ability,动词不定式短语to do it作后置定语，修饰our abilityo
:词汇注释： intellectual * [.mts'lektfuol]。智力的；脑力的 ability * [。'也1珂 n.能力；才能
❶ Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains.不过，其他专家表不，了解互联
网如何影响我们的大脑还为时过早：
Still other experts say it?四箜配口 （主+谓+宾从）
[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
to understand how the Internet affects our brains.
要点连释: 动词不定式短语 to understand how the Internet affects our brain 中,how 引导的宾语从句作 understand
的宾语。从句中，主语是the Internet,谓语是affects,宾语是our braino
There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists
Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons.例如，心理学家克里斯托弗•查布里斯和丹尼尔• J.西蒙斯写道，没
有实验性的证据表明互联网会干扰我们的专注力
一级修饰 showing that it interferes with our ability to focus,
]现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰experimental evidence
句子主干 There is no experimental evidence （There be 句型：There + is +主）
插入语\
for instance,
一级修饰 插入语 ' •
wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons.
要点注释 现在分词短语showing that...to focus中，that引导的宾语从句作showing的宾语。从句中，主语是
it,谓语是interferes with,宾语是our ability,动词不定式to focus作后置定语，修饰our abilityo
词汇注释 evidence * fevidans] n.证据；证明 interfere with 干扰；妨碍
118© And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study
involving 24 participants at the Seme! Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California,
Los Angeles. 2008年加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的塞梅尔神经科学与人类行为研究所进行了一项有24名参与
者的研究，该研究表明，对于精通电脑的老年人，上网比阅读更能锻炼大脑。
among computer-savvy older adults
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
than reading did
v ] than引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 And surfing the web exercised the brain more （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
in a 2008 study
|现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a 2008 study
involving 24 participants
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a 2008 study
at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
i介词短语作后置定语，修饰the Semel Institute...Behavior
三级痴5 at the University of California, Los Angeles；
词汇注释 surf [S3：f] vt.（在因特网上）冲浪，浏览 neuroscience ['njuoroosaisns] n.神经科学
第四段
❶"There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I'd have to imagine that overall
the benefits are going lo outweigh those costs/* observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm.心理学教授本杰
明•斯托姆表示：“我们对互联网的依赖程度越来越高，这可能会产生代价，但我认为，总体上益处一定多于
弊端。
that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,"
I that引导的宾语从句，作would have to imagine的宾语
,
but I'd have to imagine
| but,连接的菲列句，表转折
句子主干
4tThere may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet,
]直接引语作observes的宾语
observes...Benjamiii Storm.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
t Benjamin Storm的前置同位语
一级修饰 psychology professor
:要点释; There may be costs...Internet 中，过去分词短语 associated with our increased reliance 作后置定语，
修饰 costs;介词短语 on the Internet 作后置定语，修饰 our increased reliancec
词汇注释 associated [o'sgfieitid] a.有关联的；相关的 reliance * [n'laions] 〃.依赖；依靠
outweigh [.aut'wei] w.超过；大于
119❷ Tt seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better?看起来很明显.记忆正在改变.但它
是否会变得更好？
that memory is changing,
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 ⑴"四seems pretty clear （主+系+表）
but连接的并列句，表转折
I
（2）but is it changing for the better?（一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词）
❸Xt this point, we don't know. '目前，我们还不得而知
—级修饰 At this point,
____________ !介词短语作句子主干的时间状语 京
句子主干 we don't know."（主+谓）
要点注释 本段。句引号中的内容、❷句及❸句均为直接引语，共同作❶句中。bserves的宾语。
Text 4
❶Teenagers are paradoxical.青少年是自相矛盾的
句子主干 Teenagers are paradoxical.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 paradoxical [.paera^nksikl] a.自相矛盾的
@ Thai's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language.
这是一种温和且客观的表达方式，父母的措辞通常强硬得多
句子主干 That's a mild and detached^ way （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a mild and detached way
—级修饰 of saying something
j that引导的定语从句，修饰something
二级修饰 that parents often express
I介词短语作方式状语
三级修饰 with considerably stronger language.
词汇注释 detached [dftaetn] a.客观的；冷漠的 considerably [kan'sidarsbli] ad.非常；很；相当多地
❸But the paradox is scientific as well as personal.但这种矛盾既是科学的.也是针对个人的
But the paradox is scientific （主+系+表）
句子主干 j as well as连接的并列表语
as well as personal.
词汇注释 paradox * ['pasrsdnks] n.自相矛盾（的情况）
❹ In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who ha\ e relied on groun-ups for just about everything become
independent people who can take carc of themselves and help each other.在青春期，几乎一切都依赖于成年人的无
助的、未自立的孩子变得独立,他们可以照顾自己.并能互相帮助
120二级修饰 for just about everything
|介词短语作状语
In adolescence,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语 :
who have relied on grown-ups
who 引导的定语从句，修饰 helpless and dependent children
句子主干 helpless and dependent children ..become independent people （主+系+表）
who引导的定语从句,:修饰independent people
—级修饰 who can take care of themselves and help each other.
词汇注释！ adolescence[.aeda'lesns] n.青春期；青春 helpless['helplas] a.无助的；不能自立的
dependent * [di'pendant] a.依靠的；依赖的 rely on 依赖；依靠
independent * [jndi'pendant] a.自立的；自主的
❺ At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.与此同时，曾经快乐
顺从的孩子变成了叛逆的青少年冒险者：
—级修饰 At the same time,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 once cheerful and compliant children become 旧!竺空匪£检站回顷％ （主+系+表）
词汇注释 compliant [kam'plaiant] a.顺从的 rebellious[n'beljas] a.叛逆的；反叛的
❶ A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues,
suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.莱顿大学的伊夫琳•克龙及其同事在《儿
童发展》杂志上发表的一项新研究表明，青少年的积极面和消极面密切相关：
三级修饰 of the University of Leiden
j介词短语作后置定语，修饰Eveline Crone
二级修饰 by Eveline Crone...and colleagues,
,介同1八引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 published In the journal Child Development,
j过去分商短语作后置据语，修饰A new study
A new study...suggests （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.
词汇注释 colleague * ['kDli:g] 〃.同事；同僚 go hand in hand 密切相关地
❷ The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence.这项研究是关于青春期新思潮的一部分:
句子主干 The study is part of a new wave （主+系+表）
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰a new wave
—级修饰 of thinking about adolescence.
121❸ For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be
solved.长期以来.科学家和政策制定者专注于“青少年是需要解决的难题”这一观点。
—级修饰 For a long time,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句，［解释说明the idea
—级修饰 that teenagers were a problem
that引导的定语从句,［修饰a problem
二级修饰 that needed to be solved.
❹ The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.这项新研发强调.青春期既是机遇
期，也是风险期。
The new work emphasizes （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句，作emphasizes的宾语
句子主干 that adolescence is a time of opportunity
| as well as连接的并列介词短语
as well as （of） risk.
a
第三段
O The researchers studied "prosocial" and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to
28 years old.研究人员对200多名11岁到28岁之间的儿童和年轻人的“亲社会”和叛逆特征进行了研究。
句子主干 The researchers studied "prosocial” an'rebellious 七四自（主+谓+宾）
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰"prosocial" and rebellious traits
—级修饰 in more than 200 children and young adults,
［补充说明 more than 200 children and young adults
二级修饰 ranging from 11 to 28 years old.
:词汇注释 trait* ［treit］ n.（人的个性的）特征，特性，特点
❷ The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like
sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.参与者填
写了问卷，问卷内容是关于他们做利他的、积极的事情（例如牺牲自己的利益帮助朋友）的频率，以及做叛逆
的、消极的事情（例如醉酒或晚归）的频率。
句子主干 The participants filled out questionnaires （主+谓+宾）
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰questionnaires
about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive,
一级修饰 | or连接的并列宾语
— or （things that were） rebellious and negative,
［举例说明（things that were） rebellious and negative
like getting drunk or staying out late.
二级修饰 举例说明 things that were altruistic and positive
like sacriGcing their own interests to help a friend,
122:要点注释 about how often...or rebellious and negative中，how引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语。宾语从
句中，主语是they,谓语是did,宾语是things; that引导的定语从句修饰things,从句中，主语
是 that,系动词是 were, 表语是 altruistic and positive,...or rebellious and negativeo
:词汇注释 altruistic [.aeltru'istik] a.利他的；无私的 sacrifice * ['saekrifais] vt.牺牲；献出
a
第四段
❶ Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow
older.其他研究已经表明，叛逆行为会随着人成长为青少年而增加，然后再随着年龄的增长逐渐消失。
Other studies have shown （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作have shown的宾语
句子主干
一级修饰
as you grow older.
词汇注释 fade away逐渐消失
©But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior,但有趣的是，该项新研究表明,
同样的模式也适用于亲社会行为C
But the new study shows （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [hat引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior.
❸ Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.
青少年比更小的孩子或成年人更有可能反映他们做过类似无私帮助朋友的事情。
—级修饰 than younger children or adults
I than...作比较状语
Teenagers were more likely...to report （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 ，that引导的宾语从句，作were...likely...to report的宾语
that they did things
[举例说明things
—级修饰 like unselfishly help a friend.
要点注释]句子主干中，半助动词were...likely...to与其后的动词report共同构成复合谓语。
:词汇注释:unselfishly [An'selfijli] ad.无私地
第五段，
❶ Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness.最值得注意的是.亲社会
性与叛逆性呈正相关°
123—级修饰 Most significantly,
___________ [插入语
there was
句子主干 a positive correlation （There be 句型：There + was + 主）
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰a positive correlation
一级修饰 between prosociality and rebelliousness.
商汇注释 correlation [.kDr^leiJn] n.相互关系；相关；关联
❷ The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others.越叛逆的青少年也越有可能帮助他人
—级修饰 who were more rebellious
I who引导的定语从句，修饰The teenagers
were also more likely to help others.（ ）'
句子主干 The teenagers... 主土谓+宾
❸The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.青春期好的与坏的方面似乎是共同发展的。
The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.（
句子主干 主+谓）
要点注释1句子主干中，半助动词seem to与其后的动词develop共同构成复合谓语。
第六段
O Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments?这些明显相互矛盾的发
展是否可以用某种共同因素解释
Is there
句子主干 some common factor （ There be 句型的一般疑问句：Is + there + 主）
,修饰some common factor
一级修饰 that underlies these apparently contradictory developments?
词汇注释 underlie * [.Anda'lai] vt.是....的原因 apparently [^paerontli] ad.显然
contradictory [.kuntra'diktari] a.相互矛盾的；对立的
❷ One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call "reward sensitivity.n 一 种观点认为，青少年的
行为与研究人员所说的“奖励敏感性”有关
One idea is...
（主+系+表从）
句子主干 | that引导的表语从句
that teenage behavior is related
___________ \介词短语作状语
—级修饰 to what researchers call "reward sensitivity/'
要点注释 在to what..."reward sensitivity"中，what引导的宾语从句作介词to的宾语。从句中,主语是
researchers,谓语是 call,宾语是 what.宾语补足语是"reward sensitivity"。
词汇注释 related [n'leitid] a相关的；有联系的 reward * [rfwo:d] n.奖励；回报
sensitivity [.sensa'tivsti] n.敏感性
❸ Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs.决策总是涉及权衡奖励与风险、收
益与成本C
124❹“Reward sensitivity,* measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.奖励敏感性”衡量的是需要多少奖励才
能超过风险。
"Reward sensitivity"
measures （主+谓+宾从）
[how引导的宾语从句，作 measures的宾语
句子主干 how much reward it takes
it为形式主语，[动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to outweigh risk.
a
第七段
O Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that
boy to notice you.青少年对社会奖励——赢得比赛，给新朋友留下深刻印象，让那个男孩注意到自己——特别
敏感。
Teenagers are particularly sensitive
句子主干 （主+系+表）
?介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 to social rewards
J 补充说明 social rewards
二级修饰 —winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you.
词汇注释 particularly [ps'tikjshli] ad.特别；尤其 sensitive * ['sensativ] a.敏感的
impress [im'pres] v.给....留下深刻的好印象；使钦佩
❷ Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we
age.就像亲社会行为和冒险行为一样，奖励敏感性似乎也是在青春期上升，然后随着我们年龄的增长再次
as
we age.
❸ Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn't seem to
outweigh the effort of getting叩off the couch,不知怎么地，当人到了 30岁，那个派对上将发生令人兴奋和新鲜
的事情的可能性似乎无法让你花力气从沙发上起来。
125Somehow,
一级修饰 插入语
when you hit 30,
[ : when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
just doesn't seem to outweigh
句子主干 the chance... the effort （主+谓+宾）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the chance个
that something exciting and new will happen
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the effort
of getting up off the couch.
介词短语作地点状语
二级修饰 I at that party *
词汇注释 hit * [hit] w.达到（某水平）；到达（某地）
/〃/〃/// 〃〃〃// 〃〃〃//〃〃// 〃〃// 〃〃〃//〃// 〃//// 〃〃/ Part \ \ \ \ \ \ \、、、、
第一段，
❶ New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as
those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.旨在提高能源效率的新建筑法规将会导致新建住宅，以
及现有住宅扩建和阁楼改造的价格上涨。
aimed at improving energy efficiency
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰New building regulations
of new homes,
■介词短语作后置定语，修饰the price
要点注释
词汇注释
|
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the pric<
are set to increase
New building regulations... the price （主+谓+宾）
as well as连接的并列宾语
as well as those of extensions and loft conversions
介词短语作后置定语,修饰extensions and loft conversioonnss
on existing ones.
句子主干中，半助动词are set to与其后的动词increase共同构成复合谓语。
efficiency * [ffifnsi] n.效率；效能 extension * [ik'stenfn] n.扩建部分；增加的房间
loft conversion阁楼的改建
第二段】
O The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK's carbon
emissions to net zero by 2050.这些规定是政府“到2050年将英国碳排放量降至净零”计划的一部分，已于星
期三在英格兰生效。
126二级修饰 in England,
［介词短语作地点状语
一级修饰 which came into effect on Wednesday
［which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明The rules
句子主干 The rules,...are part c）[govgrnm竺t pliags （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，［修饰government plans
一级修饰 to reduce the UK's carbon emissions to net zero
］介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 by 2050.
词汇注释:emission [i'mijn] n.排放物；排放 net zero [.net 'ziarao] n.净零排放
❷ They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must
have charging points for electric vehicles.这些规定制定『通风、能源效率和供暖新标准，并规定新的住宅建筑
必须配有电动汽车充电站。
一级修饰 for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰new standards
They set new standards （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and state that new residential buildings must have charging points
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰charging points
一级修饰 for electric vehicles.
要点注释 and state that...charging points中,that引导的宾语从句作state的宾语。宾语从句中，主语为new
residential buildings,谓语为 must have,宾语为 charging pointso
词汇注释; ventilation [.venti'leijn] n.通风；换气 residential [.rezi'denfl] a.住宅的
O The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably
lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.这些举
措是多年来建筑法规最重大的变化，行业专家表示，在材料短缺和高劳动力成本已经推高账单的情况下，这
些举措将不可避免地导致房价更高。
一级修饰 to building regulations in years,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the most significant change
（l）The moves are 蛭 most signifjc:ant 建白苗欧（主+系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and industry experts say （主+谓+宾从）
［省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作say的宾语
they will inevitably lead to higher prices
t介词短语作宾语从句的时间状语
一级修饰 at a time
' when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
二级修饰 when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.
127词汇注释 inevitably [m'evitabli] ad.不可避免地；必然地 shortage i [Jblidj]«短缺；不足
drive up抬高；使上升 bill * [bil] n.账单，账款
a
,第四段.
❶ Brian Berry , chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing
methods, products and systems to be installed.建筑大师联合会首席执行官布赖恩•贝里称，要实施这些措施将
需要新的材料、 测试方法、产品和要安装的系统
一级修饰 chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders,
| Brian Berry的同位语
Brian Beiry，・・ says （主+谓♦宾从）
句子主干 T省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰systems
一级修饰 to be installed.
词汇注释 chief* [tfi：f] 首席的；主要的 executive * [ig'zekjativ] n.主管领导，管理人员
federation [.feda'reijh] n.联合会；联邦 installi [m'sto:!] vt.安装；设置；安顿
@ 'All this comesat an increased cosl during a time when prices are already sky high.“在房价已经高得离谱的情况下,
所有这•切都会使费用增加
"All this comes at an increased cost
句子主干 （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 during a time
[when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
二级修饰 when prices are already sky high.
❸Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more." he says.不可避免地，消费者将不得不花更多的钱",他说。
Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,"
句子主干 [直接引语作says的宾语
he
says.（宾+主+谓）
要点注释 本句引号前的内容与本段❷句均为直接引语，共同作本句中says的宾语。
第五段
❶ Gareth Belsham. of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly
affected.建筑物鉴定公司Naismiths的加雷思-贝尔沙姆表示，正在改造或扩建房屋的人将受到直接影响。
—级修饰 of surveyors Naismiths,
[插入语，补充说明Gareth Be Isham
Gareth Belsham,...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 |省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
people...will be directly affected.
| who引导的定语从句，修饰people
—级修饰 who are upgrading, or extending their home,
词汇注释 surveyor [sa'veia（r）] n.（建筑物的）鉴定人 upgrade * [.Ap'greid] vt.改善；使升格
128❷ “The biggest changes relate to healing and insulation,'' he explains. 最大的变化与供暖系统和隔热材料有关”、
他解释道。
"The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation/,
句子主干 [直接引语作explains的宾语
he
explains.（宾+主+谓）
:词汇注释relate to与....相关；涉及；谈到 insulation [.msjuleifn] n.隔热（或隔音、绝缘）材料
❸"There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors
must be highly insulated/* **关于扩建部分使用的玻璃数量有了新规定.且所有新装的门窗都必须高度隔热一 ”
二级修饰 used in extensions,
I过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰glazing
—级修t布 concerning the amount of glazing
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰new rules
(1) "There are
new rules ( There be 句型：There + are + 主)
句子主干 I and连接的并列句
(2) and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.,,
(主+系+表)
要点注释 本句与本段❷句引号中的内容均为直接引语，共同作本段❷句中explains的宾语。
;词汇注释 glazing ['gleizig] n.窗玻璃；光滑面 insulated ['msjuleitid] a.有隔热保护的
第六段
❶ Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can
have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.门窗将必须遵循更高的标准.同时对用于减少多余太阳热Jt的玻璃
数量也有了新的限制：
Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards,
句子主干 （主+谓+宾）
[while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 while there are new limits
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰new limits
二级修饰 on the amount of glazing
T [动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰glazing
to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.
三级修饰 省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the amount of glazing
you can have
词汇注释 adhere to遵循，遵守 unwanted [.An'wnntid] a.多余的；不需要的
第七段】
❶Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions. MyJobQuote 公司的托马斯•古
德曼表示，这将为房屋扩建带来新的限制
—级修饰 of MyJobQuote,
[插入语，补充说明Thomas Goodman
Thomas Goodman,...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.
129❷"Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss," he says.
他说：“窗户、门以及采光屋顶的玻璃所覆盖的面积不能超过建筑面积的25%,以防热量损失。
一级修饰
"Glazing...must cover no more than 25% of the floor area
[直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
he says.（宾+主+ 谓）
第八段】
O As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline.随
if
着这些规定于上星期三生效，房地产开发商们纷纷赶在最后期限前提交计划
二级修饰 last Wednesday,
[名词短语作时间状语
—级修饰 As the rules came into effect
[As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
property developers were rushing to file plans
句子主干 （主+谓+宾）
J
介词短语作时间状语
just the deadline.
—级修饰 before
['propoti]
词汇注释 property * n.房地产；财产 file*[fail] v.提出（申请）w.把……归档
❷ Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work
starts before 15 June next year.在该日期之前提交的计划都被视为依照旧规执行，并且只要在来年6月15日之
前开始施工.计划就可以依旧规进行。
submitted before that date
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Any plans
to be under the previous rules,
[动词不定式短语作Any plans的补足语
Any plans...are considered （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and can go ahead
| as long as引导的条件状语从句
匚-级修饰
as long as work starts
J
介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 before 15 June next year.
[ssb'mit] w. y
词汇注释 submit * 提交 顺从 go ahead 进行
.第九段
O Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates,
says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator. Build Aviator公司的马库斯•杰福德称，那些已经估算了工程成本，但还没
有提交文件的建筑商可能需要返工并提交新估价：
130but have not filed the paperwork,
一级修饰 [but连接的并列谓宾，表转折
which have costed projects,
[which引导的定语从句，修饰Builders
句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释 paperwork fpeipaws k] n.全部文件，全部资料estimate * ['estimat] n.估价；估计的成本
第十段]
O Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years.在过去两年中，材料价格已经上涨了 25%0
Materials prices are already up 25%
句子主干 （主+系+表）
：介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 in the last two years.
❷ How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear.由于规定的变化，整体价格将上涨
多少尚不清楚。
一级修饰 as a result of the rule changes
介词短语作原因状语
How much overall prices will increase
j How引导的主语从句'
句子主干
…is not clear,
（主从+系+表）
词汇注释 overall * [.ouvar'o:!] a.总体的；全面的
❸"Whilst admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that
they are priced out of homeownership,'' says Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers. “虽然
他们的意图值得赞赏，但是这些变化将会在许多人已经认为他们买不起房的情况下增加房屋建造的费用”，
全国房地产买家协会的乔纳森-罗兰德说。
that they are priced out of homeownership/'
二级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，作feel的宾语
when many already feel
when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
"Whilst （they are） admirable in their intentions.
Whilst引导的让步状语从句
they will add to the cost of housebuilding
句子主干 直接引语作says的宾语
says Jonathan Rolande （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Jonathan Rolande
一级修饰 of the National Association of Property Buyers.
131词汇注释 admirable [^dmarabl] a值得赞赏的；可钦佩的intention* [i^tenjh] 意图；目的
❹"An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.""由于新规定的出台,
一次普通的扩建可能会多花大约3000英镑。”
（
"An average extension will probably see anpund £1
句子主干 邑 由[迦四 £竺（主+谓+宾）
T
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
--------- --- .
—级修饰 thanks to the new regs."
要点注释；本句和本段❸句引号中的内容均为直接引语，共同作本段❸句中says的宾语。
Q 第十一段】
O John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually comecfowri. Freeths律师事务所的
建筑律师约翰•凯利认为房价最终会下降。 工’"广
― if .
—级修饰 a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm,
| John Kelly的同位语
John Kelly,...believes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
prices will eventually come down.
❷ But not in the immediate future.但近期内不会下降。
句子讲解 本句是一个省略句，补充完整为But prices will not come down in the immediate futureo该句中，
主语为prices;谓语为will not come down;介词短语in the immediate future作句子主干的时间状
语；句首的连词But承接上文，表转折。
❸"As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these
technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary
transition." he says.他说：“随着市场适应新需求和支持这些新需求的技术，这些技术规模的扩大最终会降低
成本，但短期内，我们都将不得不为必要的过渡付出代价。”
he says.（宾+主+谓）
词汇注释 scale up扩大，增大 transition [trsn*zijh] n.过渡；变革；转变
132第十二段
O However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Andrew Mellor.
of PRP architects.然而.这些变化的长期影响将是带来更舒适、更节能的住宅，PRP建筑师事务所的安德鲁•梅
勒补充道。
However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable...homes,
句子主干 （主+系+表）
___________ :插入语
—级修饰 adds Andrew Mellor,
[插入语，补充说明Andrew Mellor
三级修饰 of PRP architects.
❷"Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. 随着时间的推移.房主或许能通过
节省能源开销而得到弥补。
"Homeowners will probably recoup that cost
句子主干 （主+谓+宾）
:介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
over time
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in energy bill savings.
词汇注释 recoup[n'ku:p] vt.收回（成本）；弥补（亏损）saving * ['seivirj] n.节省物;节省；节约
❸ It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have thal benefit over time."显然,现阶段的形势会非
常不稳定，但随着时间的推移，他们将会获益
一级修饰 at the moment,
［介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（l）It will obviously be very y
哄也（主+系+表）
；
but
句子主干 连接的并列句,表转折
they will have that benefit
⑵but （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作（2 ）句的时间状语
一级修饰 over time."
词汇注释: volatile ［'vnlatail］ a.不稳定的；易变的；无定性的
要点注释: 本句和本段❷句均为直接引语，是安德鲁•梅勒所说的话:
Section M Translation
第一段
❶ In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. 18 世纪末、威廉 '华兹华斯
因其关于自然的诗歌而广为人知.
—级修饰 In 出。late 18th century,
I
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
William Wordsworth became famous
句子主干 （主+系+表）
［介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for his poems about nature.
133❷ And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural
world.同时，他还是浪漫主义运动的创始人之一，这一运动歌颂了自然界的奇妙之处。
词汇注释 founder ['faondo（r）] n.创建者.创办者 movement1 ['mu:vmant] n.运动；活动
Romanticism [rau'msentisizam] n.浪漫主义 celebrate ★ [sehbreit] w.歌颂 v.庆祝
第二段
O Poetry is powerful.诗歌是富有力量的c
Poetry is powerful.
句子主干 （主+系+表）
❷ Ils energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently.
诗歌的能量和节奏能够吸引读者.将读者带入另一个世界，并让他们以不同的方式看待事物。
Its energy and rhythm a reader,（
can capture 主+谓+宾）
句子主干
二级修福
词汇注释 rhythm * ['ndam] n.节奏；韵律 capture* [*kaepyb（r）] w.吸引；俘虏；攻取
transport * [traen'spol] w.使产生身临其境的感觉
© Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic； funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.通过
精心选择的词和短语，诗歌可以是戏剧性的、诙谐有趣的、意境优美的、动人心弦的和鼓舞人心的。
一级修饰 Through carefully selected words and phrases,
!介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
poems can be ig? nny, p Jm? ing giid
句子主干 虫呼叫 坦 竺里]也 匕 皿迥迦& （主+系+表）
词汇注释 Phrase* [freiz] 短语；成语 dramatic* [dra'maetik] a 戏剧性的；巨大的
moving「mu:v】D] a.动人的；移动的 inspiring [m'spaiorirj] a 鼓舞人心的
a
第三段】
❶ No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write.
没有人确切地知道诗歌出现的时间，但它已经存在数千年了.甚至在人们会书写之前就已经出现了一
134when poetry began
：
when引导的宾语从句，作knows的宾语
（1） No one for sure
句子主干 knows （主+谓+宾从）
I
but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） it has been around
but （主+系+表）
[介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
fbr thousands of years,
一级修饰 before引导的时间状语从句，作（2 ）句的时间状语
even before people could write.
❷It was a way to tell stories and pass down history.诗歌是人们讲述故事和传承历史的一种方式c
It was ay (
句子主干 叩 主+系+表)
j and连接并列的动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰away
—级修饰 to tell stories and (to) pass down history.
:词汇注释：pass down使世代相传；流传
❸ It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud.诗歌与歌曲是密切相
关的，甚至被写下时，就通常是为了出声表演而创作的。
（1） It is closely to song （
型斐。 主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and...it is usually created
（主+谓）
' [when引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
even when （it is） written
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作（2 ）句的目的状语
to be performed out loud.
❹Poems really come to life when they are recited.当诗歌被朗诵出来时，它们才真正地生动鲜活了起来。
Poems really come to life
句子主干 （主+谓+宾）
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 when they are recited.
❺ This can also help with understanding ^iem too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer,这也能
帮助人们理解诗歌，原因是询创节奏和发音变得更加清晰了。
—级修饰 with understanding them too,
__________ l介词短语作句子主干的状语
This can also help
句子主干 （主+谓）
T because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.
135
