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专题03 高考阅读理解 说明文
一、考情分析
阅读理解是高考英语试题的重点，是考查学生语篇阅读能力、语言意识、英语语感的重要题型。在高
考英语阅读理解题中，说明文为主要体裁之一，所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法
知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和
不同的题目考查方式。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四个方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判
断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、选材特点
说明文通常是使用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通常运用举例、对
比、分类、引用、演绎、归纳等方法，按照时间、空间或事物发展的逻辑顺序进行介绍和说明。通过对实
体事物（如仪器、产品、自然环境）的解说，或对抽象事理（如概念、原理、定律）的阐释，使人们对事
物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有
所认识，从而获得相关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、
操作指南等。
二、命题特点
阅读理解主要测试学生理解主旨与要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义、做
出判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度等的能力。说明文的主要命题形式有
事实细节题、词义推断题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题，其中事实细节题和推理判断题居多。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽
管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这
类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要
把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因
果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、标点格式暗示法、构词法等。下面主要讲解一些最基本猜词方
法：
一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻
辑关系推断生词词义。
1.对比法：通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，转折连词but、让步状语从句、条件从句和unlike, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, however等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。
而as, like, just as also等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。
1) She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
2) Anthropologist thought the Indians’ culture would be very primitive; however, they found many modern
elements in the Indian’s lives.
3) Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite kind and modest.
例1)中，可以根据后面句子意思，“她今天在第一节中途到班”，说明她以前都是“准时的”来上课。
例2)中，后面有一个形容词modern，说明前面划线词和它意义正好相反，意为“原始的、起始的”。例 3)
中，in contrast表示对比，说明划线词和句中kind and modest相反，意为“自大的、高傲的”。
2.因果法：根据因果关系猜测词义
因果关系是一种逻辑关系，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含
义。通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词
（如because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等等）表示前因后果。
1) You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.
2) That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
3) The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the
player could never play the sport again.
例1)中，通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。例
2)中，通过后面的it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day，说明你一天内无法参观完所有展品，
说明这个博物馆“很大”。例3)中，通过so引出的句子所表示的结果，说明肌肉的损伤是“永久的”。
3.定义法：通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or, that is, that is to say, namely,
in other words等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。
1) It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is, it will break easily.
2) A strict vegetarian is a person who never eats meat in his life.
3) But sometimes, no rain falls for a long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
例1)中，通过that is引出的句子it will break easily，说明划线词意为“易碎的”。例2)中，通过后面
的定语从句who never eats meat，说明划线词意为“素食者”。例3)中，从drought所在句子的上文我们得
知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为“久旱、旱灾”。
4.代词替代法: 一般来讲，代词的指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在
那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否下前后的内容一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get--from, say, travel agents, shoe repairers,
hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for.
The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_________”.
A. the services B. the workers C. the goods D. the rules
根据句子前半部分的There are also rules......，这里应该是关键部分，对后面的句子理解起到至关重要
的作用，直接决定了划线词的意义。
二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词
义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推
理判断，从而理解生词词义。
阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅
读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。
1) Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles northwest of Rio de Jaciro, designed by
the great architect Lucio Costa.
2) It was a blue Monday and he just didn’t like going back to work.
3) All the other members are of the same opinion. They are unanimous.
例1)中，通过句中的have a new city built和designed by...可知，划线词是“设计师”之意。例2)中，
通过后面的he just didn’t like going back to work来看，说明他今天不想上班，精神状态不佳，“沮丧的、忧
郁的”。例3)中，从unanimous所在句子的上文看，所有其他成员都是同样的观点，划线词意为“无异议
的”。
三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解
又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难
解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义。例如：
1) He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出
semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。
2) I’m illiterate about such things.
词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道
的”。2.根据后缀猜测词义。例如：
1) Insecticide is applied where it is needed.
后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为“杀
虫剂”。
2) Then the vapor may change into droplets.
后缀let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义
“小滴，微滴”。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义。例如：
1) Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output.
Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和
light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。
2) Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—“斗牛”。
中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-超;过于 inter-互相;在…之间 micro-极微小的
re-再, 反复 sub-次于..., 在…底下 co-共同
post- (在…之)后 pre- (在…之)前 trans-超越；转换
under-在之…下；低于； anti-反；防(止) mis-不；非
un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无 non-不；非 Sino-中国(人)的
-able可被…的 -hood状态；性质；时期 -ish如…的；有点儿…的
-proof防…的； 抗…的 -ship身份；资格；权力； -some引起…的;产生…的
-wards向 -less不能…的；无…的
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能
是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
理解标题的3大特点，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1. 概括性——准确而又简短；
2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
巧用3大方法确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上, 揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2. 反面否定法：撇开原文, 拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容, 然后和原文
章对照, 一一排除不符选项；
3. 研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们
可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除
仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章
的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，
要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观
全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。
主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他
句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门, 快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思
想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句,
各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题
句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支
撑性细节。
解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:
说明文 议论文 记叙文
在开头 √(较常见) √ √
在结尾 √(较少见) √ √
在中间 √ √
中心贯穿全文 √(较常见)
用浏览法(skimming), 即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方
法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
（三）段落大意题
归纳段落大意的2种方法：
方法1：
概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就
在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几
乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处
分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力
与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
二、真题回顾
(2023年新高考全国I卷)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and thenecessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【
28题】B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,
including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this
philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和
为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字
生活方式。故选B。
【29题】A 词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online
activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen
online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天
内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精
心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选
A。
【30题】C 推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying
out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 peopleagreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做
的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第
一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【31题】A 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your
efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工
具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实
际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
(2023年全国英语甲卷)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
C
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love
for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a
book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own
interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a
coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is
something we don’t have a lot of.28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiners book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiners book?
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了作
者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
【28题】C 细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s
Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that
book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本
Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。
它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
【29题】D 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities
and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end
result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no
regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学
家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思
考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书
的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，
作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。
【30题】B 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book
abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运
用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常
生活中。故选B。【31题】D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that
improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力
的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，
根据最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and
gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐
的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，
Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
三、最新模拟试题
(1)
(2023秋·江苏苏州·高三苏州中学校考阶段练习)
Though researchers have long known that adults build unconscious (无意识的) preferences over a lifetime of
making choices between things that are essentially the same, the new finding that even babies engage in this
phenomenon demonstrates that this way of justifying choice is intuitive (凭直觉的) and somehow fundamental to
the human experience.
“The act of making a choice changes how we feel about our options,” said Alex Silver, a Johns Hopkins
researcher. “Even infants who are really just at the start of making choices for themselves have this preference.”
The findings are published today in the journal Psychological Science. People assume they choose things that
they like. But research suggests that’s sometimes backwards: we like things because we choose them. And, we
dislike things that we don’t choose. “Adults make these inferences unconsciously,” said co-author Lisa Feigenson, a
Johns Hopkins scientist in child development. “We justify our choice after the fact.”
This makes sense for adults in a consumer culture who must make random choices every day, between
everything from toothpaste brands to styles of jeans. The question was when exactly people start doing this. So they
turned to babies, who don’t get many choices so, as Feigenson puts it, are “a perfect window into the origin of this
tendency.”
The team brought 10-to 20-month-old babies into the lab and gave them a choice of objects to play with; two
equally bright and colorful soft blocks. They set them far apart, so the babies had to crawl to one or the other — a
random choice. After the baby chose one of the toys, the researchers took it away and came back with a new option.
The babies could then pick from the toy they didn’t play with the first time, or a brand new toy. Their choices
showed they “dis-prefer the unchosen object.”To continue studying the evolution of choice in babies, the lab will next look at the idea of “choice overload.”
For adults, choice is good, but too many choices can be a problem, so the lab will try to determine if that is also true
for babies.
1. What is people’s assumption about the act of making choices?
A. They like what they choose. B. They choose what they like.
C. They base choices on the fact. D. They make choices thoughtfully.
2. Why were babies selected as subjects for the study?
A. To help them make better choices. B. To guide them to perceive the world.
C. To track the root of making random choices. D. To deepen the understanding of a consumer culture.
3. What does the study on the babies show?
A. They like novel objects. B. Their choices are mostly based on colors.
C. Their random choices become preferences. D. They are unable to make choices for themselves.
4. What will the following study focus on?
A. The law of “choice overload”. B. The problem of adults’ many choices.
C. Why too many choices can influence adults. D. Whether babies are troubled with many choices.
(2)
(2023秋·江苏南京·高三南京外国语学校校考开学考试)
Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition (认知)? What about our body? Is it possible
for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied
Cognition (EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-
solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing
sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around
them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs — they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even
unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when
they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved.
Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve
centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe
this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer,
processing everything and forming your reactions.Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge
people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived
warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too. In another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were
measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically
warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors (比喻) that we use without even thinking. A kind and
sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in
difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across
languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day, a
warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any
interpersonal decisions.
1. According to the author, what is the significance of EC?
A. It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition.
B. It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain.
C. It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition.
D. It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology.
2. Where does the newborns’ understanding of their surroundings start from?
A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings.
3. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural
materials.
4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph?
A. To deepen the readers’ understanding of EC.
B. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
C. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
D. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
(3)(2023·浙江·德清县高级中学校考模拟预测)
A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of
Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands. The Iliad, usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions
that two characters “taking each other’s hands and expressing their loyalty.” Centuries later, Shakespeare once
wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the book As You Like It. Shaking hands
seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette (礼仪) books note that the modem handshake did not appear
until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used
between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier?
According to author Torbjdm Lundmark in his Tales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the
World. the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were
part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser III referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the
King of Babylon. In the Iliad, Diomedes and Glaucus shook hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and
Diomedes declared: 66Lefs not try to kill each other. Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg —
the chief authority for the history of handshaking ——wrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural
History of Gesture, “More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to
make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais’s
Gargantua and Pantagruel. When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, ”He was greeted by countless
hugs and countless good days.” But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added
references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland’s statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a
potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by
more hierarchical (等级的)ways of greeting - like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a
few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements.
Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent’s hierarchy
was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
1. Why does the author mention Shakespeare in the first two paragraphs?
A. To prove that the history of handshaking is hard to find.B. To illustrate that handshaking is a very old custom.
C. To show readers that handshaking is common in fiction.
D. To explain the value of handshaking in communication.
2. What can we learn about handshaking from the passage?
A. The origin of handshaking as a form of greeting is easy to trace.
B. Citizens usually shake hands to show friendliness in Holland.
C. It was used only between friends and to reach an agreement.
D. It is a common practice between people of different social positions.
3. Which of the following is similar in meaning to “anthology” in Para. 4?
A. The science of mental ability. B. A collection of selected literary passages.
C. A daily written record of experiences. D. All the living things of a particular region.
4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage?
A. The handshake has disappeared in some remote parts of the Netherlands.
B. Handshaking has different meanings in different European countries.
C. Handshakes are now common between people of different positions.
D. Most Europeans prefer to shake hands owing to the weakening effect of rank.
(4)
(2023·浙江杭州·浙江省杭州第二中学校考模拟预测)
Although it is a business not many are aware of, sidewalk robots are set to become an industry with annual
sales of $Ibn within a decade, reckons IDTechEx, a British firm of analysts. These four-or six-wheeled autonomous
machines, usually the size of a suitcase, are already delivering groceries and other goods in America, China and
Europe.
That puts them ahead of many driverless cars, vans and lorries being developed. Those bigger vehicles are
held back not by technology but regulation, says Zehao Li of IDTechEx. So having a “safety driver” on board ready
to take over if there is a problem, which is hardly labor-saving.
For these larger contraptions regulators want to see safety systems thoroughly proved. But there are legal
hurdles, too. In January Britain’s Law Commission, which reviews legislation, recommended that it should not be
the person in the driver’s seat who faces prosecution if a vehicle in autonomous mode crashes, but the manufacturer
or body that sought approval for its use.
Meanwhile, sidewalk robots are getting on with the job. Among them, Starship Technologies, based in SanFrancisco, reckons it has already clocked up more than 2.5m deliveries with bots in a number of cities, university
campuses and business parks in Europe and America. Amazon is carrying out trials with a similar sort of machine it
calls Scout. Kiwibot, a Colombian startup, is making sidewalk deliveries in Califomia.
Typically, these robots carry a few bags of groceries using a variety of sensors, including cameras, radar and
GPS to navigate and avoid obstacles and people. Their progress can be monitored on a phone app, which also
unlocks them for goods to be retrieved. As they are small. move slowly (Starship’s bots might reach a heady 6kph)
and are “telemonitored” by people in a control room who can take over, authorities seem more willing to give them
a green light.
Such robots are also becoming more autonomous. In January Serve Robotics, another San Franciscan firm
whose backers include Uber, a ride-hailing giant, said it had deployed a new sidewalk bot with "level 4"autonomy,
which means it can operate without telemonitoring in some predesignated areas.
Robotic versions which operate on roads but have no driver’s cab are also appearing. Nuro, a Silicon Valley
firm, makes one about the size of a small car that can carry 24 bags of groceries. It has chilled and heated
compartments for food and drinks. Further along the road in earning their keep, these delivery bots are helping to
pave the way for the time when bigger autonomous vehicles can join them.
1. What can we learn from paragraph one?
A. Sidewalk robots are portable like a suitcase.
B. In the past decade, Ibn dollars have been invested into industry.
C. The delivery industries of the US, China and Europe are dependent on sidewalk robots.
D. The industry of sidewalk robot is expanding unknowingly.
2. According to the passage, who should be responsible for automatic driving car accidents?
A. Safety drivers seated in the driver’s seat.
B. Every passenger except the driver.
C. Organizations supportive of autonomous mode.
D. Manufacturers and bodies seeking approval for using safety drivers.
3. What does the underlined phrase in paragraph four mean?
A. Reached. B. Designed. C. Bought. D. Invented.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Amazon is using Scout to deliver groceries for people.
B. If groceries are wrongly delivered, robots can take them back.
C. Some robots may deliver groceries with no one telemonitoring them.D. Both cold and hot food can be preserved inside a sidewalk robot developed by Nuro.
(5)
(2023·山东潍坊·潍坊一中校考模拟预测)
One man’s trash is another man’s treasure is absolutely the case in Turkey where garbage collectors started
collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a library.
It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it
snowballed from there. Ipek and other garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were
ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents
started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their families
to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.
“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others
were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started to discuss the idea of creating
a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”
All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today,
the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section
that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also
books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and
educational programs.
“Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has
to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.
This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the city’s workers and students
from nearby schools. There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the
library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.
1. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Declined quickly. B. Grew slowly. C. Developed rapidly. D. Worsened steadily.
2. What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the library?
A. Its great popularity. B. Its potential significance.
C. Its huge collection of books. D. Its wide variety of readers.
3. Why did the government hire a full-time employee?
A. To raise people’s awareness of recycling. B. To classify and check the donated books.C. To expand the social influence of the library. D. To meet the huge demand from rural teachers.
4. What can be inferred about the library from the last paragraph?
A. It’s an excellent place to enjoy tea. B. It’s crowded with readers every day.
C. It needs to improve its management. D. It provides a very considerate service.
(6)
(2023·山东·山东省实验中学校考一模)
We all know eating ultra-processed foods that make our lives easier — such as sauces, and frozen pizza —
isn’t good for our health. Studies have found they can raise our risk of obesity, heart problems, diabetes and cancer.
They may even shorten our lives. Now, a new study has revealed eating more ultra-processed foods may contribute
to overall cognitive decline, including the brain executive functioning — the ability to process information and
make decisions.
“While in need of further study, the new results are quite compelling and emphasize the critical role for proper
nutrition in preserving and promoting brain health and reducing risk for brain diseases,” said Tanzi, professor at
Harvard Medical School. He was not involved in the study but he said in his book, “They are very high in sugar,
salt and fat, promoting systemic inflammation, perhaps the most major threat to healthy aging. Meanwhile, since
they are convenient and quick, they also replace fiber foods important for maintaining the health and balance of
bacteria in your gut,” he added, “which is particularly important for brain health and reducing risk of age-related
brain diseases like Alzheimer”.
The study, presented at the 2022 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference, followed over 10,000
Brazilians for 10 years. “In Brazil, ultra-processed foods make up 25% to 30% of total calorie intake. We have
McDonald’s and Burger King. It is not very different from many other Western countries,” said coauthor Dr.
Suemoto. Ultra-processed foods are defined as “industrial formulations of food substances containing little or no
whole foods and typically include flavorings, colorings and other chemical additives” according to the study.
“People consuming over 20% of daily calories from processed foods had a 28% faster decline in global
cognition and a 25% faster decline in executive functioning compared to people who not,” said study coauthor
Natalia. Those in the study who ate the most ultra-processed foods ware “more likely to be younger, women, White,
had higher education and incomes, and were more likely to have never smoked,” the study found.
“People need to know they should cook more,” Suemoto said. “And it’s worth it because you’re going to
protect your heart and guard your brain,” she added.
1. What does the underlined word “compelling” mean in Paragraph 2?A. Convincing. B. Surprising. C. Suspicious. D. Invaluable.
2. What do we know from the passage?
A. Whoever never cooks is sure to develop Alzheimer.
B. Ultra-processed foods only affect your executive function.
C. Tanzi is the first to find the problem with Ultra-processed foods.
D. Brazilians’ calorie intake is not different from most westerners.
3. Who is likely to eat more ultra-processed foods?
A. An old beggar. B. A heavy smoker. C. A young professor. D. A low-income man.
4. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. Ultra-processed foods can harm your health.
B. Fiber foods can reduce the risk of Alzheimer.
C. Fiber foods may maintain the balance of bacteria.
D. Ultra-processed foods will lead to cognitive decline.
(7)
(2023·湖北·华中师大一附中校考模拟预测)
Have you ever taken a personality test and found the results to be scarily accurate, checked your horoscope (星
象学) and had everything come true or taken an online quiz that told you precisely what your favorite Disney
princess means about you? Well, we certainly have done so too many times, so we decided to do a little
investigation into how Internet quizzes, magazines and horoscope books seem to know us so well.
We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon
that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that
the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a
famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”
Indeed, Barnum proved to be right, as pseudoscience (伪科学) — such as astrology and personality test —
remains popular to this day. The Barnum effect explains why extremely general statements, such as the results of
your personality test, seem so specific to you. Don’t believe us? Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer
offered some proof.
In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You
have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself”
from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate theaccuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The
average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum
effect.
One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible,
with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content. For example, using the phrase “at times” makes for a
powerful Barnum Effect. See “At times you are extroverted and sociable, while at other times you are introverted
and reserved”— who would not agree with that statement?
So, keep in mind that we are not immune to the Barnum effect. Take everything you hear with several grains
of salt.
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2?
A. To present a controversial opinion. B. To provide an example of an idea.
C. To offer a solution to a problem. D. To define the meaning of a term.
2. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. Potential application of the Barnum effect. B. Further explanation of the Barnum effect.
C. Supporting evidence for the Barnum effect. D. A reasonable doubt of the research process.
3. Why do so many people believe the statements in horoscope and personality tests?
A. They are so specific. B. They are ambiguous. C. They are positive. D. They are believable.
4. How is the passage organized?
A. Problem—solution. B. Cause—effect.
C. Phenomenon—analysis. D. Claim—counterclaim.
(8)
(2023·湖北荆门·荆门市龙泉中学校联考二模)
On a tram smoothly pulling into the heart of Luxembourg City, Marck gives a smile and takes a look at the
fabric of the seat next to him. For him, the city’s trams are more than just transport. More even than the focus of his
job. They are about transforming his country and, perhaps, changing the world.
Marck is the director general of Luxtram, Luxembourg’s modern trams. It first started running services two
years ago. Next year, Luxembourg will become the world’s only country to get rid of fares on all its forms of public
transport. Luxembourg’s traffic problems come from its army of workers. The population of the capital city almost
doubles during the working day, when more than 110,000 people travel in and out.
After three decades when its roads have become so crowded, Luxembourg is going to do somethingremarkable. Free fares, and a plan to persuade people to switch from cars to trams or trains. Marck, along with
many others, is excited to see what happens next. “The fact that this is free means that everyone can use it — young
or old, rich or poor,” he said. “Everyone can say to themselves it’s better to leave the car at home. We must
continue to improve and extend the network. It must always be comfortable, well-connected, efficient.”
Lydie Polfer, the city’s mayor, says she hopes to reach the point where more than a third of people come into
the city using public transport — at the moment, it’s less than one in five. She said, “It’s not practical to ban cars
because some people, like the elderly, need them. But everyone has to be aware that he or she can do something to
improve the situation. There is an expression in German — you are not in the traffic jam — you are the traffic jam,
and that is true. I think that making it free will be the biggest arguments for people to use public transport. ”
1. Why does Marck think the city’s trams are more than just transport?
A. The trams are his goal that he strives for.
B. There are more means of transportation than trams.
C. City’s trams bring more changes beyond transport.
D. The trams are the heart of Luxembourg City transport system.
2. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cause of the traffic problems. B. The means of public transport.
C. The development of running services. D. The increase of working population.
3. What concerns people most when using the public transport?
A. The convenience. B. The fare. C. The comfort. D. The efficiency.
4. What can be inferred from what Lydie Polfer said?
A. The elderly needn’t use public transport.
B. It’s possible to persuade most people to use the trams.
C. Everyone can do his part to improve transport situation.
D. Those who don’t take public transport cause traffic jams.
