文档内容
考研英语二真题
2025
Text1
U.S. customers historically tipped people they assumed were earning most of their income
顾客 有史以来 给小费 认为 赚取 收入
via tips, such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage. In the early 2010s, a
小费 服务员 最低工资标准
wide range of businesses started processing purchases with iPads and other digital payment
广泛 处理 购买 数字 支付
systems. These systems often prompted customers to tip for services that were not previously
提醒 服务 之前
tipped.
美国顾客历来会给那些他们认为通过小费获得大部分收入的人小费，比如收入低于最低工资标准
的餐馆服务员。在 21 世纪 10 年代初，众多企业开始使用 iPad 和其他数字支付系统处理付款。这些
系统常常提醒顾客为之前无须付小费的服务支付小费
Today's tip requests are often not connected to the salary and service norms that used to
请求 联系 工资 服务标准
determine when and how people tip. Customers in the past nearly always paid tips after
决定
receiving a service, such as at the conclusion of a restaurant meal, after getting a haircut or
结尾 理发
once a pizza was delivered. That timing could reward high-quality service and give workers
送达 时间安排 奖励
an incentive to provide it.
激励
1如今索要小费往往与过去常常决定人们何时以及如何给小费的工资和服务标准无关。过去的顾客
几乎总是在接受一项服务后才支付小费，比如在餐馆用餐结束时、理发完毕后或比萨送达时。这样的
时间安排可以奖励高质量服务，并激励工作者提供优质服务
It's becoming more common for tips to be requested beforehand. And new tipping
普遍 要求 预先
technology may even automatically add tips.
自动地
预先索要小费变得越来越普遍。而且新的支付小费的技术甚至可能自动添加小费。
The prevalence of digital payment devices has made it easier to ask customers for a tip.
普及 数字的 设备
That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services. Customers now
逐渐出现
routinely see menus of suggested default options-often well above 20% of what they owe. The
经常性的 菜单 默认选项
amounts have risen from 10% or less in the 1950s to 15% around the year 2000 to 20% or
数额
higher today. This increase is sometimes called tipflation-the expectation of ever-higher tip
小费通胀 期望
amounts.
金额
数字支付设备的普及使得向顾客索要小费变得更加容易。这有助于解释为什么索要小费正逐渐出
现在新型服务中。顾客现在经常会看到附带着建议小费金额的默认选项的菜单——这些金额往往远高
于他们应付金额的20%。这一数额从 20世纪50年代的 10%或者更低增长到2000年前后的15%，再
到如今的20%或者更高。这种增长有时被称为“小费通胀”——期望小费金额不断增长。
2Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services,
重要的 来源 历来
like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US$2.13 an hour. Tip creep
最低工资 渐涨
and tipflation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.
小费通胀 补充 低工资
对于历来就收取小费的服务性行业 (比如餐馆) 的工作者来说，小费一直是重要的收入来源，在
这些行业中，有小费的 (员工的) 最低工资可能低至每小时2.13美元。小费渐涨和小费通胀如今正在
进一步补充许多低薪服务行业工作者的收入
Notably, tipping primarily benefits some of these workers, such as waiters, but not others,
值得注意的是 主要
such as cooks and dishwashers. To ensure that all employees were paid fair wages, some
洗碗工 确保 公平
restaurants banned tipping and increased prices, but this movement toward no-tipping services
禁止 转变 无小费服务
has largely fizzled out.
失败
值得注意的是，小费主要惠及这些工作者中的一部分，比如服务员，而不是其他人员，比如厨师
和洗碗工。为了确保所有员工都能拿到公平的工资，一些餐馆禁止给小费并提高了价格但这种向无小
费服务的转变在很大程度上已然失败了。
So, to increase employee wages without raising prices, more employers are succumbing to
屈从于
the temptations of tip creep and tipflation. However, many customers are frustrated because
诱惑 渐涨 通胀 沮丧的
3they feel they are being asked for too high of a tip, too often. And, as our research emphasizes,
强调
tipping now seems to be more coercive, less generous and often completely disassociated from
强制性 慷慨 无关
service quality.
质量
因此，为了在不提高价格的情况下增加员工工资，更多的雇主正屈服于小费渐涨和小费通胀的诱
惑。然而，许多顾客感到沮丧，因为他们觉得自己被索要过高的小费，且这种情况太过频繁。而且，
正如我们的研究强调的那样，如今给小费似乎多了强制性、少了慷慨，而且往往与服务质量完全无关。
Text2
When it was established, the National Health Service (NHS) was visionary: offering high-
创立 有远见的 提供
quality, timely care to meet the dominant needs of the population it served. Nearly 75 years
质量 及时的 主要的 人群 服务
on, with the UK facing very different health challenges, it is clear that the model is out of date.
医疗挑战 模式
英国国家医疗服务体系 (NHS) 创立之初颇具远见：提供优质、及时的医疗护理，以满足所服务
人群的主要需求。然而将近75年过去了，英国面临着截然不同的医疗挑战，这一模式明显已经过时。
From life expectancy to cancer and infant mortality rates, we are lagging behind many of
预期寿命 癌症 婴儿 死亡率 落后
our peers. With more than 6.8 million on waitlists, healthcare is becoming increasingly
等待者 医疗保健
4inaccessible for those who cannot opt to pay for private treatment; and the cost of providing
无法 私立医疗费用
healthcare is increasingly squeezing out investment in other public services, As demand for
医疗 挤压 资金投入 需求
healthcare continues to grow, pressures on the workforce-which is already near breaking point-
压力 崩溃
will only become more acute.
严重的
从预期寿命到癌症死亡率和婴儿死亡率，我们都落后于许多同类国家。由于医疗等待者名单上的
人数超过680万，对于那些无法选择支付私立医疗费用的人来说，医疗服务变得越来越难以获得而且
提供医疗服务的成本也越来越严重地挤压着其他公共服务方面的资金投入。随着对医疗服务的需求持
续增长本就濒临崩溃的医疗人员所承受的压力只会更大
Many of the answers to the crisis in health and care are well rehearsed. We need to be much
危机 护理 反复探讨
better at reducing and diverting demand on health services, rather than simply managing it.
减少 转移 医疗服务 仅仅 管理
Much more needs to be invested in communities and primary care to reduce our reliance on
投入 社区 基础医疗 依赖
hospitals. And capacity in social care needs to be greater, to support the growing number of
能力
people living with long-term conditions.
长期疾病
针对医疗和护理危机的诸多解决办法都已被反复探讨过。我们需要在减少和转移医疗服务需求方
面做得更好，而不仅仅是管理这种需求。社区和基础医疗方面的投入需要加大，以减少我们对医院的
依赖。同时，社会关怀方面的能力也需要提高，以帮助越来越多患有长期疾病的人。
5Yet despite two decades of strategies and a number of major health reforms, we have failed
尽管 战略 医疗改革
to make meaningful progress on any of these aims. That is why the Reform think tank is
实质性 进展
launching a new programme of work entitled “Reimagining health”, supported by ten former
推出 工作计划 名为
health ministers. Together, we are calling for a much more open and honest conversation about
部长 呼吁 坦诚 对话
the future of health in the UK, and an “urgent rethink" of the hospital-centric model we retain.
紧急反思 以医院为中心 模式
然而，尽管二十年间制定了诸多战略并进行了多项重大医疗改革，我们在上述任意目标上都未能
取得实质性进展。正因如此，“改革”智库正在推出一项名为“Reimagininghealth”的新工作计划，该
计划得到了十位卫生部前部长的支持。我们共同呼吁就英国医疗的未来展开更开放、更坦诚的对话，
并对我们现存的以医院为中心的医疗模式进行“紧急反思”
This must begin with the question of how we maximise the health of the nation, rather than
最大限度
“fix” the NHS. It is estimated, for example, that healthcare accounts for only about 20% of
修复 估计 占比
health outcomes. Much more important are the places we live, work and socialize -yet there is
结果 社交场所
no clear cross-government strategy for improving these social determinants of health. Worse,
跨政府部门 战略 改善 因素
when policies like the national obesity strategy are scrapped, taxpayers are left with the heavy
政策 肥胖 战略 废除 纳税人
6price tag of treating the illnesses, like diabetes, that result.
疾病 糖尿病
这必须从“我们如何最大限度地提升国民健康水平”这一问题入手，而非仅仅“修复”NHS。例
如，据估计，只有约 20%的健康结果是由医疗服务带来的。对健康影响更大的是我们生活、工作和社
交的场所，然而并没有明确的跨政府部门战略来改善这些影响健康的社会因素。更糟糕的是，当国家
肥胖症防治战略之类的政策被废除时，纳税人就得为治疗由此引发的疾病 (如糖尿病) 承担高昂的费
用
Reform wants to ask how power and resources should be distributed in our health system.
改革 资源 分配
What health functions should remain at the centre, and what should be given to local leaders,
职能 保留 中央
often responsible for services that create health, and with a much better understanding of the
负责
needs of their populations?
群众
“改革”智库希望探讨在我们的医疗体系中权力和资源应该如何分配。哪些医疗职能应当保留在
中央，哪些应下放给地方领导？地方领导往往负责关乎民众健康的服务工作，并且他们对当地民众的
需求有着更深入的了解。
Text 3
Heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years. In
高温行动计划 迅速增多
7general, an HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert
通常 详细说明 发布高温预警 使警惕
hospitals and other institutions. Nagpur's plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “cold
机构 例如 要求 留出
wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction
清凉病房 中暑患者
laborers a break from work on very hot days.
建筑工人
在过去几年里，应对高温行动计划 (HAPS )在印度迅速增多。通常，应对高温行动计划会详细说
明官员发布高温预警并向医院及其他机构发出预警的时间及方式。例如，那格浦尔市的计划要求医院
在夏季留出“清凉病房”来救治中暑患者，还建议建筑商让建筑工人在酷热天气停工休息。
But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a report from the
执行情况 参差不齐
Center for Policy Research. Many lack adequate funding, it found. And their triggering
政策研究中心 资金支持
thresholds often are not customized to the local climate. In some areas, high daytime
触发阀值 定制的 气候 白天
temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts. But in other places, nighttime
作为 足够的 出发 警报 夜晚
temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.
湿度 风险判断
然而，政策研究中心的一份报告显示，现有的 HAPS 的执行情况参差不齐。该报告发现，许多
HAPS都缺乏足够的资金支持。而且警报的触发阈值往往不是根据当地气候定制的。在某些地区，仅
白天的高温就可能足以触发警报。但在其他地方，夜间的温度或湿度可能与白天的最高气温一样，是
衡量高温风险的重要指标
8Mumbai's April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized
孟买 中暑死亡事件 突出 细致 当地
warnings, researchers say. That day's high temperature of roughly 36℃ was 1℃ shy of the
约为
heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the
热浪警报阀值 沿海的 国家气象部门
effects of the heat were amplified by humidity-an often neglected factor in heat alert systems-
增强 湿度 忽略
and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.
阴凉处 户外仪式现场
研究人员表示，孟买 4 月份发生的中暑死亡事件凸显了更细致、更贴合当地情况的预警的必要
性。那天的高温约为 36℃，比国家气象部门为沿海城市设定的热浪警报阈值低 1℃。但湿度 (高温预
警系统中经常被忽视的因素) 以及上午晚些时候的户外仪式现场缺少阴凉处，使得高温的影响更加严
重
To help improve HAPs, urban planner Kotharkar's team is working on a model plan that
改进 城市 示范计划
outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions. Among other things, she says,
概述 实践 适应 当地情况
all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at
一份脆弱性地图 聚焦于 应答
risk.
为了帮助改进HAPS，城市规划师 Kotharkar的团队正在制定一个示范计划，该计划概述了最佳
实践做法，且能够根据当地情况进行调整。她说，除此之外，所有城市都应该绘制一份脆弱性地图，
以帮助将应对措施重点聚焦在最有风险的人群上。
9Such mapping doesn't need to be complex, Kotharkar says. “A useful map can be created
绘图 复杂的
by looking at even a few key parameters.” For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly
关键因素 街区 老年人
population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be
非正式住所 对付、应付
bolstered with cooling centers. The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability
增强 降温中心 绘制 风险 脆弱性
map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event
能够 官员 截取 关注
of a heat wave this summer.
热浪
Kotharkar表示，绘制这样的地图并不需要很复杂。“即使只考虑几个关键因素，也能绘制出一张
有用的地图。例如，可以给老年人口众多的街区或应对高温能力不足的非正式住宅区发送特别预警，
或者在这些街区或非正式住宅区中设立降温中心以增强其应对能力。那格浦尔市的计划已经绘制了一
份风险和脆弱性地图，这使得 Kotharkar 能够告知官员们，如果今年夏天热浪来袭，应该关注哪些街
区
HAPs shouldn't just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also
短期应急相应措施
recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler. In Nagpur,
建议 中长期措施 社区
for example, Kotharkar's team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees
建议
to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building
阴凉处 指导 房屋改造 修订
10regulations. “Reducing deaths in an emergency is good target to have, but it's the lowest
法规 减少 紧急情况 目标
target,"” says climate researcher Chandni Singh.
气候研究员
研究人员称 HAPS 不应只包含短期应急响应措施，还应提出能让社区变得更凉爽的中长期措施。
例如，在那格浦尔市，Kotharkar 的团队已经能够就在何处种树以提供阴凉处的问题向市政官员提出
建议。HAPS还可以指导房屋改造工作或建筑规范修订工作。气候研究人员 Chandni Singh 表示:“减
少在紧急情况下的死亡人数是一个不错的目标，但这只是最低目标
Text 4
Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces, desire paths
横穿 规划 路面 城市空间 心选小路
are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared
非正式 足迹 社区 揭示 心照不宣的 偏好
shortcuts and collective choices of humans. Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through
捷径 集体的 踩踏 土路
otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns
否则 整洁的 路线 集体 不遵守规则 抄近道 穿过草坪
and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A
体现 天生的 能力
to point B most effectively.
有效率的
在我们城市空间中规划好的人行道和公园之外，心选小路是社区的非正式足迹，其揭示了人们心
照不宣的偏好、共享的捷径和集体的选择。这些 (因) 集体不遵守规则 (而形成) 的路径常常以踩踏
11而成的土路的形式出现在原本整洁的绿地中，它们抄近道、穿过草坪、越过山丘，体现了人类 (以及
动物) 从A点到B点最高效移动的本能。
Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts; they offer
认为 心选小路 不仅仅是 方便的 捷径
valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour. Ohio State University
宝贵的 见解 动态关系 行为
allowed its students to navigate the Oval, a lawn in the centre of campus, freely, then proceeded
穿行 校园中心 自由 继续
to pave the desire paths, creating a web of effective routes students had established.
铺路 有效 创建
城市规划者认为，心选小路不仅仅是方便的捷径，它们还为规划与行为之间的动态关系提供了宝
贵的见解。俄亥俄州立大学允许学生自由穿行校园中心的Oval草坪，继而铺砌这些学生走出的心选小
路，创建出一个由学生开辟的有效路线网络
Yet, reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans,
不情愿 坚持 规划者 纳入 正式规划
citing concerns about safety, environmental impact, or primarily, aesthetics. A Reddit webpage
担心 影响 主要 美观
devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local
致力于 现象 自夸 展示
desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways,
装饰、装扮 行人 遵循 指定的
underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks. This clash highlights
凸显 叛逆 固有的 人为踏出的小路 矛盾 凸显
12an ongoing struggle between the organic, user-driven evolution of public spaces and the desire
持续存在的斗争 演变
for a visually curated and controlled urban environment.
看上去 精心规划
然而，其他城市规划者坚持不愿将心选小路纳入正式规划，他们担心安全问题、环境影响，或主
要是美观问题。一个专门讨论这一现象且拥有近5万名成员的Reddit网页，展示了当地心选小路的图
片，这些小路设有指示行人遵循指定走道的标志，这凸显了这些人为踏出的小路所固有的反叛属性。
这一矛盾凸显了一种持续存在的斗争，它发生在公共空间由使用者主导的自然演变与追求看上去精心
规划且可控的城市环境之间
The Wickquasgeck Trail is an example of a historical desire path, created by Native
历史上的
Americans to cross the forests of Manhattan and move between settlements quickly. This trail,
美洲原住居民 定居点
when Dutch colonists arrived, was widened and made into one of the main trade roads across
殖民者 主要贸易道路
the island, known at the time as de Heere Straat or Gentlemen's Street. Following the British
当时
assumption of control in New York. the street was renamed Broadway. Notably, Broadway
接管 值得注意的是
stands out as one of the few areas in NYC that defies the grid-based system applied to the rest
打破 网格布局系统
of the city, cutting a diagonal across parts of the city.
斜穿
Wickquasgeck Trail是历史上心选小路的一个典型代表，它由美洲原住民开辟，用于穿越曼哈顿的
森林并快速往返于各个定居点之间。荷兰殖民者到来后，这条小路被拓宽，并成为岛上的主要贸易道
路之一，当时被称为 de Heere Straat，即Gentlemen'sStreet。在英国人接管纽约后，这条街道被改名为
13百老汇。值得注意的是，百老汇是纽约市少数几个打破该市其他地区采用的网格布局系统的区域之一，
它斜穿部分城区。
In online spaces, desire paths have sparked a fascination that can approach obsession, with
在网络世界 激起 兴趣 痴迷
the Reddit page serving as a hub, Contributors offer a wide array of stories, from little-known
中心 大量的、形形色色的
new shortcuts to long-established alternate routes.
新捷径 存在已久的 替代
在网络世界中，心选小路激起了近乎痴迷的强烈兴趣，Reddit网页则成了这一现象的中心。投稿
者们分享了形形色色的故事，从鲜为人知的新捷径到存在已久的替代路线
Animal desire paths, such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving
开辟
direct routes in gardens, highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal
直达路线 凸显 适应性
experiences. As desire paths criss-cross through both physical and virtual landscapes, they
纵横交错 在现实和虚拟景观中
stand as a proof of the collective insistence on forging unconventional routes and embracing
证明 集体 坚持 开辟 非传统路线 拥抱
the spirit of communal choice.
精神 集体的
动物的心选小路，如鸭子在池塘的冰面上开辟的小路，或狗在花园里开辟的直达路线，凸显了这
些小路在人类和动物经历中的适应性。随着心选小路在现实和虚拟景观中纵横交错，它们证明了人们
集体坚持开辟非传统路线并拥抱集体选择的精神。
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