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2025年军队文职人员招聘《英语语言文学》
预测试卷
即刻题库 www.jike.vip
1 、 单选题
I apologize if I( )you，but I assure you it was unintentional.
A ： offend
B ： had offended
C ： should have offended
D ： might have offended
2 、 单选题
Which item does not fall under the same category as the rest？( )
A ： University/college
B ： Move/run
C ： Furniture/table
D ： Mature/ripe
3 、 单选题
Big Ben is in
A ： London
B ： New York
C ： Washington
D ： Liverpool
4 、 单选题
Semantics is the study of( ).
A ： words
B ： sentences
C ： context
D ： meaning5 、 单选题
“X buys something from Y” and“Y sells something to X” are in a relation of ( )
A ： hyponymy
B ： gradable antonymy
C ： complementary antonymy
D ： converse antonymy
6 、 单选题
The smallest meaningful unit of language is ( )
A ： phone
B ： morpheme
C ： phoneme
D ： allomorph
7 、 单选题
Waiting for Godot is written by ( )
A ： Samuel Beckett
B ： James Joyce
C ： Oscar Wide
D ： H.Lawrence
8 、 单选题
Once environmental damage( )，it takes many years for the system to recover.
A ： has done
B ： is to do
C ： does
D ： is done
9 、 单选题
The American president involved in Watergate Scandal was( )
A ： Richard Nixon
B ： George Bush
C ： Andrew Jackson
D ： Bill Clinton
10 、 单选题
The Cooperative Principle is proposed by ( ).
A ： SaussureB ： Grice
C ： homsky
D ： Leech
11 、 单选题
Ten amendments introduced by James Madison in 1789 were added to the
Constitution， which are known as( )
A ： the Bill of Rights
B ： the Civil Rights
C ： Federalist Papers
D ： the Articles of Confederation
12 、 单选题
Which of the following is NOT included in G.Leech′s seven types of meaning？( )
A ： Connotative meaning
B ： Denotative meaning
C ： onceptual meaning
D ： Affective meaning
13 、 单选题
Which one of the following studies the internal structure of words， and the rules by
which words are ( ) formed？
A ： Morphology
B ： Syntax
C ： Phonology
D ： Semantics
14 、 单选题
( ) is the defining properties of units like number， gender， case.
A ： Parts of speech
B ： Word classes
C ： Grammatical categories
D ： Functions of words
15 、 单选题
Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university( ).
A ： has been accepted
B ： have been accepted
C ： was accepted
D ： were accepted16 、 单选题
The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the( ).
A ： contribution a state has made to the nation
B ： population
C ： size
D ： none of the above
17 、 单选题
The shutters stood( )，and through one of the newly-washed windows I caught the
light of a fire.
A ： wide
B ： straight
C ： upright
D ： widely
18 、 单选题
The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word ( )
A ： is interpreted through the mediation of concept
B ： is related to the thing it refers to
C ： is the idea associated with that word“in the mind of the speaker”
D ： is the image it is represented in the mind
19 、 单选题
Britain’s first permanent colony in Australia was founded in( ).
A ： 1770
B ： 1625
C ： 1783
D ： 1788
20 、 单选题
Alexander Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of
school in ( ) the first half of the 18th century.
A ： romantic
B ： pre-romantic
C ： Neoclassical
D ： realistic21 、 单选题
Members of House of Commons hold their seat for( )years at most.
A ： Five
B ： Four
C ： Seven
D ： Three
22 、 单选题
( ) deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic
worldexperience.
A ： Reference
B ： Concept
C ： Semantics
D ： Sense
23 、 单选题
Year-end bonus will be( )according to individual contribution.
A ： detached
B ： apportioned
C ： separated
D ： allocated
24 、 单选题
Which of the following is NOT a representative of Modernism？
A ： Mark Twain
B ： Earnest Hemingway
C ： Ezra Pound
D ： Robert Frost
25 、 单选题
Uncle Tom′s Cabin was written by ( )
A ： Nathaniel Hawthome
B ： Harriet Beecher Stowe
C ： Stephen Crane
D ： Eugene O’Neil
26 、 单选题
Semantic triangle is made up of reference， symbol and ( )A ： referent
B ： meaning
C ： thought
D ： words or phrases
27 、 单选题
In an effort to( )culture shocks，I think it is necessary to know something about the
nature of culture.
A ： get off
B ： get by
C ： get through
D ： get over
28 、 单选题
The population of working age increased by 1 million between 1981 and 1986，(
)today it is barely growing.
A ： whereas
B ： even if
C ： after
D ： now that
29 、 单选题
Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English
plural morpheme？( )
A ： [s]
B ： [iz]
C ： [ai]
D ： [is]
30 、 单选题
( )，he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A ： lthough much he likes her
B ： Much although he likes her
C ： As he likes her much
D ： Much as he likes her
31 、 单选题
When did the War of Independence of America break out？( )
A ： 1775
B ： 1812C ： 1861
D ： 1863
32 、 单选题
The first ten amendments，known as( )were added to the American Constitution in
1791.
A ： the Bill of Rights
B ： the Articles
C ： ivil Rights
D ： the Bill of Civil Rights
33 、 单选题
China is an agricultural country，therefore agriculture is inevitably( )in national
economy.
A ： inevitable
B ： fundamental
C ： radical
D ： basic
34 、 单选题
My son failed to come back last night.This morming the police came to our house
and( )my worst fears that he was injured in a car accident.
A ： advocated
B ： confirmed
C ： promised
D ： insured
35 、 单选题
Australia has several different climatic regions，from warm to( )and tropical.
A ： temperate
B ： subtropical
C ： humid
D ： continental
36 、 单选题
The old man has developed a( )headache which cannot be cured in a short time.
A ： perpetual
B ： permanent
C ： chronic
D ： sustained37 、 单选题
We just have to bear the hot weather these days.( )，it will be over soon.
A ： Somehow
B ： Anyway
C ： Besides
D ： Therefore
38 、 单选题
With regard to its size， the U.S.A.is the( )country in the world.
A ： largest
B ： second largest
C ： third largest
D ： fourth largest
39 、 单选题
The Declaration of Independence was drafted by( ).
A ： James Madison
B ： Thomas Jefferson
C ： Alexander Hamilton
D ： George Washington
40 、 单选题
The machinery had been wrecked so efficiently that police were sure it was a case of (
)
A ： vagabond
B ： sabotage
C ： paradox
D ： tachyon
41 、 单选题
He chose medicine but found，once again，some lack of meaning and so
interrupted his studies first to collect( )in the Amazon River and later to spend time
recuperating from illness by a trip to Europe.
A ： fragments
B ： commons
C ： laments
D ： specimens42 、 单选题
Emily Dickinson was regarded mainly as a( n) ( )
A ： novelist
B ： poet
C ： playwright
D ： essayist
43 、 单选题
She ought to stop working.She has a headache because she( )too long.
A ： has been reading
B ： had read
C ： is reading
D ： read
44 、 单选题
( )to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A ： Hardly had he begun
B ： No sooner had he begun
C ： Not until he began
D ： Scarcely did he begin
45 、 单选题
Phatic communication refers to( ).
A ： language’s function of the expression of identity
B ： social interaction of language
C ： language′s function of expressing it self
D ： sociological use of language
46 、 单选题
The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part
of another is ( ) called
A ： blending
B ： clipping
C ： acronym
D ： compounding
47 、 单选题
A writer who wants to convince his readers of a point of view must marshall hisarguments assert the virtues of his opinions，and( )the possible protests of the
opposition.
A ： diminish
B ： demonstrate
C ： declare
D ： demolish
48 、 单选题
Today is Children’s Day，you are allowed to eat( )in my restaurant.
A ： free
B ： freely
C ： hard
D ： hardly
49 、 单选题
The indigenous people in Australia are( )，which have 2.2% of the total population in
2001.
A ： aborigines
B ： Maoris
C ： herokees
D ： people from India
50 、 单选题
The last half of the nineteenth century( )the steady improvement in the means of
travel.
A ： has witnessed
B ： was witnessed
C ： witnessed
D ： is witnessed
51 、 单选题
The Cooperative Principles were put forward by( ).
A ： John Langshaw Austin
B ： J.Firbas
C ： Herbert Paul Grice
D ： H.L.Smith
52 、 单选题
In Australia， the Constitution can be changed only by ( )
A ： referendumB ： ritish Queen
C ： the Prime Minister
D ： the Supreme Court
53 、 单选题
Which one of the following maxims is not included in the Cooperative Principle？( )
A ： Maxim of Quality
B ： Maxim of Manner
C ： Maxim of Cooperation
D ： Maxim of Quantity
54 、 单选题
The word“motel” is formed via word formation rule of ( )
A ： clipping
B ： blending
C ： acronym
D ： coinage
55 、 单选题
Which of the following writers is a novelist of the 20th century？
A ： John Keats
B ： Charles Lamb
C ： Walter Scott
D ： James Joyce
56 、 单选题
The main theme of Emily Dickinson′s poems isthe following except( )
A ： friendship
B ： love and marriage
C ： life and death
D ： war and peace
57 、 单选题
A writer who wants to convince his readers of a point of view must marshall his
arguments assert the virtues of his opinions，and( )the possible protests of the
opposition.
A ： diminish
B ： demonstrate
C ： declare
D ： demolish58 、 单选题
Theme and Rheme are terms in ( )of syntax.
A ： the Traditional Approach
B ： the Structural Approach
C ： the Functional Approach
D ： the Generative Approach
59 、 单选题
( ) is regarded as the“father of American literature”
A ： James Fenimore Cooper
B ： Ralph Waldo Emerson
C ： Thomas Jefferson
D ： Washington Irving
60 、 单选题
It( )we had stayed together for a couple of weeks( )I found we had a lot in common.
A ： was until；when
B ： was until；that
C ： wasn’t；when
D ： wasn’t until；that
61 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone thatcovers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Greeley probably felt that his greatest accomplishment was _____.
A ： rising from poverty to wealth
B ： becoming a popular political leader
C ： founding?the New York?Tribune
D ： All of the above
62 、 不定项选择题
“Popular art” has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision,
which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends
to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of
folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just
as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art,
never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular
music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a
different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an
accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its
fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest
achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing
the essential trashiness of the genre.
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical
political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas,
a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is
caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity
or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and
unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music
more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound
like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first
performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message
of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.
Or consider Verdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any
characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the
singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent
psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence
was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost
always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the
other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the
consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is
achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite
his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of
somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer
had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and
effectiveness.
The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in order to suggest _____.
A ： that their achievements are no less substantial than those of VerdiB ： that their works are examples of great trash
C ： the extent to which Schubert and Brahms influenced the later compositions of
Verdi
D ： that popular music could be employed in compositions intended as high art
63 、 不定项选择题
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful
actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent
research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists
supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of
their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of
a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative
consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first
stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made
by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment
will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based
entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between
accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier,
regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second
stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but
view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions,
and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those
acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications
excusing harmful actions might include?public?duty, self-defense, and provocation.
For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering
whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds
reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Arm’s pretend house” depending on
whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted
“to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral
absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving
unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the
following points?
A ： The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit
B ： The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional andunintentional harm
C ： The intentions children have in perpetrating harm
D ： The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts
64 、 不定项选择题
“Popular art” has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision,
which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends
to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of
folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just
as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art,
never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular
music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a
different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an
accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its
fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest
achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing
the essential trashiness of the genre.
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical
political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas,
a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is
caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity
or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and
unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music
more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound
like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first
performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message
of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.
Or consider Verdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any
characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the
singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent
psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence
was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost
always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the
other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the
consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is
achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite
his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of
somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer
had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and
effectiveness.
According to the passage, all of the following characterize musical drama before
Verdi EXCEPT: _____.
A ： music used for the purpose of defining a character
B ： adaptation of music from other operas
C ： psychological inconsistency in the portrayal of characters
D ： expression of emotional states in a series of dramatic situations65 、 不定项选择题
What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her
neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn’t afford warmth
in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only
decorates. We might say it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off: the
head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of
the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only
the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a?point du
vue?favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the
back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting.
When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviously
impractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic
to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yet
most people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I
think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled
around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down
those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied
small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it
me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are.
In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific.
Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change
the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces,
including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most
women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought
out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid
pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain
them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry, with
dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me
six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric
friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal
roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend
themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
The function of the necklace is to _____.
A ： keep people warm
B ： provide people with protection
C ： make people beautiful
D ： build up people’s confidence
66 、 不定项选择题
Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious
hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next
generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the
case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto
Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double
standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to
experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals.Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a
shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book
may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.
As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected,
sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They
represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s books, several
publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of
adult books.
Many print books are bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card
are lost on most 6-year-olds. Children’s books are also a bright spot for brick-and-
mortar bookstores, since parents often want to flip through an entire book before
buying it, something they usually cannot do with e-book browsing. A study
commissioned by HarperCollins in 2010 found that books bought for 3- to 7-year-olds
were frequently discovered at a local bookstore—38percent of the time.
And here is a question for a digital era debate: is anything lost by taking a picture
book and converting it to an e-book? Junko Yokota, a professor and director of the
Center for Teaching Through Children’s Books at National Louis University in
Chicago, thinks the answer is yes, because the shape and size of the book are often
part of the reading experience. Wider pages might be used to convey broad
landscapes, or a taller format might be chosen for stories about skyscrapers. Size and
shape “become part of the emotional experience, the intellectual experience.
There’s a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format,” said Ms.
Yokota, who has lectured on how to decide when a child’s book is best suited for
digital or print format.
Publishers say they are gradually increasing the number of print picture books
that they are converting to digital format, even though it is time—consuming and
expensive, and developers have been busy creating interactive children’s book
apps. While the entry of new tablet devices from Barnes&Noble and Amazon this fall
is expected to increase the demand for children’s e-books, several publishers said
they suspected that many parents would still prefer the print versions.
“There’s definitely a predisposition to print,” said Jon Yaged, president and
publisher of Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group. “And the parents are the
same folks who will have no qualms about buying an e-book for themselves,” he
added.
That is the ease in the home of Ari Wallach, a tech-obsessed New York
entrepreneur who helps companies update their technology. He himself reads on
Kindle, iPad and iPhone, but the room of his twin girls is packed with only print
books. “I know I’m a Luddite on this, but there’s something very personal about
a book and not one of one thousand files on an iPad, something that’s connected
and emotional, something I grew up with and that l want them to grow up with,” he
said. “I recognize that when they are my age, it’ll be difficult to find a’ dead-tree
book,” he added. “That being said, I feel that learning with books is as important a
rite of passage as learning to eat with utensils and being potty-trained.”
Which of the following can best describe the publishers’ opinion?
A ： They will convert more picture books to digital format because of the increased
demand for children’s e-books
B ： They will increase the number of print picture books because many parents
want their children to be surrounded by print books.
C ： Print books are reduced to gift.
D ： Parents would change their reading habits due to their concern for their
children.67 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.
A ： to improve their hard life
B ： in view of their long-distance travel
C ： to add some flavor to their own daily life
D ： out of a charitable impulse
68 、 不定项选择题
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of
the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down
fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault
and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
What is the best title of this passage?
A ： M&A Wave in Argentina.
B ： Disadvantages of the Merger Movement.
C ： M&A Wave around the World.
D ： Benefits of M&A Wave.
69 、 不定项选择题
What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her
neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn’t afford warmth
in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only
decorates. We might say it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off: the
head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of
the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only
the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a?point du
vue?favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the
back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting.
When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviouslyimpractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic
to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yet
most people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I
think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled
around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down
those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied
small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it
me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are.
In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific.
Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change
the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces,
including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most
women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought
out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid
pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain
them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry, with
dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me
six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric
friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal
roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend
themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
Some men “feign polite interest” means _____.
A ： They are keenly interested
B ： They are not interested at all because they are men
C ： They are slightly interested
D ： They pretend to be interested out of politeness
70 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone thatcovers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
The?Tribune?was different from all other American papers because it was _____.
A ： available by subscription only
B ： printed in New York city
C ： distributed throughout the nation
D ： it offered the editor’s personal opinions only
71 、 不定项选择题
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in
such a glamorous, fun-filled p lace are happier than others. If so, you have some
mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and
happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act.
Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are
fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even
laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the
fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us
that happiness has nothing to do with fan. These rich, beautiful individuals have
constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that
spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness
hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken
marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less
and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a
commitment. For commitment is in tact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun,
adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most
distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of
painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as
late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep
or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to
describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is
one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we
can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It
liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to
increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now
understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy
because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
If one gets the meaning of the true sense of happiness, he will _____.
A ： stop playing games and joking with others
B ： make the best use of his time increasing happinessC ： give a free hand to money
D ： keep himself with his family
72 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.
A ： rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B ： small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C ： anadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D ： most Americans are ready to offer help
73 、 不定项选择题
What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her
neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn’t afford warmth
in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it onlydecorates. We might say it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off: the
head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of
the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only
the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a?point du
vue?favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the
back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting.
When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviously
impractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic
to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yet
most people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I
think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled
around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down
those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied
small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it
me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are.
In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific.
Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change
the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces,
including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most
women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought
out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid
pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain
them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry, with
dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me
six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric
friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal
roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend
themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
“Gender specific” means _____.
A ： both men and women
B ： either men or women
C ： neither men nor women
D ： related to one sex only
74 、 不定项选择题
What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her
neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn’t afford warmth
in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only
decorates. We might say it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off: the
head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of
the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only
the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a?point du
vue?favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the
back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting.
When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviously
impractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic
to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yetmost people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I
think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled
around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down
those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied
small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it
me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are.
In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific.
Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change
the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces,
including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most
women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought
out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid
pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain
them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry, with
dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me
six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric
friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal
roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend
themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
From this article we can gather that _____.
A ： Only women like necklaces
B ： Only men like necklaces
C ： Most women like necklaces
D ： Most men like necklaces
75 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editorasked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”Horace gladly accepted his first job _____.
A ： because of the kind of work it was
B ： because of the high salary offered
C ： because of the location of the office
D ： became he couldn’t find any other job
76 、 不定项选择题
“Popular art” has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision,
which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends
to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of
folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just
as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art,
never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular
music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a
different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an
accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its
fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest
achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing
the essential trashiness of the genre.
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical
political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas,
a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is
caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity
or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and
unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music
more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound
like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first
performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message
of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.
Or consider Verdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any
characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the
singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent
psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence
was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost
always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the
other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the
consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is
achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite
his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of
somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer
had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and
effectiveness.
According to the passage, one of Verdi’s achievements within the framework of
nineteenth-century opera and its conventions was to _____.
A ： limit the extent to which singers influenced the musical compositions and
performance of his operas
B ： use his operas primarily as forums to protest both the moral corruption anddogmatic rigidity of the political leaders of his time
C ： portray psychologically complex characters shaped by the political environment
surrounding them
D ： incorporate elements of folklore into both the music and plots of his operas
77 、 不定项选择题
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in
such a glamorous, fun-filled p lace are happier than others. If so, you have some
mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and
happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act.
Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are
fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even
laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the
fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us
that happiness has nothing to do with fan. These rich, beautiful individuals have
constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that
spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness
hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken
marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less
and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a
commitment. For commitment is in tact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun,
adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most
distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of
painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as
late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep
or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to
describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is
one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we
can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It
liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to
increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now
understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy
because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
Which of the following is true?
A ： Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction
B ： Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.
C ： Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.
D ： Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.78 、 不定项选择题
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of
the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down
fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault
and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
Practice?4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production ofthe 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down
fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault
and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
What is the typical trend, of businesses today?
A ： the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
B ： World Corn serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
C ： the costs of the globalization process are enormous
D ： the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
79 、 不定项选择题
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in
such a glamorous, fun-filled p lace are happier than others. If so, you have some
mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and
happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act.
Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are
fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even
laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the
fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us
that happiness has nothing to do with fan. These rich, beautiful individuals have
constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that
spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness
hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken
marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less
and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a
commitment. For commitment is in tact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun,
adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most
distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of
painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as
late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep
or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to
describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is
one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we
can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It
liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to
increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now
understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy
because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
In the author’s opinion, marriage _____.
A ： affords greater fun
B ： leads to raising children
C ： indicates commitment
D ： ends in pain
80 、 不定项选择题
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of
the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the samethreats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down
fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault
and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be _____.
A ： optimistic
B ： objective
C ： pessimistic
D ： biased
81 、 不定项选择题
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of
the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down
fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renaultand Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
What is the typical trend, of businesses today?
A ： To take in more foreign funds.
B ： To invest-more abroad.
C ： To combine and become bigger.
D ： To trade with more, countries.
82 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.The tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.
A ： tends to be superficial and artificial
B ： is generally well kept up in the United States
C ： is always understood properly
D ： has something to do with the busy tourist trails
83 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?
A ： Favorable.
B ： Unfavorable.
C ： Indifferent.
D ： Neutral.
84 、 不定项选择题“Popular art” has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision,
which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends
to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of
folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just
as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art,
never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular
music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a
different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an
accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its
fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest
achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing
the essential trashiness of the genre.
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical
political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas,
a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is
caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity
or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and
unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music
more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound
like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first
performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message
of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.
Or consider Verdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any
characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the
singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent
psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence
was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost
always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the
other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the
consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is
achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite
his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of
somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer
had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and
effectiveness.
It can be inferred that the author regards Verdi’s revisions to his operas with _____.
A ： regret that the original music and texts were altered
B ： concern that many of the revisions altered the plots of the original work
C ： approval for the intentions that motivated the revisions
D ： puzzlement, since the revisions seem largely insignificant
85 、 不定项选择题
Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious
hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next
generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the
case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto
Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital doublestandard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to
experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals.
Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a
shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book
may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.
As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected,
sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They
represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s books, several
publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of
adult books.
Many print books are bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card
are lost on most 6-year-olds. Children’s books are also a bright spot for brick-and-
mortar bookstores, since parents often want to flip through an entire book before
buying it, something they usually cannot do with e-book browsing. A study
commissioned by HarperCollins in 2010 found that books bought for 3- to 7-year-olds
were frequently discovered at a local bookstore—38percent of the time.
And here is a question for a digital era debate: is anything lost by taking a picture
book and converting it to an e-book? Junko Yokota, a professor and director of the
Center for Teaching Through Children’s Books at National Louis University in
Chicago, thinks the answer is yes, because the shape and size of the book are often
part of the reading experience. Wider pages might be used to convey broad
landscapes, or a taller format might be chosen for stories about skyscrapers. Size and
shape “become part of the emotional experience, the intellectual experience.
There’s a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format,” said Ms.
Yokota, who has lectured on how to decide when a child’s book is best suited for
digital or print format.
Publishers say they are gradually increasing the number of print picture books
that they are converting to digital format, even though it is time—consuming and
expensive, and developers have been busy creating interactive children’s book
apps. While the entry of new tablet devices from Barnes&Noble and Amazon this fall
is expected to increase the demand for children’s e-books, several publishers said
they suspected that many parents would still prefer the print versions.
“There’s definitely a predisposition to print,” said Jon Yaged, president and
publisher of Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group. “And the parents are the
same folks who will have no qualms about buying an e-book for themselves,” he
added.
That is the ease in the home of Ari Wallach, a tech-obsessed New York
entrepreneur who helps companies update their technology. He himself reads on
Kindle, iPad and iPhone, but the room of his twin girls is packed with only print
books. “I know I’m a Luddite on this, but there’s something very personal about
a book and not one of one thousand files on an iPad, something that’s connected
and emotional, something I grew up with and that l want them to grow up with,” he
said. “I recognize that when they are my age, it’ll be difficult to find a’ dead-tree
book,” he added. “That being said, I feel that learning with books is as important a
rite of passage as learning to eat with utensils and being potty-trained.”
The word “Luddite” in Line 3 in the last paragraph means a person _____.
A ： who is opposed to new technology or working methods
B ： who is crazy about high-tech devices
C ： who is stubborn and determined
D ： who tends to follow suit86 、 不定项选择题
Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious
hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next
generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the
case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto
Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double
standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to
experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals.
Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a
shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book
may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.
As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected,
sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They
represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s books, several
publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of
adult books.
Many print books are bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card
are lost on most 6-year-olds. Children’s books are also a bright spot for brick-and-
mortar bookstores, since parents often want to flip through an entire book before
buying it, something they usually cannot do with e-book browsing. A study
commissioned by HarperCollins in 2010 found that books bought for 3- to 7-year-olds
were frequently discovered at a local bookstore—38percent of the time.
And here is a question for a digital era debate: is anything lost by taking a picture
book and converting it to an e-book? Junko Yokota, a professor and director of the
Center for Teaching Through Children’s Books at National Louis University in
Chicago, thinks the answer is yes, because the shape and size of the book are often
part of the reading experience. Wider pages might be used to convey broad
landscapes, or a taller format might be chosen for stories about skyscrapers. Size and
shape “become part of the emotional experience, the intellectual experience.
There’s a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format,” said Ms.
Yokota, who has lectured on how to decide when a child’s book is best suited for
digital or print format.
Publishers say they are gradually increasing the number of print picture books
that they are converting to digital format, even though it is time—consuming and
expensive, and developers have been busy creating interactive children’s book
apps. While the entry of new tablet devices from Barnes&Noble and Amazon this fall
is expected to increase the demand for children’s e-books, several publishers said
they suspected that many parents would still prefer the print versions.
“There’s definitely a predisposition to print,” said Jon Yaged, president and
publisher of Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group. “And the parents are the
same folks who will have no qualms about buying an e-book for themselves,” he
added.
That is the ease in the home of Ari Wallach, a tech-obsessed New York
entrepreneur who helps companies update their technology. He himself reads on
Kindle, iPad and iPhone, but the room of his twin girls is packed with only print
books. “I know I’m a Luddite on this, but there’s something very personal about
a book and not one of one thousand files on an iPad, something that’s connectedand emotional, something I grew up with and that l want them to grow up with,” he
said. “I recognize that when they are my age, it’ll be difficult to find a’ dead-tree
book,” he added. “That being said, I feel that learning with books is as important a
rite of passage as learning to eat with utensils and being potty-trained.”
The primary function of the last paragraph of the passage is to _____.
A ： summarize main ideas of the passage
B ： illustrate the parents’ digital double standard and the predisposition to print
C ： exemplify a tech-obsessed parent
D ： give a counter example to the prevailing trend of e-books
87 、 不定项选择题
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in
such a glamorous, fun-filled p lace are happier than others. If so, you have some
mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and
happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act.
Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are
fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even
laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the
fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us
that happiness has nothing to do with fan. These rich, beautiful individuals have
constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that
spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness
hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken
marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less
and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a
commitment. For commitment is in tact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun,
adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most
distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of
painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as
late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep
or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to
describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is
one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we
can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It
liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to
increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now
understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy
because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
Couples having infant children _____.A ： are lucky since they can have a whole night’s sleep
B ： find fun in tucking them into bed at night
C ： find more time to play and joke with them
D ： derive happiness from their endeavor
88 、 不定项选择题
I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in
such a glamorous, fun-filled p lace are happier than others. If so, you have some
mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.
Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and
happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act.
Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper more abiding emotion.
Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are
fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even
laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the
fun ends.
I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us
that happiness has nothing to do with fan. These rich, beautiful individuals have
constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that
spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness
hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken
marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.
Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less
and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a
commitment. For commitment is in tact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun,
adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most
distinguishing features.
Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of
painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as
late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep
or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to
describe raising children.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is
one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we
can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It
liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to
increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now
understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy
because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to _____.
A ： write memoir after memoir about their happiness
B ： tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with fun
C ： teach people how to enjoy their lives
D ： bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties89 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories weretruthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
When Horace founded the Tribune he was _____.
A ： already a rich and famous newspaperman
B ： poor, but skilled in newspaper work
C ： poor, but eager to learn newspaper work
D ： rich and skilled in newspaper work
90 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in thesmaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.
A ： culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B ： courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C ： various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D ： social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
91 、 不定项选择题
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful
actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent
research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists
supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of
their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of
a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative
consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first
stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made
by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment
will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based
entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between
accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier,
regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second
stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but
view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions,
and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those
acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications
excusing harmful actions might include?public?duty, self-defense, and provocation.
For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering
whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year oldsreacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Arm’s pretend house” depending on
whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted
“to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral
absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving
unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
According to the passage, Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six
year olds acquired which of the following abilities?
A ： Differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harm
B ： Identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action
C ： Justifying harmful actions that result from provocation
D ： Evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the-breaking
of rules
92 、 不定项选择题
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.
Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in
1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates
account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and
welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early
1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of
the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of
smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of
the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and
communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that
require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. All these are
beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World
Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of
technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming downfast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault
and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers am being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who
is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? won’t multinationals shift production from one place
to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition?
And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on
issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S.
According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is _____.
A ： the greater customers’ demands
B ： a surplus supply for the market
C ： growing productivity
D ： the increase of the world’s wealth
93 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred milesto visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Before the Tribune was founded, news reporting was _____.
A ： honest but uninteresting
B ： distorted or dishonest
C ： almost unknown
D ： interesting but distorted
94 、 不定项选择题The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful
actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent
research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists
supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of
their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of
a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative
consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first
stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made
by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment
will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based
entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between
accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier,
regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second
stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but
view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions,
and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those
acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications
excusing harmful actions might include?public?duty, self-defense, and provocation.
For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering
whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds
reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Arm’s pretend house” depending on
whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted
“to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral
absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving
unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
According to the passage, Keasey’s findings support which of the following
conclusions about six-year-old children?
A ： They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.
B ： They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.
C ： They do not understand the concept of public duty.
D ： They accept moral judgments made by their peers more easily than do older
children.
95 、 不定项选择题
Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacioushold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next
generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the
case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto
Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double
standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to
experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals.
Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a
shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book
may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.
As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected,
sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They
represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s books, several
publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of
adult books.
Many print books are bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card
are lost on most 6-year-olds. Children’s books are also a bright spot for brick-and-
mortar bookstores, since parents often want to flip through an entire book before
buying it, something they usually cannot do with e-book browsing. A study
commissioned by HarperCollins in 2010 found that books bought for 3- to 7-year-olds
were frequently discovered at a local bookstore—38percent of the time.
And here is a question for a digital era debate: is anything lost by taking a picture
book and converting it to an e-book? Junko Yokota, a professor and director of the
Center for Teaching Through Children’s Books at National Louis University in
Chicago, thinks the answer is yes, because the shape and size of the book are often
part of the reading experience. Wider pages might be used to convey broad
landscapes, or a taller format might be chosen for stories about skyscrapers. Size and
shape “become part of the emotional experience, the intellectual experience.
There’s a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format,” said Ms.
Yokota, who has lectured on how to decide when a child’s book is best suited for
digital or print format.
Publishers say they are gradually increasing the number of print picture books
that they are converting to digital format, even though it is time—consuming and
expensive, and developers have been busy creating interactive children’s book
apps. While the entry of new tablet devices from Barnes&Noble and Amazon this fall
is expected to increase the demand for children’s e-books, several publishers said
they suspected that many parents would still prefer the print versions.
“There’s definitely a predisposition to print,” said Jon Yaged, president and
publisher of Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group. “And the parents are the
same folks who will have no qualms about buying an e-book for themselves,” he
added.
That is the ease in the home of Ari Wallach, a tech-obsessed New York
entrepreneur who helps companies update their technology. He himself reads on
Kindle, iPad and iPhone, but the room of his twin girls is packed with only print
books. “I know I’m a Luddite on this, but there’s something very personal about
a book and not one of one thousand files on an iPad, something that’s connected
and emotional, something I grew up with and that l want them to grow up with,” he
said. “I recognize that when they are my age, it’ll be difficult to find a’ dead-tree
book,” he added. “That being said, I feel that learning with books is as important a
rite of passage as learning to eat with utensils and being potty-trained.”
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the advantages of the print books in thepassage?
A ： s part of the emotional and intellectual experience, the shape and size of the
book cannot be adapted in an e-book.
B ： There is a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format.
C ： There’s something personal about a book and not one of any files in a
computer.
D ： Print books are better to children’s health than the digital format.
96 、 不定项选择题
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful
actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent
research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists
supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of
their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of
a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative
consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first
stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made
by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment
will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based
entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between
accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier,
regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second
stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but
view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions,
and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those
acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications
excusing harmful actions might include?public?duty, self-defense, and provocation.
For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering
whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds
reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Arm’s pretend house” depending on
whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted
“to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral
absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving
unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
It can be inferred that the term “public?duty” (pra.2), in the context of the passage,means which of the following?
A ： The necessity to apprehend perpetrators
B ： The responsibility to punish transgressors
C ： An obligation to prevent harm to another
D ： The assignment of punishment for harmful action
97 、 不定项选择题
The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful
actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent
research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists
supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of
their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of
a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign
punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative
consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first
stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made
by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment
will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based
entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between
accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier,
regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to
indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second
stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but
view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions,
and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those
acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications
excusing harmful actions might include?public?duty, self-defense, and provocation.
For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering
whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds
reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Arm’s pretend house” depending on
whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted
“to make Ann feel bad”. Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain
harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral
absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among-acts involving
unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.
Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
A ： n outline for future research
B ： An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood termsC ： An analysis of a dispute between two theories
D ： A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry
98 、 不定项选择题
“Popular art” has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision,
which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends
to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of
folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just
as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art,
never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular
music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a
different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an
accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its
fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest
achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing
the essential trashiness of the genre.
As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical
political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas,
a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is
caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity
or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and
unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music
more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound
like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first
performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message
of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.
Or consider Verdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any
characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the
singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent
psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence
was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost
always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the
other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the
consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is
achieved through the music: once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite
his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of
somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer
had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and
effectiveness.
According to the passage, the immediacy of the political message in Verdi’s operas
stems from the _____.
A ： vitality and subtlety of the music
B ： audience’s familiarity with earlier operas
C ： verisimilitude of the characters
D ： individual talents of the singers99 、 不定项选择题
Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious
hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next
generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the
case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto
Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double
standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to
experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals.
Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a
shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book
may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.
As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected,
sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They
represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s books, several
publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of
adult books.
Many print books are bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card
are lost on most 6-year-olds. Children’s books are also a bright spot for brick-and-
mortar bookstores, since parents often want to flip through an entire book before
buying it, something they usually cannot do with e-book browsing. A study
commissioned by HarperCollins in 2010 found that books bought for 3- to 7-year-olds
were frequently discovered at a local bookstore—38percent of the time.
And here is a question for a digital era debate: is anything lost by taking a picture
book and converting it to an e-book? Junko Yokota, a professor and director of the
Center for Teaching Through Children’s Books at National Louis University in
Chicago, thinks the answer is yes, because the shape and size of the book are often
part of the reading experience. Wider pages might be used to convey broad
landscapes, or a taller format might be chosen for stories about skyscrapers. Size and
shape “become part of the emotional experience, the intellectual experience.
There’s a lot you can’t standardize and stick into an electronic format,” said Ms.
Yokota, who has lectured on how to decide when a child’s book is best suited for
digital or print format.
Publishers say they are gradually increasing the number of print picture books
that they are converting to digital format, even though it is time—consuming and
expensive, and developers have been busy creating interactive children’s book
apps. While the entry of new tablet devices from Barnes&Noble and Amazon this fall
is expected to increase the demand for children’s e-books, several publishers said
they suspected that many parents would still prefer the print versions.
“There’s definitely a predisposition to print,” said Jon Yaged, president and
publisher of Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group. “And the parents are the
same folks who will have no qualms about buying an e-book for themselves,” he
added.
That is the ease in the home of Ari Wallach, a tech-obsessed New York
entrepreneur who helps companies update their technology. He himself reads on
Kindle, iPad and iPhone, but the room of his twin girls is packed with only print
books. “I know I’m a Luddite on this, but there’s something very personal about
a book and not one of one thousand files on an iPad, something that’s connected
and emotional, something I grew up with and that l want them to grow up with,” he
said. “I recognize that when they are my age, it’ll be difficult to find a’ dead-treebook,” he added. “That being said, I feel that learning with books is as important a
rite of passage as learning to eat with utensils and being potty-trained.”
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the reasons for
parents’ preference to print books?
A ： They want their children to experience turning physical pages as they learn
about shapes, colors and animals.
B ： They like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a shiny gadget
might get all the attention.
C ： hildren enjoy reading print books compared with digital versions.
D ： Print books are easier to clean than electronic devices.
100 、 不定项选择题
What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around her
neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesn’t afford warmth
in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only
decorates. We might say it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off: the
head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of
the soul. When photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only
the passage from three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a?point du
vue?favors the top of the body rather than the bottom and the front rather than the
back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting.
When people are intensely concerned with something that is obviously
impractical, anthropologists take note, for lovely useless things often express archaic
to exist in contemporary American houses already heated by gas and electricity, yet
most people want one and it is still the focus of the living room. This desire testifies, I
think, to the hundreds of thousands of years during which we Homo sapiens huddled
around a cave fire. We watch ourselves, rather anxiously, vanish backward down
those lone temporary corridors, as my daughter gazes at her infinitely multiplied
small self in the mutually opposed mirrors of the beauty salon, and wonders, is it
me? Our fireplaces and necklaces and tombstones say it is, they are.
In American culture, an interest in necklaces seems to be rather gender specific.
Many men to whom I mention the enterprise feign polite interest and then change
the subject, though I know some who admire, construct, and wear necklaces,
including the distinguished scientist and poet to whom this essay is dedicated. Most
women, by contrast, become mildly or wildly enthusiastic. A doctor in Blois brought
out her entire collection of costume jewelry for me, exhibited the most splendid
pieces with an account of where and when they were purchased, and then explain
them all with the help of a large glossy book on the history of costume jewelry, with
dozens of pictures. A former student of mine who had moved to California mailed me
six plastic boxes full of beads gleaned from a warehouse managed by an eccentric
friend who just their settings; a feature bead painted with a naked lady; crystal
roundels of truly exceptional shine; and tiny silver hematite seed beads. Beads lend
themselves to exchange, Beads travel. And clearly these two facts are related.
Lovely useless things, according to the author, serve the purpose of _____.
A ： decorating the house
B ： showing off one’s artistic taste
C ： reminding people of things pastD ： revealing one’s tendency to waste money
