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2020 年英语一· Text 3 真题精讲
发布时间：2026-11-08 08:32:39 最近访问：2026-11-08 08:32:40
2020 年英语一· Text 3 真题精讲
2020 考研英语（一）· 阅读理解 Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling thatbenefits only the most privileged anddoes little to help average people.进步派常常支持多元化强制令，视其为通向平等之路和拉平竞争环境的方式。但这类政策往往是一种虚伪的"美德信号"——只惠及最特权阶层，对普通人帮助甚微。progressive n. 进步派人士diversity mandate 多元化强制令level the playing field 拉平竞争环境all too often 往往，太过频繁insincere adj. 虚伪的，不真诚的virtue-signaling 美德信号（假装道德高尚）privileged adj. 特权的，特权阶层do little to 几乎不能……A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro. Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.由马萨诸塞州参议员杰森·刘易斯和临时众议长帕特里夏·哈达德发起的两项法案——旨在确保董事会和委员会的"性别平价"——正好是一个典型案例。sponsor v. 发起，赞助state Senator 州参议员House Speaker Pro. Tempore 临时众议长gender parity 性别平价（对等）board n. 董事会commission n. 委员会a case in point 一个典型案例Haddad and Lewis are concernedthat more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.哈达德和刘易斯担心，超过一半的州政府董事会中女性比例不足40%。为了确保精英女性获得更多此类机会，他们提议实施政府配额。如果法案成为法律，州董事会和委员会将被要求在2022年前为女性保留50%的董事席位。be concerned that 担心……elite women 精英女性propose v. 提议impose government quotas 实施政府配额set aside 预留，拨出board seat 董事席位The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admittedthat the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.这两项法案类似于加州近期通过的一项措施——加州去年成为第一个要求私营企业实行性别配额的州。在签署该措施时，加州州长杰里·布朗承认，这项明确以性别为标准对人进行分类的法律，很可能是违宪的。adopt v. 通过，采纳measure n. 措施，法案private company 私营企业in signing 在签署……时admit v. 承认expressly adv. 明确地classify v. 分类on the basis of 基于unconstitutional adj. 违宪的The U.S. Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".美国最高法院不赞成基于性别的分类，除非它们旨在解决一项"重要的"政策利益。由于加州法律适用于所有董事会，即便在没有以往歧视历史的情况下也是如此，法院很可能裁定该法律违反了宪法对"平等保护"的保障。Supreme Court 最高法院frown on 不赞成，反对sex-based classification 基于性别的分类be designed to 旨在……address v. 解决，处理policy interest 政策利益apply to 适用于prior discrimination 先前的歧视be likely to 很可能rule v. 裁定violate v. 违反constitutional guarantee 宪法保障equal protection 平等保护Butare such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what? The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.但是，这样的政府强制令真的有必要吗？女性在企业董事会中的参与比例目前可能并不反映女性在总人口中的比例，但那又怎样？在没有政府干预的情况下，企业董事会中女性人数一直在稳步增长。根据 Catalyst 的一项研究，2010年至2015年间，全球企业董事会中女性占比增长了54%。mandate n. 强制令female participation 女性参与mirror v. 反映，映射percentage n. 比例，百分比general population 总人口so what? 那又怎样？steadily increasing 稳步增长government interference 政府干预share n. 占比global corporation 全球企业Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly whathappenedwhen Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.要求企业将性别作为董事会成员资格的首要条件，必然导致私营部门董事会经验不足。这正是挪威采用全国性企业性别配额时所发生的情况。require v. 要求primary qualification 首要资格board membership 董事会成员资格inevitably adv. 必然地lead to 导致less experienced 经验不足的private sector 私营部门nationwide adj. 全国性的Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notesthat increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.爱丽丝·李在《新共和》杂志撰文指出：在增加董事会成员机会的同时不增加合格女性人才储备，已经导致了一种"金色裙子"现象——同一些精英女性在各种董事会中捞取多个席位。note v. 指出pool of qualified women 合格女性人才储备serve on 担任……的成员golden skirt phenomenon "金色裙子"现象scoop up 捞取，抢占multiple seats 多个席位a variety of 各种各样的Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, rememberthat such policies are largely self-serving measuresthatmake their sponsors feel good butdo little to help average women.下次有人把企业配额当作促进性别公平的方式推销时，请记住：这类政策在很大程度上是自利的措施——让发起者自我感觉良好，却对普通女性帮助甚微。push v. 推销，力推corporate quota 企业配额gender equity 性别公平self-serving adj. 自利的，自私的measure n. 措施sponsor n. 发起者feel good 感觉良好average women 普通女性找定位词 → 找定位句 → 精读定位句 → 匹配选项31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will| A. help little to reduce gender bias. ✓ |
| B. pose a threat to the state government. |
| C. raise women's position in politics. |
| D. greatly broaden career options. |
bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad（→ 第 2 段引入，需结合第 1 段观点 + 第 10 段总结判断作者态度）第 1 段：...such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.第 2 段：A pair of bills sponsored by...Lewis and...Haddad...provide a case in point.第1段定调：这类政策是"虚伪的美德信号"（insincere virtue-signaling），只惠及最特权者，对普通人帮助甚微（does little to help average people）。第2段明确说 Lewis 和 Haddad 的法案"正是一个典型案例"（a case in point）——即它正是第1段所批判的那类政策。作者认为这类法案帮助甚微。A "对减少性别偏见帮助不大"——does little to help average people 正对应 help little，正确；B "威胁州政府"——原文未提对州政府的威胁；C "提升女性政治地位"——与作者批判立场相反；D "大幅拓宽职业选择"——与"does little to help"相反。32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?| A. It has irritated private business owners. |
| B. It is welcomed by the Supreme Court. |
| C. It may go against the Constitution. ✓ |
| D. It will settle the prior controversies. |
California measure（→ 第 4-5 段）第 4 段末句：In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.句意为：在签署该措施时，加州州长布朗承认（admitted）这项明确以性别为标准分类人的法律"可能违宪"（probably unconstitutional）。关键词：admitted（承认）+ probably unconstitutional（可能违宪）= 可能与宪法相抵触。A "激怒了私人企业主"——原文未提企业主反应；B "被最高法院欢迎"——第5段说最高法院 frowns on（不赞成），相反；C "可能违宪"——probably unconstitutional = may go against the Constitution，正确；D "解决先前争议"——原文未提解决争议。33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate| A. the harm from arbitrary board decision. |
| B. the importance of constitutional guarantees. |
| C. the pressure on women in global corporations. |
| D. the needlessness of government interventions. ✓ |
study by Catalyst（→ 第 7 段，例证题需看上下文论点）第 6 段（论点）：But are such government mandates even necessary?第 7 段（论据）：The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst...the share of women...increased by 54 percent.第6段提出疑问："政府强制令真的有必要吗？"（are such government mandates even necessary?）——暗示没必要。第7段用数据回答：没有政府干预（without government interference），女性董事占比增长了54%。Catalyst 研究作为论据，证明"不需要政府干预，女性参董比例也在自然增长"→ 政府干预不必要。A "任意董事会决策的危害"——与 Catalyst 研究无关；B "宪法保障的重要性"——与 Catalyst 研究无关（那是第5段内容）；C "全球企业女性的压力"——研究说的是占比增长，非压力；D "政府干预的不必要"——without government interference + 增长54%，证明不需要干预，正确。34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to| A. the underestimation of elite women's role. |
| B. the objection to female participation on boards. |
| C. the entry of unqualified candidates into the board. ✓ |
| D. the growing tension between labor and management. |
Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota（→ 第 8 段）第 8 段：Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.句意为：要求企业把性别作为董事会成员资格的首要条件（primary qualification），必然导致（will inevitably lead to）经验不足的（less experienced）私营部门董事会。而挪威正是如此（That is exactly what happened when Norway...）。关键因果链：性别优先 → 经验不足的人进入董事会 → 挪利验证了这一点。A "低估精英女性作用"——相反，第9段说精英女性反而捞取多个席位（scoop up multiple seats）；B "反对女性参与董事会"——原文未提反对；C "不合格候选人进入董事会"——less experienced boards = unqualified candidates enter the board，正确；D "劳资关系紧张"——原文未提劳资关系。35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?| A. Women's needs in employment should be considered. |
| B. Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking. ✓ |
| C. Everyone should try hard to promote social justice. |
| D. Major social issues should be the focus of legislation. |
inferred from the text（→ 推断题，需基于全文逻辑综合判断）全文论证链条：第1段：这类政策是虚伪美德信号，帮助甚微（无效）第4-5段：加州类似法律可能违宪（不可行）第6-7段：没有政府干预女性参董也在增长（不必要）第8段：性别配额导致经验不足的董事会（有害）第10段：政策是自利措施，对普通女性帮助甚微（动机不纯）作者从五个维度批判性别配额法案：无效（virtue-signaling）、违宪（unconstitutional）、不必要（without government interference）、有害（less experienced boards）、自利（self-serving）。核心逻辑：一项政策如果违宪、不必要、有害，那就是不可行的。由此可推断：制定政策时应首先考虑可行性（是否合宪、是否有效、是否会产生副作用）。A "女性就业需求应被考虑"——作者批判配额法案，立场是"不需要特别干预"，非"应考虑需求"；B "可行性应是政策制定的首要考虑"——全文论证法案违宪+不必要+有害，正是从可行性角度否定，正确；C "人人都应努力促进社会正义"——作者批判 virtue-signaling（空喊正义），不鼓励空喊；D "重大社会问题应是立法焦点"——作者认为这类立法没必要、有害，非"应立法"。2020 考研英语（一）Text 3 · 阅读精讲 
