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绝密★启用前
2010 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a
global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the
WorldHealthOrganizationin41years.
The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva
that assembled after a sharp rise in cases inAustralia, and rising 3 in Britain,
Japan,Chile and elsewhere.
But the epidemic is “ 4 ” in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the
organization’s director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients
experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the 6 of any
medical treatment.
The outbreakcametoglobal 7 inlateApril 2009, whenMexicanauthorities
noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults.
As muchof MexicoCityshut down atthe height ofa panic,cases beganto 9 in
NewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather
arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was 11 flu
activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested are the new
swine flu, alsoknown as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has 13 more
than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.
Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national
stockpile and began 15 orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.
The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead
of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early
October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray
type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with
breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still
possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers,
people 20 infants and healthy young people.
英语（二）试题 .1 .（共14页）1.[A]criticized [B]appointed [C]commented [D]designated
2.[A]proceeded [B]activated [C]followed [D]prompted
3.[A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums
4.[A]moderate [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme
5.[A]with [B]in [C]from [D]by
6.[A]progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor
7.[A]reality [B]phenomenon [C]concept [D]notice
8.[A]over [B]for [C]among [D]to
9.[A]stayup [B]cropup [C]fillup [D]coverup
10.[A]as [B]if [C]unless [D]until
11.[A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant [D]magnificent
12.[A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples
13.[A]imparted [B]immersed [C]injected [D]infected
14.[A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved [D]remained
15.[A]placing [B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving
16.[A]feasible [B]available [C]reliable [D]applicable
17.[A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial
18.[A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended [D]introduced
19.[A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings
20.[A]involvedin [B]caringfor [C]concernedwith [D]wardingoff
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,
B, CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2 .（共14页）Text1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at
Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008.All but two pieces sold, fetching more
than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the
auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,
LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons
Clare McAndrew,founder ofArts Economics, a research firm – double the figure five
years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market
generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other
industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort
became deeplyunfashionable.In theartworldthatmeant collectorsstayedawayfrom
galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most
overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.
Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had
to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped
buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are
about40%downontheirpeakonaverage,though somehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.
But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at
thebottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still
buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report
said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of
good work to sell. The three Ds – death, debt and divorce – still deliver works of art
to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for
confidencetoreturn.
英语（二）试题 .3 .（共14页）21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory”
because_____.
[A]theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories
[B]theauctioneerfinallygot thetwopiecesatthehighestbids
[C]BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces
[D]itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis
22.Bysaying“spendingofanysort becamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),
theauthorsuggeststhat_____.
[A]collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions
[B]peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfrom galleries
[C]artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent
[D]worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying
23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
[A]Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.
[B]Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.
[C]Theartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.
[D]Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.
24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare______.
[A]auctionhouses’favorites
[B]contemporarytrends
[C]factorspromotingartworkcirculation
[D]stylesrepresentingImpressionists
25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe______.
[A]FluctuationofArtPrices
[B]Up-to-dateArtAuctions
[C]ArtMarketinDecline
[D]ShiftedInterestinArts
英语（二）试题 .4 .（共14页）Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room – a
women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man
had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I
commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them.
This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s
the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and
hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say.
Ifshedidn’tkeeptheconversationgoing,we’dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.”
This episode crystallizes the irony that althoughAmerican men tendto talk more
than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is
wreakinghavocwithmarriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientistAndrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that
most of the women she interviewed – but only a few of the men – gave lack of
communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of
nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the UnitedStates every year –
avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often
focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to
accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support
work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on
communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found, as
Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and
foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical
cartoonscene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front
ofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.
英语（二）试题 .5 .（共14页）26.Whatismostwives’mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?
[A]Talkingtothem.
[B]Trustingthem.
[C]Supportingtheircareers.
[D]Sharinghousework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probablymeans______.
[A]generatingmotivation
[B]exertinginfluence
[C]causingdamage
[D]creatingpressure
28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT______.
[A]mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomen
[B]nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation
[C]womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples
[D]afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse
29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?
[A]Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.
[B]Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.
[C]Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.
[D]Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwife aredifferent.
30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focuson______.
[A]avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk
[B]adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon
[C]otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.
[D]abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker
英语（二）试题 .6 .（共14页）Text3
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating
automatic behaviors – habits – among consumers. These habits have helped
companiesearn billionsof dollars whencustomerseatsnacksor wipe countersalmost
withoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.
“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a
soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change
people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry
howtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to – Procter & Gamble, Colgate-
Palmolive and Unilever – had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the
subtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day
– chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers,
healthsnacks,teethwhiteners, fabricsofteners, vitamins– areresults ofmanufactured
habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans
habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with
Colgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then
beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office
workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought
primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener
and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of
morningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said
CarolBerning, a consumerpsychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s
essentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have
learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless
advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted
when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy
foods.
英语（二）试题 .7 .（共14页）31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap______.
[A]shouldbefurthercultivated
[B]shouldbechangedgradually
[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory
[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5
soasto_____.
[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’shabits
[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities
[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingpower
[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s
habits?
[A]Tide.
[B]Crest.
[C]Colgate.
[D]Unilever.
34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers’habitsaredevelopeddueto_____.
[A]perfectedartofproducts
[B]automaticbehaviorcreation
[C]commercialpromotions
[D]scientificexperiments
35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis
_____.
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
[C]positive
[D]biased
英语（二）试题 .8 .（共14页）Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial
democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal
qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;
that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and
that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter
of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than
representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing
themselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of
supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the
Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in
jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of
selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this
andotherantidiscriminationlaws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th
century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until
the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then
several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally
asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the
claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
throughthe1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service
Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished
special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them tobe selected at
random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision
Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision
also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered
statestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.
英语（二）试题 .9 .（共14页）36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat_____.
[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserve onjuries
[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers
[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice
[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic
37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____.
[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws
[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces
[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures
[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudges
38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause
_____.
[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws
[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications
[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties
[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement
39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,_____.
[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished
[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors
[C]jurorsatthestatelevelought toberepresentative oftheentirecommunity
[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem
40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_____.
[A]itsnatureandproblems
[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition
[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions
[D]itstraditionanddevelopment
英语（二）试题 .10 .（共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.
Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers
onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,
the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites
certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by
Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to
cuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.
The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known
that birds flying in formation – a V-shape – expend less energy.The air flowing over a
bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash.
Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy
propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at
Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of
25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo
and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an
inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most
favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed
as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).
Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a
quarter.
There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at
least the perceptionofit.Would passengers feel comfortabletravellingin companion?
Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and
would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red
Arrows. Apassenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.
Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations
is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation
Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new
operationalguidelines.
英语（二）试题 .11 .（共14页）It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make
formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes
will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the
areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate
the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow
them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to
reschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.
As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year
the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay
Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There
are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel
during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My
father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,”
headds.Soheshouldknow.
41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new
BoeingandAirbusaircraft.
42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other
planes.
44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflight hasnotyet beenclearlydefined.
45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America’s armed forces once
triedformationflighttosavefuel.
英语（二）试题 .12 .（共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.Writeyourtranslation
onANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but toTed Ning, the
concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of
unsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvalues
mustbeexpressedthrougheverydayactionandchoice.
Ning recallsspending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.He’d
been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a
Boulderagency.
It didn’tgowell.“It wasa reallybad movebecausethat’snotmypassion,” says
Ning,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwas
miserable.I hadsomuchanxietythatI wouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightand
stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait,
you’llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.’”
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural
exchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto
1)expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;
2)welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.
Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13 .（共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In
yourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechartand
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14 .（共14页）绝密★启用前
2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom
of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime
that has 1 acrosstheWeb.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that
seemsincreasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal
government a 4 to make the Web a safer place – a “voluntary trusted
identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a
fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a
smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and
would authenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Users
could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities
have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts
with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single
sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use
many differentservices.
12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with
safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13
community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals
and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the
identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction runs.”
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “driver’s
license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security
experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users
should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1．[A]swept [B]skipped [C]walked [D]ridden
2．[A]for [B]within [C]while [D]though
3．[A]careless [B]lawless [C]pointless [D]helpless
4．[A]reason [B]reminder [C]compromise [D]proposal
5．[A]information [B]interference [C]entertainment [D]equivalent
6．[A]by [B]into [C]from [D]over
7．[A]linked [B]directed [C]chained [D]compared
8．[A]dismiss [B]discover [C]create [D]improve
9．[A]recall [B]suggest [C]select [D]realize
10．[A]released [B]issued [C]distributed [D]delivered
11．[A]carryon [B]lingeron [C]setin [D]login
12．[A]Invain [B]Ineffect [C]Inreturn [D]Incontrast
13．[A]trusted [B]modernized [C]thriving [D]competing
14．[A]caution [B]delight [C]confidence [D]patience
15．[A]on [B]after [C]beyond [D]across
16．[A]divided [B]disappointed [C]protected [D]united
17．[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually
18．[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm
19．[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable [D]invisible
20．[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosingA,
B, C or D. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in
January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest
of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.
But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s
compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts
pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The
position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers
on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they
presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s
proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more
than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement
to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the
researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the
age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the
company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The
likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the
stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at
the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off
a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and
more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,
even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any
wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow
the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor_____.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe_____.
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s
surprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto_____.
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.It canbeinferredfrom thelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors_____.
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis_____.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed
near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not
already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were
chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a
round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable
corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon.
But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which
inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but
often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years
ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists
overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom
jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some
papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,
they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly
unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from
advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much
of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least
distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general
business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are
less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper
business.
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26. By saying “Newspapers like ... their own doom” (Lines3-4, Para.1), the
author indicates that newspapers _____.
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause_____.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much
more stablebecausethey_____.
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper
business?
[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.
[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.
[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.
[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.
30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe_____.
[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival
[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind
[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness
[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a
time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going
off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had
learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar
confidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.
The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the
architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the
Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so
than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has
more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood –
materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the
future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he
designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore
Drive, for example, were smaller – two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet –
than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were
popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance
of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the
abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd
Wright started building more modest and efficient houses – usually around 1,200
square feet –than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and
the early20thcentury.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by
California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another
homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph
Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact
everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most
eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both
desirable andinevitablewaswidelyshared.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’_____.
[A]prosperityandgrowth
[B]efficiencyandpracticality
[C]restraintandconfidence
[D]prideandfaithfulness
32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3abouttheBauhaus?
[A]It wasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.
[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.
[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.
[D]It hadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.
33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign_____.
[A]wasrelatedtolargespace
[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness
[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration
[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency
34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?
[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.
[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.
[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.
[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.
35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouses”?
[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.
[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.
[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.
[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange
not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent
facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its
economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost
faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge
thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive
members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from
disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,
France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro
zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,
spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for
governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for
poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s
voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination
should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone,
Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different: “European
economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated,
that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of
redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for
governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally,
figures close to the Franch government have murmured, euro-zone members
should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in
corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block.
At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single
market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to
goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious
attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat_____.
[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets
[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned
[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro
[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation
37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant
powers _____.
[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition
[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises
[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonisation
[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration
38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat_____.
[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased
[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed
[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination
[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed
39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat_____.
[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds
[B]strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries
[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries
[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds
40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel_____.
[A]pessimistic
[B]desperate
[C]conceited
[D]hopeful
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the
right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left
column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in
promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on
unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the
dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary,
Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make
healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near
schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit
sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to
unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and
Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be
just as damaging as somking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban
on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now.Are we
willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we
should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry
rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and
candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of
government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the
celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in
England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change
their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV
advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them
on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think
of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting strict limits on
advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the
youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should
also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone
credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists,
said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and
that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and
hospitals–areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision
for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.
This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social
responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper
setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical
moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been
deployed againstsmokingoverthelastdecade.
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food
producerssuchasMcDonald’s.
41. AndrewLansleyheldthat [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets
intheneighborhoodofschools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve
that schoollunchesinEngland.
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to [D] cigarette-style warnings should be
believethat introduced to children about the dangers of
apoordiet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested [E] the producers of crisps and candies could
that contribute significantly to the Change4Life
campaign.
45. A Department of Health [F] parents should set good examples for their
spokespersonproposedthat childrenbykeepingahealthydietathome.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense
ofresponsibilityamongbusinesses.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your
translationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the
same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do – roughly 2 percent of
all CO emissions?
2
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google
search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO , depending on how many
2
attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users
quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed
with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO , these
2
computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,
which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency
closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to
reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write
him/her a letter to
1)congratulatehim/her,and
2)givehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylife.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48. Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechartand
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2012 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the
symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the
men and women who 1 in World War Ⅱ and the people they liberated, the
G.I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his
home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes,
who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back
the Nazi reign of murder.This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid,
5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most
brutalenemiesseenincenturies.
His name isn’t much. G.I. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government
Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common
name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe
Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or
vice-presidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.
G.I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945
movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie
Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle
was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the
dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns
were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed
Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion
of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the
civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a
dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most
importantpersonintheirlives.
英语（二）试题 .1. (共14页)1.[A]served [B]performed [C]rebelled [D]betrayed
2.[A]actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal
3.[A]loaded [B]eased [C]removed [D]bore
4.[A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties
5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence
6.[A]for [B]into [C]from [D]against
7.[A]implying [B]meaning [C]symbolizing [D]claiming
8.[A]handedout [B]turnedover [C]broughtback [D]passeddown
9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed
10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither
11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished
12.[A]company [B]community [C]collection [D]colony
13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned
14.[A]human [B]military [C]political [D]ethical
15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained
16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted
17.[A]neglected [B]emphasized [C]avoided [D]admired
18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances
19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond
20.[A] on the contrary [B]bythismeans [C]from theoutset [D]atthatpoint
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. (共14页)Text1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many
parents, but inrecentyearsit hasbeenparticularlyscorned.School districtsacross the
country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this
educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy
which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework
may nolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished
or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is
unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that
students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive
equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do
their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to
the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling;
teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework
counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their
homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students
might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about
the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite
possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find
whatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions
about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’
academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not
make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should
account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing
to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their
age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing
to reviewandcorrect.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is
responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts
public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
英语（二）试题 .3. (共14页)21.It isimpliedinParagraph1thatnowadayshomework_____.
[A]isreceivingmorecriticism
[B]isgainingmorepreferences
[C]isnolongeraneducationalritual
[D]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses
22. L.A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students
_____.
[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation
[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard
[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework
[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework
23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay_____.
[A]resultinstudents’indifferencetotheirreportcards
[B]underminetheauthorityofstatetests
[C]restrictteachers’powerineducation
[D]discourage studentsfrom doinghomework
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is
whether_____.
[A]itshouldbeeliminated
[B]itcountsmuchinschooling
[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers
[D]itisimportantforgrades
25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe_____.
[A]AFaultyApproachtoHomework
[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents
[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework
[D]WrongInterpretationsofanEducationalPolicy
英语（二）试题 .4. (共14页)Text2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the
colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is
intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may
celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to
appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between
girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I
despairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their
DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it
is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era
before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,
since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both
boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery
colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,
a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its
intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity.
It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a
dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it
began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female,
at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception
of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological
development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts
developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out,
according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was
popularised as amarketing trick byclothingmanufacturersin the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase
sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older
kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it
evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into
ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the
easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent
themwhere they did notpreviously exist.
英语（二）试题 .5. (共14页)26. By saying “itis…the rainbow” (Line 3, Para. 1), the author means pink _____.
[A]cannotexplaingirls’lackofimagination
[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls’innocence
[C]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood
[D]cannotinfluencegirls’livesandinterests
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?
[A]Coloursareencodedingirls’DNA.
[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.
[C]Whiteispreferredbybabies.
[D]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.
28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development
was much influenced by _____.
[A]theobservationofchildren’snature
[B]themarketingofproductsforchildren
[C]researchesintochildren’sbehaviour
[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption
29.Wemay learn from Paragraph 4that department stores were advised to
_____.
[A]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups
[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders
[C]focusoninfantwearandolderkids’clothes
[D]createsomecommonshoppers’terms
30. It can be concluded that girls’attraction to pink seems to be _____.
[A]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers
[B]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency
[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen
[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexperts
英语（二）试题 .6. (共14页)Text3
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core.
Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades – by 2005 some 20% of
human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were
unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry
Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a
“preliminary step”inalongerbattle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court
overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold
patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief
executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms
and patientsalike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts
will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make
three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may
not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and
patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing
number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents
related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the
Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of
nature…thanare cottonfibres thathave been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For
example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the
patents of individual genes within it.The case may yet reachthe Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater
impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA
molecules – most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now
studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to
determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager
to win patents for “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the
BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by
the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO
recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the
shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
英语（二）试题 .7. (共14页)31.It canbelearnedfromParagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike_____.
[A]genestobepatentable
[B]theBIOtoissueawarning
[C]theirexecutivestobeactive
[D]judgestoruleoutgenepatenting
32.Thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat_____.
[A]genetictestsarenotreliable
[B]onlyman-madeproductsarepatentable
[C]patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovation
[D]courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests
33.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor_____.
[A]discoveringgeneinteractions
[B]establishingdiseasecorrelations
[C]drawingpicturesofgenes
[D]identifyinghumanDNA
34. By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Line 4, Para. 6), the author means that
_____.
[A]thesupremecourtwasauthoritative
[B]theBIOwasapowerfulorganisation
[C]genepatentingwasagreatconcern
[D]lawyerswerekeentoattendconventions
35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is _____.
[A]critical
[B]supportive
[C]scornful
[D]objective
英语（二）试题 .8. (共14页)Text4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably
beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a
generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our
culture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national
economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had
improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more
financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited
respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it
has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,
and putanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The
Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin
Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of
economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more
mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the
advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as
does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in
this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides,
and decrease opportunities to cross them – especially for young people. The
research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that
not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those
with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they
otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses
beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has
always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is
discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In
many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at
any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then
have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard
times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the
more so the longer they extend.
英语（二）试题 .9. (共14页)36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the
joblesstryto_____.
[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovernment
[B]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy
[C]explorereasonsfortheunemployment
[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession
37.According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people _____.
[A]struggleagainsteachother
[B]realizethenationaldream
[C]challengetheirprudence
[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle
38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may _____.
[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants
[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature
[C]promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms
[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses
39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from
eliteuniversitiestendto_____.
[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities
[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees
[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’
[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers
40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _____.
[A]trivial
[B]positive
[C]certain
[D]destructive
英语（二）试题 .10. (共14页)PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the
left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right
column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world,
is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the
Victorian sageThomas Carlyle.Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form.
This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader
truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our
forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not
inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant
recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his
rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus
(or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering
fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò
Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning,
ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of
successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated
the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the
artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian
author Samuel Smiles wrote Self -Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of
engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish
of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast
integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,”
wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His
biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held
up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies
on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon
Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be
acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto
existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The
英语（二）试题 .11. (共14页)Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense
wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And
history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it
needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power
relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they
do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen
by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted
from the past.”
This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In
place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and
Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.
Whole new realms of understanding – from gender to race to cultural studies –
were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it
transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
[A] emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.
41.Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading
artists.
42.NiccolòMachiavelli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were
hardtoimitate.
43.SamuelSmiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the
greatmeninhistory.
44.ThomasCarlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the
massesandtheirrecordofstruggle.
45.MarxandEngels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful
leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers,
industrialistsandexplorers.
英语（二）试题 .12. (共14页)Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on
ANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually
concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or
to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers
that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using
immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing
countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in
2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education,
compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This “brain drain”
has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their
economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have
taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new
productsfor their factories to make.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that
you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer
service center to
1)makeacomplaint,and
2)demandapromptsolution.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. (共14页)PartB
48.Directions:
Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should
1) describe the table, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay onANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
某公司员工工作满意度调查
满意度
满意 不清楚 不满意
年龄组
≤40岁 16.7％ 50.0％ 33.3％
41~50岁 0.0％ 36.0％ 64.0％
＞50岁 40.0％ 50.0％ 10.0％
英语（二）试题 .14. (共14页)绝密★启用前
2013 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move
quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 ,
a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have
been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business
Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize
thevery 3 of moneyitself,”onlyto 4 itselfseveralyearslater.Why hasthe
movementtoacashlesssocietybeenso 5 incoming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments
system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper
system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and
telecommunicationsnetworksnecessaryto make electronicmoney the 8 form of
payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts,
something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper
checksgivesconsumersseveral days of “float”– ittakesseveral days 11 acheck
is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer’s account, which means that the
writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic
paymentsarcimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfor theconsumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns.
We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a
computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not
an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank
accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else’s accounts.
The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science
isdeveloping to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic
means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of
personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might
beabletoaccessthesedata,therebyviolatingourprivacy.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1.[A]Moreover [B]However [C]Therefore [D]Otherwise
2.[A]off [B]back [C]over [D]around
3.[A]power [B]concept [C]history [D]role
4.[A]reverse [B]resist [C]resume [D]reward
5.[A]silent [B]sudden [C]slow [D]steady
6.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]on
7.[A]expensive [B]imaginative [C]sensitive [D]productive
8.[A]similar [B]original [C]temporary [D]dominant
9.[A]collect [B]copy [C]provide [D]print
10.[A]giveup [B]takeover [C]bringback [D]passdown
11.[A]before [B]after [C]since [D]when
12.[A]kept [B]borrowed [C]withdrawn [D]released
13.[A]Unless [B]Because [C]Until [D]Though
14.[A]hide [B]express [C]ease [D]raise
15.[A]analyzed [B]shared [C]stored [D]displayed
16.[A]unsafe [B]unnatural [C]unclear [D]uncommon
17.[A]steal [B]choose [C]benefit [D]return
18.[A]consideration [B]prevention [C]manipulation [D]justification
19.[A]callfor [B]fightagainst [C]adaptto [D]copewith
20.[A]chunk [B]chip [C]trail [D]path
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a
joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been
automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The
man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the
machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared
making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and
declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand
because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both
globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than
everreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an
average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn
you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more
access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap
software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their
extra – their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their
fieldofemployment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s
been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.]
factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70
years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs – about 6 million in
total–disappeared.”
Therewillalways be change – newjobs,newproducts, newservices. Buttheone
thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T.
revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to
makethemselvesaboveaverage.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do
to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind
of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to
post-high schooleducation.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______.
[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances
[B]thealleviationofjobpressure
[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills
[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes
22.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto_______.
[A]workoncheapsoftware
[B]askforamoderatesalary
[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle
[D]contributesomethingunique
23.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat_______.
[A]gainsoftechnology havebeenerased
[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahigh speed
[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore
[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is
________.
[A]toacceleratetheI. T.revolution
[B]toensuremoreeducationfor people
[C]toadvanceeconomicglobalization
[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefor thetext?
[A]NewLawTakesEffect.
[B]Technology GoesCheap.
[C]AverageIsOver.
[D]RecessionIsBad.
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and
sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the
United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some
money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived
while about 2 million departed. About aquarter of all Italian immigrants, for example,
eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname,
“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into
two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the
making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed
mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how
to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think
about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To
start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray
areas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home
health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are
energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and
ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to
haveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with
ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be
productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need
them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two
nationshonorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes
on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right
or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing
immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some
thatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26.“Birdsofpassage”referstothosewho_______.
[A]stayinaforeign countrytemporarily
[B]leavetheirhomecountriesfor good
[C]immigrateacrosstheAtlantic
[D]find permanentjobsoverseas
27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US
_______.
[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories
[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants
[C]shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallenges
[D]hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans
28.Accordingtotheauthor,today’sbirdsofpassagewant_______.
[A]financialincentives
[B]aglobalrecognition
[C]thefreedomtostayandleave
[D]opportunitiestogetregularjobs
29.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated_______.
[A]asfaithfulpartners
[B]withlegaltolerance
[C]witheconomicfavors
[D]asmightyrivals
30.Themostappropriatetitlefor thistextwouldbe_______.
[A]ComeandGo:BigMistake
[B]LivingandThriving: GreatRisk
[C]WithorWithout:GreatRisk
[D]LegalorIllegal:BigMistake
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
Scientistshave found thatalthough weareprone tosnap overreactions, ifwe take
amomentandthinkabouthowwe arelikelyto react, we can reduceor eveneliminate
thenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether
someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly,
within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell
whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five.
It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open
-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the
interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a
fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even
though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with
speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing,
Subjectsexposedtofast-food flashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer
products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales
representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment
before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive
female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases – or hire outside
screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice”
information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”
long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay
together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days,
nottwoseconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us
from animals:dogs canthink about the futureonly intermittentlyor for afewminutes.
But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer
term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our
nature.We stillhave theimaginative capacityto riseabove temptation andreverse the
high-speedtrend.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay_______.
[A]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment
[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction
[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment
[D]vary accordingtotheurgencyofthesituation
32.Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisions_______.
[A]canbeassociative
[B]arenotunconscious
[C]canbedangerous
[D]arenotimpulsive
33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould_______.
[A]trustourfirstimpression
[B]thinkbeforeweact
[C]doaspeopleusuallydo
[D]askfor expertadvice
34.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedon_______.
[A]criticalassessment
[B]“thinsliced”study
[C]adequateinformation
[D]sensibleexplanation
35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis_______.
[A]tolerant
[B]optimistic
[C]uncertain
[D]doubtful
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace
will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management
decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly
male. Indeed, women hold only 14 per cent of positions on European corporate
boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards
tomaintainacertain proportionof women– upto 60per cent.Thisproposedmandate
was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane
Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for
gender balance goals of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was
consideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate
ladderfairlyastheybalanceworkandfamily?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the
quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through
the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries
withlegallybinding provisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance – and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either;
they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when
one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a
fairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.
Afterall, four decadesofevidence hasnowshown thatcorporationsin Europeas
well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top
positions – no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do
break through to the summit of corporate power – as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg
recently did at Facebook – they attract massive attention precisely because they
remaintheexceptiontotherule.
If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women – whether CEOs
or their children’s caregivers – and all families, Sandberg would be no more
newsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.In theEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally_______.
[A]womentakethelead
[B]menhavethefinalsay
[C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed
[D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly
37.TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis_______.
[A]areflectionofgenderbalance
[B]aresponsetoReding’scall
[C]areluctantchoice
[D]avoluntaryaction
38.AccordingtoReding, quotasmayhelpwomen_______.
[A]gettopbusinesspositions
[B]seethrough theglassceiling
[C]balancework andfamily
[D]anticipatelegalresults
39.Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof_______.
[A]skepticism
[B]objectiveness
[C]indifference
[D]approval
40.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof_______.
[A]moresocialjustice
[B]massivemediaattention
[C]suitablepublicpolicies
[D]greater“soft pressure”
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subtitle from the list A – G for each numbered paragraph (41 – 45). There are two
extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET.(10points)
[A]Livelikeapeasant
[B]Balanceyourdiet
[C]Shopkeepersareyour friends
[D]Remembertotreatyourself
[E]Sticktowhatyouneed
[F] Planningiseverything
[G]Wastenot,wantnot
Thehugelypopular blogtheSkint FoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshislove
of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £ 60 a week to spend, £ 40
of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £ 130,000 a year working in
corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a
week.Thenhismarriage failed,hiscareerburnedoutand hisdrinking becameserious.
“The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a
certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation
and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a
council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ ll
carry on blogging – not about eating as cheaply as you can – “there are so many
people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food” – but eating
wellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.
41._____________________________
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance,
making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel
template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost
effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good ideato shop daily instead of
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you
fancy.
42._____________________________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them,
there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer.
And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef
and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket
chiller.
43._____________________________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer – that’s not good
enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead
should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable
soup,andallfruitsthreateningto“gooff”willbecookedorjuiced.
44._____________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,
delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon
you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or
beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not,
they’llletyou havefor free.
45._____________________________
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months
treatyourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant– £ 1.75 a week for three months gives
you £ 21 – more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s
£ 16.95 there – or £ 12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather
eat.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET.(15points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what
happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I
wasfour.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My
mind seemsto be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think
of a sad memory, I do what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s
harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my
emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the
sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the
musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they both just pop into my
mindinthesameway.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your
classmatesanemailto
1)informthemaboutthedetails,and
2)encouragethemtoparticipate.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyour ownname.Use“LiMing”instead.
Donotwriteyour address.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.In yourwriting, you should
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2014 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have 1 that
normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to
those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being
overweight is actually 2 . For example, heavier women are less likely to
develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, being
somewhatoverweightisoftenan 4 ofgoodhealth.
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to
define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body
mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often
considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is
considered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely
obese,andveryseverelyobese.
While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is
probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are
in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 . For
example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese,
though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame
mayhavehigh bodyfatbuta 13 BMI.
Today we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight
are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 1633
with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success.
Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases
against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the
overweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have
stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned
sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and
fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign 20 3
childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security
threat.
英语（二）试题 .1. (共14页)1.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubted [D]ensured
2.[A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome
3.[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore
4.[A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example
5.[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern
6.[A]intermsof [B]incaseof [C]infavorof [D]inrespectsof
7.[A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies
8.[A]inessence [B]incontrast [C]inturn [D]inpart
9.[A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward
10.[A]so [B]while [C]since [D]unless
11.[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste
12.[A]start [B]qualify [C]retire [D]stay
13.[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant
14.[A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency
15.[A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored
16.[A]compared [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated
17.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only
18.[A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded
19.[A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies
20.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]without
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. (共14页)Text1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria
MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,
tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in
history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment,
she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael
Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the
most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great
wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction
with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting
and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on
experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or
even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time
– as stories or memories – particularly if they involve feeling more connected to
others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery
winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would
be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with
friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average
American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).
Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things
for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.
This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular
McRib – a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of
obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment,
not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries
are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good
and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the
world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not
everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating
more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most
people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
英语（二）试题 .3. (共14页)21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding
purchase?
[A]Abighouse.
[B]Aspecialtour.
[C]Astylishcar.
[D]Arichmeal.
22. Theauthor’sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis________.
[A]critical
[B]supportive
[C]sympathetic
[D]ambiguous
23.McRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat_______.
[A]consumersaresometimesirrational
[B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality
[C]marketingtricksareofteneffective
[D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasure
24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney_______.
[A]hasleftmuchroomfor readers’criticism
[B]mayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase
[C]haspredictedawiderincomegap intheUS
[D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement
25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto______.
[A]balancefeelinggood andspendingmoney
[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries
[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent
[D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuries
英语（二）试题 .4. (共14页)Text2
An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says
that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a
deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number
of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed
oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory
superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above
average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others – all
obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.
We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to
boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study
into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate
their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original
photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered
to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an
automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no
apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering
image–which most did–they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any
evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who
thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up
for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the
attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other
markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are
any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people
generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be
self-enhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that many people hate
photographs of themselves viscerally – on one level, they don’t even recognise the
person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s
paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of
their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are
dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they
portray an idealised version of themselves.”
英语（二）试题 .5. (共14页)26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefound that______.
[A]ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigh
[B]illusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffect
[C]ourneedforleadershipisunnatural
[D]self-enhancingstrategiesareineffective
27.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeople’s______.
[A]rapidmatching
[B]consciouschoice
[C]intuitive response
[D]automaticself-defence
28.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtendedto______.
[A]underestimatetheirinsecurities
[B]believeintheirattractiveness
[C]coveruptheirdepressions
[D]oversimplify theirillusions
29.Theword “viscerally”(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto_____.
[A]instinctively
[B]occasionally
[C]particularly
[D]aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer’s paradise because people
can_____.
[A]presenttheirdishonestprofiles
[B]definetheirtraditionallifestyles
[C]sharetheirintellectualpursuits
[D]withholdtheirunflatteringsides
英语（二）试题 .6. (共14页)Text3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial
revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic
downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are
right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain
jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such
an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to
restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,
jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become
threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the
book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who
both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of
The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the
reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted”
and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or
creativity”. In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much
better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the
backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still
relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing
economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative
and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events”. That is not
something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable
activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in
their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.
In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment
human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about
technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work
practices?”
英语（二）试题 .7. (共14页)31. Accordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturnswould .
[A]easethecompetitionofmanvs.machine
[B]highlightmachines’threattohumanjobs
[C]provokeapainfultechnologicalrevolution
[D]outmodeourcurrenteconomicstructure
32. TheauthorsofRaceAgainst theMachinearguethat .
[A]technology isdiminishingman’sjobopportunities
[B]automationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopment
[C]certainjobswillremainintactafterautomation
[D]manwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachine
33. HagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften .
[A]performedbyinnovativeminds
[B]scriptedwithanindividualstyle
[C]standardizedwithoutacleartarget
[D]designedagainsthumancreativity
34. Accordingtothelastparagraph,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeediscussed .
[A]thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpractice
[B]theformulaforhowworkisconductedefficiently
[C]thewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmoderntimes
[D]thenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplace
35. Whichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitlefor thetext?
[A]HowtoInnovateOurWorkPractices?
[B]MachinesWillReplaceHumanLabor
[C]CanWeWintheRaceAgainstMachines?
[D]EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovations
英语（二）试题 .8. (共14页)Text4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy
the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom
mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We
have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to
economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard
to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is
inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant
reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists
increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government
to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some
steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The
communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of
the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount
that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows
that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap
were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental
environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered
providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be
welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn
programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is
unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced
that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to
power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return
to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed,
the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
英语（二）试题 .9. (共14页)36. Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector .
[A]hasattractedmuchattention
[B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors
[C]shoulderstoomuchresponsibility
[D]haslostitsrealvalueineconomy
37. Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas .
[A]increaseditshomesupply
[B]offeredspendingopportunities
[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases
[D]disappointedthegovernment
38.AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay .
[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtfor housing
[B]stoplocalauthoritiesfrom buildinghomes
[C]preparetoreducehousingstockdebt
[D]releasealiftedGDPgrowth forecast
39. Itcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould .
[A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviders
[B]lessentheimpactofgovernmentinterference
[C]contributetofundingnewdevelopments
[D]relievetheministersofresponsibilities
40. Theauthorbelievesthatafter2015,thegovernmentmay .
[A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing
[B]reviewtheneedfor large-scalepublicgrants
[C]renewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme
[D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsector
英语（二）试题 .10. (共14页)PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column
to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices
in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEERT. (10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art
was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action
Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the
studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical
substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more
domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed,
while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of
records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work
is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole
embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition
that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural
objects.
Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring
of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents
the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand
for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their
children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.
Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few
works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our
experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very
funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a
pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be
different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,
gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as
the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the
time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the
likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted
film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire
landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from
英语（二）试题 .11. (共14页)Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist
has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such
as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on
an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British
Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition
wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light
conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but
the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A]originates from a long walk that the artist
took.
41.StoneCircle [B]illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated
lightconceptualart.
42.OlafStreetStudy [C]reminds people of the English landscape
paintingtradition.
43.AcrossthePark [D]representstheeleganceoftheBritishland
art.
44.TowardsAvebury [E]depicts the ordinary side of the British
landart.
45.SevenDays [F]embodies a romantic escape into the
Scottishoutdoors.
[G]containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthe
samephotograph.
英语（二）试题 .12. (共14页)Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET.(15points)
Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass
that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that
positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in
touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to
Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,
but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down – say, after
giving a bad lecture – he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds
himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective
than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons
for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective,
which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really
doesn’t matter.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a
local student. Write him an email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2)ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13. (共14页)PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyour writing, youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyour comments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
20 年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图
英语（二）试题 .14. (共14页)绝密★启用前
2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with – or even
looking at – a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree
by thewaytheyclingtotheirphones,evenwithouta 1 onasubway.
It’s a sad reality – our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings –
because there’s 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But
you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the
4 :“Pleasedon’tapproachme.”
Whatisitthatmakesusfeelweneedtohide 5 ourscreens?
One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We
fearrejection,orthatourinnocentsocialadvanceswillbe 6 as“weird.”Wefear
we’llbe 7 .Wefearwe’llbedisruptive.
Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9
when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To
avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security
blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we
perceiveisgoingtobemore 11 .”
But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look
up, it doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas
Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 .
They had Chicago train commuterstalk to their fellow 14 . “When Dr.Epley and
Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they
would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be
more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the
participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the
experiment,“notasinglepersonreportedhavingbeenembarrassed.”
18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those
without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive
off of social connections. It’s that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel
connected.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1.[A]signal [B]permit [C]ticket [D]record
2.[A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much
3.[A]beaten [B]plugged [C]guided [D]brought
4.[A]message [B]code [C]notice [D]sign
5.[A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from
6.[A]misapplied [B]misinterpreted [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched
7.[A]judged [B]fired [C]replaced [D]delayed
8.[A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar
9.[A]comfortable [B]confident [C]anxious [D]angry
10.[A]attend [B]turn [C]take [D]point
11.[A]dangerous [B]mysterious [C]violent [D]boring
12.[A]bend [B]resist [C]hurt [D]decay
13.[A]lecture [B]debate [C]conversation [D]negotiation
14.[A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers
15.[A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design
16.[A]voyage [B]flight [C]walk [D]ride
17.[A]wentthrough [B]didaway [C]caughtup [D]putup
18.[A]In turn [B]Infact [C]In particular [D]In consequence
19.[A]unless [B]whereas [C]if [D]since
20.[A]funny [B]simple [C]logical [D]rare
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowing four texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more
stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a
stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it
higheratwhatissupposedtobeaplaceofrefuge.
“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as
men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers,
SarahDamaske. In fact womeneven say theyfeel betterat work, she notes. “Itismen,
not women, who report being happier at home than at work.”Another surprise is that
the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for
nonparents.Thisiswhypeoplewhoworkoutsidethehomehavebetterhealth.
What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when
they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.
For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay
home, they never get to leave the office.And for women who work outside the home,
they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and
the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for
workingwomen,it’snotsurprisingthatwomenaremorestressedathome.
But it’s not just a gender thing.At work, people pretty much know what they’re
supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in
order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of
physicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household
in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a
lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home
colleagues – your family – have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be
talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all
electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never
reallygettogo homefromhome.
So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the
tasksapparentlyinfinite,theco-workersaremuchhardertomotivate.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.AccordingtoParagraph1,mostprevioussurveysfound thathome_____.
[A]offeredgreaterrelaxationthantheworkplace
[B]wasanidealplacefor stressmeasurement
[C]generatedmorestressthantheworkplace
[D]wasanunrealisticplacefor relaxation
22.AccordingtoDamaske,whoarelikelytobethehappiestathome?
[A]Workingmothers.
[B]Childlesshusbands.
[C]Workingfathers.
[D]Childlesswives.
23.Theblurringofworkingwomen’srolesreferstothefactthat_____.
[A]theirhomeisalsoaplaceforkickingback
[B]theyarebothbreadwinnersandhousewives
[C]thereisoftenmuchhouseworkleftbehind
[D]itisdifficultfor themtoleavetheiroffice
24.Theword “moola”(Line4,Para.4)mostprobablymeans_____.
[A]skills
[B]energy
[C]earnings
[D]nutrition
25.Thehomefrontdiffersfromtheworkplaceinthat_____.
[A]familylaborisoftenadequatelyrewarded
[B]homeishardlyacozierworkingenvironment
[C]householdtasksaregenerallymoremotivating
[D]divisionoflaborathomeisseldomclear-cut
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
For years, studies have found that first-generation college students – those who
do not have a parent with a college degree – lag other students on a range of
education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are
higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they
succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to
recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation
students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has
“continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on
social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the
journalPsychologicalScience.
But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to
thisproblem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour,next-to-no-cost
program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as
grades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are
based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed
private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a
four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were
recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while
this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a
four-yeardegree.
Their thesis – that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact –
was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in
potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most
college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the
gapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.
Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of
higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college
resources,” they write.And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk
about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students.
“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can
affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight
about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can
improve.”
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26.Recruitingmorefirst-generationstudentshas_____.
[A]reducedtheirdropoutrates
[B]narrowedtheachievementgap
[C]misseditsoriginalpurpose
[D]depressedcollegestudents
27.Theauthorsoftheresearcharticleareoptimisticbecause_____.
[A]theirfindingsappealtostudents
[B]therecruitingratehasincreased
[C]theproblemissolvable
[D]theirapproachiscostless
28.Thestudysuggeststhatmostfirst-generationstudents_____.
[A]arefromsingle-parentfamilies
[B]studyatprivateuniversities
[C]areinneedoffinancialsupport
[D]havefailedtheircollege
29.Theauthorsofthepaperbelievethatfirst-generationstudents_____.
[A]maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojects
[B]areinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollege
[C]canhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudents
[D]areactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgap
30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat_____.
[A]universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-class
[B]studentsareusuallytoblamefor theirlackofresources
[C]socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences
[D]collegesarepartlyresponsiblefor theprobleminquestion
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten
much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said
Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples.
“If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companiesin 1990, we would see much
less frequentuse of terms like journey, mission, passion.Therewere goals, there were
strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about
passion.”
Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very
“team”-oriented – and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports – in
male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious;
it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There
arelotsand lots of CEOsin very different companies, but most thinkof themselves as
coachesandthisistheirteamandtheywanttowin.”
These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning – and, as Rakesh
Khurana, another professor, points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the
importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit
organizations and religious organizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and
purpose,”saidKhurana.
This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid
increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s
are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all
and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its
own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about
setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your
“passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going
homefor dinnerandthenworkinglongafterthekidsareinbed.
But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but
managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it.As a
linguist once said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that
you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its
meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work – and
howyour workdefineswhoyouare.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome_____.
[A]lessstrategic
[B]lessenergetic
[C]moreobjective
[D]moreemotional
32.“Team”-orientedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto_____.
[A]sportsculture
[B]genderdifference
[C]historicalincidents
[D]athleticexecutives
33.Khuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyaimsto_____.
[A]revivehistoricalterms
[B]promotecompanyimage
[C]fostercorporatecooperation
[D]strengthenemployeeloyalty
34.It canbeinferredthatLeanIn_____.
[A]voicesfor workingwomen
[B]appealstopassionateworkaholics
[C]triggersdebatesamongmommies
[D]praisesmotivatedemployees
35.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?
[A]Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense.
[B]Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit.
[C]Companiesfindittobefundamental.
[D]Managersadmireitbutavoidit.
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for
June,along withthe drop in theunemploymentrateto 6.1 percent, asgood news.And
they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace.We
still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now
finallymoving forwardatafasterpace.
However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely
overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily
workingpart-time.Thisfigureisnow830,000（4.4percent）aboveitsyearago level.
Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an
important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time
jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in
involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means
thatmanypeoplewillbehavingaveryhardtimemakingendsmeet.
There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction
has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the
recession,butitisdownby640,000(7.9percent)fromitsyearagolevel.
We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time
employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks
people ifthey worked lessthan 35 hoursin thereference week.If the answeris “yes,”
they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked
less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or
becausethey had no choice.They areonly classified asvoluntary part-time workersif
theytellthesurveytakertheychosetoworklessthan35hoursaweek.
The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main
purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many
people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with
serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was
throughajobthatprovidedhealthinsurance.
However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get
insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously
have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover
themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between
employmentandinsurance.
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.Whichpartofthejobspicturewasneglected?
[A]Theprospectofathrivingjobmarket.
[B]Theincreaseofvoluntarypart-timejobs.
[C]Thepossibilityoffull employment.
[D]Theaccelerationofjobcreation.
37.Manypeopleworkpart-timebecausethey_____.
[A]preferpart-timejobstofull-timejobs
[B]feelthatisenoughtomakeendsmeet
[C]cannotget theirhandsonfull-timejobs
[D]haven’tseentheweaknessofthemarket
38.Involuntarypart-timeemploymentintheUS_____.
[A]showsageneraltendencyofdecline
[B]ishardertoacquirethanoneyearago
[C]satisfiestherealneedofthejobless
[D]islowerthanbeforetherecession
39.It canbelearnedthatwithObamacare,_____.
[A]itisnolongereasyfor part-timerstogetinsurance
[B]full-timeemploymentisstillessentialfor insurance
[C]itisstillchallengingtogetinsuranceforfamilymembers
[D]employmentisnolongerapreconditiontogetinsurance
40.Thetextmainlydiscusses_____.
[A]employmentintheUS
[B]part-timerclassification
[C]insurancethroughMedicaid
[D]Obamacare’strouble
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the listA-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the
ANSWERSHEET.(10points)
[A]Youarenotalone
[B]Experiencehelpsyou grow
[C]Paveyour ownuniquepath
[D]Most ofyour fearsareunreal
[E]Thinkaboutthepresentmoment
[F] Don’tfearresponsibilityfor yourlife
[G]Therearemanythingstobegratefulfor
SomeOldTruthstoHelpYouOvercomeToughTimes
Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad
experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic
relationshipor a house. Hard timesmay holdyou down atwhat usually seemslikethe
mostinopportunetime,butyou shouldrememberthattheywon’tlastforever.
When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater
understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and
eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to
sharetheseoldtruthsI’velearnedalongtheway.
41._________________________
Fearisboth useful andharmful.Thisnormalhuman reaction isused toprotect us
by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create
inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once
said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand
me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fearsare just
theproductofourluxuriantimagination.
42._________________________
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）If you aresurroundedby problemsand cannotstop thinkingabout thepast, try to
focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious
about the future.You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present
with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and
remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around
and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of
future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the
present.
43._________________________
Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times.You
can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the
things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of
cryingandcomplainingaboutsomething.
44._________________________
No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you
should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost
everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in
your life, especially your dearest and nearest people.You may have a circle of friends
who provide constant good humor,help and companionship. If you have no friendsor
relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are
alwayswillingtoshareadviceandencouragement.
45._________________________
Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance
by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and
show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to
achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your
decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own
valuesandmakeyour ownchoices.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on theANSWER
SHEET.(15points)
Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to
work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and
turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration
on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that
youperceivethatthetriphastakenlesstimethanitactuallyhas.
This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it
takestotravelafamiliarroute.
The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down
a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow
more quickly.And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember
the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was
shorter.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students.
Writeanoticeto
1)brieflyintroducethecampactivities,and
2)callfor volunteers.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWER SHEET.
Donotuseyour nameorthenameofyour university.
Donotwriteyour address.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyour writing, youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyour comments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWER SHEET.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
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书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and
willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might
influence 1 firmswork,too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a
recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D
(research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of
longer-termthinking 3 formakinginvestmentsforthefuture.
The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking
that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they
compared U.S. cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the
investmentactivityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas.
7 enough, firms’investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the
happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness that’s
linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why
firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for
various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry,
and sales – and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in
wagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally 12
evenafteraccountingfor thesethings.
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for
youngerfirms,whichtheauthors 13 to “lesscodifieddecisionmaking process”
andthepossiblepresenceof“youngerandless 14 managerswhoaremorelikely
to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was 15 stronger in places
where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places
wheremostpeoplearerelativelyhappy,ratherthaninplaceswithhappinessinequality.
17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to
take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility.
It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how
executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people
would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the
average,” said one researcher.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1.[A]why [B]how [C]where [D]when
2.[A]In return [B]In particular [C]In contrast [D]In conclusion
3.[A]necessary [B]famous [C]perfect [D]sufficient
4.[A]individualism [B]realism [C]optimism [D]modernism
5.[A]miss [B]echo [C]spoil [D]change
6.[A]imagined [B]measured [C]assumed [D]invented
7.[A]Sure [B]Odd [C]Unfortunate [D]Often
8.[A]divided [B]advertised [C]overtaxed [D]headquartered
9.[A]summarize [B]overstate [C]explain [D]emphasize
10.[A]factors [B]stages [C]levels [D]methods
11.[A]desirable [B]sociable [C]reliable [D]reputable
12.[A]resumed [B]emerged [C]held [D]broke
13.[A]assign [B]attribute [C]transfer [D]compare
14.[A]serious [B]civilized [C]ambitious [D]experienced
15.[A]instead [B]thus [C]also [D]never
16.[A]rapidly [B]directly [C]regularly [D]equally
17.[A]While [B]Until [C]After [D]Since
18.[A]arrives [B]jumps [C]hints [D]strikes
19.[A]share [B]rediscover [C]simplify [D]shape
20.[A]prayfor [B]leantowards [C]sendout [D]give away
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer
science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few
introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s
School of Computer Science.
However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn
computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters
and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s
not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.
Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them
becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of
people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to
college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,
which candrivetheless-experiencedor-determinedstudentsaway.
The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one
of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a
career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear
lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.
For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based
on your mood.
The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and
build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the
“Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they
enter the job market. But the skills they learn – how to think logically through a
problem and organize the results – apply to any coding language, said Deborah
Seehorn,aneducationconsultantforthestateofNorthCarolina.
Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future
army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be
surrounded by computers – in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes – for
the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax
the machine into producing what they want – the earlier they learn that they have
the power to do that – the better.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.Cortinaholdsthatearlyexposuretocomputersciencemakesiteasierto_____.
[A]completefuturejobtraining
[B]remodelthewayofthinking
[C]formulatelogicalhypotheses
[D]perfectartworkproduction
22.In deliveringlessonsforhigh-schoolers,Flatironhasconsideredtheir_____.
[A]experience
[B]interest
[C]careerprospects
[D]academicbackgrounds
23.DeborahSeehornbelievesthattheskillslearnedatFlatironwill_____.
[A]helpstudentslearnothercomputerlanguages
[B]havetobeupgradedwhennewtechnologiescome
[C]needimprovingwhenstudentslookfor jobs
[D]enablestudentstomakebigquickmoney
24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,Flatironstudentsareexpectedto_____.
[A]bringforth innovativecomputertechnologies
[B]staylongerintheinformationtechnologyindustry
[C]becomebetterpreparedfor thedigitalizedworld
[D]competewithafuturearmyofprogrammers
25.Theword “coax”(Line4,Para.6)isclosestinmeaningto_____.
[A]persuade
[B]frighten
[C]misguide
[D]challenge
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens – a kind
of bird living on stretching grasslands – once lent red to the often grey landscape
of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds
remain today,occupying about 16% of the species’historic range.
The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a
desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists,
however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as
“endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to
crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave
the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational
conservation approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer
collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with
federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of
the prairiechicken’shabitat.
Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute
landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as
long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken
habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and
businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to
replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will
also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an
interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of
67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of
monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states remain in the driver’s seat
for managingthespecies,”Ashesaid.
Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying
to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three
environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly,
industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it
doesn’t go far enough. “The federal government is giving responsibility for
managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says
biologist Jay Lininger.
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26.Themajorreasonforlistingthelesserprairiechickenasthreatenedis_____.
[A]itsdrasticallydecreasedpopulation
[B]theunderestimateofthegrasslandacreage
[C]adesperateappealfromsomebiologists
[D]theinsistenceofprivatelandowners
27.The“threatened”tagdisappointedsomeenvironmentalistsinthatit_____.
[A]wasagive-intogovernmentalpressure
[B]wouldinvolve feweragenciesinaction
[C]grantedlessfederalregulatorypower
[D]wentagainstconservationpolicies
28. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be
prosecutedifthey_____.
[A]agreetopayasumfor compensation
[B]volunteertosetupanequallybighabitat
[C]offertosupporttheWAFWAmonitoringjob
[D]promisetoraisefundsfor USFWSoperations
29.AccordingtoAshe,theleadingroleinmanagingthespeciesis____.
[A]thefederalgovernment
[B]thewildlifeagencies
[C]thelandowners
[D]thestates
30.JayLiningerwouldmostlikelysupport_____.
[A]industrygroups
[B]thewin-winrhetoric
[C]environmentalgroups
[D]theplanunderchallenge
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is
madeespeciallymournfully:There’sneveranytimetoread.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management
techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making
time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my
experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit
down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning – or else
you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern
mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward
communication... It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually
inclined to interruption.” Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of
timewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.
In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as
a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any
given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some
goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,
goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll
manage only goal-focused reading – useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling
kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly
infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel
a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass,
for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set
could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for
reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle
notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul
time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on
single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work,
too – providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state
from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping
back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to
read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tworkbecause_____.
[A]whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernmind
[B]whatchallenging booksdemandisrepetitivereading
[C]whatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwiththem
[D]whatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeguaranteed
32.The“emptybottles”metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressureto_____.
[A]updatetheirto-dolists
[B]makepassingtimefulfilling
[C]carrytheirplansthrough
[D]pursuecarefreereading
33.Eberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesfor readinghelps_____.
[A]encouragetheefficiencymind-set
[B]developonlinereadinghabits
[C]promoteritualisticreading
[D]achieveimmersivereading
34.“Carryabookwithyou atalltimes”canworkif_____.
[A]readingbecomesyour primarybusinessoftheday
[B]allthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtwith
[C]you areabletodropbacktobusinessafterreading
[D]timecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandbusiness
35.Thebesttitleforthistextcouldbe_____.
[A]HowtoEnjoyEasyReading
[B]HowtoFindTimetoRead
[C]HowtoSetReadingGoals
[D]HowtoReadExtensively
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,
younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest
poll hasfound.
Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same
traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having
children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old
mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer
strikingly different paths for reaching it.
Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older
adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance
their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more
public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially
secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are
best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.
From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the
aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining
priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all
aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to
politics.
Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both
groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life
than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more
optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big
majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher
climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing
a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable
housing.
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old
auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after
graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t
afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms
out to people to make that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents
could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had
completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class
home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t
think people are capable of that anymore.”
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.Onecross-generationmarkofasuccessfullifeis_____.
[A]tryingoutdifferentlifestyles
[B]havingafamilywithchildren
[C]workingbeyondretirementage
[D]settingupaprofitablebusiness
37.It canbelearnedfromParagraph3thatyoung peopletendto_____.
[A]favor aslowerlifepace
[B]holdanoccupationlonger
[C]attachimportancetopre-maritalfinance
[D]give prioritytochildcareoutsidethehome
38.Theprioritiesandexpectationsdefinedbytheyoung will_____.
[A]becomeincreasingly clear
[B]focusonmaterialisticissues
[C]dependlargelyonpoliticalpreferences
[D]reachalmostallaspectsofAmericanlife
39.Bothyoung andoldagreethat_____.
[A]good-payingjobsarelessavailable
[B]theoldmademorelifeachievements
[C]housingloanstodayareeasytoobtain
[D]gettingestablishedisharderfortheyoung
40.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutSchneider?
[A]Hefound adreamjobaftergraduatingfrom college.
[B]Hisparentsbelieveworkingsteadilyisamustfor success.
[C]Hisparents’goodlifehaslittletodowithacollegedegree.
[D]Hethinkshisjobasatechnicianquitechallenging.
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the listA-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There
are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on
theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
[A]Besilly
[B]Havefun
[C]Askfor help
[D]Expressyouremotions
[E]Don’toverthinkit
[F] Beeasilypleased
[G]Noticethings
ActYourShoeSize,NotYourAge
As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with
mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art – and for the most part
they don’t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing
instinctively, and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it’s
time to learn a few lessons from them.
41._______________________________
What does a child do when he’s sad? He cries. When he’s angry? He shouts.
Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions
so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a
good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing
emotions, especially negative ones. That’s about as effective as brushing dirt
under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to
acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then – again, like
children – move on.
42._______________________________
Acouple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years
old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but
she was overjoyed, and couldn’t stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a
new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow
us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting
impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
43._______________________________
Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge
in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our
bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts
and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of
course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.
44._______________________________
The problem with being a grownup is that there’s an awful lot of serious stuff
to deal with – work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But
as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it’s
important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things
might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the
living room, anyone?) – it doesn’t matter, so long as they’re enjoyable, and not
likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on
a wild spending spree if you’re on a tight budget.
45. _______________________________
Having said all of the above, it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too
hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative
impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to
have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”And in that, once
more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a
goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET.(15points)
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as
possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the
store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy.
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to
the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry
tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send
shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan
experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much
for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be
rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point
at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended
buying.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email
to congratulateyou andaskforadviceontranslation.Writehimareplyto
1)thankhim,and
2)giveyouradvice.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWER SHEET.
Donotuseyour ownname.Use“LiMing”instead.
Donotwriteyour address.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyour writing, you should
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWER SHEET.(15points)
某高校学生旅游目的调查
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Today is no
different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technology
is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be
defined by 2 : A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses
willstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.
A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a
wasteland of a different sort, one 4 by purposelessness: Without jobs to give
their lives 5 , people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 , today’s
unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20
percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having
depression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, some research suggests
thatthe 8 forrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddiction
9 poorly-educated, middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps
thisiswhymany 10 theagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.
But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without
work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being
unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of
work, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different
circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the 15 of work may
be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of
human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of
IrelandinGalway.
These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers,
peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotional 17
of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,”
Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather
different” – perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a
passionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedfor 20 matters.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1.[A]boasting [B]denying [C]warning [D]ensuring
2.[A]inequality [B]instability [C]unreliability [D]uncertainty
3.[A]policy [B]guideline [C]resolution [D]prediction
4.[A]characterized [B]divided [C]balanced [D]measured
5.[A]wisdom [B]meaning [C]glory [D]freedom
6.[A]Instead [B]Indeed [C]Thus [D]Nevertheless
7.[A]rich [B]urban [C]working [D]educated
8.[A]explanation [B]requirement [C]compensation [D]substitute
9.[A]under [B]beyond [C]alongside [D]among
10.[A]leavebehind [B]makeup [C]worryabout [D]setaside
11.[A]statistically [B]occasionally [C]necessarily [D]economically
12.[A]chances [B]downsides [C]benefits [D]principles
13.[A]absence [B]height [C]face [D]course
14.[A]disturb [B]restore [C]exclude [D]yield
15.[A]model [B]practice [C]virtue [D]hardship
16.[A]tricky [B]lengthy [C]mysterious [D]scarce
17.[A]demands [B]standards [C]qualities [D]threats
18.[A]ignored [B]tired [C]confused [D]starved
19.[A]off [B]against [C]behind [D]into
20.[A]technological [B]professional [C]educational [D]interpersonal
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km
around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and
has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by
thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their
times range from Andrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an
hour.
Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” is failing. Ten years
ago on Monday,it wasannouncedthat theGamesof the30th Olympiadwould be in
London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be
to lever a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be
fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of
adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run-up to 2012 – but
the general population was growing faster.Worse, the numbers are now falling at an
accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two
hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and
children. Officialretrospectionscontinueasto why London 2012 failedto“inspirea
generation.”ThesuccessofParkrunoffersanswers.
Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The
ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being
clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by
contrast, wanted to get more people doing sport and to produce more elite athletes.
Thedual aim was mixed up:Thestress on success over taking part was intimidating
fornewcomers.
Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the
planning of such a fundamentally “grassroots” concept as community sports
associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in
providing common goods – making sure there is space for playing fields and the
money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these
activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green
spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in
education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more
toprovidetheconditionsfor sporttothrive.Or atleastnotmakethemworse.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Parkrunhas_____.
[A]gainedgreatpopularity
[B]createdmanyjobs
[C]strengthenedcommunityties
[D]becomeanofficialfestival
22.TheauthorbelievesthatLondon’sOlympic“legacy”hasfailedto_____.
[A]boostpopulationgrowth
[B]promotesportparticipation
[C]improvethecity’simage
[D]increasesporthoursinschools
23.ParkrunisdifferentfromOlympicgamesinthatit_____.
[A]aimsatdiscoveringtalents
[B]focusesonmasscompetition
[C]doesnotemphasizeelitism
[D]doesnotattractfirst-timers
24.Withregardtomasssports,theauthorholdsthatgovernmentsshould_____.
[A]organize“grassroots”sportsevents
[B]superviselocalsportsassociations
[C]increasefundsfor sportsclubs
[D]investinpublicsportsfacilities
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowhatUKgovernmentshavedonefor sportsis_____.
[A]tolerant
[B]critical
[C]uncertain
[D]sympathetic
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget
about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck you in,” says Jenny
Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote
maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over
intothefamilyroutine.”
Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by
giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who used
devices during the exercise started 20 per cent fewer verbal and 39 per cent fewer
nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw
that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at
theiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.
Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world, and
if those faces are blank and unresponsive – as they often are when absorbed in a
device – it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the “still
face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.
In it,a mother isasked tointeractwith herchildin a normalway beforeputting on a
blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback: The child
becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention.
“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely present at all times, but there needs to be a
balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or
nonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed,”saysRadesky.
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’
use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents
should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat
fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing
to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes
thatjust because achild isn’tlearningfrom the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value
to it – particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply
have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their
devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them
feelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26.AccordingtoJennyRadesky,digitalproductsaredesignedto_____.
[A]simplifyroutinematters
[B]absorbuserattention
[C]betterinterpersonalrelations
[D]increaseworkefficiency
27.Radesky’sfood-testingexerciseshowsthatmothers’useof devices_____.
[A]takesawaybabies’appetite
[B]distractschildren’sattention
[C]slowsdownbabies’verbaldevelopment
[D]reducesmother-childcommunication
28.Radeskycitesthe“stillfaceexperiment”toshowthat_____.
[A]itiseasyforchildrentogetusedtoblankexpressions
[B]verbalexpressionsareunnecessaryforemotionalexchange
[C]childrenareinsensitivetochangesintheirparents’mood
[D]parentsneedtorespondtochildren’semotionalneeds
29.Theoppressiveideology mentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto_____.
[A]protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasies
[B]teachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayear
[C]ensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildren
[D]remainconcernedaboutkids’useofscreens
30.AccordingtoTronick,kids’useofscreensmay_____.
[A]givetheirparentssomefreetime
[B]maketheirparentsmorecreative
[C]helpthemwiththeirhomework
[D]helpthembecomemoreattentive
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction
with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to
completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you
know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it?
And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing
somethingthatisn’tacademic.
Butwhilethismaybetrue,it’snotagood enough reasontocondemngap years.
There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially
perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school,
medical school or a lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year
doesnothinderthesuccessofacademicpursuits–infact,itprobablyenhancesit.
Studies from the United States andAustralia show that students who take a gap
year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who
do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by
preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes
– all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year
experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being
thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and
activitiesratherthanacclimationblunders.
If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore
interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According
to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students
end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the
basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding
of the vast academic possibilities that await them in college. Many students find
themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another
after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the
school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At
BostonCollege, for example,you would have to completean extra year wereyou to
switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure
thingsoutinitiallycanhelppreventstressandsavemoneylateron.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.Oneofthereasonsfor high-schoolgraduatesnottakingagapyearisthat_____.
[A]theythinkitacademicallymisleading
[B]theyhavealotoffun toexpectincollege
[C]itfeelsstrangetododifferentlyfromothers
[D]itseemsworthlesstotakeoff-campuscourses
32.Studiesfrom theUSandAustraliaimplythattakingagapyearhelps_____.
[A]keepstudentsfrombeingunrealistic
[B]lowerrisksinchoosingcareers
[C]easefreshmen’sfinancialburdens
[D]relievefreshmenofpressures
33.Theword “acclimation”(Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto_____.
[A]adaptation
[B]application
[C]motivation
[D]competition
34.Agapyearmaysavemoneyfor studentsbyhelpingthem_____.
[A]avoidacademicfailures
[B]establishlong-termgoals
[C]switchtoanothercollege
[D]decideontherightmajor
35.Themostsuitabletitlefor thistextwouldbe_____.
[A]In Favorof theGapYear
[B]TheABCsoftheGapYear
[C]TheGapYearComesBack
[D]TheGapYear:ADilemma
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of
wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says
Professor MaxMoritz,aspecialistinfireecologyandmanagement.
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first timespent more than half of its $5.5
billion annual budget fighting fires – nearly double the percentage it spent on such
efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the
agency’s other work – such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural
resources management, and infrastructure upkeep – that affect the lives of all
Americans.
Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are
going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are
federaldollarsbuildinghomesthatarelikelytobelosttoawildfire?
“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the
whole country,” he says. “We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, ‘Wait a
minute, is this OK?’ Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on
lower-hazardpartsofthelandscape?”
Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today
viewsfire,researcherssay.
For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over
the past decade, the focus has been on climate change – how the warming of the
Earthfromgreenhousegasesisleadingtoconditionsthatworsenfires.
While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense
oftherestoftheequation.
“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the
interactions go both ways,” he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to “an
overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the
problemandofwhatthesolutionisbecomesverylimited.”
At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be
wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the
University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life
is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as
safeaspossible,shesays.
“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says. “It is really
important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with
firetoday.”
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.Morefrequentwildfireshavebecomeanationalconcernbecausein2015they_____.
[A]exhaustedunprecedentedmanagementefforts
[B]consumedarecord-highpercentageofbudget
[C]severelydamagedtheecologyofwesternstates
[D]causedahuge riseofinfrastructureexpenditure
37.Moritzcallsfortheuseof“amagnifying glass”to_____.
[A]raisemorefundsforfire-proneareas
[B]avoidtheredirectionoffederalmoney
[C]findwildfire-freepartsofthelandscape
[D]guaranteesaferspendingofpublicfunds
38.Whileadmittingthatclimateisakeyelement,Moritznotesthat_____.
[A]publicdebateshavenotsettledyet
[B]fire-fightingconditionsareimproving
[C]otherfactorsshouldnotbeoverlooked
[D]ashiftintheviewoffirehastakenplace
39.TheoverlysimplifiedviewMoritzmentionsisaresultoffailingto_____.
[A]discoverthefundamentalmakeupofnature
[B]explorethemechanismofthehumansystems
[C]maximizetheroleoflandscapeinhumanlife
[D]understandtheinterrelationsofmanandnature
40.ProfessorBalchpointsoutthatfireissomethingmanshould_____.
[A]doawaywith
[B]cometotermswith
[C]payapricefor
[D]keepawayfrom
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to
its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in
therightcolumn.Markyour answersontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
The decline inAmerican manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from
Donald Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while
defendinghisownmade-in-Mexicoclothingline.
Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent
decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit
manufacturing.
Butthereisalsoadifferentwaytolookatthedata.
Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge:
Instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade
competition and outsourcing,American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of
thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in
takingtheirplace.Otherindustriesarerecruitingthemwithsimilarorbetterpay.
For factoryowners, it all addsup tostiff competition for workers – andupward
pressure on wages. “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay
Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be
coming [into the workforce], but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are
also doing as well as manufacturing.” Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school
juniorstothefactorysotheycangetexposedtoitsculture.
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding
equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the
age of his nearly 200 workers. Five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three
community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting
wageof$13anhourthatrisesto$17aftertwoyears.
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks
flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors.
It’s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high
school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. “I
loveworkingwithtools.Ilovecreating,”hesays.
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since
the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their
father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing
recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business
developmentagencyforwesternMichigan.
These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen
from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker
shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at
themid-skilllevels.
“The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of
skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College.
“There’re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you
don’t need tohave muchskill. It’sthatgap in between,andthat’swherethe problem
is.”
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community College points to another key to
luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance.While their parents were
content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not
attractivetothisgeneration.Theyreallywanttolivetheirlives,”shesays.
[A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he
lovesworkingwithtools.
41.JayDunwell [B]points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that
don’tneedmuchskill.
42.JasonStenquist [C]points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything
anymore.
43.BirgitKlohs [D]believesthatitisimportanttokeepacloseeyeontheageof
hisworkers.
44.RobSpohr [E]says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find
becauseofstiffcompetition.
45.JulieParks [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young
people intomanufacturing.
[G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the
lay-offoftheyoungpeople’sparents.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET.(15points)
My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and
publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing
and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course.
However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to
compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not
the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would
study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities.
But,to be honest, I said it, becauseI thought thatfashion and metogether wasjust a
dream – I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I
decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when
Inoticedthecourse“FashionMedia&Promotion.”
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about
Chineseculturetoagroup ofinternationalstudents.Writeareplyto
1)accepttheinvitation,and
2)introducethekeypointsofyour presentation.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWER SHEET.
Donotuseyour ownname.Use“LiMing”instead.
Donotwriteyour address.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyour writing, you should
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWER SHEET.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,CorDontheANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will
obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty,
according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that
the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even
whenitiscleartheanswerwill 3 .
In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago
and theWisconsinSchoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingnessto 4 themselves
to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant
was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous
experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when
clicked.
Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another
twenty-seven were told only thatsome were electrified. 7 leftalone in theroom,
the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and
incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 . Subsequent
experimentsreproduced thiseffect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails
onachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.
The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic
drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago.
Curiosityisoftenconsideredagood instinct–it can 12 newscientific advances,
for instance – but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity
candriveyou todo 14 thingsisaprofound one.
Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment,
participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an
unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results
suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of
timecanhelpdetermine 19 itisworththeendeavor.“Thinking about long-term
20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In
otherwords,don’treadonlinecomments.
英语（二）试题 ·1· （共14页）1.A.protect B.resolve C.discuss D.ignore
2.A.refuse B.wait C.regret D.seek
3.A.hurt B.last C.mislead D.rise
4.A.alert B.tie C.treat D.expose
5.A.message B.review C.trial D.concept
6.A.remove B.weaken C.interrupt D.deliver
7.A.When B.If C.Though D.Unless
8.A.continue B.happen C.disappear D.change
9.A.ratherthan B.regardlessof C.suchas D.owingto
10.A.discover B.forgive C.forget D.disagree
11.A.pay B.marriage C.schooling D.food
12.A.leadto B.reston C.learnfrom D.beginwith
13.A.withdrawal B.persistence C.inquiry D.diligence
14.A.self-reliant B.self-destructive C.self-evident D.self-deceptive
15.A.define B.resist C.replace D.trace
16.A.overlook B.predict C.design D.conceal
17.A.remember B.promise C.choose D.pretend
18.A.relief B.plan C.duty D.outcome
19.A.why B.whether C.where D.how
20.A.consequences B.investments C.strategies D.limitations
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosingA, B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
英语（二）试题 ·2· （共14页）Text1
It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his
effortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.
Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New
Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and
mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that
students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly
overwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?
As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is
necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck
with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by
assemblingabicycle.
But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is
seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education
“havethatstereotype...thatit’sfor kidswho can’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.
Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the
US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More
educationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.
But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing
of anything less – misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American
economyneeds.Yes, a bachelor’s degree opensmore doors. But even now,54 percent
of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill
manufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.
In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its
political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once definedAmerica is vanishing,
oneobvioussolution isstaring usin theface.There isagap in working-classjobs, but
the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s
ManchesterSchoolofTechnology HighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.
Koziatek’sschool is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it
risksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.
英语（二）试题 ·3· （共14页）21.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof_____.
A. practicalability
B. academictraining
C. pioneeringspirit
D. mechanicalmemorization
22.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho_____.
A. haveastereotypedmind
B. havenocareermotivation
C. arenotacademicallysuccessful
D. arefinanciallydisadvantaged
23.WecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates_____.
A. usedtohavebigfinancialconcerns
B. usedtohavemorejobopportunities
C. arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing
D. areentitledtomoreeducationalprivileges
24.Theheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall_____.
A. helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobs
B. maynarrowthegap inworking-classjobs
C. isexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce
D. indicatestheovervaluingofhighereducation
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas_____.
A. supportive
B. tolerant
C. disappointed
D. cautious
英语（二）试题 ·4· （共14页）Text2
While fossil fuels – coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the
world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable
sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum
around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going
online.
Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted
businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the
plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar
panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to
one-third inthepasteightyears.
In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy
source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to
power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably
China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March,
for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the
powergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergy InformationAdministration.
President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to
economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an
unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa,
where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity
generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the
availabilityofcleanenergy topowertheirdatacenters.
The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t
shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage
capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the
clock morelikely.
The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big
bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity
on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming
years.
While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The
pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time
to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does –
or doesn’t do –to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of
a globalshiftinthought.
英语（二）试题 ·5· （共14页）26.Theword“plummeting”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto_____.
A. stabilizing
B. changing
C. falling
D. rising
27.AccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica_____.
A. isprogressingnotably
B. isasextensiveasinEurope
C. facesmanychallenges
D. hasprovedtobeimpractical
28.It canbelearnedthatinIowa,_____.
A. windisawidelyusedenergysource
B. windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuels
C. techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergy
D. thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply
29.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergy accordingtoParagraphs5&6？
A. Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.
B. Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.
C. Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.
D. Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.
30.It canbeinferredfrom thelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy _____.
A. willbringtheUSclosertoothercountries
B. willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchange
C. isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment
D. isnotcompetitive enoughwithregardtoitscost
英语（二）试题 ·6· （共14页）Text3
The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –
Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole
Foods for ＄13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to
acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical
product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely
detailed webofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives.
Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link
phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as
the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the
knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still
could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the
makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently
plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the
460 shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.
Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of
power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of
change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and
remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses
of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as
presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is
not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their
services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising
from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital
advertisingtothedisadvantageofallother mediaandentertainmentcompanies.
The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data
for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids
for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data
that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their
aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a
human or democraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.
英语（二）试题 ·7· （共14页）31.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits_____.
A. digitalproducts
B. userinformation
C. physicalassets
D. qualityservice
32.LinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay_____.
A. worsenpoliticaldisputes
B. messupcustomerrecords
C. posearisktoFacebookusers
D. misleadtheEuropeancommission
33.Accordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw_____.
A. shouldserve thenewmarketpowers
B. mayworsentheeconomicimbalance
C. shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolution
D. cannotkeeppacewiththechanging market
34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users
because_____.
A. theyarenotdefinedascustomers
B. theyarenotfinanciallyreliable
C. theservicesaregenerallydigital
D. theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisers
35.Theantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate_____.
A. awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants
B. atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants
C. thebenefitsprovidedfor digitalgiants’customers
D. therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusers
英语（二）试题 ·8· （共14页）Text4
To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of
DeepWork:Rules for Focused Success in a DistractedWorld, recommendsbuilding a
habitof“deepwork”–theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.
There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work – be it
lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a
“journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout
the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and
sticktoit.
Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions
and get more done in less time. “At any given point, I should have deep work
scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I
wouldadoctor’sappointmentorimportantmeeting”,hewrites.
Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you
prioritise your day – in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of
Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early
1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out
monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in
muchmoredetail,daybyday.
While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be
most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed
daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often
render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a
listcanreapthebestresults.
In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace
downtime,orasNewportsuggests,“belazy”.
“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to
the brain as vitamin D is to the body…[idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to
gettinganyworkdone,”heargues.
Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,
believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to
the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and
unfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.
“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to
useboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain,”saysPillay.
英语（二）试题 ·9· （共14页）36.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto_____.
A. keeptoyour focustime
B. listyour immediatetasks
C. makespecific dailyplans
D. seizeeveryminutetowork
37.Thestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat_____.
A. distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency
B. dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudying
C. studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals
D. detailedplansmaynotbeasfruitful asexpected
38.AccordingtoNewport,idlenessis_____.
A. adesirablementalstateforbusypeople
B. amajorcontributortophysicalhealth
C. aneffective waytosavetimeandenergy
D. anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganywork
39.Pillaybelievesthatourbrains’shift betweenbeingfocusedandunfocused_____.
A. canresultinpsychologicalwell-being
B. canbringaboutgreaterefficiency
C. isaimedatbetterbalanceinwork
D. isdrivenbytaskurgency
40.Thistextismainlyabout_____.
A. waystorelievethetensionofbusylife
B. approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstime
C. thekeytoeliminatingdistractions
D. thecauseofthelackoffocustime
英语（二）试题 ·10· （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subtitles from the listA-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra
subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.
(10points)
[A]Justsayit
[B]Bepresent
[C]Payauniquecompliment
[D]Name,places,things
[E]Findthe“metoo”s
[F] Skipthesmalltalk
[G]Ask foranopinion
Fivewaystomake conversationwithanyone
Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new
person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will
strengthenthelink.
You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people
at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them
willformalink.
Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a
conversationwithstrangers.
41.______________________
Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within
you says “I want to talk with this person” – this is something that mostly happens
with all of us. You wanted to say something – the first word – but it just won’t come
out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice: just
getitout.
Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well,
theyarenottalkingwithyou now!
I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.
英语（二）试题 ·11· （共14页）So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey”or “Hello” – do the best you can to gather all of the
enthusiasmandenergyyou can,putonabigsmileandsay“Hi”.
42.______________________
It is a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you
wanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.
Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what is
going on?”, you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so
memorable.
So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised
toseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyou justask.
43.______________________
When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things
which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation
from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards,
you’llfind allofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.
44.______________________
Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on
theirphone,andifyou askfortheirattentionyou gettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.
So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication
wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic
happens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,you canfeeltheconversation.
45.______________________
You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some
time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward! So,
remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the
places they have been to, the places they want to go, the things they like, the things
theyhate–whateveryou talkabout.
When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their
wellbeing.So theyfeelaresponsibilitytoyou tokeepthatrelationshipgoing.
That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost
anyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!
英语（二）试题 ·12· （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the
ANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Afifth grader gets ahomework assignment to selecthisfuture career path from a
list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and
selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as
many career paths as he likes. And so he reads – everything from encyclopedias to
science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no
readingpolicy”atthedinnertable.
That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet – not even after
becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading
material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed
that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles
because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of
knowledgetoexplore”,Gatessays.
Section Ⅳ Writing
PartA
47. Directions:
Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit
Professor Smith.Writehimanemailto
1)apologizeandexplainthesituation,and
2)suggestafuturemeeting.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyour ownname.Use“LiMing”instead.
Donotwriteyour address.(10points)
英语（二）试题 ·13· （共14页）PartB
48.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyour writing, you should
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWER SHEET.(15points)
2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素
英语（二）试题 ·14· （共14页）绝密★启用前
2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word ( s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant
weight fluctuations. _1_ , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more
thanit_2_.
As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being
generally healthy and physically active, to focusing _ 3_ on the scale. That was bad
to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but
thinking only of _4_ the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That
conflicted with how I needed to train to _5_ my goals.
I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the
hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a
month to notice significant changes in your weight ---'-7- altering your training
program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches
lost.
For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a
bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less
important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows
me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I
need to 13 my training program.
I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as
well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly 15 and
dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall
health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I
no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I've also experienced
greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I'm training according
to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.
Rather than 20 over the scale, tum your focus to how you look, feel, how
your clothes fit and your overall energy level.
'Ji_ ( - ) 1 ( � 14 Jf )
�->+-fp - 1-..i,;<\, 7'<,i._!!Wj • •1. [AJ Besides [BJ Therefore [CJ Otherwise [D] However
2. [AJ helps [BJ cares [CJ warns [D] reduces
3. [AJ initially [BJ solely [CJ occasionally [DJ formally
4. [ A J recording [BJ lowering [CJ explaining [D] accepting
5. [AJ modify [BJ set [CJ review [DJ reach
6. [AJ definition [BJ depiction [CJ distribution [DJ prediction
7. [AJ due to [BJ regardless of [CJ aside from [D] along with
8. [AJ orderly [BJ rigid [CJ precise [D] immediate
9. [AJ claims [BJ judgments [CJ reasons [D] methods
10. [AJ instead [BJ though [CJ again [D] indeed
11. [AJ track [BJ overlook [CJ conceal [D] report
12. [AJ depend on [B] approve of [CJ hold onto [D] account for
13. [AJ share [BJ adjust [CJ confirm [D] prepare
14. [AJ results [BJ features [CJ rules [D] tests
15. [AJ bored [B] anxious [CJ hungry [D] sick
16. [AJ principle [BJ secret [CJ belief [D] sign
17. [AJ request [BJ necessity [ CJ decision [D] wish
18. [ A J disappointing [B] surprising [CJ restricting [D] consuming
19. [AJ if [BJ unless [CJ until [D] because
20. [AJ obsessing [B] dominating [ CJ puzzling [D] triumphing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer .t he questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 40 points)
*-i½
( --=- ) -i�M .2. ( � 14 1f )Text 1
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little
later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't
born knowing how to say "I'm sorry''; rather, they learn over time that such statements
appease parents and friends - and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally
regard so-called morla guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply
uncomfortable - it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with
stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a
rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a
psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of
a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary - feelings that may be advantageous
in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have
evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can
encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words,
can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology
professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an
emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt
and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some
kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more
guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can
substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using careg.iv er
assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall
sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral
transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to
share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they
shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones
shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the
other child's deprivation.
"That's good news, " Malti says. "We can be prosocial because we caused harm
and we feel regret."
*-i½
( -=- ) -i�M .3. ( � 14 1f )21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_ __
[AJ regulate a child's basic emotions
[BJ improve a child's intellectual ability
[CJ foster a child's moral development
[DJ intensify a child's positive feelings
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be_ __
[ A J deceptive
[BJ burdensome
[CJ addictive
[DJ inexcusable
23. Yaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that_ __
[AJ emotions are context-independent
[BJ emotions are socially constructive
[CJ emotional stability can benefit health
[DJ an emotion can play opposing roles
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ___
[ A J may help correct emotional deficiencies
[B] can result from either sympathy or guilt
[CJ can bring about emotional satisfaction
[DJ may be the outcome of impulsive acts
25. The word "transgressions" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to ___
[ A J teachings
[BJ discussions
[ CJ restrictions
[DJ wrongdoings
*-i½
(--=-) -i�M .4. ( � 14 1f )Text2
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against
climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the
carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate
change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon
than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle
balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may
require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as
it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young
trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying
capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so
they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.
Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less
easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought
and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016
alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by
2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's
only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in
all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from
the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles
that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is
..
already under way.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally
they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only
recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.
California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should
serve as a model.
*-i½
( --=- ) -i�M .5. ( � 14 1f )26. By saying "one of the harder challenges," the author implies that ___
[ A J global climate change may get out of control
[BJ people may misunderstand global warming
[ CJ extreme weather conditions may arise
[DJ forests may become a potential threat
27.To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks," we may need to ___
[ A J preserve the diversity of species in them
[BJ accelerate the growth of young trees
[CJ strike a balance among different plants
[DJ lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity
28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to
---
[ A J cultivate more drought-resistant trees
[BJ reduce the density of some of its forests
[C] find more effective ways to kill insects
[DJ restore its forests quickly after wildfires
29. What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?
[ A J To handle the areas in serious danger first.
[BJ To carry it out before the year of 2020.
[CJ To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
[DJ To obtain enough financial support.
30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as ___
[ A J ambiguous
[BJ tolerant
[CJ supportive
[DJ cautious
*-i½
( --=- ) -i�M .6. ( � 14 1f )Text3
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The
complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for
agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change
jobs within the industry. If this doesn't change, American businesses, communities,
and consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such
workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are
changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more
likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.
They're also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were
over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies.
One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all
along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.
Mechanization isn't the answer, either - not yet, at least. Production of corn,
cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value,
labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where
robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they're automated.
As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers
using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests
for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural
work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren't
given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and
unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to
arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration
raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin
and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have
responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the
fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of
imports was 25.8 percent.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
*-i½
( -=- ) -i�M .7. ( � 14 1f )31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
[AJ Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
[BJ Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
[CJ Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
[DJ Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ___
[ A J the rising number of illegal immigrants
[BJ the high mobility of crop workers
[CJ the lack of experienced laborers
[DJ the aging of immigrant farm workers
33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
[ A J To attract younger laborers to farm work.
[B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
[CJ To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
[DJ To strengthen financial support for farmers.
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ___
[ A J slow granting procedures
[BJ limit on duration of stay
[C] tightened requirements
[DJ control of annual admissions
35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
[AJ U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
[BJ Import Food or Labor?
[C] America Saved by Mexico?
[DJ Manpower vs. Automation?
*-i½
( --=- ) -i�M .8. ( � 14 1f )Text4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:
It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video
for World Environment Day - encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your
single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do
include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the
overarching message is directed at individuals.
My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of
what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or
quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.
They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever
progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions - a kind of "moral licensing"
that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it
remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power
that i lies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens"
mp
hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority - or
even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good
People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.
DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large
numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to
environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India
has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022."
There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,
such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just
that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary,
approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into
perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape
collective action (a nd rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens
pushing for change.
*-i½
( --=- ) -i�M .9. ( � 14 1f )36. Some celebrities star in a new video to
---
[ A J demand new laws on the use of plastics
[BJ urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
[CJ invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
[DJ disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
3 7. The author is concerned that "moral licensing" may ___
[ A J mislead us into doing worthless things
[BJ prevent us from making further efforts
[CJ weaken our sense of accomplishment
[DJ suppress our desire for success
38. By pointing out our identity "citizens", the author indicates that ___
[ A J our focus should be shifted to community welfare
[BJ our relationship with local industries is improving
[CJ we have been actively exercising our civil rights
[DJ we should press our government to lead the combat
39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ___
[AJ a win-win arrangement
[BJ a self-driven mechanism
[CJ a cost-effective approach
[DJ a top-down process
40. The author concludes that individual efforts
---
[ A J can be too aggressive
[BJ can be too inconsistent
[CJ are far from sufficient
[DJ are far from rational
*-i¼
( ..=. ) 1j\� .10. ( � 14 yf )PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to
its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the
right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In choosing a new home, Camille McClain's kids have a single demand: a
backyard.
McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to
housing, and in many cases youngsters' views weigh heavily on parents' real estate
decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark
about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about
the financial, personal and long-term effects kids' opinions may have.
The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can
help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming
process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.
"Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves,
especially if it removes them from their current school or support system," he said.
Greg Jaroszewski, real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's
not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home - but their opinions
should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if
possible.
Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home - without actually
getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, real estate attorney based in New
York.
Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential
home will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process,
Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of homeb ing aren't a consideration for children, said
uy
Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too
much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
"Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise,
but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions." Hampson said.
The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their
*-i½
(--=.) -it(.� .11. ( � 14 Ji )real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in
Riverside, Calif.
"They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said.
"HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It's not shelter, it's a
lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences."
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them
personally, Norris said.
Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change
over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.
"Their opinions can change tomorrow," Gurner said. "Harsh as it may be to say,
that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather
made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and
give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own."
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to
embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.
[A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to
children.
41. Ryan Hooper [BJ says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate
decisions.
42.Adam Bailey [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on
children's opinions.
43. Tracey Hampson [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in
homeb ing decisions.
uy
[E] notes that aspects like children's friends and social activities
44.Aaron Norris
should be considered upon homebuying.
[F] believes that homeb ing decisions should be based on
uy
45. Julie Gurner
children's needs rather than their opinions.
[G] assumes that many children's views on real estate are
influenced by the media.
*-i¼
( -=. ) 1j\� .12. ( � 14 yf )Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. ( 15 points)
It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant,
readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times
have I heard people say, "I could write a book. I just haven't the time." Easily said.
Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in
his early days of, as he put it, "having a go at the writing game". While he obviously
had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world
was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of
authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but
these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life
was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.
Write him an email to
..
1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and
2) tell him about your arrangements.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your one name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
*-i¼
( -=. ) 1j\� .13. (� 14 yf )PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
80.0%
70.0% 68.1%
60.0%
.20131¥
50.0%
� 20181¥
40.0%
34.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
2.6%
1.3%
0.0%
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*-i¼
( ..=.. ) 1j\� .14. ( � 14 yf )绝密★启用前
2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Being a good parent is what every parent would like to be. But defining what it
means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children
respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might
respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 a younger one.
_3_, there's another sort of parent that's easier to 4 a patient parent.
Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, _5_ every parent would like
to be patient, this is no easy _6_. Sometimes, parents get exhausted and are unable to
maintain a _7_ style with their kids. I understand this.
You're only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far.
And then the_9_ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or
say something that was too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could
11 the clock and start over, We've all been there.
12 even though it's common, it's vital to keep in mind that in a single
moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for
a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but
also 14 your child's self-esteem.
If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are mode ling a lack
of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of
the 16 of modeling patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will
help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to maintain emotional control
when 17 by stress is one of the most significant of all life's skills.
Certainly, it's 18 to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more
practical goal is to try to be as calm as you can when faced with 19 situations
involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal,
you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better
physically and emotionally.1. [A] tedious [B] pleasant [C] instructive [D] tricky
2. [A] in addition [B] for example [C] at once [D] by accident
3. [A] Fortunately [B] Occasionally [C] Accordingly [D] Eventually
4. [A] amuse [B] assist [C] describe [D] train
5. [A] while [B] because [C] unless [D] once
6. [A] answer [B] task [C] choice [D] access
7. [A] tolerant [B] formal [C] rigid [D] critical
8. [A] move [B] drag [C] push [D] send
9. [A] mysterious [B] illogical [C] suspicious [D] inevitable
10. [A] boring [B] naive [C] harsh [D] vague
11. [A] tum back [B] take apart [C] set aside [D] cover up
12. [A] Overall [B] Instead [C] However [D] Otherwise
13. [A] like [B] miss [C] believe [D] regret
14. [A] raise [B] affect [C] justify [D] reflect
15. [A] time [B] bond [C] race [D] cool
16. [A] nature [B] secret [C] importance [D] context
17. [A] cheated [B] defeated [C] confused [D] confronted
18. [A] terrible [B] hard [C] strange [D] wrong
19. [A] trying [B] changing [C] exciting [D] surprising
20. [A] hide [B] emerge [C] withdraw [D] escape
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so
they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this
extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego,
and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat - one social and one
asocial - for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier
version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colourful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around,
played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.
Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the
opportunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trials each, the living rats
were 52 per cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.
This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may
have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal
exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,
and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.
"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and
cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity - where a rat will help
another rat that has previously helped them," says Quinn.
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its
minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple
plastic box on wheels. "We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,
facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't
necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped
with the research.
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come
from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,
even when they display only simple social signals. "We humans seem to be fascinated
by robots, and it turns out other animals are too," says Wiles.21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ___
[A] pick up social signals from non-living rats
[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
[C] attain sociable traits through special training
[D] send out warning messages to their fellows
22.What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?
[A] It followed the social robot.
[B] It played with some toys.
[C] It set the trapped rats free.
[D] It moved around alone.
23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they ___
[A] tried to practice a means of escape
[B] expected it to do the same in return
[C] wanted to display their intelligence
[D] considered that an interesting game
24. Janet Wiles notes that rats ___
[A] can remember other rats' facial features
[B] differentiate smells better than sizes
[C] respond more to actions than to looks
[D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
25. It can be learned from the text that rats ___
[A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
[B] are more socially active than other animals
[C] behave differently from children in socializing
[D] are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText2
It is true that CEO pay has gone up - top ones may make 300 times the pay
of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly
traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The
typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.
The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO
talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic
elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has
gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other
workers in the U.S. economy.
Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than
simply being able to "run the company." CEOs must have a good sense of
financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them .T hey also
need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor
slipup can be significant. Then there's the fact that large American companies are
much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a
larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly
mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech
companies, often with their own research and development. And beyond this, major
CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.
The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't
explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot
tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of
stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the
broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.
Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the
cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at
the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when
companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up
corporate value not just for the CEO.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
[A] The growth in the number of corporations.
[B] The general pay rise with a better economy.
[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms.
[D] Close cooperation among leading economies.
27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to_ ___
[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork
[B] finance more research and development
[C] establish closer ties with tech companies
[D] operate more globalized companies
28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite ____
[A] continual internal opposition
[B] strict corporate governance
[C] conservative business strategies
[D] repeated government warnings
29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps ___
[A] confirm the status of CEOs
[B] motive inside candidates
[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs
[D] increase corporate value
30.The most suitable title for this text would be ___
[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid
[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present
[C] CEOs' Challenges of Today
[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText3
Madrid was hailed as a public health guiding light last November when it rolled
out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election
day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air
zone, a first step toward its possible termination. Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida
made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its
success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city's decision to
stop levying fines, ordering them restored. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future
looks uncertain at best.
Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the
patchwork, city-by-city approach that characterises efforts on air pollution across
Europe, Britain very much included.
Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle
dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vulnerable. That's
because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who
must pay fees or buy better vehicles-rather than on to the car manufacturers whose
cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution. It's not hard to imagine a similar
reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to
be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to
the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense
opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.
It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local
officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health
in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,
and the science tells us that means real health benefits.
But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far
bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments -
Britain's and others across Europe -have failed to do so.
Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centres,
"school streets", even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger
effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring
their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits
to minimise pollution. We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up
their cars.31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?
[A] Its effects are questionable.
[B] It has been opposed by a judge.
[C] It needs tougher enforcement.
[D] Its fate is yet to be decided.
32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?
[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.
[B] They prove impractical for city councils.
[C] They are deemed too mild by politicians.
[D] They put the burden on individual motorists.
33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will ___
[A] arouse strong resistance
[B] ensure Khan's electoral success
[C] improve the city's traffic
[D] discourage car manufacturing
34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?
[A] Local residents.
[B] Mayors.
[C] Councilors.
[D] National governments.
35. It can be learned from the last paragraph that auto companies ___
[A] will raise low-emission car production
[B] should be forced to follow regulations
[C] will upgrade the design of their vehicles
[D] should be put under public supervisionText4
Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring-the most
commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take
a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit
the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades.
And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs
in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National
Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people
who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came
before them.
If "entitled" 1s the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to
millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation
Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and experts who
study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite
graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an
economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash
of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both.
They aren't interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to
have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,
especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S.
now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.
One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year
chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia
students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future
employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional
development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was
the second most important career goal ( work-life balance was number one), followed
by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.
That's a big change from the previous generation. "Millennials wanted more
flexibility in their lives," notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a
UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in
findings that might just as well apply to American youth. "Generation Zs are looking
for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy. They have
trouble seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse."36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring ___
[A] are recognized for their abilities
[B] are optimistic about the labor market
[C] are in favor of office job offers
[D] are drawing growing public attention
36. Generation Zs are keenly aware_ ___
[A] what their parents expect of them
[B] how valuable a counselor's advice is
[C] what a tough economic situation is like
[D] how they differ from past generations
37. The word "assuage"(Line9, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to_ __
[A] deepen
[B] define
[C] maintain
[D] relieve
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_ __
[A] give top priority to professional training
[B] have a clear idea about their future jobs
[C] care little about their job performance
[D] think it hard to achieve work-life balance
40. Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are ____
[A] less realistic
[B] less adventurous
[C] more diligent
[D] more generousPartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs ( 41-45). There are two extra
subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Give compliments, just not too many
[B] Put on a good face, always
[C] Tailor your interactions
[D] Spend time with everyone
[E] Reveal, don't hide, information
[F] Slow down and listen
[G] Put yourselves in others' shoes
Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office
Is it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get
together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in
friendships, you need coworkers. You work with them every day, and you depend on
them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole
office on your side.
41. -----------
If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try to stay
tight-lipped around them. But you won't be helping either one of you. A Harvard
Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank
about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is
not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the
option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should
just be honest.
42. -----------
Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We
often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, astray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear
out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause
colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers m
a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.
43. -----------
It's common to have a "cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting. But
in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out
about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with
colleagues you don't always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the
job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to grow your
internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.
44 .. ____________
Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don't have to be
someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This
will help engender good will in others. But don't overdo it or be fake about it. One
study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to
positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.
45. __________
This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to
achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from
an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small
talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while others are more
straightforward. Jokes that work on one person won't necessarily land with another.
So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you're dealing with in
advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
It's almost impossible to go through life without expenencmg some kind of
failure. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it's entirely up to us to decide
how to look at it.
We can choose to see failure as "the end of the world." Or, we can look at failure
as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something,
we can choose to look for the lesson we're meant to learn. These lessons are very
important; they're how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake
again. Failures stop us only if we let them.
Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have
learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person
you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find
unexpected motivation to succeed.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international
students. Write them an email to
1) tell them about the site, and
2) give them some tips for the tour.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
m.matfaJ
/ 21.3%
#J:J~W-59.5%
~~~~~-=f:l-JLl3II~ § agijijwSection I Use of English
Directions :
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their
negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2
one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch
people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get
on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?
Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about
jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and
infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were
8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But
they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more
inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get
more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the
expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.
Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?
Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to
take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple
criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done
faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have
unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring
consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors
such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just
one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people
better 20 the objective.1. [ A J therefore [ BJ however [ CJ again [ DJ moreover
2. [ A J Emphasize [ BJ Identify [ CJ Assess [ DJ Explain
3. [ AJ nearly [ BJ curiously [ CJ eagerly [ DJ quickly
4. [AJ claim [ BJ prove [ CJ check [DJ recall
5. [ A J threatened [ BJ ignored [ CJ mocked [ DJ blamed
6. [ AJ punctuality [ BJ hospitality [ CJ competition [ DJ innovation
7. [AJ Yet [BJ So [ CJ Besides [DJ Still
8. [ AJ hired [ BJ trained [ CJ rewarded [ DJ grouped
9. [AJ only [ BJ rather [ CJ once [DJ also
10. [ AJ comfort [ BJ revenue [ CJ efficiency [DJ security
11. [ A J friendly [ BJ quiet [ CJ cautious [ D J diligent
12. [ AJ purpose [ BJ problem [ CJ prejudice [DJ policy
13. [ A J reported [ BJ revealed [ CJ admitted [ DJ noticed
14. [ AJ break [BJ trip [ CJ departure [ D J transfer
15. [ AJ moral [ BJ background [ CJ style [ DJ form
16. [ A J interpret [ BJ criticize [CJ sacrifice [ DJ tolerate
17. [AJ task [BJ secret [ CJ product [ DJ cost
18. [ AJ leading to [ B J calling for [ C J relating to [ DJ accounting for
19. [ AJ specify [ BJ predict [ CJ restore [ DJ create
20. [ AJ modify [ BJ review [ CJ present [DJ achieve
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions :
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1
" Reskilling " is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a
requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left
behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change
rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World
Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skills" within job roles
will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.
The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual
companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in
demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen.
AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive
reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies
including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the
skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government
to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have
given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at
times and in regions where unemployment is high.
With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per
cent and 5 .5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States
were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those
rates had spiked up to 13. 3 per cent and 13. 7 per cent, and although many worker
shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious
example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and
other medical personnel.
Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a
doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap,
maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That
seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin
staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled
the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and
involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests ___
[ A] an increase in full-time employment
[ B] an urgent demand for new job skills
[ C] a steady growth of job opportunities
[ D ] a controversy about the " core skills"
22. AT&T is cited to show
---
[ A] an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy
[ B ] an immediate need for government support
[ C] the importance of staff appraisal standards
[ D] the characteristics of reskilling programs
23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada
---
[ A] have driven up labour costs
[ B ] have proved to be inconsistent
[ C] have met with fierce opposition
[ D] have appeared to be insufficient
24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was ___
[ A] a call for policy adjustment
[ B ] a change in hiring practices
[ C] a lack of medical workers
[ D] a sign of economic recovery
25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to
---
[ A] create job vacancies for the unemployed
[ B] prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs
[ C] retrain their cabin staff for better services
[ D] finance their staffs college educationText 2
With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and
forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep
pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big
talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.
Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK
importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down
from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the
argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the
nation's health. Sounds great-but how feasible is this vision?
According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK,
85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.
That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in
livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.
There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much
more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal
foods, and probably also farm more intensively-meaning fewer green fields and more
factory-style production.
But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason
why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right
soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's
land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields.
Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would
involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their
homes-we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.
Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently
home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent
of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,
sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would ___
[ A] be hindered by its population growth
[ B] contribute to the nation's well-being
[ C] become a priority of the government
[ D] pose a challenge to its farming industry
27. The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK ___
[ A] farmland has been inefficiently utilized
[ B] factory-style production needs reforming
[ C] most land is used for meat and dairy production
[ D] more green fields will be converted for farming
28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to ___
[ A] its farming technology
[ B ] its dietary tradition
[ C] its natural conditions
[ D] its commercial interests
29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people ___
[ A] rely largely on imports for fresh produce
[ B] enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption
[ C] are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake
[ D] are trying to grow new varieties of grains
30. The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is ___
[ A] defensive
[ B ] doubtful
[ C] tolerant
[ D] optimisticText 3
When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar
Sunrise in 2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in
Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for " productivity "
software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the
ground up for the smartphone world.
Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best
features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of
the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger
for tech talent.
To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a
remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their
path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a
partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might
one day tum into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.
Like other start-up investors, Mr. Arnold's own business often depends on selling
start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:
"I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for
the American economy? I don't know."
The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that
question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information
about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research
project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early
stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.
Given their combined market value of more than $ 5 .5 trillion, rifling through such
small deals-many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-might
seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an
average of only $ 3 .4 billion a year on sub- $ 1 billion acquisitions over the past five
years-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more
than $ 130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.
However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening
potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some
cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.31. What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?
[ A] Their engineers were retained.
[ B ] Their market values declined.
[ C] Their tech features improved.
[ D] Their products were re-priced.
32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to ___
[ A] exaggerate their product quality
[ B ] eliminate their potential competitors
[ C] treat new tech talent unfairly
[ D] ignore public opinions
33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might ___
[ A] weaken big tech companies
[ B ] worsen market competition
[ C] harm the national economy
[ D] discourage start-up investors
34. The US Federal Trade Commission intends to
---
[ A] limit Big Tech's expansion
[ B] encourage research collaboration
[ C] examine small acquisitions
[ D] supervise start-ups' operation
35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have ___
[ A] brought little financial pressure
[ B ] raised few management challenges
[ C] set an example for future deals
[ D] generated considerable profitsText 4
We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of
experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation
can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she called "thin
slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second
video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings
correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants
had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their
conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the
intuitive nature of the social processing.
Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their
judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected
that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or
utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic
impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of
pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
Other research shows we're better at detecting deception from thin slices when we
rely on intuition instead of reflection. "It's as if you're driving a stick shift," says Judith
Hall, a psychologist at Northeastem University, "and if you start thinking about it too
much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you're
fine. Much of our social life is like that."
Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students'
ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts' opinions
when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying
decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to
focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex
when they had a lot of information to process.
Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study,
participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective
thinking ( discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and
creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to
which they had used intuition (" gut feelings," "hunches," "my heart"). Use of their
gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the
rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambady's study deals with ___
[ A] the power of people's memory
[ B ] the reliability of first impressions
[ C] instructor-student interaction
[ D] people's ability to influence others
37. In Ambady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants ___
[ A] focused on specific details
[ B ] gave the rating in limited time
[ C] watched shorter video clips
[ D] discussed with one another
38. Judith Hall mentions driving to show that ___
[ A] reflection can be distracting
[ B ] memory may be selective
[ C] social skills must be cultivated
[ D] deception is difficult to detect
39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to ___
[ A] collect enough data
[ B ] list your preferences
[ C] seek expert advice
[ D] follow your feelings
40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[ A] Generating new products takes time.
[ B] Intuition may affect reflective tasks.
[ C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.
[ D] Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.Part B
Directions :
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A -G for each numbered paragraph ( 41 - 45 ). There are two
extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
[ A] Stay calm.
[ B] Stay humble.
[ C] Decide whether to wait.
[ D] Be realistic about the risks.
[ E] Don't make judgements.
[ F] Identify a shared goal.
[ G] Ask permission to disagree.
How to disagree with someone more powerful than you
Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague
outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you say when you
disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether
it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to
disagree with someone more powerful than you.
41.
You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't
finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the
group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree, too, you might want to
gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your
thinking-all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's
also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space.
Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.
42.
-------------
Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares
about-it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time. You're
more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. When
you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You'll want to state it overtly,
contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate butas a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then
become more like a chess game than a boxing match.
43.
-------------
This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful
person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, "I know we seem
to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't
work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?" This gives the person a
choice, allowing him to verbally opt in. And, assuming he says yes, it will make you
feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.
44.
-------------
You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can
to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language
communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message,
and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read. Deep breaths can help, as can
speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder
and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person
cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if
you aren't.
45.
-------------
Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a
well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, so talk tentatively and
slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying: "If we set an end-of-quarter
deadline, we will never make it," say, "This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we
will make that deadline." Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fact),
demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point
of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Section ill Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of
connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also
recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and
feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters usmg
public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average,
participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to
stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual
interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want
to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people
are actually perfectly willing to talk-and may even be flattered to receive your attention.Section N Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Write an email to Jack, an international
student, to
1) invite him to participate, and
2) tell him the details.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions :
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
~'$@~tfi~JJj\~i!f
60.0%
54.3%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
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2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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考生自负。
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书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Harlan Coben believes that if you're a writer, you'll find the time; and that if you
can't find the time, then writing isn't a priority and you're not a writer. For him writing
is a ] job- a job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that
a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can't work with pipes today.
3 like most writers these days, you're holding down a job to pay the bills, ifs
not 4 to find the time to write. But it's not impossible. It requires detennination and
single-mindedness. 5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were
doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly 6 often
have to do other work to 7 their writing income.
As Harlan Coben has suggested, it's a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority,
you'll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.
Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time
watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they
listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. You'll
have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming
14 . There'll probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time
with your family. Ifs a 15 learning curve and it won't always make you popular.
There5s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your
writing一 and thafs reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they
can; ifs the one 17 supporter- something you can't do without.
Time is finite. The older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as
carefully and as 19 as we can, that means prioritising our activities so that we spend
most time on the things we really want to do. If you're a writer, that means -
20 writing.
2022年英语（二）试题 第1页共14页1. [A] difficult [B] normal [C] steady [D] pleasant
2. [A] combined [B] compared [C] confused [D] confronted
3. [A] If [B] Though [C] Once [D] Unless
4. [A] enough [B] strange [C] wrong [D] easy
5. [A] Accept [B] Explain [C] Remember [D] Suppose
6. [A] well-known [B] well-advised [C] well-informed [D] well-chosen
7. [A] donate [B] generate [C] supplement [D] calculate
8. [A] cause [B] purpose [C] question [D] condition
9. [A] highlight [B] sacrifice [C] continue [D] explore
10. [A] relations [B] interests [C] memories [D] skills
11. [A] until [B] because [C] while [D] before
12. [A] put up with [B] make up for [C] hang on to [D] cut down on
13. [A] intelligent [B] occasional [C] intensive [D] emotional
14. [A] habit [B] test [C] decision [D] plan
15. [A] tough [B] gentle [C] rapid [D] funny
16. [A] in place of [B] in charge of [C] in response to [D] in addition to
17. [A] indispensable [B] innovative [C] invisible [D] instant
18. [A] duller [B] harder [C] quieter [D] quicker
19. [A] peacefully [B] generously [C] productively [D] gratefully
20. [A] at most [B] in turn [C] on average [D] above all
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
2022年英语（二）试题 第2 页共14页Text 1
On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept
acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with
the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $ 6.1 billion U.S.
egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.
These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $ 8 a
dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live
on farms using regenerative agriculture- special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can
trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.
'Tm excited about our progress,5, says Brown, who harvests eggs fbr Denver
based Nest Fresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for
the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow
our hens to forage fbr higher-quality natural feed that will be good fbr the land, the
hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.55
The egg industry5s push is the first major test of whether animal products from
regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade,
organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to
being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and
plant-based meats, but both have exploded into m勾or supermarket categories. If the
sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates fbr regenerative beef,
broccoli, and beyond.
Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define
quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania
State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to
the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).
The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more fbr premium attributes
such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.
Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and
some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal
their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,55 says
John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food
chain beyond what I think even they understand what they5re doing.^^
2022年英语（二）试题 第3 页共14页21. The climate-friendly eggs are p r o d u c e d .
[A] at a considerably low cost
[B] at the demand of regular shoppers
[C] as a replacement for organic eggs
[D] on specially designed farms
22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress i n .
[A] reducing the damage of worms
[B] accelerating the disposal of waste
[C] creating a sustainable system
[D] attracting customers to his products
23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to s u g g e s t .
[A] the doubts over natural feeds
[B] the setbacks in the egg industry
[C] the potential of regenerative products
[D] the promotional success of supennarkets
24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young p e o p l e .
[A] are reluctant to change their diet
[B] are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs
[C] are curious about new food
[D] are amazed at agriculture advances
25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative
products5 .
[A] market prospects
[B] standard definition
[C] nutritional value
[D] moral implication
2022年英语（二）试题 第4 页共14页Text 2
More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that
threatens to upend the old workforce model.
One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to
prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.
Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”- those who plan to work in
retirement or went back to work after retiring- said they would be employed in their later
years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.
Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the “unretirement“ trend. Other reasons,
according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,
preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretiree“ respondents said
that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would
be tied to making ends meet.
“The concept of retirement is evolving,said Christine Russell, senior manager of
retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also
driving folks to continue working past retirement.^^
One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The
share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 32% from the prior year,
according to the US. Census Bureau. Thafs also up 302% since 2010. Older Americans
are also the fastest-growing segment of the US. workforce, and boomers are expected to
live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the
labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older
were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985,
according to money manager United Income.
Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve
their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2000 adults between
40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees“ are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer
life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the
company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or
maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.
Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do
so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss,
a co-fbunder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that
preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-tenn financial goals.
“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and
ultimately retiring,5, Weiss said. "It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one.
Many people believe they can't retire”
2022年英语（二）试题 第5 页共14页26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates t h a t .
[A] over half of the retirees are physically fit for work
[B] the old workforce is as active as the younger one
[C] one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement
[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that
[A] retirement may cause problems for them
[B] boredom can be relieved after retirement
[C] the mental health of retirees is overlooked
[D] "unretirement“ contributes to the economy
28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due t o .
[A] labor shortage
[B] population growth
[C] longer life expectancy
[D] rising living costs
29. Many “unretirees“ are increasing their savings b y .
[A] investing more in stocks
[B] taking up odd jobs
[C] getting well-paid work
[D] spending less
30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are
[A] unprepared
[B] unafraid
[C] disappointed
[D] enthusiastic
2022年英语（二）试题 第6 页共14页Text 3
We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think
about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a
seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be
simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that
impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.
First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,dark pattems^^ is a
catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision
making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging
from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,“ where a user experience seems
easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.
In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found
that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the
concept o f dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders
should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.
Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses
should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their
privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and
coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and
advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or
all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.55
Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark
patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General
announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act
(CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise
their data privacy rights." The regulations aim to ban dark patterns- this means prohibiting
companies from using u confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to
click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.”
As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for
greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be
addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves
accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and
standards.
2022年英语（二）试题 第7 页共14页31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns
[A] improve user experiences
[B] leak user information fbr profit
[C] undermine users5 decision-making
[D] remind users of hidden costs
32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to s h o w .
[A] their major flaws
[B] their complex designs
[C] their severe damage
[D] their strong presence
33. To handle digital deception, businesses s h o u l d .
[A] listen to customer feedback
[B] talk with relevant teams
[C] turn to independent agencies
[D] rely on professional training
34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended t o .
[A] guide users through opt-out processes
[B] protect consumers from being tricked
[C] grant companies data privacy rights
[D] restrict access to problematic content
35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is
[A] new legal requirements
[B] businesses, self-discipline
[C] strict regulatory standards
[D] consumers5 safety awareness
2022年英语（二）试题 第8 页共14页Text 4
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their
lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived
laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in
Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have
had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose
this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric
Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students5 attitudes
on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature
largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and
animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on
the ethics of factory-fanned meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic
and joined a 5O-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead.
Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card
purchases for that semester-nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.
Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously
found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,
including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student
subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52
to 45 percent- and this effect held steady for the study5 s duration of several weeks.
Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
“That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,,5 Schwitzgebel
says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not
involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some
unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another
nudge: "Easy come, easy go.”
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence- classmates
or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism,
showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an
emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co
authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the
specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants' eating habits and students' video
exposure. Meanwhile, Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect- will be eating his
words.
2022年英语（二）试题 第9 页共14页36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes a r e .
[A] hard to detennine
[B] narrowly interpreted
[C] difficult to ignore
[D] poorly summarized
37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?
[A] It is common among students.
[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.
[C] It is important to students5 health.
[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes.
38. Eric SchwitzgebeFs previous findings suggest that ethics professors
[A] are seldom critical of their students
[B] are less sociable than other professors
[C] are not sensitive to political issues
[D] are not necessarily ethically better
39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention i s .
[A] permanent
[B] predictable
[C] uncertain
[D] unrepeatable
40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in b e h a v i o r ..
[A] can bring psychological benefits
[B] can be analyzed statistically
[C] is a result of multiple factors
[D] is a sign of self-development
2022年英语（二）试题 第10页共14页PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A -G for each numbered paragraph (41 - 45). There are two
extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Make It a Habit.
[B] Don't Go It Alone.
[C] Start Low, Go Slow.
[D] Talk With Your Doctor.
[E] Listen to Your Body.
[F] Go Through the Motions.
[G] Round Out Your Routine
How to Get Active Again
Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms
and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to
know where to start. And ifs important to get the right dose of activity. uToo much too
soon either results in injury or burnout,“ says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the
kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple
strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.
41.____________________________
Don't try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were
walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound
dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or
nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound
dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. uThis
isn't something you can do overnight,says Keri L. Denay, MD, lead author of a recent
American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages Americans to not
overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you will reap benefits such as
less anxiety and improve sleep right away.
2022年英语(二)试题 第11页共14页42.____________________________
If you're breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel
good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time.
And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of
breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.
43.____________________________
Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina. Ten
minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical
therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly
recommend walking because ifs the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Althoughit
can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis,
cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.
44.____________________________
Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or
without a club or racket, swing like you're hitting the ball. Paddle like you5re in a kayak
or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy
the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.
45.____________________________
Exercising with others “ can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you're
more likely to do it again,55 Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf and tennis
or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in
person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk
around your neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at
home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
2022年英语（二）试题 第12页共14页Section II Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally
planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of
experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come
to life the way that you expected.
Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually
be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal
with disappointment, and realise that when one door closes, another opens. You also
quickly leam to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting
presents, and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.
In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly usefill in daily life, with
which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.
2022年英语（二）试题 第13页共14页Section III Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a campus food festival. Write an e-mail to the
international students in your university to
1) introduce the food festival, and
2) invite them to participate.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming55 instead. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
2022年英语（二）试题 第14页共14页
