文档内容
Passage 1
Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”.Before
the nineteenth century ,scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.
Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings ,but he was reluctant to
go to sea to further his work.
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or
others who earned a living from the sea ,there was little reason to ask many questions about it ,let
alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question ”what is at the bottom of
the oceans? ”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a
telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth
profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages
during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical
Geography of the Sea.
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the
early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in
living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the
deeper parts of the sea.
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition,
which lasted four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification
and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being
published in 1895.
1、 The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic
studies take on ____________________.
A) an academic aspect B) a military aspect
C) a business aspect D) an international aspect
2、 It was _______________________that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy B) some early intercontinental travelers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
3、 The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840 was_______________
A) to make some sounding experiments in the oceans
B) to collect sample of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was needed
D) to measure the depths of the two oceans
4、”Defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means “_________________”
A) doubted B) gave proof to C) challenged D) agreed to
5、 This passage is mainly about_________________
A) the beginnings of oceanography B) the laying of the first undersea cable
B) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental communicationsPassage 1 (The original text translating )
海洋学的定义是“庆用所有的科学来研究海洋”
１９世纪以前，极少有科学家对研究海洋感兴趣，当然，牛顿在他的作品中对海洋做了一些
理论方面的探讨，但他并不情愿自己去海边作进一步的研究。
对大多数人来说，海洋是遥远的，除了早期穿越洲际的旅行家们以及依靠海洋维持生计的人，
几乎找不出理由要提出关于海洋的问题，更不会问海洋表面下还有些什么东西。人们第一次
必须回答“海洋底部是什么？”（１）这个问题是有商业上的后果的，当时有人提议要铺设
一条从欧洲到美洲的电报缆线。工程师们必须了解路线的纵深起伏形状，才可以估计需要制
造多长的电缆。
（２）由于美国海军的莫里（Maury），大西洋电报公司才在１８５３年得到了这方面的信息。
１９世纪４０年代，（３）莫里负责推动进行测探工作的海上航行，以此来调查北大西洋与太
平洋的深度。此后，他出了一本叫做《海洋的自然地貌》的书，在这本书里他提到的一些发现
激起了人们很大的兴趣。
人们铺设了电缆，但直到１８６６年，才有了固定而且可靠的连接。在早期的努力中，电缆坏
了，而当它被拉出来维修时，人们发现其表面覆盖着（４）活的生物。这一事实挑战了当时的
一种科学观点，即海洋较深层是不存在生命的。
海洋学在此后几年内发展起来。１８７２年，汤姆森（Thomson），带头进行了一项科学考察，
历时４年，从海洋带回了数以千计的标本。科学家们花了数年时间将它们分类并进行分析，
写出了一个长达五卷的报告，其中最后一卷于１８９５年出版。
１、 从欧洲到美洲铺设电报缆线的提议使得海洋学研究是从_______出发的
Ａ）学术角度 Ｂ）军事角度 Ｃ）商业角度 Ｄ）国际角度
２、 向莫里要求得到海洋学研究方面帮助的是____________
Ａ）美国海军 Ｂ）一些早期的穿越大洲的旅行家
Ｃ）依靠海洋维持生计的人 Ｄ）提议铺设一条海底电缆的公司
３、 １９世纪４０年代，莫里负责的海上航行的目的是要____________
Ａ）在海上进行测探实验 Ｂ）收集海洋动植物的标本
Ｃ）估测所需电缆的长度 Ｄ）测量两个海洋的深度
４、 第五段的“ field ”一词可能的意思是___________
Ａ）置疑 Ｂ）证明 Ｃ）挑战 Ｄ）同意
５、 这一段文章主要是关于____________
Ａ）海洋学的起步 Ｂ）第一条海底电缆的铺设
Ｃ）对海洋深度的研究 Ｄ）早期的洲际交流
Passage 2
Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course
which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree, In many American
universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester.
A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university astudent will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would
expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of
work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one
university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular
practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is
available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure
and strain of work , but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student
affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective
work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic
authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating his to
appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system
does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of
authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.
6、Normally a student would at least attend ______________classes each week.
A） 36 B） 12 C） 20 D） 15
7、According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed__________
A） to live in a different university
B） to take a particular course in a different university
C） to live a home and drive to classes
D） to get two degrees from two different universities
8、America university students are usually under pressure of work because__________
A） their academic performance will affect their future careers
B） they are heavily involved in student affairs
C） they have to observe university discipline
D） they want to run for positions of authority
9 、 Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably
because______
A） they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study
B） they will then be able to stay longer in the university
C） such positions help them get better jobs
D） such positions are usually well paid
10、The student organizations seem to be effective in ___________
A） dealing with the academic affairs of the university
B） ensuring that the students observe university regulations
C） evaluating students’ performance by bringing them before a court
D） keeping up the students’ enthusiasm for social activities
Passage 2
通常，一名学生必须参加一定数量的课程学习才可以毕业，他上的每一门课都会得到学分，
这些学分累加起来，才能拿到学位。在许多美国大学里，要拿到学位就得上３６门课，每门课
要上一个学期。（６）一门典型的课程是每个星期上３节课，共上１５个星期；而一名大学生可能（６）每学期要学习４到５门课程。通常每个学生都应该上４年学，每年两个学期。有可
能要花超过４年的时间才能拿到学位，（７）也有可能一个学生在攻读学位时在两所不同的
大学上课，然而，这实际上并不常见。
学生上的每一门课都会有一个分数，分数是有记录的，（８）学生可以把他的分数记录给未来
的雇主看。这些为学生施加了学习上长期的压力和负担。但尽管如此，有些学生还是能挤出
时间来积极参与学生活动。竞选学生组织中的职位能够激发很大的热情。（１０）遵守纪律的
有效承诺通常是由向校方提议的学生们来执行的。任何被认为违反了规定的学生，比如说，
考试作弊的学生，必须在学生法庭上受审。学生数目众多，则这一体系在动作时就会涉及到
为数不少的学生活动。（９）在其中担任过领导职位的学生就会很受人尊敬，对他将来的事业
也很有利。
６、通常一名学生每星期要上至少_______节课。
A） ３６ B） １２ C） ２０ D） １５
７、根据本文第一段，美国学生可以____________
A）住在不同的大学里 B）在另一所大学上某一门特定的课程
C）住在家里，开车去上课 D）从两所大学得到两个学位
８、美国大学生通常都会感到学习的压力，因为___________
A） 他们在学术上的表现会影响他们未来的工作 Ｂ）他们过多地参与学生活动
B） 他们必须遵守学校纪律 Ｄ）他们想争取领导职位
９、有些学生热衷于学生组织中的职位可能是因为___________
A）他们痛恨学习上长期的压力和负担 B）这样他们要吧在学校待得长一些
C）这种职位有助于他们找到较好的工作 D）这种职位通常报酬优厚
１０、学生组织似乎在_____方面卓有成效。
A）处理学校的学术活动 B）确保学生遵守校纪
C）通过学生法庭的审判衡量学生们的表现 D）保持学生们对社会活动的热情
Passage 3
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness,
but Dr.Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you’re “hot”. That’s true.
The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its
peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or
evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: “Get
up, John! You’ll be late for work again!” The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at
his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands
and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make you life fit it better. Habit can help,
Dr.Kleitman believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.
Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your
energy is low in the morning, but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your
usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam and work better at your low
point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on
the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. A void the troublesome searchfor clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the
afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
11.If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably__________
A) he is a lazy person B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
12.Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles. B) Familiar monologues
C) A change in a family member’s energy cycle
D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members
13.If one wants to work more efficiently at his how point in the morning, he should_________
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
14.You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will___________
A) help to keep your energy for the day’s work
B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
15.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one’s energy
B) Dr.Kletman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycle
D) Children have energy cycles, too.
Passage 3
你是否发现早上起床很困难以至于是一种痛苦？这也许可以被称作懒惰，但克莱特曼博士
有一种新的解释。他已证明每个人都有一个日能量周期。
在你工作的时候，你可能会说你很“热”。没错！一天当中你觉得精力最为充沛的时候就是
你的体温周期达到顶峰的时候。对一些人来说，这一顶峰会在午前到来。而对另一些人来说，
则到下午或是晚上才来到。（１５）还没有人能够提示为什么会这样，但这导致了大家都很熟
悉的那种自言自语，例如（１１）“该起床了，约翰！又要上班迟到了！”对这种烦恼可能性
的解释就是他的体温与能量顶峰在晚上到来。（１２）当夫妇们了解到能量周期的意义，并得
知每个家庭成员的能量周期是哪一种类型的时候，很多家庭争端便结束了。
你无法改变你的能量周期，但你了解到自己的周期之后可以使你的生活更加适合它。克莱特
曼博士认为习惯是有帮助的。也许你很想睡觉，但觉得你无论如何都得熬夜。习惯性地延迟
睡觉时间可以在一定程度上对抗你的周期。（１３）如果你早上能量低，但在一大清早有件很
重要的工作要做，就比平时早些起床。这样做不会改变你的周期，但你可以在能量低的时候
鼓起干劲，更好地工作。
（１４）慢慢地开始一天的工作有助于节约能量。起床时放松地打个哈欠，伸伸懒腰，在床上
坐一会儿再下地。前一天晚上把干净衣服放好，这样就不用手忙脚乱地到处乱翻。尽可能在
下午做常规工作，把需要更多能量与注意力的任务留到最佳状态的时候来处理。
１１、如果一个人觉得早起很难，很有可能________A) 他是个懒惰的家伙 B) 他不愿遵循自己的能量周期
C) 他不清楚自己什么时候能量低 D) 他的高峰在下午或晚上
１２、根据本文，下面哪种情形会导致家庭争端？
A) 没有意识到存在能量周期 B) 熟悉的自言自语
C) 一名家庭成员改变了他的能量周期 D) 企图控制其他家庭成员的能量周期
１３、如果一个人想在他的能量低点——早晨工作得更有效率，他应该________
A) 改变他的能量周期 B) 克服他的懒惰
C) 比平时起得早些 D) 早些睡觉
１４、建议你起床时打个哈欠，伸伸懒腰，因为这样会_______
A) 帮助你保持一天工作的能量 B) 帮助你在一天的开始就控制脾气
C) 使你专注于常规工作 D) 使你全天的能量都得到控制
１５、下面哪个说法不正确？
A) 花最小的力气开始工作有助于节约能量
B) 克莱特曼博士解释了为什么人们在一天当中不同的时间达到能量顶峰
C) 习惯帮助人适应自己的能量周期
D) 孩子也有能量周期
Passage 4
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both
their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in
streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It
can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite
discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only
one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to
the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we
find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the
opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how
to cope with personal problem as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and
evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the
teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments,
and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is
appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in
order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age
the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every
encouragement to attain this goal.
16. In the passage the author’s attitude towards “mixed-ability teaching” is___________
A) critical B) questioning C) approving D) objective
17. By “held back”(Line 1) the author means “______________”
A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing
18. The author argues that a teacher’s chief concern should be the development of the students___
A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personalityC) learning ability and communicative skills D) intellectual ability
19. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others
B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities
C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
20. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to _____________
A) argue for teaching bright and not –so0bright pupils in the same class
B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
Passage 4
（16）（17）我们发现，聪明的孩子如果接受不按能力分班的教学，很少会因此被拖后了。相反，
他们在知识和经验方面都有长进。我们认为把学生按照能力分班有很多弊端。这种做法没有
考虑到孩子们发展情形各不相同这一事实。对聪明的孩子和不太聪明的孩子都有不良影响。
毕竟，在最好的那一档里做最差的学生也够令人气馁了！
此外，只根据人的智力水平来对人进行分类也是颇不现实的。这仅仅是全部人品特征的一个
方面罢了。（18）我们关心的是让所有的学生都能充分发展各方面的能力，而不仅仅是学术能
力。我们也很看重个人品质与社交技能，而我们发现不按能力分班的教学对学习所有这些方
面都很有益。
在教室里，我们以不同的方式工作。（19）（A）学生们通常会以小组为单位进行学习；这样他
们便有机会学习相互合作、分享，以及（19）（C）培养领导技能。他们还能学到怎样处理个人
问题，以及（19）（B）怎样思考，怎样作决定，怎样分析和评价，与怎样进行有效的交流。学生
们不仅向老师学习，也可以互相学习。
有时，学生们也会以结对的方式学习；还有时，他们自己完成个人的任务，他们可以按照自己
的速度来做。在适当的时候，他们也要接受正规的课堂教学。我们鼓励学生们使用图书馆，所
以我们要教他们所需的技巧，才能有效地利用好图书馆。一个先进的学生可以做先进的工作，
而他的年龄多大并不重要。我们期望学生们可以最大限度而不是最小限度地发挥他们的能
力，我们也会尽量鼓励他们达到定目标。
16、在文中，作者对“不按能力分班的教学”持_________态度。
A） 批判的 B）怀疑的 C）赞同的 D）客观的
17、第一行的“held back”的意思是____________
A）可以待在同样的班级里 B）被迫在较差的班里学习
C）吸引学习 D）阻碍发展
18、作者的观点是：教师主要应关心学生___________发展
A）个人品质与社交技能 B）整个人品特征
C）学习能力与交流能力 D）智力水平
19、下面哪个说法没有在第三段提到？
A） 以小组为单位进行学习给学生们学习相互合作的机会B） 学生们也要学习培养他们的推理能力
C） 以小组为单位的学习让孩子们有机会学习怎么做一个有能力的组织者
D） 学生们还学习怎样参与到教学活动中去。
20、作者写本文的用意是__________
A） 提出要让聪明的孩子与不太聪明的孩子在同样的班里接受教育
B） 推荐在教室活动中采用结对或分组学习的方式
C） 提出正确利用图书馆的建议
D） 强调合理进行正规的课堂教学的重要性
Passage 5
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth
Israel’s example.
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and
constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his
emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also
includes everything else that is necessary.
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his
progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to
treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the
doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized（分散的）nursing administration; every floor,
every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in
addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising,
and they make salary recommendations. Each unit’s nurses decide among themselves who will
work what shifts and when.
Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is
a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
21. Which of the following best characterized the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel
Hospital?Ａ）The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse
Ｂ）Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night
Ｃ）The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient
Ｄ）The primary nurse keeps records of the patient’s health conditions every day.
22. It can inferred from the passage that________
Ａ）compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
Ｂ）in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
Ｃ）in most hospitals nurses get low salaries.
Ｄ）compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when_______
Ａ）the present one is refused by the patient
Ｂ）the patient complains about the present one
Ｃ）the present one proves to be ineffective
Ｄ）the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former_______
Ａ）is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
Ｂ）has to arrange the work shifts of the unit’s nurses
Ｃ）can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
Ｄ）hasfull responsibility in the administration of the unit’s nurses.
25. The author’s attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is __________
Ａ） negative Ｂ）neutral Ｃ）critical Ｄ）positive
Passage 5
Beth Israel 医院为患者提供有可能得到的最好的护理。如果我们打算改善护理中的不足，
（２５）各地医院的行政管理与医生只要努力以Beth Israel 医院为楷模就可以了。
在Beth Israel 医院，每个病人都会被分配一名主要护士，她与病人进行详尽的交谈，并会拟
出一份全面的健康报告，涵盖所有病人的病史到其精神状况。然后她会写出一份护理计划，以患者的病症为中心，并包括所有必需的内容。
（２１）（２２）病人的主要护士在其住院期间会与他在一起，对他的进展进行记录，并从医生
那里得到进一步的建议。（２３）如果一位在Beth Israel 医院的病人对其治疗手段没有回应
的话，他的护士通常会写出另一份提案交给医生。在Beth Israel 医院的主要护士是医生真
正意义上的同事。
在Beth Israel 医院的护理工作还有一个分散的行政管理；每一层楼、每一个单元都是独立
的机构。（２４）有护士经理而没有护士长；他们除了有医务工作之外还负责自己单元的雇用
与开除，处理雇员建议，并提出建议薪水。每个单元的护士一起决定其中谁在何时轮哪一班。
Beth Israel 医院的首席护士与医院副院长职位相当。她还是执行医疗委员会的成员之一，而
在大多数医院只有医生才能加入这一委员会。
２１、下面哪个选项最好地描述了Beth Israel 医院护理体制的主要特点？
Ａ）医生从主要护士那里得到更加积极的专业支持
Ｂ）每个病人都由一名主要护士日夜照顾
Ｃ）主要护士为每一名病人写护理计划
Ｄ）主要护士每天都记录病人的健康状况
２２、由本文可以推出___________
Ａ）与其它医院相比，Beth Israel 医院的护士更有耐心
Ｂ）在大多数医院里，对患者的护理从专业角度来看还不够
Ｃ）在大多数医院里，护士的薪水很低
Ｄ）与其它医院的护士相比，Beth Israel 医院的护士工作时间更长。
２３、在_______时候，主要护士可以提出一份不同的治疗方案。
Ａ）患者拒绝采用目前疗法 Ｂ）患者对目前疗法有怨言
Ｃ）目前的治疗无效 Ｄ）在发现患者不愿进行合作
２４、在护士经理与护士长之间的主要的区别是前者________
Ａ）是医院执行医疗委员会的成员 Ｂ）必须安排该单元护士的轮班
Ｃ）可以就对病人的冶疗做出决定 Ｄ）全权负责对该单元护士的行政管理工作２５、作者对Beth Israel 医院护理体制的态度是______
Ａ）否定的 Ｂ）批判的 Ｃ）中立的 Ｄ）积极的
Passage 6
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things
because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used
also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly
related to such basic physiological（生理的）“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby
would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the
world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach
them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then
he noticed that a baby. Who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on
making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s
responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as
four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a
display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about
this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting
observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they
would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that is was not
primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in
solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to
make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
26. According to the author ,babies learn to do things which___________
A) are directly related to pleasure B) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of success D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_______________
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements when it had enough to drink
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _________
A) have the lights turned on B) please their parents
C) be rewarded with milk D) be praised
29. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because__________-
A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in “switching on ”the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of_____
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Passage 6
在过去的一段时间里，这样一种理论为人们广泛接受，婴儿——还有其他生物——学习去做
事情是因为某些特定的行为有“回报”；而且毫无疑问这是事实。但人们还曾普遍认为，有
效的回报，至少在早期，必定是与基本生理“驱动力”直接相关，比如口渴或饥饿。换句话说，
婴儿会为食物、料或某种身体上的舒适而学习，不会是为其它。
现在人们已经清楚，并非如此。（２６）婴儿会学习以某种方式行事，除了为成功的结果以外，
还会为没有回报的后果而行事。Papousek是这样开始进行研究的：他用牛奶以及通常的方式“回报”婴儿，想以此教会他们
做一些简单的动作，比如把头转到一侧或另一侧。后来他发现有一个已经吃饱了奶的婴儿，
不愿再要牛奶，却显然很乐意继续做出学会的反应。（２７）于是他开始研究在没有牛奶的情
况下婴儿的瓜。他很快发现甚至只有４个月大的婴儿也能学会将头左右转动，（２８）只要这
动作能“打开开关”。用灯光指示——事实上他们还可以学会相当复杂的转头来得到这种
效果，比如说，两下左两下右。或者甚至是向一侧连转三下。
Papousek在婴儿的正前方放置灯，他发现了有趣的事情，有时婴儿并不会转回去近看这些灯，
虽然当灯打开的时候，他们会“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作响”。Papousek得出结论，（２９）他们
并不是主要因为看到灯光而高兴，而是为他们在解决问题时的成功，对技巧的熟练掌握，以
及（３０）一种人类基本的渴望，要弄清这世界的意义并使之在有意识的控制之下。
２６、根据本文作者所说，婴儿会学做________的事。
Ａ）与欢乐直接相关 Ｂ）会满足他们身体需要
Ｃ）带给他们成功感 Ｄ）满足他们好奇心
２７、Papousek在其研究中注意到，婴儿________-
Ａ）在看到牛奶时会做出学会的反应 Ｂ）在有足够饮料时会做出学会的动作
Ｃ）没有牛奶也可以继续简单的动作 Ｄ）在有足够饮料时会把头左右转动
２８、在Papousek的实验中，婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了_________
Ａ）让灯打开 Ｂ）得到牛奶回报
Ｃ）让其父母高兴 Ｄ）被表扬
２９、婴儿会对灯光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作响”是因为_________-
Ａ）灯光与某些基本“驱动力”直接相关
Ｂ）看到灯光很有趣 Ｃ）他们不需要转回去开灯
Ｄ）他们成功地“打开了”灯光的“开关”
３０、根据Papousek，婴儿做成某件事的喜悦反映了_________
Ａ）一种人类基本的渴望，要了解并控制世界
Ｂ）对某种生理需求的满足Ｃ）他们解决复杂问题的强烈愿望
Ｄ）显示所学到技巧的人类基本愿望
Passage 6
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things
because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used
also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly
related to such basic physiological（生理的）“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby
would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the
world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach
them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then
he noticed that a baby. Who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on
making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s
responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as
four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a
display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about
this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting
observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they
would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that is was not
primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in
solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to
make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
26. According to the author ,babies learn to do things which___________
A) are directly related to pleasure B) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of success D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_______________
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements when it had enough to drink
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _________
A) have the lights turned on B) please their parents
C) be rewarded with milk D) be praised
29. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because__________-
A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in “switching on ”the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of_____
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Passage 6
在过去的一段时间里，这样一种理论为人们广泛接受，婴儿——还有其他生物——学习去做
事情是因为某些特定的行为有“回报”；而且毫无疑问这是事实。但人们还曾普遍认为，有
效的回报，至少在早期，必定是与基本生理“驱动力”直接相关，比如口渴或饥饿。换句话说，
婴儿会为食物、料或某种身体上的舒适而学习，不会是为其它。
现在人们已经清楚，并非如此。（２６）婴儿会学习以某种方式行事，除了为成功的结果以外，
还会为没有回报的后果而行事。Papousek是这样开始进行研究的：他用牛奶以及通常的方式“回报”婴儿，想以此教会他们
做一些简单的动作，比如把头转到一侧或另一侧。后来他发现有一个已经吃饱了奶的婴儿，
不愿再要牛奶，却显然很乐意继续做出学会的反应。（２７）于是他开始研究在没有牛奶的情
况下婴儿的瓜。他很快发现甚至只有４个月大的婴儿也能学会将头左右转动，（２８）只要这
动作能“打开开关”。用灯光指示——事实上他们还可以学会相当复杂的转头来得到这种
效果，比如说，两下左两下右。或者甚至是向一侧连转三下。
Papousek在婴儿的正前方放置灯，他发现了有趣的事情，有时婴儿并不会转回去近看这些灯，
虽然当灯打开的时候，他们会“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作响”。Papousek得出结论，（２９）他们
并不是主要因为看到灯光而高兴，而是为他们在解决问题时的成功，对技巧的熟练掌握，以
及（３０）一种人类基本的渴望，要弄清这世界的意义并使之在有意识的控制之下。
２６、根据本文作者所说，婴儿会学做________的事。
Ａ）与欢乐直接相关 Ｂ）会满足他们身体需要
Ｃ）带给他们成功感 Ｄ）满足他们好奇心
２７、Papousek在其研究中注意到，婴儿________-
Ａ）在看到牛奶时会做出学会的反应 Ｂ）在有足够饮料时会做出学会的动作
Ｃ）没有牛奶也可以继续简单的动作 Ｄ）在有足够饮料时会把头左右转动
２８、在Papousek的实验中，婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了_________
Ａ）让灯打开 Ｂ）得到牛奶回报
Ｃ）让其父母高兴 Ｄ）被表扬
２９、婴儿会对灯光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作响”是因为_________-
Ａ）灯光与某些基本“驱动力”直接相关
Ｂ）看到灯光很有趣 Ｃ）他们不需要转回去开灯
Ｄ）他们成功地“打开了”灯光的“开关”
３０、根据Papousek，婴儿做成某件事的喜悦反映了_________
Ａ）一种人类基本的渴望，要了解并控制世界
Ｂ）对某种生理需求的满足Ｃ）他们解决复杂问题的强烈愿望
Ｄ）显示所学到技巧的人类基本愿望
Passage 8
If women are mercilessly exploited year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they
tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always
taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few
times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it ,only a
woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing
sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend
vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who connot
afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have.
Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.
Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐
用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that
women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be
a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smile at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on
a winter day ,or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are
obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic
qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by
fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and
reliability? That is for you to decide.
36. Designers and big stores always make money_________________
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women’s clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women’s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as______
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ____of clothing
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women
B) The constant changes in women’s clothing reflect their strength of character
C) The fashion industry make an important contribution to society
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying “the conclusions to be drawn are obvious” (lines 1-2, Para.4) the writer means that_
A) women’s inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more stable and reliable in character
Passage 8
如果女人们年复一年地被无情地剥削，那只能怪她们自己。因为女人们只要想到自己在公众
场合穿着过时的衣服就禁不住浑身发抖（３６）她们总是因此被设计师和大商店利用了。才
穿过几次的衣服就得被丢到一边，因为时尚改变了。想想看，只有女人才会站在堆满了衣服
的衣柜前还悲伤地宣布她没有衣服可穿。
（３９）改变时尚潮流无异于故意浪费。许多女人每年花大笔的钱买新衣服来取代那些几乎
没有穿过的衣服。（３７）没有钱以这种方式扔掉旧衣的女人们则要花上几个小时的时间对她们已有的衣服进行改制。加长或是剪短裙子；放低或是加高领口，诸如此类。
没有人可以说时尚业对社会做出了真正重大的贡献。（３８）时装设计师很少关注诸如暖和、
舒适和耐用等最重要的方面。他们只对外观感兴趣，而且他们利用了这样一种事实，即女人
们只要自己看起来不错，再不舒服也能忍着。男人们在生活中几乎都曾看到过这些好笑的景
象：在冬天里只穿一条薄裙子的女人在瑟瑟发抖，或是穿着高跟鞋小心翼翼地在厚厚的雪地
中找路。
要在时尚方面把男人和女人作一个比较，得出的结论是显而易见的。人们不禁要问，女人的
时装不断地变化是否反映了不能持久和不稳定的本质呢？（４０）男人们是聪明的，他们不
会让时装设计师来欺骗自己。他们不改变衣服款式是否又反映了稳定可靠的本质呢？这得
由您来决定了。
３６、设计师与大商店总是______而赚钱
Ａ）靠毫不留情地剥削制衣业中的女工 Ｂ）因为他们可以预测时尚新潮流
Ｃ）靠不断改变女装潮流 Ｄ）因为他们对女装的品质很看重
３７、对作者来说，女人们改变过时的衣服款式这一事实被看作_________
Ａ）浪费金钱 Ｂ）浪费时间 Ｃ）显示品味 Ｄ）创造力的表现
３８、如果时装设计师更看重服装的_______，作者的批判可能会少一些。
Ａ）花费 Ｂ）外观 Ｃ）舒适 Ｄ）合体
３９、根据本文，下面哪个说法是正确的？
Ａ）时装新潮流是为在经济上剥削女人而创造出来的
Ｂ）女人不断改变着装反映了她们人格的力量
Ｃ）时尚业对社会做出了重大贡献
Ｄ）时装设计师不应受到鼓励，因为他们只受到女人的欢迎
４０、作者说“得出的结论是显而易见的”（第四段第２行），他的意思是__________
Ａ）女人们在选择服装时不一致的态度经常被人嘲笑
Ｂ）女人们更能忍受不舒适Ｃ）男人们也被时装设计师大大地剥削了一把
Ｄ）男人们在时尚方面更理智。
Passage 9
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship.
Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic（预言的）because a few have come
true; they neglect of fail to notice the many that have not.
Consider also the belief that “the phone always rings when I’m in the shower.” If it does ring
while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn’t ring while
you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn’t ring, that
nonevent probably won’t even register（留下印象）
People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the common
belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths “happen in threes.” Such
beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time that counts as
their “happening together” is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is
stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people thinks they are more
intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average
person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our
advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling explains, “Everybody ranks himself high in qualities
he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who
are polite give weight to courtesy.” This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious（谨慎的）in
drawing conclusions. The “evidence” of every day life is sometimes misleading.
41. In the first paragraph the author states that_______
A) dreams cannot be said to be prophetic even though a few have come true
B) dreams are prophetic because some of them did come true
C) dreams may come true if clearly remembered
D) dreams and reality are closely related
42. By “things like…” “happen in threes” (Para.3,Line2), the author indicates that people
believe____________
A) personal misfortunes tend to happen every now and then
B) personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths usually happen together
C) misfortunes tend to occur according to certain patterns
D) misfortunes will never occur more than three times to a person in his lifetime
43. The word “courtesy” (Para.4,Line 6) probably means_________-
A) good manners B) friendly relations
C) appropriate speech D) satisfactory service
44. What can be inferred from the passage?
A) Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention
B) In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious
C) People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.
D) Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting events
45. It can be concluded from the passage that________A) there is some truth even in the wildest dreams
B) one should take notice of other people’s merits
C) there is no order or pattern in world events
D) we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence
Passage 9
看起来能够证实某种关系的迹象比较容易给人留下深刻的印象。于是许多人确信，梦是可以
预言现实的，因为有一些梦已变为了现实；（４１）他们却没注意到有很多梦并未变为现实。
再想想有人相信“电话总是在我洗澡的时候响”，如果电话确实在你洗澡的时候响了起来，
这件事就会比较突出，容易被记住。而如果电话没响，那么没发生的事情很可能都没给人留
下印象。
人们想要弄清楚世界的顺序、模式与含义。举个例子来说，试想一下这个通常为大家接受的
迷信：像个人不幸遭遇，飞机失事与死亡这类事总是“三个一并发生”。（４２）这种迷信源
自人们想让第三件事发生来确证一事实上时段的心理。如果一个月之内有三架飞机失事，人
们就会把“一起发生”的时段计算为一个月；而如果在一年里有三架飞机失事，这个时段就
被延长了。不固定的终点增大了这类迷信的可信度。
我们还倾向于相信我们想相信的事。大部分人认为他们自己比普通人更加聪明、更加有礼、
驾驶技术更加高超。我们看待自己如此之优秀，部分的原因在于我们使用了对我们有利的衡
量标准。正如经济学家Thomas Schelling所解释的那样，“每个人都在他最看重的方面给自
己打高分：（４３）小心谨慎的司机看重谨慎，技术高的司机看重技术，而斯文的人则看重礼
貌”。这样每个人都在自己那方面很优秀。
也许我们能学到的最重要的思维方式上的习惯就是（４５）下结论时要谨慎。日常生活中的
“迹象”有时会误导人的。
４１、在第一段，作者写道_____________
A) 梦不能被说成是可以预言现实的，哪怕有一些已变成了现实
B) 梦是可以预言现实的，因为有一些梦的确变成现实了
C) 只要记得清，梦是可以变为现实的 Ｄ）梦和现实紧密相联
４２、作者提到“像……这类事”，“三个一并发生”（第三段第３－４行），是要指出人们
相信______________
A) 个人不幸遭遇每时每刻都有可能发生
B) 个人不幸遭遇、飞机失事与死亡通常都一起发生
C) 不幸有时可能根据特定的时段发生
D) 一个人一生不会遭遇三次以上的不幸
４３、“courtesy”这个词（第四段第１０行）可能的意思是_______
A)礼貌 B)得体的讲话 C)友好的关系 D)令人满意的服务
４４、从本文可以推出什么？
A)没有注意到的事应该引起更多的注意 B)在一系列中第三个通常最为严重
C)人们倾向于利用支持他们所相信的事的迹象
D)相信不幸会三个一并发生的人在说明事情时很谨慎
４５、从本文可以得出结论________-
A) 哪怕在最荒诞的梦里也有一些真实的东西
B) 一个人应该注意到别人的优点
C) 在世界上发生的事件没有顺序或是模式可言
D) 我们不应以偶尔发生的迹象为基础得出结论Passage 10
It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so
important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are
inclined to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look
at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators（旁观）.
Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than
producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our
musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to
distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban
Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute
（长笛）and drum ensemble（歌舞团）is performing. “Anybody can take part”. This is
true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part
in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even
fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an
ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow
adding to the totality of musical sound. Performing nucleus and the additional performers, active
spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.
46. The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that________
A) most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music
B) we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians
C) most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators
D) we are the audience and they are the additional perfrormers
47. The word “such” (Line 8) refers to the fact that________
A) music is perforated with the participation of the audience
B) music is performed without the participation of the audience
C) people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers
D) people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs
48. The author of the passage implies that____________
A) all Africans are musical and therefore much music is performed in Africa
B) nor all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives
C) most Africans are capable of joining in the by playing musical instruments
D) most Africans perform as well as professional musicians
49. The word “nucleus” (Line 15) probably refers to ____________-
A) musicians famous in Africa B) musicians at the center of attention
C) musicians acting as the core in a performance
D) active participants in a musical performance
50. The best title for this passage would be ___________
A) The Importance of Music to African People
B) Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries
C) The Relationship between Musicians and Their Audience
D) A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances
Passage 10人们一致认为并传说着非洲人生来就有音乐天赋。因为（４８）音乐在许多非洲人的生活中
如此之重要，还因为在非洲有如此之多的音乐，我们不禁要认为所有的非洲人都是音乐家了。
当我们看看自己，发现我们已变成了一个以欣赏音乐为主的社会时，这个印象就进一步加深
了。音乐对我们很重要，但我们大多数人只能算是音乐的消费者而非创造者。我们用唱片、电
视、音乐会以及无线电广播来满足我们众多的音乐需求。（４６）（４７）在大多数情况下，如
果是在我们自己的文化中演奏音乐，就很容易区分观众与演奏者，但在非洲，情况通常并非
如此。Alban Ayipage，一名来自加纳北部的喀萨纳半职业音乐家在他的长笛与鼓歌舞团表演
时说道，“任何人都可以参加”。确实是这样，但喀萨纳音乐家认为（４８）不是所有的人都
一样有能力加入音乐之中的。有些人可以与鼓手一起歌唱，但相对来说很少有人会打鼓，甚
而更少有人会与乐团一起吹奏长笛了。在非洲，一个由专业音乐家组成的乐团被其他一帮人
围着加入进来是很普通的事，这些人会拍掌、歌唱，或是做其他的什么加入到总体的音乐声
中。演出通常在露天的场合进行（就是说，不是在舞台上），所以在我们看来，（４９）就可能
会很难把演出的音乐家与另外增加的演出人员、活跃的观众和被动的观众区分开来。
４６、就音乐而言，我们与非洲人之间的区别就是_________
Ａ）我们大多数人是音乐的消费者而他们大多数人是音乐的创造者
Ｂ）我们演奏音乐而他们是半职业的音乐家
Ｃ）我们大多数人被动的观众而他们是主动活跃的观众
Ｄ）我们是听众而他们是另外增加的演出人员
４７、“such”这个词（第１３行）指的是这样一种事实，即__________
Ａ）音乐在演奏时得到了观众的参与 Ｂ）音乐在演奏时没有观众参与
Ｃ）人们倾向于把听众与演员区分开来
Ｄ）人们用唱片、电视机与收音机来满足音乐需求
４８、本文作者暗示_________
Ａ）所有的非洲人都有音乐细胞，因此在非洲有许多音乐演奏
Ｂ）并非所有的非洲人都生来就有音乐天赋，虽然音乐在他们的生活中很重要
Ｃ）大部分非洲人可以演奏乐器以加入到音乐中去
Ｄ）大部分非洲人和专业音乐家演奏得一样好
４９、“nucleus”这个词（第２７行）可能是指___________
Ａ）在非洲著名的音乐家 Ｂ）在关注焦点的音乐家
Ｃ）在演出中是核心部分的音乐家 Ｄ）在音乐表演中活跃的参与者
５０、本文最好的标题应是____________
Ａ）音乐对于非洲人民的重要性 Ｂ）非洲音乐与其它国家音乐之间的区别
Ｃ）音乐家与其听众的关系 Ｄ）非洲音乐表演的一个本质特征
Passage 11
Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has
been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define
“wisdom” and consider means of promoting it.
There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of
proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to
each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and
complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for
example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely
to absorb the whole of your mind. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries
or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicinehas succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but
also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply
inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest
populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody’s mind at the
present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested（无利害关系的）desire
for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of
destroying the human race.
Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary,
for every such increase augments（增强）our capacity for realizing our purposes, and
therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.
51. Disagreement arises when people try to decide___________
A) how much more wisdom we have now than before
B) what wisdom is and how to develop it
C) if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age
D) whether wisdom can be developed or not
52. According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to _________
A) carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work
B) give each important problem some careful consideration
C) acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge
D) give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem
53. Lowering the infant death-rate may____________
A) prove to be helpful everywhere in the word
B) give rise to an in crease in population in Europe
C) cause food shortages in Asia and Africa
D) raise the living standard of the people in Africa
54. The author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that_________
A) it’s extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in problem
B) success in medical research has its negative effects
C) scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human race
D) it’s unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine
55. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in the hands of a powerful mad man.
B) The more knowledge one has, the wiser one becomes
C) Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdom.
D) Wisdom increases in proportion to one’s age
Passage 11
许多人都会同意这样一种看法，即虽然我们的时代在掌握知识方面超越了所有先前的时代，
但在智慧方面却没有相应的增长。但（５１）只要我们试着给“智慧”下个定义并思考一下
提高智力水平的方式，这种一致意见就不复存在了。
有几个因素对智慧很重要。其中我首先要提到的是一种比例感：（５２）对一个问题中所有重
要因素都是考虑周全，并且看出每个应占的比重的能力。（５４）这一点在现在比过去越发困
难了，这是由于那种需要多种技术人员的专门知识的广泛和复杂程度。比方说，假设你参与
科学药物的研究工作，这项工作很难，有可能要让你全身心地投入。你没有时间考虑你的发现或发明在药物以外的领域会导致什么样的结果。正如现代药物已经成功了一样，大大降低
了婴儿的死亡率，不仅在欧美，（５３）还包括亚洲与非洲。这会产生完全始料不及的后果：世
界上人口最多的部分地区食品供应不足，人民生活水平下降。再举个甚至更加富有戏剧性的
例子，这是如今每个人都想得到的；你出于无关利害的对知识的渴求去研究原子的组成，却
无意中让掌权的狂人得到毁灭人类的方法。
（５５）因此，每增加一定的知识和技能，智慧也变得更加必要了，因为这种增长令我们辩别
目的的能力得到了加强，因而也增强了我们对邪恶的理解力，如果我们的目标不够明智的话。
５１、当人们试图判断_______的时候，不同意见就会产生。
Ａ）我们比以前多了多少智慧 Ｂ）什么是智慧与如何培养智慧
Ｃ）在我们的时代智慧是否大大增长了 Ｄ）是否能培养智慧
５２、根据作者，智慧是____的能力
Ａ）认真考虑所有研究工作的不良后果Ｂ）认真考虑每一个重要问题
Ｃ）获取大量复杂专门知识 Ｄ）对一个问题中所有可能的因素加以恰当考虑
５３、降低婴儿死亡率可能_________
Ａ）证明在世界上任何地方都管用 Ｂ）在欧洲提高人口增长率
Ｃ）引起亚洲和非洲食品供应不足 Ｄ）提高非洲人民生活水平
５４、作者在文中举例以说明他的观点，即________
Ａ）考虑到问题中的所有重要因素极为困难
Ｂ）在药物研究中的成功有其负面影响
Ｃ）科学家也许会在无意中引起人类的毁灭
Ｄ）完全沉浸于科学药物的研究中是不明智的
５５、本文的中心意思是什么？
Ａ）让掌权的狂人掌握科学研究成果是不明智的
Ｂ）一个人的知识越多，他就越明智
Ｃ）任何知识上的增长如果没有智慧的引导都会导致毁灭性后果
Ｄ）智慧与人的年龄成比例增长
Passage 12
For any given task in Britain there are more men than are needed. Strong unions keep them there
in Fleet Street, home of some London’s biggest dailies, it is understood that when two unions
quarrel over three jobs, the argument is settled by giving each union two. Thru means 33 per cent
over manning, 33 per cent less productivity than could be obtained.
A reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe has an impression that the pace of work is
much slower here. Nobody tries tm hard. Tea breaks do matter and are frequent. It is hard to
measure intensity of work, but Britons give a distinct impression of going at their tasks in a more
leisurely way.
But is all this so terrible? It certainly does not improve the gross national product or output per
worker. Those observant visitors, however, have noticed something else about Britain. It is a
pleasant place.
Street crowds in Stockholm. Paris and New York move quickly and silently heads down, all in a
hurry. London crowds tend to walk at an easy pace (except in the profitable, efficient City, the
financial district).
Every stranger is struck by the patient and orderly way in which Britons queue for a bus; if the
saleswoman is slow and out of stock she will likely say, ‘oh dear, what a pity’; the rubbish
collectors stop to chat and call the housewives “Luv”. Crime rises here as in every city but therestill remains a gentle tone and temper that is unmatched in Berlin, Milan or Detroit.
It short, what is wrong with Britain may also be what is right. Having reached a tolerable standard,
Britons appear to be choosing leisure over goods.
56. What happens when disputes over job opportunities arise among British unions?
A) Thirty-three per cent of the workers will be out of work
B) More people will be employed than necessary
C) More jobs will be created by the government
D) The unions will try to increase productivity.
57. What does the reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe think about Britain?
A) Tea breaks do not affect the intensity of work in Britain
B) Britons do their work in an unhurried sort of way
C) The pace of work in Continental Europe is much slower than in Britain
D) Britons give the impression of working intensively
58. “The breaks do matter” ( Para.2 Line 2) indicates that________
A) they are an important aspect of the British way of life
B) they are greatly enjoyed by British workers
C) they can be used by the workers as excuse to take time off from work
D) they help the workers to be on good terms with each other
59. The word “this” (Para.3 Line.1) refers to the fact that______
A) there are more men on any given job than are needed
B) 33 per cent over manning leads to 33 per cent less productivity
C) it is difficult to measure the intensity of work
D) Britons generally do not want to work too hard
60. By “what is wrong with Britain may also be what is right” (Para.6, Line.1) the author means to
say that_______
A) quarrels between unions will help create jobs
B) a leisurely way of life helps Britons increase productivity
C) the gentle tone and temper of the people in Britain makes it a pleasant place
D) Britons will not sacrifice their leisure to further in crease productivity
Passage 12
在英国做任何一项工作所用的人都比需要的多。强大的工会组织让他们待在旗舰街，伦敦一
些最大的报纸所在地。人们认为，（５６）当两个工会为了三个就业机会而争执不休时，解决
方法就是分给每个工会各两个。这就意味着多用了３３％的人，比本应达到的生产力水平降
低了３３％
（５７）一位参观过全欧洲各地工厂的记者有这样一种印象，就是这里的工作节奏要慢得多。
没有人会工作得过分卖力。茶点休息很是郑重其事，而且是经常性的。很难判断工作的强度，
但英国人令人明显地感觉到他们的工作更加轻闲。
所有这些岂不是糟糕透顶吗？（５９）这当然不会提高国民生产总值或是每个工人的产出量。
然而，那些参观者也注意到了英国的另一面。这是一个令人愉快的地方。
在斯德哥尔摩，街道十分拥挤。巴黎和纽约的人们在一片匆忙中默默向前奔走着。伦敦的人
群则倾向于以一种自在的步伐行走（除了在有利润可赚的高效城金融区中）。
所有的外国人都会为英国人在排队等车时那种耐心而有序的方式而震惊；如果女售货员动
作不快而东西又卖完了，她很可能会说，“噢天哪，真遗憾”。收破烂的人会停下来相互闲聊，并且和家庭妇女叫“亲爱的”。这儿也有犯罪事件发生，像在所有的城市一样，但在这儿却
有一种与柏林、米兰或是底特律不同的温和的氛围
简言之，英国不好的地方也许就正是它的好处所在。在可以忍受的标准下，（６０）英国人看
来对休闲比对货物更感兴趣。
５６、在英国的工会之前发生了对就业机会的争执时，结果会怎样？
Ａ）３３％的工人会失业 Ｂ）会雇用比所需要的更多的人
Ｃ）政府会创造更多的就业机会 Ｄ）工会将努力提高生产力
５７、那位曾参观过全欧洲各地工厂的记者怎样看待英国？
Ａ）茶点休息并不影响英国的工作强度 Ｂ）英国人以一种不慌不忙的方式工作
Ｃ）在欧洲大陆工作节奏比英国慢得多 Ｄ）英国人给人工作强度大的感觉
５８、“茶点休息很是郑重其事”表示___________
Ａ）茶点休息是英国式生活的重要方面 Ｂ）英国工人非常喜欢茶点休息
Ｃ）工人们可以以茶点休息为借口少工作一会
Ｄ）茶点休息有助于工人这间保持良好关系
５９、“this”这个词（第三段第１行）指这样一种事实，即________
Ａ）在所有给定的工作中所用的人都比实际需要的要多
Ｂ）多用３３％的人导致生产力水平降低了３３％
Ｃ）很难判断工作强度 Ｄ）英国人通常不愿工作过分卖力
６０、作者使用“英国不好的地方也许就正是它的好处所在”这句话（第六段第１－２行）
是为了说明___________
Ａ）工会之间的争执有助创造就业机会
Ｂ）轻闲的生活方式有助于英国人提高生产力
Ｃ）英国人民温和的态度和脾气使英国成为一个令人愉快的地方
Ｄ）英国人不会牺牲他们的休闲来进一步提高生产力
Passage 13
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur
in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitively areas such as attention and memory.
This is true regardless of age.
People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about
things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go
into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the
theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous
amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging.
“Most of us don’t need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able
to maintainmental alertness. ” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains work.
Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should
engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are
frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally
active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be
generally happier and better adjusted. “The point is, you need to do both.” Cohen says,
“Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size. ”
61. People who are cognitively healthy are those________
A) who can remember large amounts of informationB) who are highly intelligent C) whose minds are alert and receptive
D) who are good at recognizing different sounds
62. According to Fozard’s argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by___
A) constantly doing memory work B) taking part in various mental activities
C) going through specific training D) making frequent adjustments
63. The findings of James and other scientists in their work_______
A) remain a theory to be further proved
B) have been challenged by many other experts
C) have been generally accepted
D) are practiced by the researchers themselves
64. Older people are generally advised to _______
A) keep fit by going in for physical activities
B) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities
65. What is the passage mainly about?
A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain
B) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally
C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health
D) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
Passage 13
研究学者已经得出观点，当人们精神上投入时，大脑中也会发生生人变化，使它在注意力和
记忆力这样的认知领域动作效率更高。这一事实与年龄无关。（６１）当人们面对可以联想到
感兴趣事物的信息时，便会警觉起来，接受能力强。而习惯于多进行这种活动的人比那些从
来没有积极主动思考的人在步入老年时明显更加健康。
许多专家确信，向大脑提出挑战是极有好处的，因此他们将这一理论应于自己身上。国立老
化研究所的副主任（６２）James Fozard说：“关键不是非得学会记忆大量的信息。我们大多
数人并不需要那种技巧。这种特别的培训没有保持精神集中的能力更加有趣。”（６３）
Fozard与其他人都宣称他们用各种不同的精神技巧向自己的大脑提出挑战，不仅因为他们
喜欢这样，还因为他们确信自己的活动领域有助于大脑工作的方式。
Gene Cohen是同一研究所的代理主任，他建议年纪较大的人参加脑力与体力活动时应使独
自参与和集体行动兼而有之。Cohen说（６４）我们通常得到的建议时在年纪增长时要保持
身体上的活动，但老人也需要保持精神上的活力。这样做的人更有可能保持其智力水平，通
常更加愉快，能更好地调节自己的生活。Cohen说，“关键是，你得双管齐下。智力行为的确
对脑细胞的健康与大小有影响。”
６１、明显健康的人是那些______________
Ａ）可以记住大量信息的人 Ｂ）非常聪明的人
Ｃ）思维警觉，接受能力强的人 Ｄ）擅长分辨不同声音的人
６２、根据Fozard的观点，人们通过_______可以让大脑更加高效的工作。
Ａ）一直做记忆性的工作 Ｂ）参加各种脑力活动
Ｃ）进行特别的培训 Ｄ）经常进行调整６３、James与其他科学家在研究中的发现_________
Ａ）还是有待证明的理论 Ｂ）受到许多其他专家的挑战
Ｃ）已广为人接受 Ｄ）被他们自己应用
６４、老年人通常得到的建议是_________
Ａ）坚持体能锻炼以保持身体健康
Ｂ）向他们大脑提出挑战，以保持精神上的活跃
Ｃ）通过特别的培训来保持精神警觉
Ｄ）在独自活动与集体活动之间保持平衡
６５、本文的中心思想是什么？
Ａ）人脑中的生化变化是如何发生的
Ｂ）为什么人应该保持身体与精神两方面的活跃
Ｃ）智力行为如何影响脑细胞的健康
Ｄ）为什么人应该在年龄增长时接受特别的精神培训
Passage 14
Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob
Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk
every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,” he says.
“ Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name
correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, ” Crossley concludes. If they cannot take
of these details. “Why should we trust them with a job?”
Can we pay too much attention to detail? Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of
something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles
Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly
ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture they don’t, we should
drop them and move to something else.”
Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon
launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,” says Garfield. “But a successful landing
was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to landing was
still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make
adjustments as necessary.” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every
task we undertake.
Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break.
But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our
grasp well, large rewards follow.
66. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected________
A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume
B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume
C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications
D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves
67. The word “perfectionists” (Line 1, Para 3)refers to those who________
A) demand others to get everything absolutely right
B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances
C) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do68. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader?
A) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked
B) Don’t forget details when drawing pictures
C) Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it .
D) Careless applicants are not to be trusted.
69. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that_______
A) minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives
B) failure is the mother of success
C) adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work
D) keeping one’s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked
70. The best title for this passage would be _________
A) Don’t Be a Perfectionist B) Importance of Adjustments
C) Details and Major Objectives D) Hard Work Plus Good Luck
Passage 14
每个人都可以，而且应该对细节加以注意——尤其是在供过于求的就业市场上，Bob
Crossley是一名人力资源专家，他在每日放到桌上的就职申请中注意到了这一点。他说道：
“有许多候选人自己把自己给淘汰了，其人数之多令人吃惊。”
（６６）简历送来时不够清洁，有污点。有些候选人把公司的名字拼错了。“我只要看到一个
错误，就把候选人淘汰掉了。”Crossley总结到，“如果他们连这样的细节都注意不到，我们
凭什么在工作中相信他们呢？”
我们对细节过分地注意会不会太过分呢？当然会。（６７）完美主义者以自己工作的较大目
标为代价在小事情上纠缠不休。“为几棵树而放弃了森林”，在圣弗朗西斯科的加州大学副
教授Charles Garfield说，“我们必须不断地问自己，我们关注的细节怎样与更大的事业相吻
合。如果不符合的话，就应该丢下它们，去做其他的事情。”
Garfield将这一过程与他在国家航空宇航局任计算机科学家的工作相比较。“阿波罗二号向
月球发射时有９０％的时间都稍稍偏离了航道，”Garfield说，“但还是有可能成功着陆的，
因为我们知道目标的确切坐标。这使得我们在必要时可以做出调整。”（６９）知道我们想去
的地方是什么有助于我们判断我们从事的任务的重要性。
我们过于经常地相信，他们的成功是源自某些特别的秘密或是幸运的机遇。但成功很少有这
么神奇。我们反复看到，（６８）在我们力所能及的范围做好小事情，随后就会得到大回报。
６６、根据本文，有些申请职位的人被拒绝________
A) 是因为他们不够细心，这一点从他们送交的不够清洁的简历中可以看出
B) 是因为他们所受的教育不够，这一点从他们简历中糟糕的拼写中可以看出
C) 是因为他们在申请时没有详细描述他们的背景
D) 是因为他们自己把自己的名字从申请人名单中删除了
６７、perfectionists这个词（第三段第２行）指那些_____的人。
A) 要求别人绝对做好每一件事 B) 知道如何根据情况调整目标
C) 对细节过分关注，而忽略了主要目标 D) 无论做什么都能达到完美的效果
６８、下面哪个是作者对读者的建议？
A) 虽然对细节过于关注可能代价过高，它们也不应被忽略
B) 画图时别忘了细节
C) 在从事一项任务之前要想清楚它的重要性
D) 不细心的申请者不会被信任６９、阿波罗二号向月球发射的例子是为了说明________-
A) 在向主要目标进发时小错误可以忽略 B) 失败是成功之母
C) 调整是成功做好一切工作的关键
D) 在心里保持一个目标对于决定什么样的细节可以被忽略很有用
７０、本文最好的标题应是________-
A) 别做完美主义者 B) 调整的重要性
C) 细节与主要目标 D) 努力工作加好运转自
Passage 15
Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of
building upwards, that is to say of accommodation a considerable proportion of its population in
high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case
is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past
our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked
the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated
lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details, important notwithstanding, as easy
facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground
floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is
likely that the dispute regarding flats versus individual houses will continue to rage on for a long
time as for as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both
sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case
primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high
cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a
scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban
resident.
71. We can infer from the passage that________
A) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats
B) People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats
C) People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
D) Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living
72. What is said about the blocks of flats built in the past in Britain ?
A) They were mostly inhabited by people who did not earn much.
B) They were usually not large enough to accommodate big families.
C) They were sold to people before necessary facilities were installed.
D) They provided playground for children on the top of the buildings
73. The word “rage” (Line 10) means “______”
A) be ignored B) develop with great force
C) encourage people greatly D) be in fashion
74. Some people oppose the building of flats because________
A) the living expenses for each individual family are higher
B) it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses
C) they believe people like to live in houses with gardens
D) the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats
75.The author mentions that people who live in suburban houses________
A) do not have access to easy facilities because they live away from the cityB) have to pay a lot of money to employ people to do service work
C) take longer time to know each other because they are a scattered community
D) have to spend move money and time traveling to work every day.
Passage 15
英国几乎比世界上任何其他国家都更应该严肃的面对高层建筑问题，也就是说，在高层公寓
内容纳相当大的一部分人口的问题。（７１）据说英国人反对这种建筑的存在，但如果真是这
样，英国人的确与当今世界上的大多灵敏国家的居民不同。（７２）过去，我们的多层公寓一
直是与低收入人群联系起来的，它们缺乏必要的供应，例如中央供暖，不断的热水供应，从顶
层到底层的电梯等等，以及诸如此类的细微之处，而最令人难以忍受的是处理灰尘和垃圾的
方便设施与存放婴儿车的地方在一楼，孩子们玩耍的运动场在顶楼，烘干层是用来洗衣服的。
（７３）就英国来说，关于公寓与个人单独的房屋之间的争议很有可能继续激烈地进行下去，
持续很长时间。不幸的是，不论何时只要提到这个问题，双方都会激动起来。（７４）那些反对
公寓建筑的人主要是基于这样一种设想，即所有的人都喜欢有一个自己独立的房间与花园
以及公寓住房每个铺位昂贵的花销。而后面这个原因忽略了为一个分散的社区提供一切服
务所需要的较高费用以及（７５）从郊区的住所去上班所花的时间与金钱。
７１、我们可以从本文推出__________-
A) 英国人像其它国家的大多数人一样，不喜欢住在公寓里
B) 当今世界大多数国家的人民不反对住在公寓里
C) 英国人被迫住进高层公寓里 D)现代公寓仍不能提供生活必须的设施
７２、文中是如何讲述过去的英国公寓的？
A)住在里面的人大多数没有很多钱 B)它们通常不够大，容纳不下大家庭。
C)在安装必需设施之前，它们就被卖给别人了
D)它们为孩子们提供玩耍的运动场在顶楼。
７３、“rage”这个词（第１８行）意思是________
A)被忽略的 B)越发激烈
C)大大地鼓励人 D)时髦
７４、有些人反对公寓建筑，因为__________
A)对每一个家庭来说住房花销更大 B)它与独立房屋相比费用更高
C)他们认为人们喜欢住在带花园的房屋里
D)处理垃圾对于住在公寓的人来说还是个问题
７５、作者提到住在郊区的房屋里的人_________-
A) 接触不到方便设施，因为他们住得离城市很远
B) 不得不花很多钱雇人做服务性工作
C) 要花比较长的时间才能相互认识，因为他们是一个分散的社区
D) 不得不每天花较多的时间和金钱去上班
Passage 16
Where do pesticides fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now
pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and ourgardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the
contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed
throughout our world?
We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause
extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of
farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides are very sad and
should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed
effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are
cumulative over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum
of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily
ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. “Men are
naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,” says a wise physician, Dr. Rene
Dubos, “yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.”
76. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the sentence “Man, …is part of nature.” (Line
3-4, Para.1)?
A) Man appears indifferent to what happens in nature
B) Man acts as if he does not belong to nature
C) Man can avoid the effects of environmental pollution
D) Man can escape his responsibilities for environmental protection
77. What is the author’s attitude to wards the environmental effects of pesticides?
A) Pessimistic B) Indifferent C) Defensive D) Concerned
78. In the author’s view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides___
A) is not the worst of thenegative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides
B) now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths
C) has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attentionD) is unavoidable because people can’t do without pesticides in farming
79. People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because______
A) limited exposure to them does little harm to people’s health
B) the present is more important for them than the future
C) the danger does not become apparent immediately
D) humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning
80. It can be concluded from Dr Dubos’ remarks that_______
A) people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with
B) attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatal
C) diseases with obvious sighs are easy to cure
D) people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides
Passage 16
杀虫剂是怎么令人想到环境疾病的呢？我们已经目睹了它们在污染土壤、水与食物，令小溪
中再也没有鱼儿，令我们的花园和林地不再有鸟鸣而陷入沉寂。（７６）而人类不论怎样想伪
装成相反的事物，仍是自然的一部分。人们能够逃开如今彻底遍布全世界的污染吗？
（７８）我们知道即便是只是暴露在这些化学品中，只要数量够大，就会引起极为严重的中毒。
但这不是主要问题。农民、农场工人及其他接触足够量杀虫剂的人会突然发病或者死亡，（７
７）这是很令人难过的事，不应该发生。对于人口整体来说，我们必须更加关注吸收少量杀虫
剂的潜在后果，它们正在不知不觉地污染我们的世界。
负责公众健康的官员已经指出（７９）化学品的生理影响会经过较长的时期累积下来，而它
对个体危险则取决于一生中与其接触的多少。正是由于这些原因，危险很容易被忽视。人类
的本性就是不理会看似在将来会造成灾难的威胁。“人们自然地对那些有明显症状的疾病
印象最深，”明智的内科医生Rene Dubos博士说，（８０）“然而有些最可怕的敌人却在不知不觉中慢慢地来到了身边。”
７６、下列哪个选项与“而人类……自然的一部分”（第一段第３－４行）这句话的意思最
接近？
A) 人对自然界中发生的事情漠不关心
B) 人的行为好像他不是自然界的一部似的。
C) 人可以避免环境污染的后果
D) 人可以推卸他对环境的责任
７７、作者对杀虫剂造成的环境后果持什么态度？
A) 悲观的 B) 漠不关心的 C) 防御的 D) 关注的
７８、作者认为，由于暴露在大量杀虫剂中而引起的突然死亡_________
A) 并不是由使用杀虫剂引起的负面影响中最糟的
B) 目前在所有意外死亡中最为常见
C) 已经迅速增加，从而成为公众关注的焦点
D) 不可避免，因为人们在耕作时不能不使用杀虫剂
７９、人们比较容易忽略与化学品接触造成的潜在后果，因为_______
A) 在一定限度内的接触对人的健康没什么影响
B) 对他们来说眼前比将来更重要
C) 危险没有立刻显现出来
D) 人类能够忍受小剂量的中毒
８０、由Dubos博士的话可以总结出________
A) 人们发现觉察不到的疾病很难对付
B) 由隐藏的敌人发起的袭击很容易致命
C) 征兆明显的疾病容易治愈
D) 人们容易忽视杀虫剂引起潜在危险
Passage 17
Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sum and
other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and
this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environmentendurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities
of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed
to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their kspacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent
a lot of radiation damage.
Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called “rem”.
Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without
being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely
difficult to be sure about radiation damage-a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or
her sex organs may be damaged, and this will no be discovered until the birth of deformed
children or even grandchildren.
Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high amount of rems. So far, no
dangerous amounts of radiation have had to cross belts of high amount of rems. So far, no
dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short.
We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months
outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to
decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have beenfound so far.
81. According to the first paragraph, the atmosphere is essential to man in that_______
A) it protects him against the haumful rays from space
B) it provides sufficient light for plant growth
C) it supplies the heat necessary for human survival
D) it screens off the falling meteors
82. We know from the passage that_____
A) exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is fatal
B) the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming
C) radiation is avoidable in space exploration
D) astronauts in spacesuits needn’t worry about radiation damage
83. The harm radiation has done to the Apollo crew members_____
A) is insignifiacant B) seems overestimated
C) is enormous D) remains unknown
84. It can be inferred from the passage that_______
A) the Apollo mission was very successful
B) protection from space radiation is no easy job
C) astronauts will have deformed children or grandchildren
D) radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers
85. The best title for this passage would be _________
A) The Atmosphere and Our Environment B) Research on Radiation
C) Effects of Space Radiation D) Importance of Protection Against Radiation
Passage 17
宇宙是个危险的地方，不仅因为有流星，还因为来自太阳与其它星球的辐射。大气层实际上
也起了地球保护毯的作用。光线可以穿过大气层，这一点对于植物为我们提供食用物品来说
致关重要。热量也令我们的环境达到可以忍受的程度。各种来自外太空的射线穿过大气，但
无数来自太阳的射线被遮蔽了。（８１）一旦人离开了大气，他们就会暴露在射线中，但如果他们穿着宇航服，或是在太空飞行物里，就会防止很多射线伤害。
辐射是宇宙中已知的对探险队员最大的危险。辐射的单位叫做“雷姆”。科学家推断人可以
忍受远大于0.1雷姆的辐射而不受到伤害，60雷姆也可以。（８２）问题在于要判断是否受到
射线伤害极为困难——一个人也许感觉状态极佳，他的细胞或她的性器官可能已受到损害
了，而这要一直到生下畸形的子女或者甚至孙子女才会被发现。阿波罗号的飞行任务就必须
在出发和返航的路上都穿过高辐射地带，阿波罗全体宇航员积累了大量雷姆。（８３）迄今为
止，还没有辐射危害数量的报告，但阿波罗号的飞行任务时间相当短。我们只是不明白人们
是怎样可以在大气保护层之外的太空实验室工作数周或数月。（８４）药物也许有助于减小
辐射带来的伤害。但至今还没发现真正有效的药物。
８１、根据第一段，大气对人至关重要是在于_______
Ａ）它保护人不受来自太空的有害射线伤害
Ｂ）它为植物生长提供足够的光线
Ｃ）它提供人类生存所必需的热量
Ｄ）它遮蔽落下的流星
８２、我们由本文可知_________
Ａ）暴露于哪怕数量极小的辐射中也是致命的
Ｂ）暴露在射线中的后果要比较长时间才看得出
Ｃ）在宇宙探险时可以避开辐射
Ｄ）穿着宇航服的宇航员不必担心辐射伤害
８３、阿波罗号的船员已经受到的有害辐射________
Ａ）无关紧要 Ｂ）似乎过分估计了 Ｃ）很大 Ｄ）还不清楚
８４、由本文可推出__________
Ａ）阿波罗号的飞行任务非常成功
Ｂ）防止宇宙辐射不容易
Ｃ）宇航员会生下畸形的子女或孙子女
Ｄ）辐射对于完全受到保护的太空探险队员来说不构成威胁
８５、本文最好的标题应是__________-
Ａ）大气与环境 Ｂ）对辐射的研究
Ｃ）太空辐射的后果 Ｄ）保护人们防止辐射的重要性
Passage 18
Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most
you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big
cola companies-Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big
a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people
who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi, Diet
Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand
from the other brand.
We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four
unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the
other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the
records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have
accomplished.
Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people whobelieved they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers
correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-
only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.
While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group
made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half
the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste
burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test result suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and
Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.
86. According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to _______
A) find out the role taste preference plays in a person’s drinking
B) reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers
C) show that a person’s opinion about taste is mere guess-work
D) compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks
87. The statistics recorded in the preference tests show_______
A) Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people’s two most favorite drinks
B) There is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi
C) Few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi
D) People’s tastes differ from one another
88. It is implied in the first paragraph that________
A) the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas
B) the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies
C) the competition between the two colas is very strong
D) blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans
89. The word “burnout” (Line 4, Para. 5) here refers to the state of _________
A) being seriously burnt in the skin B) being unable to burn for lack of fuel
C) being badly damaged by fire D) being unable to function because of excessive use
90. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to _________
A) show that taste preference is highly subjective
B) argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy
C) emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other
D) recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
Passage 18
（９０）味觉是极为主观的东西，因而我们通常不会做对食品喜好程度的测试。我们能对任何
人的偏好所说的最多的，便是那是个人意见。（８８）但因为两大可乐公司——可口可乐与百
事可乐的销售是如此的具有攻击性，（８６）我们不由地想知道对味道的偏好在品牌忠诚度
上实际起了多大的作用。我们开始了一项味觉测试，它会挑战那些自称是可口可乐或是百事
可乐的拥护者的人：蒙眼尝味来发现你喜爱的品牌。
我们请了一批志愿者，他们对传统可口可乐、百事可乐、低糖可乐与低糖百事四者中的一种
十分喜爱。他们都认为自己可以毫不费力把自己喜爱的牌子与其它牌子区分开来。
我们最终确定了１９名普通可乐饮用者与２７名低糖可乐饮用者。
然后我们给他们喝四种不知种类的可乐样品，每次一种，一组喝普通可乐，另一组喝低糖可
乐。我们请他们说出每种样品是可口可乐还是百事可乐；然后以统计的角度分析数据，以把
参加测试者的选择与猜测相比较。我们认为把四种样品都判断正确可不容易，但也不算困难，因为这些人都相信自己可以分辨
出自己喜爱的品牌。（８７）结果，１９个普通可乐饮用者中只有７个正确地在全部四个测试
样品中区分出了自己喜爱的品牌。低糖可乐饮用者做得更糟，２７个人中只有７个人把全部
四个都判断对了。
两组的结果都比随机猜测的正确率要高，但每组中几乎有一半人选错了两次以上，有两个人
把全部四个都弄错了。总体来说，（８９）一半的参与测试者在最后一轮测试中与第一轮中表
现差不多，因此疲劳或是味觉失灵不是原因。我们的口味偏好测试的结果表示，只有很少的
百事可乐爱好者与可口可乐爱好者真的可以由口味和价格判断出他们喜爱的品牌。
８６、根据本文，做这个口味偏好测试是为了________
Ａ）弄清在人们饮用饮料时口味偏好所起的作用 Ｂ）揭示哪一种可乐更受人喜爱
Ｃ）显示人们对口味的评价仅仅是猜测而已 Ｄ）比较参与测试者选择自己喜爱饮料的能力
８７、在口味偏好测试中的统计显示________
Ａ）可口可乐与百事可乐是人们最喜爱的两种饮料
Ｂ）可口可乐与百事可乐的口味没有很大差别
Ｃ）很少有人无法区分可口可乐与百事可乐 Ｄ）人们的口味互不相同
８８、在第一段中暗示_________
Ａ）口味测试的目的是促进可乐的销售 Ｂ）提高品质是两家可乐公司最关心的事
Ｃ）两种可乐的竞争很激烈 Ｄ）要区分品牌爱好者，蒙眼测试是必要的
８９、“burn out”这个词（第５段第６行）指的是____的状态
Ａ）皮肤严重烧伤 Ｂ）因为缺乏燃料不能燃烧
Ｃ）被火损伤得很严重 Ｄ）因为过度使用而失灵了
９０、作者写本文的目的是___________
Ａ）显示味觉偏好是十分主观的
Ｂ）提出观点，即味觉测试是一项重要的市场推广策略
Ｃ）强调口味与价格两者密切相关
Ｄ）推荐在可乐品质管理中引入蒙眼测试
