文档内容
(cid:3)(cid:1) Communication*technologies*are*far*from*equivalent.*A*recent*study*comparing*honesty*
across*a*range*of*different*media*revealed*that*people*were*twice*likely*to*tell*lies*when*
using*the*phone*than*when*communicating*via*e;mail.*It*had*previously*been*assumed*that*
people* would* be* more* inclined* to* fabricate* the* truth* when* using* e;mail,* due* to* the*
remoteness*of*the*interaction*making*people*more*comfortable*about*deceiving*others.*On* NEE 4/11/12 16:19
the*contrary,*it*seems*that*anxiety*over*the*accountability*afforded*by*the*recording*of*e;mail* (cid:251)(cid:329)![1]:!(cid:508)(cid:289)(cid:18)(cid:392)(cid:80)(cid:477)(cid:16)(cid:523)(cid:59)(cid:293)(cid:183)(cid:288)(cid:271)
(cid:490)(cid:15)(cid:151)(cid:315)(cid:406)(cid:19)(cid:553)(cid:33)F*
exchanges*induces*greater*truthfulness.*However,*the*research*also*noted*that*people*are*
Administrator 22/9/11 19:13
much*more*likely*to*be*rude*or*insulting*over*e;mail,*outweighing*any*benefits*of*increased*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![2]:!(cid:492)(cid:61),(cid:366)(cid:46)(cid:523)(cid:59)(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:113)(cid:56)(cid:473)(cid:219)(cid:151)(cid:432)
honesty!*
(cid:324)(cid:516)(cid:431)(cid:546)(cid:461)(cid:252)(cid:258)(cid:489)(cid:490)(cid:374)(cid:492)(cid:61)*
*
*An*implication*of*the*study*is*that*if*telephone*conversations*are*recorded*and*people*are*
aware*of*this*fact,*they*are*likely*to*be*more*truthful*over*the*phone.***!T*
*People*are*unconcerned*about*the*repercussion*of*e;mail*untruths.*!F*
It*had*been*assumed*that*people*would*communicate*more*honestly*when*using*e;mail*than* Administrator 22/9/11 19:16
when*using*the*telephone.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![3]:!(cid:127)(cid:147)*
*
(cid:4)(cid:1) There*is*often*considerable*scientific*disagreement*both*about*available*reserves*of*natural*
resources*and*about*the*extent*of*environmental*damage*caused*by*particular*pollutants.*
Even*where*the*scientific*evidence*is*incontrovertible.*There*may*be*political*conflict,*based*
on*different*vested*interests,*over*the*degree*to*which*particular*environmental*controls* Administrator 22/9/11 18:12
should*be*accepted.*Governments*may,*for*example,*refrain*from*introducing*effective* (cid:251)(cid:329)![4]:!(cid:283)(cid:137)(cid:43)(cid:472)(cid:374)*
control*if*they*fear*these*will*adversely*affect*company*profitability*or*jobs,*even*where*the* NEE 4/11/12 16:21
environmental*cost*of*not*introducing*controls*are*considerable.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![5]:!(cid:255)(cid:107)(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:454)(cid:114)*
*
There*is*always*scientific*debate*around*the*facts*regarding*the*reserves*of*natural*resources.***
T*
Very*rarely*is*there*conflict*over*the*degree*to*which*particular*environmental*controls*
should*be*accepted.*F*
Parties*with*a*vested*interest*are*more*influenced*by*politics*than*science*when*deciding*
whether*to*implement*environmental*controls.*C!*
* Administrator 22/9/11 18:16
(cid:5)(cid:1) Whilst*high*visibility*crime*such*as*night;time*drunken*disturbance*has*increased,*total* (cid:251)(cid:329)![6]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)C((cid:152)(cid:353)(cid:354)(cid:299)(cid:374)(cid:408)(cid:310))*
urban*and*rural*crime,*both*reported*and*unreported,*has*fallen*over*the*last*two*years,*yet*
paradoxically*people*feel*less*safe,*believing*that*the*converse*is*the*case.*This*fall*in*crime*
has*coincided*with*a*drop*in*the*number*of*police*officer*on*the*street.*A*citizen’s*fear*of*
crime*seems*not*to*be*a*matter*of*reality*at*all;*the*visibility*of*law*enforcement*officials*has*
a*greater*impact*on*their*view*of*reality*than*hard*facts.*
*
Reducing*the*number*of*police*officer*has*led*to*a*reduction*in*crime.!C*
Crime*statistics*support*popular*belief*about*the*level*of*crime.*F* NEE 4/11/12 16:24
People*feel*safer*when*there*are*more*police*on*the*street.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![7]:!(cid:277)(cid:405)(cid:135)(cid:489)(cid:287)(cid:174)(cid:153)(cid:140)(cid:286)(cid:128)(cid:364)(cid:15)(cid:206)(cid:325)
(cid:296)(cid:268)(cid:279)(cid:151)(cid:307)*
*
Administrator 22/9/11 18:10
(cid:6)(cid:1) There*is*no*task*more*difficult*than*that*of*ensuring*the*education*of*children*in*modern*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![8]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)T*
society.*Not*only*school,*but*also*teachers*and*their*roles*have*changed*out*of*all*recognition*
in*the*past*few*decades,*thanks*to*the*impact*on*teaching*institutions*by*indoctrinating,*and* Administrator 22/9/11 17:41
(cid:251)(cid:329)![9]:!(cid:275)(cid:187)*indoctrinated,* reformist* intellectuals* bearing* revolutionary* ideas.* To* the* perpetual*
indiscipline*of*youth*has*now*been*added*the*indiscipline*of*parents,*many*of*whom* NEE 4/11/12 16:27
interpret*any*reports*of*wrongdoing*in*school*on*the*part*of*their*offspring*as*a*personal* (cid:251)(cid:329)![10]:!(cid:273)(cid:550)(cid:332)(cid:383)(cid:480)(cid:99)(cid:173)(cid:265)(cid:302)*
affront,*or*as*the*manifestation*of*the*malice*of*teachers.*As*for*the*teachers*themselves,* Administrator 22/9/11 17:50
whilst*many*are*respectable*and*learned*men*and*women,*who*view*it*as*their*vocation*to* (cid:251)(cid:329)![11]:!(cid:323)(cid:34)(cid:374)*
induct*their*charges*into*a*civilization*and*a*way*of*behaving,*others*attempt*to*influence* Administrator 22/9/11 17:53
youth*merely*to*further*their*political*or*ideological*ends.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![12]:!(cid:283)(cid:415)(cid:224)(cid:12)(cid:78)(cid:459)(cid:133)(cid:15)the
indiscipline of youth has been added to
*
the indiscipline of parents,(cid:175)(cid:364)(cid:443)(cid:440)(cid:175)(cid:26)(cid:374)
Some*of*those*working*in*education*have*their*own*hidden*agendas.**T* (cid:238)(cid:95)(cid:151)(cid:33)(cid:182)(cid:535)(cid:374)(cid:22)(cid:526)(cid:139)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:362)(cid:467)(cid:131)(cid:225)(cid:131)(cid:299)
Teacher*with*revolutionary*ideas*will*attempt*to*influence*their*pupils*for*their*own*political* (cid:113)(cid:121)*
ends.**TC! Administrator 22/9/11 18:03
Some*teachers*who*report*children*of*wrongdoing*do*so*because*of*malice,*rather*than*nay* (cid:251)(cid:329)![13]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)T*
legitimate*reason.*C*
* NEE 4/11/12 16:32
(cid:7)(cid:1) Last*week,*the*competition*commission*outlined*two*packages*to*regulate*the*sale*of* (cid:251)(cid:329)![14]:!(cid:508)(cid:289)(cid:352)(cid:317)(cid:186)(cid:429)(cid:201)(cid:374)(cid:471)(cid:179)*
extended*product*warranties,*which*provide*repair/replacement*for*faulty*goods*beyond*the*
manufacturer’s*original*guarantee.*Whilst*warranty*sales*are*currently*highly*profitable,*
with*some*retailers*attributing*up*to*¾*of*their*profits*to*this*income*stream,*they*are*also*
criticized*for*offering*poor*value*for*money*due*to*obscure*clauses,*which*restrict*payment*in*
many,*but*the*most*unlikely*claim*scenarios.*The*first*package;to*ban*retailers*selling*a*full*
warranty*on*the*day*of*purchase*was*condemned*by*all*as*draconian;whilst*the*other,*rather*
milder,*option*of*forcing*retailers*to*provide*full*information*on*warranty*exclusions*and*an* Administrator 22/9/11 17:37
obligatory*60–day*“cool;off”*period*for*customers,*received*a*more*balanced*hearing.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![15]:!(cid:28)(cid:121)(cid:374)*
*
Because*no*one*believes*that*the*first*option*will*ever*be*implemented,*investors*and*
analysts*have*focused*more*closely*on*the*implication*of*the*“milder”*package.*In*a*recent*
leaked*research*note,*one*analyst*suggested*that*the*implementation*of*the*reform*in*the*
second*package*would*place*a*staff;training*burden*on*the*retailer,*which*would*lead*to*a*
significant*increase*in*the*cost*of*warranty*sales,*and*a*predicted*20%*fall*in*actual*sales.*
*
“Cool;off”*periods*are*not*currently*offered*by*companies*selling*product*warranties.*T*
It*is*likely*that*neither*package*will*be*implemented.**C*
Preventing*retailers*from*selling*warranties*on*the*day*of*purchase*of*a*product*was*felt*to*
be*too*severe*a*restriction.*T*
*
(cid:8)(cid:1) All* scientific* knowledge* is* provisional.* Everything* that* science* knows,* even* the* most*
mundane* facts* and* long;established* theories,* is* subject* to* re;examination* as* new*
information*comes*in.*the*latest*data*and*ideas*are*scrutinized*the*most.*Some*recantations*
will*be*unavoidable,*but*this*is*not*a*weakness*of*science,*but*rather*its*strength.*No*
endeavor*rivals*science*in*its*incremental*progress*towards*a*more*complete*understanding*
of*the*observable*universe.*
*
Administrator 21/9/11 16:53
Science*improves*understanding*on*the*basis*of*leaving*unchallenged*those*theories*that* (cid:251)(cid:329)![16]:!(cid:77)(cid:554)*those*theories*
appear*to*work.*F*
Administrator 22/9/11 11:05
Some*facts*in*science*cannot*be*challenged*if*any*progress*is*to*be*made.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![17]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)F(cid:16)(cid:151)(cid:33)(cid:406)(cid:18)(cid:133)(cid:15)(cid:247)(cid:296)
(cid:374)(cid:393)(cid:175)(cid:383)(cid:480)(cid:525)(cid:289)(cid:296)(cid:109)(cid:269)(cid:432)(cid:174)(cid:153)(cid:374)**************That*which*is*not*observable*cannot*be*part*of*the*domain*of*science.*C*
*
(cid:9)(cid:1) The*Statute*on*workplace*safety*requires*that*an*employer*should*ensure,*so*far*as*is*
reasonably*practicable,*the*health,*safety*and*welfare*at*work*of*all*full*and*part*time*
employees,*and*also*those*not*in*direct*employment*who*may*be*affected*by*acts*or*
omissions*at*work.*However,*it*is*also*the*duty*of*employees*to*take*reasonable*care*for*their*
own*health*and*safety*and*also*that*of*other*persons*who*may*be*affected*by*their*acts*or*
omissions*at*work,*for*example*by*complying*with*all*notices*on*health*and*safety*that*are*
posted.*
*
If*a*workplace*visitor*is*hurt*due*to*an*act*of*negligence*by*an*employee*then*the*employee*
may*be*held*solely*responsible.**F*
An*employer*has*responsibility*for*the*safety*of*visitors*to*his*factory.*T* Administrator 22/9/11 20:52
Employees*have*negligible*responsibility*for*workplace*health*and*safety.*F!* (cid:251)(cid:329)![18]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)C,(cid:296)(cid:408)(cid:310)(cid:38)(cid:471)(cid:33)(cid:289)C*
* Columbia University 4/11/12 21:34
(cid:10)(cid:1) Today’s*historians*aim*to*construct*a*record*of*human*activities*and*to*use*this*record*to* (cid:251)(cid:329)![19R18]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)F,*(cid:315)(cid:158)visitor(cid:186)(cid:208)
those*not*in*direct*employment*who*may*be*
achieve*a*more*profound*understanding*of*humanity.*This*conception*of*their*task*is*quite*
affected*by*acts*or*omissions*at*work(cid:15)(cid:508)(cid:289)
recent,*dating*from*the*development*from*18th*and*early*19th*centuries*of*scientific*history,* employee(cid:145)employer(cid:89)(cid:140)(cid:374)(cid:492)(cid:61)*
and*cultivated*largely*by*professional*historians*who*adopted*the*assumption*that*the*study* Administrator 21/9/11 17:04
of*natural,*inevitable*human*activity.*Before*the*late*18th*century,*history*was*taught*in* (cid:251)(cid:329)![20]:!(cid:226)(cid:22)(cid:497)(cid:519)(cid:374)(cid:15)(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:231)(cid:369)(cid:374)*
virtually*no*schools,*and*it*did*not*attempt*to*provide*an*interpretation*of*human*life*as*a* Administrator 21/9/11 17:07
whole.*This*is*more*appropriately*the*function*of*religion,*of*philosophy,*or*even*perhaps*of* (cid:251)(cid:329)![21]:!(cid:495)(cid:343)*
poetry.*
*
That*which*constitutes*the*study*of*history*has*changed*over*time.**C**
Professional*historians*did*not*exist*before*18th*century.!C* Administrator 22/9/11 21:47
In*the*17th*century,*history*would*not*have*been*thought*of*as*a*way*of*understanding* (cid:251)(cid:329)![22]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)(cid:289)T*
humanity.*T* Columbia University 8/10/12 18:55
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![23R22]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)C;*(cid:315)(cid:158)(cid:261)(cid:385)(cid:398)(cid:374)(cid:377)
(cid:308)(cid:15)(cid:432)(cid:548)(cid:385)(cid:398)(cid:374)(cid:416)(cid:243)(cid:524)(cid:99)*
(cid:11)(cid:1) Whilst*having*similar*effects*on*employees,*there*tend*to*be*major*difference*between*a*
NEE 4/11/12 21:47
merger*and*an*acquisition.*In*an*acquisition,*power*is*substantially*assumed*by*the*new*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![24]:!(cid:328)(cid:172)(cid:489)(cid:289)T*
parent*company.*Change*is*often*swift*and*brutal*as*the*acquirer*imposes*its*own*control*
systems*and*financial*restraints.*Parties*to*a*merger*are*likely*to*be*evenly*matched*in*terms* NEE 4/11/12 21:36
of*size,*and*the*power*and*cultural*dynamics*of*the*combination*are*more*ambiguous,* (cid:251)(cid:329)![25]:!acquisition(cid:131)(cid:115)(cid:289)(cid:503)(cid:517)(cid:432)(cid:316)(cid:527)(cid:374)*
integration*is*a*more*drawn*out*process.*
* Administrator 21/9/11 17:13
During*an*acquisition,*there*is*often*more*overt*conflict*and*resistance*and*a*sense*of* (cid:251)(cid:329)![26]:!(cid:260)(cid:34)(cid:246)*
powerlessness.* In* mergers,* because* of* the* prolonged* period* between* the* initial* Administrator 21/9/11 17:15
announcement*and*full*integration,*uncertainty*and*anxiety*continue*for*a*much*longer*time* (cid:251)(cid:329)![27]:!(cid:287)(cid:290)(cid:374)(cid:17)(cid:88)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:17)(cid:448)(cid:240)(cid:374)*
as*the*organization*remains*in*a*state*of*limbo.*
Administrator 21/9/11 17:17
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![28]:!(cid:158)(cid:46)(cid:30)(cid:537)(cid:374)(cid:245)(cid:22)(cid:179)(cid:374)(cid:356)(cid:232)*
There*tends*to*be*a*major*power*difference*between*parties*in*an*acquisition.*!T*
NEE 8/9/13 16:02
Mergers*and*acquisition*tend*to*have*distinctly*different*impacts*on*employees.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![29]:!(cid:406)(cid:18)(cid:133)(cid:484)similar(cid:15)(cid:329)(cid:240)(cid:379)(cid:417)
Mergers*yield*a*shorter*period*of*anxiety*and*uncertainty*amongst*employees.!F* (cid:439)(cid:15)(cid:296)(cid:286)(cid:79)(cid:417)(cid:439)(cid:542)(cid:450)(cid:153)(cid:18)(cid:29)(cid:384)(cid:487)(cid:529)(cid:12)*
* NEE 4/11/12 21:40
(cid:251)(cid:329)![30]:!(cid:208)(cid:486)(cid:289)longer*(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:1) Management*is,*in*effect,*the*catalyst*that*is*essential*for*converting*the*resources*and*raw*
material*inputs*of*the*operation*into*valued*outputs*and,*in*the*process,*ensuring*that* Administrator 21/9/11 17:18
stakeholder*needs*are*satisfied.*Managers*represent*the*critical*factor,*which*economists*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![31]:!(cid:82)(cid:115)(cid:108)*
refer*to*as*“enterprise”,*without*which*the*other*factors*(land,*labor*and*capital)*cannot*
function.*Managers*are*effectively*the*custodians*of*the*organization’s*resource,*responsible*
for*deciding*what*the*resources*should*be*used*for,*how*best*to*use*them,*and*to*which* Administrator 21/9/11 17:20
customers*the*outputs*should*be*targeted.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![32]:!(cid:376)(cid:410)(cid:431)*
*
Stakeholder*needs*are*best*served*through*the*creation*of*valued*outputs.*C*
Management*has*at*least*two*major*but*different*responsibilities.!T*
Managers*must*decide*how*best*to*handle*all*the*resources*at*their*disposal.*T*
*
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:1) There*is*no*doubt*that*vegetarian*food*can*be*healthier*than*a*traditional*diet*–*indeed,*
research*has*demonstrated*that*vegetarians*are*less*likely*to*suffer*from*heart*disease*and*
obesity*than*those*who*eat*meat.*One*long;standing*concern*about*a*vegetarian*lifestyle*is*
the*risk*of*failing*to*take*in*enough*protein.*However,*historical*calculations*as*to*the*amount*
of*protein*needed*for*a*healthy*lifestyle*have*recently*been*shown*to*overestimate*the*
quantities*needed,*and*if*vegetarian*select*their*food*carefully*they*should*be*able*to*meet*
their*protein*needs.*
*
A*balanced*diet*is*more*likely*to*promote*health*than*any*particular*food*or*food*group*in*
isolation.***C*
Too*much*protein*in*the*diet*can*lead*to*heart*disease.*C*
Over*time*the*recommendations*as*to*what*constitutes*a*healthy*balanced*diet*have*changed.*
C*
*
(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:1) Water,*the*most*common*liquid*used*for*cleaning,*has*a*property*called*surface*tension.*
Molecules*in*the*body*of*the*water*are*surrounded*by*other*molecules,*but*at*the*surface*a* Administrator 21/9/11 20:15
“tension”*is*created*as*molecules*are*only*surrounded*by*other*molecules*on*the*waterside.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![33]:!(cid:456)(cid:549)(cid:217)(cid:110)*
This*tension*inhibits*the*cleaning*process,*as*it*slows*the*wetting*of*surface*due*to*tension*
causing*the*water*to*bead*up.*This*is*where*water*droplets*hold*their*shape*and*do*not*
spread.*For*effective*cleaning*to*take*place*“surface*tension”*must*be*reduced*so*that*water*
can*spread.*Surface;active*agents,*or*surfactants,*are*chemicals,*which*are*able*to*do*this*
effectively.* Administrator 4/11/12 21:55
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![34]:!(cid:456)(cid:549)(cid:331)(cid:234)(cid:108),(cid:435)(cid:163)(cid:539)(cid:67)(cid:322)(cid:374)(cid:456)(cid:549)
(cid:217)(cid:110)(cid:15)(cid:72)(cid:322)spread*
Surface;active*agents,*or*surfactants,*are*only*used*for*cleaning.**C*
Water*is*the*only*known*liquid*used*for*cleaning.*F*
If*surfactant*chemicals*are*added*to*water*when*cleaning*a*surface,*surface*tension*will*occur.* Administrator 21/9/11 20:22
F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![35]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)C*
The*molecules*on*the*waterside*hinder*the*cleaning*process.*T* Columbia University 8/10/12 15:52
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![36R35]:!(cid:387)(cid:33)F;*most*common*≠*only*
(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:1) The*biggest*risk*facing*the*world’s*insurance*companies*is*possibly*the*rapid*change*now* Administrator 21/9/11 20:25
taking*place*within*their*own*ranks.*Sluggish*growth*in*core*markets*and*intense*price* (cid:251)(cid:329)![37]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)T*
competition,*coupled*with*shifting*patterns*of*customer*demand*and*the*rising*cost*of*losses,* Administrator 21/9/11 20:27
are*threatening*to*overwhelm*those*too*slow*to*react.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![38]:!(cid:447)(cid:305)(cid:374)(cid:17)(cid:511)(cid:533)(cid:374)**
Insurance*companies*are*experiencing*a*boom*in*their*core*markets.*C*
Insurance*companies*are*competing*to*provide*best*prices*to*customers.*T* Columbia University 8/10/12 15:49
Insurance*companies*are*coping*well*with*increased*price*competition*and*rising*losses.!F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![39]:!F;*(cid:193)(cid:430)sluggish(cid:508)(cid:29)(cid:482)*
* NEE 4/11/12 21:59
(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:1) Short;sightedness*is*to*a*large*extent*inherited,*its*incidence*varies*from*one*family*to* (cid:251)(cid:329)![40]:!T*
Administrator 22/9/11 21:57
another.*The*reason*behind*the*link*between*the*common*incidence*of*short;sightedness*and*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![41]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)C*
high*intelligence*is*unclear.*Previous*generations*thought*that*eyes*could*become*strained*by*
Columbia University 8/10/12 15:49
years*spent*poring*over*books,*but*a*few*decades*ago*the*popular*medical*view*was*that*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![42R41]:!(cid:387)(cid:33)F;(cid:549)(cid:32)(cid:60)(cid:309)(cid:404)(cid:43)(cid:145)(cid:243)(cid:299)
short;sighted*people*gravitated*towards*the*library*because*they*found*it*hard*to*excel*at*
(cid:20)(cid:116)*
sports.*Recently*there*has*been*partial*support*for*a*theory*that*high*intelligence*and*short;
Administrator 21/9/11 20:28
sightedness*may,*in*fact,*be*part*of*a*genetic*package.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![43]:!(cid:128)(cid:364)(cid:359)*
*
Administrator 22/9/11 21:58
The*genetic*link*between*intelligence*and*short;sightedness*has*recently*been*disproven.*F*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![44]:!(cid:491)(cid:444)*
People*from*all*families*stand*at*an*equal*chance*of*being*short;sighted.*F*
Intelligence*is*to*a*large*extent*inherited.**C*
*
(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:1) The*cosmic*microwave*background*(CMB)*radiation*is*the*afterglow*from*the*Big*Bang,*and*
weak*as*it*may*be*today,*these*primeval*microwaves*hold*valuable*information*about* Administrator 4/11/12 22:05
fundamental*properties*of*the*early*universe.*Slight*differences,*or*anisotropies,*in*the*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![45]:!(cid:176)(cid:178)(cid:226)(cid:328)(cid:434)(cid:292)(cid:502)(cid:188)(cid:270)(cid:390)(cid:42)(cid:285)(cid:298)(cid:176)
(cid:178)(cid:76)(cid:236)*
brightness*and*polarization*of*the*CMB*reveal*clues*about*the*nature*of*the*primeval*plasma:*
Administrator 21/9/11 20:37
that*the*discrepancies*exist*at*all*shows*that*the*plasma*was*not*perfectly*uniform.*The*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![46]:!(cid:160)(cid:350)(cid:15)(cid:291)(cid:547)
variations*in*the*brightness*seen*in*the*CMB*reflect*differences*in*the*density*of*the*
Administrator 22/9/11 22:04
primordial*plasma,*whereas*the*anisotropic*polarization*reveals*information*about*the*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![47]:!(cid:198)(cid:213)*
dynamics*of*the*early*universe,*such*as*the*movement*of*material*and*the*number*of*
NEE 4/11/12 22:08
gravitational*waves.*The*CMB,*however,*is*not*the*only*source*of*polarized*microwaves*and*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![48]:!(cid:123)(cid:171)(cid:407)(cid:391)(cid:173)(cid:68)*
the*cosmological*polarization*must*thus*be*measured*at*different*wavelengths*so*as*to*
isolate*them*from*foreground*signals.*
*
The*anisotropies*of*the*CMB*show*solely*that*the*primordial*plasma*was*not*uniform.*F*
NEE 4/11/12 22:11
The*polarization*of*cosmic*microwaves*is*measured*at*different*wavelength*so*as*to*separate*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![49]:!(cid:289)Slight*differences,*or*
the*foreground*from*the*background*signals.*T* anisotropies,*in*the*brightness*and*
Through*studying*the*cosmological*microwaves,*one*may*learn*about*the*forces*of*gravity*in* polarization*of*the*CMB(cid:15)(cid:151)(cid:315)(cid:22)(cid:289)solely*
the*early*universe.**T* Administrator 21/9/11 20:48
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![50]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)C*
(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:1) Internet*experts*are*warning*of*a*new*multitude*of*extremely*dangerous*computer*viruses* Columbia University 8/10/12 16:01
that*have*recently*been*causing*devastation*and*could*potentially*cripple*entire*global* (cid:251)(cid:329)![51R50]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)T;*(cid:462)these*primeval*
computer*systems.*These*viruses*can*replicate*thousands*of*copies*within*hours*and*are* microwaves*hold*valuable*information*
about*fundamental*properties*of*the*early*
capable*of*extirpating*security*software*that,*in*turn,*enables*hackers*to*appropriate*control*
universe*
of*the*machines.*Criminal*gangs*can*then*establish*bank*accounts*using*stolen*identities,*
Administrator 21/9/11 20:48
sabotage*a*company’s*computer*system*and*extort*money*for*its*restoration,*and*sell* (cid:251)(cid:329)![52]:!(cid:164)(cid:531)*
computers*that*have*been*interfered*with*on*the*black*market.*Computer*users*are*often*
Administrator 21/9/11 20:49
advised*to*refrain*from*opening*suspicious*program*attached*to*the*emails*and*to*continually* (cid:251)(cid:329)![53]:!(cid:170)(cid:181)(cid:17)(cid:186)…(cid:528)(cid:129)(cid:386)(cid:155)(cid:454)(cid:114)*
update*their*security*software.*
NEE 4/11/12 22:15
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![54]:!(cid:22)(cid:461)(cid:250)(cid:212)(cid:523)(cid:59)(cid:30)(cid:374)(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:395)(cid:207)(cid:15)(cid:116)
(cid:414)(cid:177)(cid:87)(cid:412)(cid:422)*Internet*experts*are*advising*computer*users*to*replace*their*software*if*they*suspect*it*has*
been*tampered*with.***C*
*
(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:1) For*most*people,*any*reference*to*hypnosis*brings*to*mind*images*of*individuals*involved*in*
amusing,*and*often*out*of*character,*behavior.*However,*hypnosis*is*also*a*topic*of*scientific* Administrator 21/9/11 20:51
research.*Research*by*scientists*over*the*last*few*decades*has*revealed*ways*in*which*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![55]:!(cid:82)(cid:380)*
memory* processes,* and* processes* involved* in* pain* perception* can* be* changed* using*
hypnosis.*It*has*also*been*found*that*hypnotic*suggestions*can*regulate*activity*in*identifiable* Administrator 22/9/11 22:23
sections*of*the*brain*and*can*contribute*to*the*effective*management*of*cognitive*conflict.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![56]:!(cid:373)(cid:383)(cid:465)*
Findings*from*several*related*brain*imaging*studies,*for*example,*have*suggested*that*people* NEE 4/11/12 22:29
under*hypnosis*cab*exhibit*reduced*level*of*brain*activity*in*both*visual*area*and*the*anterior* (cid:251)(cid:329)![57]:!(cid:72)(cid:365)(cid:82)(cid:380)(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:273)(cid:131)(cid:473)(cid:229)(cid:504)(cid:395)(cid:145)(cid:373)
(cid:383)(cid:465)(cid:374)(cid:504)(cid:395)*
cingulate*cortex.*Disparate*research*has*already*established*the*role*of*these*brain*structures*
NEE 4/11/12 22:34
in*the*monitoring*the*cognitive*conflict.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![58]:!(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:326)(cid:371)(cid:471)(cid:383)(cid:93)(cid:401)(cid:15)(cid:480)(cid:105)(cid:436)(cid:331)(cid:114)*
*
Administrator 21/9/11 20:54
(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:1) Workers* are* becoming* increasingly* concerned* about* company* relocation* due* to* its*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![59]:!(cid:22)(cid:140)(cid:374)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:378)(cid:204)(cid:374)*
association*with*employee*distress*and*isolation,*which*can*be*caused*by*issues*such*as*the*
management*of*property*transitions*and*loss*of*community*ties.*Furthermore,*moving*home*
can*put*a*strain*on*worker’s*financial*resources*and*close*relationships,*especially*for*those*
working*parents*who*may*feel*guilty*about*moving*children*to*new*schools.*Regardless*of*
the*disruption*created,*some*individuals*are*very*willing*to*relocate,*due*to*the*potential*for*
enhanced*career*prospects*and*long;term*financial*stability.*
*
Some*people*may*feel*guilty*about*the*consequences*of*relocating.!T!
Company*relocation*has*increased.*C*
The*potential*benefits*of*job*relocation*are*seen,*by*some,*to*be*worth*the*associated*distress*
and*strain.*T*
*
(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:1) Political,*economic*and*demographic*developments*are*combining*to*increase*the*wealth*of*
individuals*leading*economies.*These*individuals*take*a*much*more*active*role*in*managing*
their*personal*financial*affairs*and*in*determining*how*their*assets*should*be*invested*for*
their*long;term*benefit.*As*a*result,*we*are*seeing*the*emergence*of*a*new*market,*consisting*
of*so;called*“affluent*individuals”.*This*structural*trend*is*set*to*continue*and*will*provide*
significant* opportunities* for* financial* services* providers.* This* band* of* individuals* has*
traditionally*been*dominated*by*old*money*inheritance,*and*this*will*remain*a*factor,*but*the* NEE 4/11/12 22:43
rise*of*new*affluent*money*is*increasing*as*individuals*benefit*from*higher*salaries*and* (cid:251)(cid:329)![60]:!(cid:184)(cid:460)(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:428)(cid:68)(cid:22)(cid:279)(cid:157)(cid:113)(cid:243)(cid:33)
financial*services*provider*(cid:374)(cid:280)(cid:374)(cid:157)(cid:535)(cid:301)(cid:64)*
compensation*in*the*form*of*stock*options.*These*new*affluent*individuals*are*also*creating*
wealth*as*small*business*entrepreneurs.*
*
Affluent*individuals*want*to*manage*their*own*assets*rather*than*use*financial*service*
providers.*C*
Individuals*cannot*become*“affluent”*through*inheriting*old*money.*F* Administrator 22/9/11 22:29
Inherited*old*money*will*be*completely*replaced*by*new*affluent*money.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![61]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)C*
* Columbia University 8/10/12 16:10
(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:1) At*the*moment*of*GTC,*like*other*European*producers,*is*able*to*relieve*at*least*some*of*its* (cid:251)(cid:329)![62R61]:!(cid:387)(cid:33)C;*(cid:277)(cid:30)(cid:325)(cid:489)(cid:106)*
over;capacity*by*exporting,*partly*to*Central*America.*A*decade*from*now,*that*region*will*be* NEE 4/11/12 22:52
(cid:251)(cid:329)![63]:!(cid:193)(cid:289)F*largely*self;sufficient*and*trade*will*be*starting*to*flow*the*other*way.*However,*for*GTC*
investors,*the*company’s*recent*restructure*could*herald*better*times.*The*group’s*lack*of*
focus*and*lack;lustre*returns*have*been*much*criticized*of*late.* Administrator 22/9/11 22:30
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![64]:!(cid:552)(cid:390)…(cid:374)(cid:306)(cid:32)*
Central*America*will,*in*the*future,*begin*to*export*less*to*Europe.*C*F* NEE 4/11/12 22:55
Central*American*producers*will*find*a*ready*market*for*their*products*in*Europe.!C! (cid:251)(cid:329)![65]:!(cid:88)(cid:138)(cid:426)(cid:37)(cid:24)(cid:329)(cid:346)(cid:145)(cid:55)(cid:51)(cid:382)(cid:377)(cid:374)(cid:104)
(cid:339)(cid:520)(cid:106)(cid:485)(cid:372)(cid:199)(cid:34)(cid:12)(cid:151)(cid:315)(cid:530)(cid:416)(cid:186)investor(cid:289)
Restructuring*generally*produces*an*increase*in*profitability.*C!
(cid:18)(cid:59)(cid:168)(cid:44)*
*
NEE 4/11/12 23:01
(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:1) The*increasing*fragility*of*the*rural*economy*will*be*the*biggest*challenge*facing*country*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![66]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:465)(cid:225)(cid:289)C*
communities*over*the*next*ten*years.*Agriculture,*which*accounts*for*a*quarter*of*rural*job,*is*
in*decline.*Tourism*provides*no*more*than*half*this*number*of*job.*The*rural*manufacturing*
sector,*however,*has*grown*over*last*ten*years.*Despite*this,*it*still*employs*fewer*than*one*in*
twenty*people*living*in*rural*area,*and*is*threatened*by*companies*based*in*industrial*areas,*
which*benefit*from*access*to*a*larger*skilled*workforce*and*better*transportation*networks.* NEE 4/11/12 23:07
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![67]:!(cid:92)(cid:26)(cid:446)(cid:425)(cid:15)(cid:97)(cid:191)(cid:193)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:91)(cid:294)(cid:54)(cid:374)
(cid:282)(cid:342)(cid:26)(cid:145)(cid:39)(cid:304)(cid:107)(cid:518)(cid:26)(cid:543)(cid:56)(cid:101)(cid:518)(cid:223)(cid:162)(cid:374)(cid:193)(cid:26)
Industries*based*in*rural*areas*benefit*from*better*transport*links.*F!*
(cid:301)(cid:64)(cid:12)(cid:62)(cid:26)(cid:225)(cid:375)(cid:46)(cid:48)(cid:516)(cid:407)(cid:151)(cid:413)(cid:64)(cid:143)(cid:216)(cid:293)(cid:162)
Manufacturing*provides*the*fewest*jobs*in*the*countryside.*C* (cid:92)(cid:319)(cid:243)(cid:33)(cid:196)(cid:51)*
The*manufacturing*sector*is*likely*to*be*the*main*source*of*employment*for*rural*workers*in*
Administrator 22/9/11 22:34
the*future.*C* (cid:251)(cid:329)![68]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)F(cid:15)(cid:419)(cid:139)(cid:295)(cid:141)(cid:18)(cid:29)(cid:536)(cid:553)*
Industries*based*in*rural*areas*suffer*from*poorer*transport*links.!T*
*
(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:1) In*recent*years,*many*issues*have*been*considered*when*attempting*to*ameliorate*the*
wellbeing*of*patients*and*the*efficiency*of*hospital*administration.*Patients*have*often* Administrator 21/9/11 21:16
complained*about*endless*waiting*lists,*low*standards*of*cleanliness,*poor*hospital*food,*and*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![69]:!(cid:273)(cid:149)*
unsatisfactory*doctor;patient*communication*and*now,*according*to*an*expert*from*a*leading*
image*consultancy,*doctors’*dress*codes*and*their*general*appearance*must*come*under*
close*scrutiny.*Of*healthcare*professionals*have*an*unwashed*appearance,*dirty*nails*or*
unkempt*hair,*this*exudes*the*impression*of*recklessness,*wearing*red*reminds*patients*of* Administrator 21/9/11 21:17
blood,*and*power*dressing*is*discouraged*because*patients*may*feel*undermined*and*less* (cid:251)(cid:329)![70]:!(cid:376)(cid:410)*
relaxed.*Although*campaign*groups*approve*of*healthcare*professionals*leading*by*example* Administrator 22/9/11 22:36
with*high*standards*of*hygiene*in*hospitals,*some*individuals*argue*that*this*potential*new* (cid:251)(cid:329)![71]:!(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:115)(cid:400)(cid:381)*
image*legislation*is*merely*a*case*of*jumping*on*the*bandwagon*of*the*current*media*trend* Administrator 21/9/11 21:20
for*home*and*lifestyle*makeovers.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![72]:!(cid:119)(cid:364)*
* Administrator 4/11/12 23:37
Individuals*have*argued*that*the*current*media*trend*for*lifestyle*makeover*is*direct*result*of* (cid:251)(cid:329)![73]:!(cid:333)(cid:454)(cid:15)(cid:286)(cid:192)*
the*concern*over*the*image*of*new*legislations.*F* Administrator 21/9/11 21:21
New*hospital*legislation*states*that*healthcare*professionals*must*have*clean*fingernails.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![74]:!(cid:164)(cid:500)(cid:131)*
It*is*always*preferable*for*healthcare*professionals*to*wear*blue*instead*of*red.*C* NEE 4/11/12 23:38
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![75]:!(cid:508)(cid:18)(cid:403)(cid:327)(cid:193)(cid:289)(cid:153)(cid:512)(cid:515)(cid:286)(cid:558)*
(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:1) One*of*the*great*paradoxes*of*entrepreneurship*is*that*entrepreneurs*must*develop*the* Administrator 21/9/11 21:22
capacity*to*engage*the*urgent*with*the*emergent.*Routine*pressures*force*us*to*allow*the* (cid:251)(cid:329)![76]:!(cid:370)(cid:33)F*
urgent*to*dominate*us,*quarterly*reports,*market*share,*and*tangible*return*on*investment* Columbia University 8/10/12 17:12
become*paramount*in*this*paradox,*emergent*(strategic)*issues*are*often*lost.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![77R76]:!(cid:387)(cid:33)F;*(cid:237)(cid:237)(cid:378)(cid:127)(cid:374)(cid:151)(cid:307)(cid:90)
(cid:412)*
*
Administrator 21/9/11 21:25
(cid:251)(cid:329)![78]:!(cid:295)(cid:530)(cid:461)(cid:374)*The*urgent*presents*itself*in*tangible*shape*and*form,*whereas*the*emergent*is*subtler*in*its*
appearance.*Entrepreneurs*need*to*pre;sense*emergent*reality,*thus*they*require*more*than*
ordinary*attentiveness.*However,*information*consumes*the*attention*of*the*recipient,*and* NEE 4/11/12 23:47
urgent*information*is*by*nature*more*demanding*of*attention*than*emergent.*Yet*it*is*an* (cid:251)(cid:329)![79]:!Urgent(cid:289)(cid:296)(cid:220)(cid:374)(cid:15)emergent(cid:100)
(cid:516)(cid:203)(cid:289)(cid:543)(cid:56)(cid:463)(cid:185)(cid:374)*
awareness*of*the*emergent*that*frequently*distinguishes*the*successful*leader,*the*individual*
who*can*see*through*the*reactive*demands*of*day;to;day*urgency*to*act*rapidly*upon*the*
emergent*trends*that,*if*capitalized*upon,*can*ensure*commercial*triumph.*One*way*of*
ensuring*time*to*identify*the*emergent*is*to*make*time*for*reflective*moments*in*work*life*in*
order*to*restore*the*quality*of*attentiveness*and*see*through*the*fog*of*the*immediate.*
*
It*is*easier*to*spot*an*emergent*trend*than*an*urgent*issue.*F*
The*present*tends*to*be*governed*by*the*immediate*demands.*T! NEE 5/11/12 00:32
It*is*easy*to*lose*sight*of*the*strategic*issues*given*the*demands*that*immediate*issues*make.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![80]:!(cid:314)(cid:168)(cid:489)(cid:127)(cid:42)*
T* NEE 5/11/12 00:34
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![81]:!(cid:360)(cid:153)(cid:516)(cid:203)(cid:289)(cid:90)(cid:329)immediate*
demands*
(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:1) Some* doctors* claim* that* any* information* received* from* a* patient* during* a* medical*
consultation*is*subject*ethically*to*absolute*confidentiality*and*can*in*no*circumstance*be*
revealed*without*the*patient’s*permission.*Without*such*a*rule,*they*believe*that*patients*
would*not*supply*all*of*the*information*needed*to*treat*them.*Most*however,*believe*that*
their*obligations*to*society*override*their*obligations*to*their*patients;*for*example,*being*
prepared*to*report*to*the*police*a*patient*who*persisted*in*driving,*despite*the*existence*of*a* Administrator 21/9/11 21:48
condition*that*rendered*them*unsafe.*One*reason*for*such*a*conflict*is*that*whilst*courts* (cid:251)(cid:329)![82]:!(cid:498)(cid:499)*
recognize*the*confidentiality*of*exchange*between*lawyers*and*clients,*this*is*not*extended*to*
doctor*and*patients.*
*
A*doctor*would*report*to*the*police*a*patient*who*was*a*danger*to*others.*C*
Patients*rarely*give*permission*for*a*doctor*to*discuss*their*medical*details*with*others.*C*
Doctors*are*in*agreement*about*the*ethics*and*practice*of*patient*confidentiality.*F*
* NEE 5/11/12 00:36
(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:1) Private*airline*companies*have*always*been*determined*to*operate*a*transport*system*that*is* (cid:251)(cid:329)![83]:!(cid:314)(cid:168)(cid:378)(cid:127)(cid:15)(cid:289)conflict*
safe*for*passengers,*whilst*still*remaining*competitively*priced*and*commercially*viable.*
However,*a*private*sector*business*can*only*remain*viable*if*it*generates*profits*for*its*
shareholders.*Recent*reports*suggest*that*if*all*aircrafts*were*fitted*with*military*derived*
ground;to;air*missile*defense*system,*and*at*all*airports*there*was*infallible*screening*for*
weapons*and*explosives*then*the*system*would*be*much*safer.*However,*totally*effective* Administrator 21/9/11 21:50
screening*would*preclude*all*possibility*of*profit,*and*current*systems*are*still*very*thorough,* (cid:251)(cid:329)![84]:!(cid:421)(cid:283)(cid:534)(cid:488)(cid:374)*
whilst*also*providing*a*good*cost;benefit*ratio.* Administrator 21/9/11 21:50
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![85]:!(cid:170)(cid:388)*
Military*aircraft*are*safer*than*commercial*craft.*C* NEE 5/11/12 00:40
More*effective*airline*security*systems*than*are*currently*in*use*are*available.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![86]:!(cid:377)(cid:109)(cid:374)(cid:412)(cid:422)(cid:223)(cid:168)(cid:15)(cid:435)(cid:163)(cid:296)(cid:104)(cid:339)(cid:12)
(cid:169)(cid:307)(cid:87)(cid:524)(cid:262)(cid:350)(cid:295)(cid:71)(cid:177)(cid:87)(cid:306)(cid:509)(cid:454)(cid:526)(cid:427)(cid:15)(cid:522)(cid:35)
Current*airline*security*systems*provide*the*best*possible*mix*of*cost*against*benefit.**C*
(cid:193)(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:104)(cid:339)(cid:42)*
*
NEE 5/11/12 00:41
(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:1) Full*employment*is*a*concept,*which*is*often*referred*to*but*seldom*defined.*Beveridge’s*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![87]:!(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:269)(cid:125)*
description*comes*close*to*what*most*economists*understand*by*the*term.*In*his*view*full*
employment*means*that*“unemployment*is*reduced*to*short*intervals*of*standing*by,*with*the*certainty*that*very*soon*one*will*be*wanted*in*one’s*old*job*again*or*will*be*wanted*in*a*
new*job*that*is*within*one’s*powers.”*In*other*words,*full*employment*does*not*mean*zero*
unemployment,*but*allows*for*some*measure*of*acceptable*unemployment,*for*example,*
“frictional”*unemployment*whilst*changing*jobs.*
*
Definitions*of*full*employment*are*abundant.*F*
Some*economists*do*not*understand*full*employment*in*Beveridge’s*terms.!C* NEE 5/11/12 00:43
In*B’s*view,*full*employment*incorporates*those*unemployed*people*who*are*certain*to* (cid:251)(cid:329)![88]:!(cid:406)(cid:18)(cid:133)(cid:15)seldem**
regain*work*very*shortly.!T* NEE 5/11/12 00:46
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![89]:!B’s*description*comes*close*to*
what*most*economists*understand.*(cid:135)(cid:489)(cid:42)
(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:1) The*typical*share;save*scheme*is*a*regular*savings*plan*that*gives*employees*the*opportunity*
(cid:266)(cid:506)(cid:223)(cid:162)(cid:418)(cid:334)(cid:175)(cid:182)(cid:374)(cid:463)(cid:346)(cid:15)(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:474)(cid:106)(cid:296)(cid:47)
to*purchase*shares*in*3.5*or*7*years*time,*should*they*choose*to*exercise*the*purchase*option,* (cid:51)(cid:106)(cid:209)(cid:242)(cid:22)(cid:242)*
at*a*discounted*price*fixed*before*the*saving*period*starts.*In*addition*to*potential*financial* *
gains,*the*employee*also*has*the*opportunity*to*participate*in*future*company*development*
through*the*acquisition*of*shares.*The*employee*does*not*have*to*pay*income*tax*on*any*
gains*made*on*the*exercise*of*the*option*to*buy*shares,*though*there*may*be*a*liability*to*
capital* gains* tax* if* the* shares* are* sold* and* the* resulting* gains* cause* that* particular*
employee’s*level*of*capital*gains*liability*to*exceed*the*annual*exempt*amount.*
*
Employees*usually*exercise*the*option*to*sell*their*shares*at*the*end*of*the*saving*period.*C*
Employees* do* not* automatically* have* to* pay* Capital* Gains* Tax* as* a* consequence* of*
participating*in*share;save*scheme.*T*F*
Administrator 23/9/11 01:15
Individuals*who*sell*shares*generate*no*potential*tax*liability.*F*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![90]:!F*
*
Columbia University 8/10/12 22:03
(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:1) Staff*monitoring*is*a*particularly*issue*for*managers*–*the*only*kind*of*staff*monitoring*not*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![91R90]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)T,*capital*gains*tax(cid:461)
subject*to*regulation*is*where*one*individual*watches*another.*Once*any*recording*starts,* (cid:53)(cid:374)(cid:305)(cid:59)(cid:289)(cid:454)(cid:72)(cid:298)(cid:302)(cid:15)(cid:206)(cid:25)level*of*capital*
even*if*it*is*manual,*monitoring*is*subject*to*the*Data*Protection*Act*–*employees*need*to*be* gains*liability(cid:461)(cid:496)(cid:504)annual*exempt*
told*about*monitoring*takes*place*and*why.*The*information*gathered*has*to*be*kept*secure,* amount*
and*affected*staffs*have*the*right*to*see*information*related*to*them.*Whilst*a*person’s* NEE 5/11/12 00:48
consent*is*not*required,*he*or*she*must*be*consulted*about*the*processing*of*personal*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![92]:!T*
information*(monitoring*data*is*construed*as*“personal”),*and*monitoring*practices*must*not* Administrator 5/11/12 00:48
(cid:251)(cid:329)![93]:!(cid:545)(cid:144)(cid:296)(cid:137)(cid:435)(cid:458)(cid:222)(cid:272)(cid:494)(cid:49)(cid:247)(cid:225)(cid:396)*
cause*unnecessary*stress.*However,*covert*monitoring*without*consultation*may*be*used,*but*
only*in*particularly*serious*circumstances,*such*as*when*a*staff*member*is*suspected*of* NEE 5/11/12 00:53
(cid:251)(cid:329)![94]:!(cid:18)(cid:284)(cid:473)(cid:219)(cid:212)(cid:171)(cid:15)(cid:120)(cid:75)(cid:289)(cid:248)(cid:196)(cid:374)(cid:15)
dishonest.*In*such*a*case,*the*covert*surveillance*(e.g.*hidden*cameras)*must*be*in*targeted*
(cid:508)(cid:18)(cid:376)(cid:267)(cid:454)(cid:33)(cid:193)(cid:513)(cid:365)(cid:46)DPA(cid:305)(cid:73)*
areas*and*at*times*when*the*dishonest*behavior*is*expected;*any*other*information*must*be*
NEE 5/11/12 00:50
disregarded.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![95]:!(cid:140)(cid:240)*
*
Administrator 22/9/11 11:47
It*is*not*possible*to*avoid*the*Data*Protection*Act*when*monitoring*staff.*F*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![96]:!(cid:542)(cid:449)(cid:374)*
Managers*find*it*difficult*to*justify*the*use*of*covert*monitoring*procedures.*C!
NEE 5/11/12 00:51
Any*employee*in*a*building*where*monitoring*is*taking*place*may*see*all*of*the*information*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![97]:!(cid:542)(cid:449)(cid:376)(cid:267)(cid:135)(cid:338)(cid:125)(cid:22)(cid:483)(cid:76)(cid:524)(cid:99)(cid:15)(cid:91)
collected.*F!
(cid:52)(cid:524)(cid:99)(cid:22)(cid:70)(cid:430)(cid:451)*
(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:1) Without*exception,*living*non;human*primates*habitually*more*around*on*all*fours,*or*
Columbia University 8/10/12 22:07
quadrupedally,*when*they*are*on*the*ground.*Scientists*generally*assume*therefore*that*the* (cid:251)(cid:329)![98]:!(cid:169)(cid:307)(cid:325)(cid:296)recording,*(cid:193)(cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:521)(cid:86)
last*common*ancestor*of*humans*and*chimpanzees*(our*closest*living*relative)*was*also*a* Data*Protection*Act*
quadrupted.*Exactly*when*the*last*common*ancestor*lived*is*unknown,*but*clear*indications* Administrator 22/9/11 11:55
(cid:251)(cid:329)![99]:!(cid:345)(cid:535)(cid:411)of*bipedalism,*the*trait*that*distinguishes*ancient*humans*from*other*apes,*are*evident*in*the*
oldest*known*species*of*Australopithecus,*which*lived*in*Africa*roughly*four*millions*years* Administrator 22/9/11 12:10
ago.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![100]:!(cid:365)(cid:27)(cid:497)(cid:505)(cid:114)*
* NEE 5/11/12 09:56
Bipedal*apes*are*more*evolutionarily*advantaged*than*quadrupedal*ones.**C/* (cid:251)(cid:329)![101]:!(cid:358)(cid:15)(cid:357)(cid:357)*
*Bipedalism*is*the*main*trait*that*distinguishes*ancient*humans*from*Australopithecus.*F* Administrator 22/9/11 12:11
Australopithecus*is*as*closely*related*to*ancient*man*as*to*the*chimpanzee.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![102]:!(cid:117)(cid:358)*
* Administrator 23/9/11 01:17
(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:1) A*new*computer*program*can*tell*whether*a*book*was*written*by*a*man*or*a*woman.*The* (cid:251)(cid:329)![103]:!F*
simple*scan*of*key*words*and*syntax*is*about*80%*accurate*on*both*fiction*and*non;fiction.* Columbia University 8/10/12 22:13
(cid:251)(cid:329)![104R103]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)C,*(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:474)(cid:106).(cid:135)(cid:489)(cid:106)
The*program’s*success*seems*to*confirm*the*stereotypical*perception*of*differences*in*male*
(cid:42)(cid:117)(cid:358)(cid:289)(cid:199)(cid:383)(cid:295)(cid:132)(cid:429)(cid:374)(cid:126)(cid:497)(cid:114)(cid:355)(cid:15)(cid:66)(cid:289)(cid:325)
and*female*language*use.*Crudely*put,*men*talk*more*about*objects*and*women*more*about*
(cid:296)(cid:189)(cid:91)(cid:23)(cid:51)(cid:411)(cid:145)(cid:559)(cid:357)(cid:357)(cid:318)(cid:501)*
relationships.*
NEE 5/11/12 09:57
Female*writers*use*more*pronouns*(I,*you,*she,*myself),*whilst*males*prefer*words*that* (cid:251)(cid:329)![105]:!F*
identify*or*determine*nouns*(a,*the,*that)*and*words*that*quantify*them*(one,*two,*more).*
These* differing* styles* have* previously* been* called* “involved”* and* “informational”,*
respectively.*
*
The*algorithm*within*the*program*was*initially*trained*on*a*few*test*cases*to*identify*the*
most*prevalent*fingerprints*of*gender*and*of*fiction*and*non;fiction.*The*algorithm*can*now* Administrator 22/9/11 14:29
be*focused*on*new*bodies*of*text.*Strikingly,*the*distinctions*between*male*and*female* (cid:251)(cid:329)![106]:!(cid:409)(cid:327)(cid:15)(cid:469)(cid:409)(cid:412)(cid:422)*
writers*are*much*the*same*as*those*that,*even*more*clearly,*differentiate*non*fiction;and*
fiction.*The*program*can*tell*these*two*genres*apart*with*98%*accuracy.*
*
Stereotypes*are*generally*based*on*fact.**C*
Women*are*more*likely*than*men*to*adopt*an*“informational”*style*of*written*communication.* NEE 5/11/12 10:01
F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![107]:!(cid:354)(cid:215)*
The*program*is*more*accurate*at*identifying*the*gender*of*the*writer*then*the*fiction*or*non;
fiction*content*of*the*passage.!F*
*
(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:1) Sandford*Group’s*first*end*of*year*announcement*since*the*takeover*of*SPX*Inc*placed*much* NEE 5/11/12 10:07
(cid:251)(cid:329)![108]:!(cid:265)(cid:267)*
emphasis*on*the*period*of*extreme*transformation*and*development*undergone*by*the*
Administrator 22/9/11 14:43
company.*Emphasis*was*placed*on*the*admirable*way*that*its*employees*had*steered*the*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![109]:!(cid:341)(cid:41)(cid:374)*
company*through*a*turbulent*six*months,*and*subsequent*benefits*that*were*being*reaped,*
Administrator 22/9/11 14:43
such*as*a*steady*growth*of*the*Sandford*brands*in*the*marketplace.*Whilst*recognizing*that*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![110]:!(cid:272)(cid:445)*
the* takeover* had* been* undertaken* as* a* way* of* increasing* market* share,* rather* than*
NEE 5/11/12 10:16
improving* efficiency,* the* announcement* made* much* of* the* substantial* yet* somewhat*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![111]:!(cid:194)(cid:410)takeover(cid:374)(cid:102)(cid:457)(cid:289)(cid:269)(cid:557)(cid:200)
unintended* cost* reductions* that* had* taken* place.* This* was* explained* by* the* swift*
(cid:154)(cid:118)(cid:296)(cid:359)(cid:15)(cid:432)(cid:22)(cid:289)(cid:269)(cid:557)(cid:274)(cid:359)(cid:15)(cid:66)(cid:507)(cid:289)(cid:98)(cid:360)
introduction*of*SPX’s*computer*systems*which*permitted*a*Group*headcount*cut*and*also*the* (cid:42)(cid:552)(cid:298)(cid:36)(cid:161)(cid:374)(cid:243)(cid:299)(cid:374)(cid:21)(cid:539)(cid:12)*
subletting*of*surplus*office*space.*
Administrator 22/9/11 22:57
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![112]:!(cid:235)(cid:51)(cid:276)*
The*time*since*takeover*has*not*always*been*easy*for*Sandford.*T!(six!months)*
NEE 5/11/12 10:17
The*takeover*achieved*more*for*the*company*than*was*initially*planned.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![113]:!(cid:280)(cid:268)(cid:98)(cid:374)SPX(cid:412)(cid:422)(cid:83)(cid:475)(cid:88)(cid:138)(cid:425)
The*performance*of*the*Sandford*brands*was*poor*prior*to*the*takeover(cid:13)(cid:153)takeover(cid:36)(cid:109) (cid:97)(cid:144)(cid:196)(cid:51)(cid:276)(cid:145)(cid:162)(cid:69)(cid:374)(cid:111)(cid:88)(cid:399)(cid:537)*
(cid:200)(cid:154)(cid:456)(cid:360)(cid:198)(cid:14)*.*C* Administrator 22/9/11 14:45
(cid:251)(cid:329)![114]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)T(cid:16)(cid:243)(cid:299)(cid:56)(cid:161)(cid:374)(cid:21)(cid:539)*(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:1) Total*stocks*of*most*minerals*in*the*earth’s*crust*are*still*large*in*relation*to*the*current*rates*
of*use,*and*a*high*proportion*of*the*minerals*that*are*consumed*in*the*production*process*
could,*in*principle,*be*recycled.*The*technological*and*financial*constraints*on*recycling*such* NEE 5/11/12 10:23
concentrations*of*minerals*are*considerable,*however,*and*there*is*no*guarantee*that*these* (cid:251)(cid:329)![115]:!(cid:153)(cid:360)(cid:153)(cid:374)(cid:104)(cid:365)(cid:359)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:235)(cid:374)(cid:494)(cid:343)
(cid:81)(cid:159)(cid:507)(cid:289)(cid:223)(cid:164)(cid:374)*
constraints*could*be*overcome.*Substitution*of*abundant*for*scarce*resources*would*avoid*
NEE 5/11/12 10:21
the*problem,*but*such*substitution*is*not*always*technologically*feasible.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![116]:!(cid:452)(cid:349)(cid:540)(cid:107)(cid:223)(cid:164)(cid:15)(cid:66)(cid:206)(cid:22)(cid:289)(cid:22)(cid:435)
*
(cid:85)(cid:297)(cid:374)*
The*technical*constraints*of*recovering*any*mineral*are*considerable.*F*
NEE 5/11/12 10:21
Most*of*the*minerals*consumed*in*the*production*process*can*be*economically*recycled.*C*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![117]:!(cid:365)(cid:31)(cid:184)(cid:374)(cid:494)(cid:343)(cid:294)(cid:54)(cid:394)(cid:426)(cid:374)(cid:494)(cid:343)
It*is*wrong*to*assume*that*the*substitution*of*abundant*for*scarce*resources*will*create* (cid:137)(cid:56)(cid:467)(cid:94)(cid:536)(cid:553)(cid:15)(cid:66)(cid:153)(cid:253)(cid:300)(cid:20)(cid:206)(cid:22)(cid:235)(cid:289)(cid:137)(cid:454)
insurmountable*technical*problems*on*every*occasion.*T* (cid:374)*
* Administrator 22/9/11 15:52
(cid:5)(cid:5)(cid:1) The*controversial*new*code*on*corporate*governance*has*been*reassessed*and*significantly* (cid:251)(cid:329)![118]:!(cid:378)(cid:218)(cid:164)(cid:374)*
changed*in*advance*of*publication.*Following*intense*pressure*from*company*directors*many* Administrator 23/9/11 01:20
of*the*original*proposals*have*been*scrapped,*and*many*others*have*been*watered*down*to* (cid:251)(cid:329)![119]:!C(cid:15)(cid:329)(cid:240)(cid:406)(cid:18)(cid:133)(cid:145)(cid:406)(cid:45)(cid:133)(cid:374)(cid:240)
reduce*the*pressure*of*compliance*on*organizations.* (cid:233)(cid:22)(cid:435)(cid:341)(cid:340)*
* Administrator 22/9/11 14:47
Overall,*the*revisions*have*resulted*in*the*removal*of*rules*that*restrict*company*behaviors* (cid:251)(cid:329)![120]:!(cid:22)(cid:435)(cid:85)(cid:297)(cid:374)*
in*favor*of*the*introduction*of*a*recommendations;based*approach,*which*does*not*set* NEE 5/11/12 10:34
specific*standards*of*behavior.*The*changes*have*highlighted*the*divide*between*company* (cid:251)(cid:329)![121]:!(cid:366)(cid:46)(cid:306)(cid:437)(cid:62)(cid:26)(cid:374)(cid:122)(cid:110)(cid:15)(cid:223)(cid:162)(cid:123)
(cid:299)(cid:374)(cid:269)(cid:472)(cid:458)(cid:210)(cid:214)(cid:42)(cid:15)(cid:134)(cid:161)(cid:18)(cid:47)(cid:374)(cid:308)(cid:96)(cid:38)(cid:21)
directors,*who*generally*support*the*changes*as*vital*to*keep*away*from*a*culture*of*rule*
(cid:539)(cid:42)(cid:56)(cid:315)(cid:97)(cid:191)(cid:139)(cid:464)(cid:374)(cid:122)(cid:110)*
avoidance,*and*other*shareholder*groups*who*believe*that*a*best*practice*approach*lacks*
NEE 5/11/12 10:31
teeth*and*will*not*result*in*greater*board*accountability.*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![122]:!(cid:280)(cid:77)(cid:470)(cid:129)(cid:337)(cid:42)(cid:186)(cid:46)(cid:62)(cid:26)(cid:514)(cid:259)(cid:268)
*
(cid:442)(cid:281)(cid:327)(cid:374)(cid:540)(cid:107)*
Following*the*revision,*the*code*is*now*much*more*prescriptive*in*its*approach*to*corporate*
Administrator 22/9/11 16:19
governance.*C!F*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![123]:!Keep*away*from*avoidance*(cid:521)
Company*directors*and*shareholders*are*in*agreement*that*something*has*to*be*done*to* (cid:86)(cid:13)(cid:521)(cid:86)(cid:410)(cid:107)(cid:14)*
improve*processes*of*corporate*governance.*F*
Administrator 22/9/11 16:14
A*culture*of*rule*avoidance*leads*to*less*board*accountability.*C** (cid:251)(cid:329)![124]:!(cid:410)(cid:362)(cid:492)(cid:61)*
*
Administrator 22/9/11 23:13
(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:1) The*location*of*a*shop*operated*by*a*charity*in*an*affluent*neighborhood*could*be*deemed* (cid:251)(cid:329)![125]:!(cid:464)(cid:441)(cid:374)*
extremely*advantageous*because*this*increases*the*potential*for*a*continuous*supply*of* Columbia University 8/10/12 22:40
highly*valuable*donations.*However,*this*may*be*counterbalanced*by*an*exorbitant*rent*for* (cid:251)(cid:329)![126]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)C,*(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:474)(cid:106)*
the*property.*Of*fundamental*importance*to*the*success*of*the*shop*is*a*dedicated*group*of* Administrator 22/9/11 23:18
volunteers*who*should*sort*through*donations*promptly*to*ensure*that*items*are*quickly* (cid:251)(cid:329)![127]:!(cid:504)(cid:557)(cid:374)*
made*available*for*purchase,*in*order*to*promote*financial*prosperity.*Volunteers*and*staff*
must*be*vigilant*of*thieves,*to*which*these*shops*are*particularly*susceptible,*usually*due*to*a* NEE 5/11/12 10:40
lack*of*security*cameras*or*bar*codes*on*the*item.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![128]:!(cid:243)(cid:112)(cid:374)(cid:18)(cid:29)(cid:530)(cid:461)(cid:151)(cid:413)(cid:193)(cid:289)(cid:230)(cid:241)
(cid:431)(cid:435)(cid:163)(cid:254)(cid:130)(cid:263)(cid:374)(cid:148)(cid:146)(cid:503)(cid:517)(cid:99)(cid:411)(cid:56)(cid:75)(cid:46)(cid:493)(cid:40)*
*
Administrator 22/9/11 23:20
The*only*factor*affecting*the*financial*success*of*a*shop*operated*by*a*charity*is*its*location.*F*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![129]:!(cid:468)(cid:239)(cid:374)*
Shops*operated*by*charitable*organizations*are*particularly*vulnerable*to*shoplifter*if*there*
are*no*security*cameras*or*bar*codes*on*items.!T*
It*is*less*likely*that*shops*operated*by*charities*which*are*situated*in*affluent*neighborhoods*
will*have*volunteers*who*are*more*dedicated,*than*those*in*less*wealthy*neighborhoods.*C*
*(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:1) The*prospect*of*accepting*negative*feedback*about*ourselves*elicits*conflict,*as*we*need*to*
assess*the*immediate*emotional*costs*of*negative*information*about*ourselves*against*the* Administrator 22/9/11 23:21
long;term*benefits*of*gaining*useful*feedback.*Studies*have*confirmed*what*most*managers*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![130]:!(cid:216)(cid:495)*
seem*to*have*known*already,*that*the*mood*we*in*whilst*receiving*feedback*often*influences* NEE 5/11/12 10:46
the*relative*weight*people*assign*to*emotional*costs*versus*the*informational*benefits*of* (cid:251)(cid:329)![131]:!(cid:479)(cid:65)*
receiving*negative*feedback.*The*studies*that*have*been*carried*out*have*demonstrated*that* NEE 5/11/12 10:46
positive*moods*can*function*as*a*buffer*and*therefore*enable*people*affected*in*this*way*to*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![132]:!(cid:384)(cid:298)(cid:374)(cid:491)(cid:549)(cid:238)(cid:423)(cid:243)(cid:299)(cid:145)(cid:535)(cid:298)(cid:374)
(cid:296)(cid:365)(cid:76)(cid:236)(cid:127)(cid:555)*
both*accept,*as*well*as*better*handle,*the*emotional*costs*of*negative*self;related*information.*
NEE 5/11/12 10:49
*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![133]:!(cid:153)(cid:244)(cid:58)(cid:266)(cid:130)(cid:491)(cid:549)(cid:76)(cid:236)(cid:289)(cid:374)(cid:227)(cid:238)
Managers*are*increasingly*taking*employees’*moods*into*consideration*when*providing*them*
(cid:64)(cid:221)(cid:147)(cid:244)(cid:58)(cid:153)(cid:238)(cid:423)(cid:243)(cid:299)(cid:145)(cid:296)(cid:365)(cid:76)(cid:236)(cid:36)(cid:537)(cid:99)
with*negative*feedback*regarding*their*performance.*C* (cid:526)(cid:374)(cid:302)(cid:530)**
Accepting*negative*feedback*involves*a*trade;off*between*short;term*and*long;term*costs*
NEE 5/11/12 10:49
and*benefits.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![134]:!(cid:424)(cid:93)(cid:150)*
An*individual’s*mood*will*have*no*effect*on*how*negative*feedback*is*received.!F!
Administrator 22/9/11 23:30
! (cid:251)(cid:329)![135]:!(cid:302)(cid:455)*
(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:1) Over*the*past*decade*there*has*been*a*steady*growth*in*the*holiday*industry*whilst*the*
number*of*travel*agencies*has*declined.*This*is*due*to*the*increasing*number*of*customers*
who*are*booking*their*holidays*online,*because*of*a*quicker*and*more*financially*viable*
service.**However,*specialist*travel*agencies,*such*as*those*focusing*on*particular*regions*or*
holiday*activities,*remain*successful*as*they*have*an*in;depth*understanding*of*a*region*and*
the*customers*who*go*there.*The*staffs*are*also*multilingual,*and*thanks*to*their*specialized*
knowledge*they*can*provide*good*deals,*meaning*that*their*prices*are*often*lower*than*non;
specialist*travel*agents*and*online*companies.* NEE 5/11/12 10:52
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![136]:!(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:115)(cid:435)(cid:163)(cid:269)(cid:74)(cid:293)(cid:67)(cid:374)(cid:60)(cid:309)*
A*travel*agent’s*specialist*knowledge*can*be*used*to*the*financial*benefit*of*the*customer.*T*
It*is*not*always*more*expensive*for*the*customer*to*book*holidays*with*a*travel*agent.*T!
More*people*are*booking*their*holidays*online*rather*than*through*a*travel*agent,*even*
though*it*takes*longer*to*find*the*right*holiday*this*way.!F(cid:13)quicker(cid:14)*
*
(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:1) Significant*advances*in*float*furnace*design*and*operation,*in*the*development*of*glass*
compositions,* and* in* the* glass* forming* process* itself* have* all* played* a* role* in* the* Administrator 22/9/11 23:34
optimization*of*glass*manufacturing.*For*example,*thermodynamic*modeling*assists*with*the*
(cid:251)(cid:329)![137]:!(cid:336)(cid:327)(cid:361)(cid:363)(cid:402)*
enhancement*of*glass*composition*and*offers*control*over*devitrification*characteristics,*and* NEE 5/11/12 10:55
studies*examining*burner*design,*to*ensure*flames*have*maximum*luminosity*(cid:13)(cid:84)(cid:330)(cid:14)*and* (cid:251)(cid:329)![138]:!(cid:347)(cid:110)(cid:175)(cid:312)(cid:156)*
impinge*on*the*glass*at*the*correct*angle,*aid*the*minimization*of*fuel*consumption.*The* Administrator 22/9/11 23:37
(cid:251)(cid:329)![139]:!(cid:541)(cid:124)(cid:361)(cid:363)(cid:84)(cid:330)*
exploitation* of* such* advanced* research* allows* glass* manufacturers* to* reduce* their*
expenditure*on*fuel,*decrease*their*defect*rates*and*produce*glass*of*the*highest*quality,*all*of* NEE 5/11/12 10:58
which*are*important*if*they*are*to*retain*their*commercial*standing*and*customer*loyalty.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![140]:!(cid:402)(cid:344)(cid:267)(cid:107)(cid:180)(cid:360)(cid:295)(cid:63)(cid:115)(cid:50)(cid:211)(cid:145)(cid:257)
(cid:188)(cid:466)(cid:211)(cid:15)(cid:140)(cid:286)(cid:295)(cid:190)(cid:351)(cid:278)(cid:433)(cid:303)**
*
Glass*of*a*higher*quality*is*produced*when*the*float*furnace*is*at*its*maximum*temperature.*C*
The*radiance(cid:13)(cid:84)(cid:330)(cid:14)*of*furnace*flames*has*no*direct*impact*on*the*amount*of*fuel*used*in*
the*glass;forming*process.*C*
Ensuring*the*flames*come*into*contact*with*the*glass*at*a*particular*point*can*reduce*the*
amount*of*energy*required*in*the*glass*manufacturing*process.*T*
*(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:1) Amateur*scientists*have*long*been*attracted*to*the*discipline*of*astronomy,*and*professional*
astronomers*are*frequently*supportive*of*their*contribution*to*the*science.*Indeed,*amateur*
astronomers*have*often*been*the*first*to*spot*an*uncharted*comet*or*star.*Until*now,*the* Administrator 22/9/11 23:44
required* scientific* equipment* has,* unfortunately,* been* largely* very* expensive,* varying* (cid:251)(cid:329)![141]:!(cid:165)(cid:277)(cid:175)(cid:182)*
according*to*the*intricacy*and*size*of*the*apparatus.*According*to*some*scientists,*however,*
the*spread*of*new,*cheap*technology,*particularly*in*information*and*date*management,* Administrator 22/9/11 23:44
promises* to* dramatically* change* and* facilitate* amateur;professional* interaction,* and* (cid:251)(cid:329)![142]:!(cid:57)(cid:150)*
collaboration.*
* Administrator 22/9/11 23:45
Amateur;professional*collaboration*will*contribute*to*the*advancement*of*astronomy.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![143]:!(cid:139)(cid:70)*
In*the*past,*all*scientific*equipment*required*for*research*in*astronomy*was*very*expensive.*C*
Following* the* spread* of* new,* and* cheaper* technology,* more* amateur* scientists* are*
collaborating*with*professionals.*C*T*
* Columbia University 5/11/12 11:05
(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:1) Scientists*believe*we*are*experiencing*a*dramatic*change*in*the*overall*climate*system,* (cid:251)(cid:329)![144]:!(cid:208)(cid:33)C,*(cid:277)(cid:30)(cid:135)(cid:489)(cid:106)promises*
to,*(cid:325)(cid:474)(cid:106)(cid:360)(cid:153)(cid:199)(cid:418)(cid:180)(cid:360)(cid:17)(cid:38)(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:509)(cid:454)(cid:51)(cid:276)
verified*by*the*10;15*cm*rise*in*sea*levels*over*the*last*100*years*and*the*increases*in*severe*
(cid:22)(cid:136)(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:435)(cid:489)more*
weather*conditions.*Although*climate*change*occurs*naturally,*scientists*believe*human*
activities*have*led*to*increased*carbon*dioxide,*methane*and*nitrous*oxide*concentrations((cid:45)
(cid:320)(cid:115)(cid:389)(cid:15)(cid:367)(cid:348)(cid:145)(cid:18)(cid:320)(cid:115)(cid:45)(cid:321)(cid:335)(cid:211)),* leading* to* climate* changes* and,* in* turn,* observed*
increases*in*sea*levels,*atmospheric*temperatures,*and*erratic*weather*systems.*This*means*
that*today’s*climate*shift*differs*dramatically*from*previous*shifts*in*climates*in*both* Administrator 22/9/11 23:47
magnitude* and* rate.* Scientific* research* suggests* that* advancing* sea* levels,* rising* (cid:251)(cid:329)![145]:!(cid:22)(cid:397)(cid:179)(cid:374)*
temperatures*and*severe*weather*conditions*caused*by*climate*change*will*result*in*a*host*of* Administrator 22/9/11 23:47
negative*consequences*such*as*a*threat*to*international*trade*patterns,*an*increase*in*the* (cid:251)(cid:329)![146]:!(cid:531)(cid:414)*
movement*of*tropical*disease,*and*an*increased*risk*of*forest*fires*and*landslides.*
* Administrator 22/9/11 23:48
Only*the*difference*in*velocity*distinguishes*current*climates*shifts*from*previous*shifts.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![147]:!(cid:347)(cid:202)(cid:372)*
The*enormity*of*alterations*to*our*climate*system*has*never*been*experienced*by*human* Administrator 22/9/11 23:49
beings*before.*T* (cid:251)(cid:329)![148]:!(cid:517)(cid:359) (cid:186)(cid:208)(cid:277)(cid:30)(cid:374)rate*
People*will*catch*more*tropical*disease*due*to*climate*change.*C! Administrator 22/9/11 23:49
* (cid:251)(cid:329)![149]:!(cid:197)(cid:164)*
40.***Human*mortality,*whilst*consisting*of*unpredictable*individual*events,*has*a*statistical*
regularity*when*averaged*across*a*large*group.*This*makes*possible*a*whole*host*of*products,*
of*which*the*annuity*is*one.*The*price*of*an*annuity*paying*a*fixed*regular*income*for*life*is*
based*upon*the*statistical*life*expectancy*of*the*purchaser*at*the*time*the*annuity*is*to*begin.*
The*company*selling*the*annuity*will*benefit*from*all*those*customers*that*die*earlier*than*
predicted,*while*customers*are*attracted*by*the*prospect*of*guaranteed*income*for*as*long*as*
they*live.*Annuities*have*the*disadvantage*that*the*capital*invested*is*unrecoverable*(i.e.*
upon*the*death*of*annuitant*nothing*is*left*for*the*heirs),*but*that*fact*also*enables*annuities*
to*guarantee*higher*payments*than*could*be*obtained*if*the*same*sum*of*money*were*
invested*at*interest.*
* NEE 5/11/12 11:15
*************The*heirs*of*a*person*who*buy*an*annuity*tend*to*be*against*the*purchase.*C! (cid:251)(cid:329)![150]:!(cid:256)(cid:494)(cid:205)(cid:532)(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:104)(cid:236)(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:435)(cid:368)(cid:420)
(cid:173)(cid:167)*
*************Essentially,*the*purchaser*of*an*annuity*is*gambling*that*they*will*live*long*enough*to*receive*
a*good*return*on*their*investment.**T* Administrator 22/9/11 10:53
(cid:251)(cid:329)![151]:!(cid:29)(cid:51)(cid:471)(cid:33)T***************Annuity* returns* are* generally* similar* to* returns* from* investing* the* money* in* an*************
interest*bearing*accounts.*F(cid:13)(cid:325)(cid:296)(cid:104)(cid:236)(cid:14)*
**
41.***In*casual*language,*the*terms*theory*and*model*are*often*used*interchangeably.*From*a*
technical* point* of* view* there* is* an* important* difference.* Theories* provide* a* general*
framework,*but*because*of*the*generality*of*the*specification,*a*theory*cannot*be*shown*to*be*
useful*or*useless*until*it*is*fully*specified*in*the*form*of*a*model.*A*model,*on*the*other*hand,*
needs*by*definition*to*be*formulated*within*the*concepts,*along*with*a*set*of*assumptions* NEE 5/11/12 11:26
about*the*concepts*and*their*relationships.*The*appropriateness*of*a*model*must*then*be* (cid:251)(cid:329)![152]:!(cid:362)(cid:476)(cid:228)(cid:551)(cid:166)(cid:365)(cid:312)(cid:156)(cid:249)(cid:435)(cid:103)(cid:279)(cid:289)
(cid:142)(cid:296)(cid:365)*
evaluated*with*respect*to*a*particular*set*of*test*data.*The*evaluation*may*be*done*by*
conducting*a*suitably*designed*set*of*empirical*investigations(cid:13)(cid:180)(cid:478)(cid:311)(cid:556)(cid:14),*by*rational* NEE 5/11/12 11:27
(cid:251)(cid:329)![153]:!(cid:312)(cid:156)(cid:374)(cid:237)(cid:218)(cid:234)(cid:546)(cid:461)(cid:516)(cid:504)(cid:276)(cid:264)(cid:544)
inspection*of*the*model*assumptions*in*relation*to*the*test*data,*or*ideally*both.*
(cid:139)(cid:306)(cid:311)(cid:556)*
*
*************In*the*strict*sense,*all*models*provide*incomplete*representations*of*the*data*to*which*they*to*
fitted.*Therefore*the*meaningful*question*is*not*whether*a*model*is*correct*or*incorrect,*but*
rather*whether*the*model*fits*the*data*well*enough*to*be*useful*in*guiding*the*process.*
Statistical*evidence*and*judgment*play*important*roles*in*answering*that*question.*
*
It*is*more*meaningful*to*look*at*the*practical*utility*(cid:13)(cid:180)(cid:538)(cid:274)(cid:365)(cid:14)of*a*model*than*its*absolute*
veracity(cid:13)(cid:421)(cid:186)(cid:96)(cid:387)(cid:234)(cid:14).*T*
Most*people*fail*to*understand*the*difference*between*a*theory*and*a*model.*C!*
A*model*can*exist*in*the*absence*of*a*theory.*F*
*
42.******Financial*fraud*is*a*crime*of*growing*significantly.*In*2003,*8%*of*reported*business;related*
crimes*were*fraud,*averaging*$35000*in*losses.*By*2005,*whilst*financial*fraud*was*found*to* Administrator 22/9/11 23:52
be*the*sixth;most*frequent*crime,*it*was*the*third;highest*concern*amongst*business*leaders.* (cid:251)(cid:329)![154]:!(cid:532)(cid:453)(cid:313)(cid:481)*
Researchers*found*that,*globally,*internet;based*fraud*was*rising*dramatically*in*2005.*The*
main*reasons*for*fraud*included*poor*supervision*and*lack*of*proper*division*of*duties,*
inadequate*control*of*access*to*system,*and*poor*authorization*controls.*Internal*detective*
measures*uncovered*less*than*half*of*the*cases,*with*an*increasing*number*of*cases*being*
discovered*by*accident.*One*third*of*the*cases*were*committed*by*managerial;staff,*while*half*
were*committed*by*non;managerial*staff.*
* NEE 5/11/12 11:19
Detective*methods*were*operating*very*effectively*in*2005.*F* (cid:251)(cid:329)![155]:!(cid:510)(cid:464)(cid:51)(cid:144)(cid:30)(cid:296)(cid:19)(cid:99)(cid:36)(cid:18)(cid:289)(cid:410)(cid:362)
(cid:195)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:438)(cid:289)(cid:548)(cid:410)(cid:362)(cid:195)*
Over*half*of*all*cases*of*fraud*in*2005*were*discovered*by*accident.*C*
Business*leaders*are*more*concerned*about*financial*fraud*than*before*because*of*the*
growth*of*the*Internet.*C*
*
