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2023 年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清
议论文的特征及解读策略
1
考点复习
一、议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，
或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务
对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据
等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
演 绎 论 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一
证 议 论 般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
文
文
归 纳 论 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳
章
证 议 论 出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
文
类
比 较 论 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将
型
证 议 论 性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对
文 比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的
方法。
议
由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根
命题
论 据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
要点
文
1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就
解 抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
题 2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概
括。
技
3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。
巧
做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。
【议论说理类文章】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重
大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。
最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
【典例示例】
For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of
Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿),
which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures
do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking
news. In fact, it's old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and
comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother”
with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys
spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.
Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's
grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to
crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.
But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the
hospital.
The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a
psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.
The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better
than human kids on IQ tests.
We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at
least one person wants to be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mother monkeys
B. is nothing new to people about the findingsC. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were young
D. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers
2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. do something for B. head for C. bring about D. connect to
3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.
A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choices
C. give them more love D. make comparison well
4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?
A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.
B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.
C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.
D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母爱对于小孩的成长有着非
常重要的作用。因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长。
解析：
1.B 细节理解题。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正
确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这
不能说明D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C。
3.D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发
展的关系。因此D是正确答案。
4.D 推理判断题。文章第四、五段提到自从Harlow做了那个实验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对
婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确。
二、议论文的语体特征
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，
比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立
的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，
在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词
can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can
admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student
face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person
writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not
tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers
questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a
piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步
状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常
用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly
（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些
句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如
果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，
but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true
that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的
辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：
Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do
since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore
they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same
time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from
newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-
five percent deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers are not afraid forthemselves，shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？
3.各种句型的使用
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，
goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对
比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中
have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和
效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的
关系和效果）
（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to与different from具有正反
对比的关系和效果）
（6）有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，
锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
4.英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，
可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time
to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的
for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之
前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
5.使用倒装
倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构
所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指
修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充
满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
6.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、
暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，
明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相
似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物
的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一
个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
（5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
（6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）
（7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是
为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）三、议论文的解读策略（以阅读理解为例）
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见
的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答
案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答
特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从
解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中
心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。
考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理
理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语
篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。
考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
答题技巧：
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇
的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在
文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
【典例示例】
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. …
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about
human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most
people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for
someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The
original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This
saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the
opposite—find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that
went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
1. What does the author want to tell us most?（原创题）A. to make as few mistakes as possible. B. to think seriously about our wrongdoings.
C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes. D. to pass the blame on to someone else.
解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即 To blame the other guy is even more
human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词however一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责
任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干
和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推
理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确
答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。
这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most
of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝
对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely,
none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，
otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号
(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有
果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生
词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意
义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也
可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /
means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此
可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间
都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
【典例示例】
For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear
winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries:
Where is the line between what I control and what you do?
Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this isbecause neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the
only cause of their fight is their adolescents’ complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it
in exactly the same way , except oppositely . Both feel trapped.
56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.
D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段
提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：from the parent’s point of view; and of course, the
teens, the same way。再结合题支的表述，答案为A。
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?
【典例示例】
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention
recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we
already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest
way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical
household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and
cardboard.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________.A. the tendency of cutting household waste B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets D. the fact of packaging overuse
解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式 “ …, but it would be far better if we …”
引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论
点。因此选择D项。
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?
And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work
of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the
idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good
excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?
54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对 “a good excuse” 的怀
疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。
2
能力强化
一、阅读理解
1
The moment the ground stops shaking after an earthquake, some people may wonder whether their pets—or
wild animals for that matter—knew the disaster was coming.
To get to the bottom of this question, Heiko Woith, a scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences,
and his colleagues evaluated more than 700 published reports of unusual behavior among 130 species, including
insects, birds, fish, cats, dogs and cattle from 160 earthquakes. The records included all kinds of behaviors,
including a tiger that reportedly got depressed before an earthquake.
The researchers found that 90 percent of all reported cases happened within 62 miles of the epicenter (震中)
and within 60 days of an earthquake. Then, they examined when and where foreshocks had happened in the regionand concluded that it was hard to say these animals could predict the earthquake itself. They were just responding
to foreshocks.
“The space-time pattern of animal precursors (预兆) and foreshocks is strikingly similar,” Woith said. “From
this, we concluded that the abnormal animal behavior might simply be related to foreshocks. These animals are just
responding to foreshocks rather than predicting the earthquake. They don’t have super power.”
Despite the vast number of incidences, good information was little and scientific evidence is lacking. “A major
surprise for us was that the large majority of the published claims were built on poor observational data, which did
not stand as statistical scientific proof,” Woith said.
To better study whether animals can predict earthquakes, Woith and his colleagues suggested that researchers
ask a number of yes-or-no questions in any upcoming experiments, including “Is the experimental setup and
monitoring procedure clearly described and reproducible?” and “Is it proven that the animal behavior is really
unusual?”
Meanwhile, humans are working on technologies that can detect earthquakes seconds before they hit.
Hopefully, we will have such devices to warn people that the earthquake is coming.
1. How did Woith conduct the study?
A. By analyzing former reports.
B. By observing animals’ behavior.
C. By collecting data in the earthquake.
D. By comparing animals’ different responses.
2. What is Woith’s new finding?
A. Tigers become depressed easily. B. Certain animals have super power.
C. Some animals can react to foreshocks. D. Animals in the same area act similarly.
3. What surprised the scientists in the study?
A. All reported cases took place in the same area.
B. There were too many reports about foreshocks.
C. Some animals act strangely before earthquakes.
D. The previous reports lack accurate data support.
4. What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A. How animals behave in earthquakes.
B. Whether animals can predict earthquakes.
C. What is the link between animals and earthquakes.D. Why people study animals’ behavior in earthquakes.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。尽管每次地震过后总有动物异常行为的报道，然而动物能够预测地震
这种结论缺乏科学依据。动物的异常行为只能说明对前震有所反应，并不能说明它们可以预测地震。
1. 推理判断题。根据第二段话“To get to the bottom of this question, Heiko Woith, a scientist at the German
Research Centre for Geosciences, and his colleagues evaluated more than 700 published reports of unusual
behavior among 130 species, including insects, birds, fish, cats, dogs and cattle from 160 earthquakes. The records
included all kinds of behaviors, including a tiger that reportedly got depressed before an earthquake.(为了弄清这个
问题的真相，德国地球科学研究中心(German Research Centre for Geosciences)的科学家海科·沃斯(Heiko
Woith)和他的同事们评估了超过700份已发表的关于130种物种异常行为的报告，其中包括160次地震中
的昆虫、鸟类、鱼类、猫、狗和牛。这些记录包括各种各样的行为，包括一只老虎，据说它在地震前会感
到沮丧。)”可知，Woith评估了各种动物的行为和反应。故选D项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段话“The researchers found that 90 percent of all reported cases happened within 62
miles of the epicenter (震中) and within 60 days of an earthquake. Then, they examined when and where
foreshocks had happened in the region and concluded that it was hard to say these animals could predict the
earthquake itself. They were just responding to foreshocks.(研究人员发现，90%的报告病例发生在震中62英里
和地震的60天内。 然后，他们研究了该地区发生前震的时间和地点，并得出结论，很难说这些动物能够
预测地震本身。它们只是对前震做出反应。)”和第四段话“From this, we concluded that the abnormal animal
behavior might simply be related to foreshocks. These animals are just responding to foreshocks rather than
predicting the earthquake. They don’t have super power.(由此，我们得出结论，动物的异常行为可能只是与前
震有关。这些动物只是对前震做出反应，而不是预测地震。他们没有超能力)”可知，并没有足够的证据说
明动物能够预测地震，但是它们会对前震有反应。故选C项。
3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段话“A major surprise for us was that the large majority of the published claims
were built on poor observational data, which did not stand as statistical scientific proof,(令我们惊讶的是，大多数
发表的观点都是建立在糟糕的观察数据基础上的，这些数据不能作为统计科学证据，)”可知，之前的观点
大多都是建立在观察数据基础之上的，不能作科学数据。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段话“The moment the ground stops shaking after an earthquake, some people may
wonder whether their pets—or wild animals for that matter—knew the disaster was coming.(地震发生后，当地面
停止晃动的那一刻，一些人可能会想，他们的宠物——或者野生动物——是否知道灾难即将来临。)”和最
后一段话“Meanwhile, humans are working on technologies that can detect earthquakes seconds before they hit.
Hopefully, we will have such devices to warn people that the earthquake is coming.(与此同时，人类正在研究能够在地震发生前几秒钟检测到地震的技术。希望我们会有这样的设备来警告人们地震即将来临。)”可知，
文章在讨论动物是否有预测地震的超能力。故选B项。
2
Few people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago, but today, many would find it hard to live
without them. In China alone, over 400 million people use such apps. For better or for worse, online food delivery
services have changed the way we eat, and they are also having a huge impact on our society.
These services have no doubt brought us many benefits. They provide jobs for millions of people and help
restaurants find more customers. Since the apps are very convenient, they also benefit consumers: we can now have
meals delivered at any time of day, despite bad weather or busy schedules. This is especially important for people
who work long hours, since they might not have time to cook. Not only do these apps save time, they also provide
us with a wide variety of restaurants to choose from. They have proved to be useful for retired people as well:
seniors who live far away from restaurants and supermarkets can now get hold of meals and groceries more easily.
However, we must not forget the drawbacks of online food delivery services. For one thing, they make it even
easier to order unhealthy food, high in sugar, fat and salt. Food safety is another problem: it can be hard to establish
where the food actually comes from, and whether the owner is legally permitted to run a restaurant. As couriers
need to deliver the orders as quickly as possible, some pay little regard to traffic rules. In recent years, there have
been a number of terrible traffic accidents because of this. Moreover, the industry is creating unbelievable amounts
of packaging waste: over a million tons of online food delivery boxes are thrown away every year. Experts assume
that this number will continue to grow in the future, and this will have a negative impact on the environment.
5. What can we learn from paragraph 1?
A. Many people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago.
B. The online food delivery apps are wildly welcomed now.
C. Chinese people don't speak highly of the online food delivery apps.
D. The online food delivery apps are having a positive impact on us.
6. How many disadvantages of online food delivery services are mentioned in the passage?
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
7. What does the underlined word in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Bosses. B. Consumers. C. Policemen. D. Deliverymen.
8. What is the author’s attitude to the apps?
A. Objective. B. Opposed. C. Supportive. D. Indifferent.【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了在线食品配送应用的优势以及其缺点。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Few people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago, but today, many
would find it hard to live without them. In China alone, over 400 million people use such apps.(十年前，很少有人
知道在线送餐应用，但今天，许多人会发现没有它们很难生活。)”可知，网上送餐应用现在很受欢迎。故
选B。
6. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For one thing, they make it even easier to order unhealthy food, high in sugar,
fat and salt. Food safety is another problem: it can be hard to establish where the food actually comes from, and
whether the owner is legally permitted to run a restaurant. As couriers need to deliver the orders as quickly as
possible, some pay little regard to traffic rules. In recent years, there have been a number of terrible traffic accidents
because of this. Moreover, the industry is creating unbelievable amounts of packaging waste: over a million tons of
online food delivery boxes are thrown away every year. (首先，它们让人们更容易点不健康的食物，这些食物
高糖、高脂和高盐。食品安全是另一个问题：很难确定食品的实际来源，以及餐馆老板是否被法律允许经
营餐馆。由于快递员需要尽快递送订单，一些人很少考虑交通规则。近年来，由于这个原因，发生了许多
可怕的交通事故。此外，该行业还造成了难以置信的包装浪费：每年有超过 100万吨的网上外卖盒被扔
掉。)”可知，文章提到了在线食品配送服务的四个缺点，分别是：不健康的食物；食品安全；交通方面；
环境污染四个方面。故选B。
7. 词句猜测题。根据划线词后半句“some pay little regard to traffic rules. In recent years, there have been a
number of terrible traffic accidents because of this. (一些人很少考虑交通规则。近年来，由于这个原因，发生
了许多可怕的交通事故。)”可知，快递员因为尽快递送订单而不顾交通规则，造成交通事故。所以couriers
为“快递员”之意。故选D。
8. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Few people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago, but today, many
would find it hard to live without them. In China alone, over 400 million people use such apps.(十年前，很少有人
知道在线送餐应用，但今天，许多人会发现没有它们很难生活。)”和最后一段“However, we must not forget
the drawbacks of online food delivery services.(然而，我们不能忘记在线送餐服务的缺点。)”可知，本文作者
讲述了在线食品配送应用现在广受欢迎，又介绍了其缺点，所以是客观的态度。故选A。
3
The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A few of my
friends and some of my classmates had excitedly jump onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age. On the
other hand, I hesitated. I only knew the basics, but was foreign to some words on social media.
All throughout middle school, I stuck with the same thinking. And no as a freshman in college, I am lookingback and wondering why I have never been naturally interested in social media.
Scanning Instagram, you ought to find dozens of pictures of people in beautiful countries, taking part in
exciting activities, and spending time with friends and family, among many other things. The thought of doing this
never resonated with me. I respect and understand those who believe using social media allows them to express
themselves and share aspects of their lives others. However, I have never had any interest in doing the same. In my
eves, family gatherings and friend get-togethers are just as, if not more meaningful when not shared with others.
Most people have experienced feeling insecure and unconfident on social media. Images that are changed
represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways. Even without using social
media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed of all the aspects that
make me a unique individual. I never wanted to look at a post on social media and immediately compare myself
and my life.
I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted (使分心) by social media. While trying to
complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram or Facebook to see if there are any new
messages. With homework and after-class activities consuming the majority of my day, I cannot wait to finish every
task on my to-do list, so I can finally spend time with my family or have some time for myself to relax from my
busy day.
9. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?
A. Social media are popular with students.
B. Young pupils suffer from social media
C. The author has no access to social media.
D. Social media contribute to students’ study.
10. The underlined part in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A. waned off B. let down C. hid from D. appealed to
11. Why do people using social media might feel insecure?
A. They follow other people’s beauty standards totally.
B. Social media change the way they look at themselves.
C. Social media encourage them to be a unique individual
D. They spend more time posting their images on social media.
12. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A to-do list can stop people using social media.B. Social media can waste pepole’s valuable time.
C. Spending time with family always enjoys first priority.
D. Students pay more attention to social media than to study.
【答案与解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要从作者对自己不喜欢社交媒体的这一心理的反思入手，针对社
交媒体对当下人们的影响进行思考和论述。
9. 推理判断题。文章前两段讲述了作者身边的人及作者本人对社交媒体平台的态度，结合第一段前两句
“The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A few of my
friends and some of my classmates had excitedly jump onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age.(我第一
次听说我的同学参与社交媒体是在四年级。我的一些朋友和同学在这么小的时候就兴奋地参与到Instagram
这样的平台)”可知，在四年级的时候，作者的朋友和同学就纷纷参与到社交媒体平台，由此可推知，社交
媒体很受学生欢迎。故选A。
10. 词句猜测题。根据划线部分所在句的后两句“I respect and understand those who believe using social
media allows them to express themselves and share aspects of their lives others. However, I have never had any
interest in doing the same.(我尊重并理解那些相信使用社交媒体可以表达自己并与他人分享生活的人。但我
从来没有兴趣这样做)”可知，作者对社交媒体不感兴趣，在社交媒体上发布动态，分享生活对作者来说没
有吸引性，由此可推知，划线部分“resonated with”与“appealed to”同义，表示“有吸引的”。故选D。
11. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Most people have experienced feeling insecure and unconfident on social media.
Images that are changed represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways.
Even without using social media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed
of all the aspects that make me a unique individual. I never wanted to look at a post on social media and
immediately compare myself and my life.(大多数人在社交媒体上都有过不安全感和缺乏自信的经历。被改变
的图像代表着不切实际的美丽标准，只有通过危险的方式才能获得。即使不使用社交媒体，我也知道使用
Instagram和Facebook等应用程序会让我在所有方面都感到尴尬，这些方面让我成为一个独一无二的人。
我从来都不想在看到社交媒体上的帖子后，立即将自己和自己的生活进行比较)”可知，社交媒体平台上的
图片等内容可能是经过编辑的，一些美丽标准是不容易实现的。且这些社交媒体容易让人产生对比心理，
阅读者往往将博主的生活和自己的生活进行对比，使自己对自己的看法产生变化，而作者不同于他人，他
是不想这样去对比的。由此可推知，使用社交媒体的人之所以会感到不安全是因为社交媒体使人们之间产
生对比，改变了人们看待自己的方式。故选B。
12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted (使分心)
by social media. While trying to complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram orFacebook to see if there are any new messages.(我经常观察到我的同学很容易被社交媒体分心。在努力完成家
庭作业的同时，他们有一种强烈的冲动，想打开Instagram或Facebook，看看是否有新消息)”可知，社交媒
体会影响完成作业的进度，使得人们浪费宝贵的时间去关注社交动态。故选B。
4
Can computer technology be used to steal an election? For the most part, innovative technologies promise to
make people’s lives easier and more comfortable, but these innovations can also be a risk, particularly to
democratic (民主的) processes.
In years past, people voted on paper ballots with a pen. Voters could look over their ballots to ensure that they
did not make a mistake. Also when there was a dispute over the results of an election, paper ballots (选票) allowed
election officials to count votes by hand. This process was long and tedious, but the results could be easily
confirmed to see if there were any inconsistency between counts. Several countries still use this traditional system
of voting and it provides a crucial foundation for ensuring fairness.
Today, however, voters cannot be sure whether electronic voting systems are reliably counting their votes. For
example, a computer hacker could develop a program that redirected a person’s vote from one candidate to another.
Although some people might think this is unlikely, problems with computer security have occurred throughout the
world. The simple fact is that hackers can break into many computer systems for their own purposes. By illegally
entering an online polling site they could change the outcome of an election. Jones and Simons, the co-authors of
the book Broken Ballots, warn of such a possibility: “a risk of Internet voting is that the computer receiving the
voted ballots could be attacked over the Internet by individual hackers, political operatives, foreign governments or
terrorists”. Citizens should also question whether electronic voting enhances the voting process. As the old saying
goes, “If something isn’t broken, don’t fix it.”
If a government decides to use an electronic voting system, it should ensure that all voters receive receipts for
their votes that could then be collected for subsequent confirmation. These receipts would clearly indicate that the
vote had gone to the selected candidate. Furthermore, if any candidate suspects that an election is unfair, these
receipts could be counted by hand and checked against the computer results. At the very least, as Jones and Simons
argue, voting should be a simple, secure, and consistent process, regardless of the voting procedure being used.
13. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage to get readers hooked?
A. By giving a definition. B. By making a comparison.
C. By asking a question. D. By citing a quote.
14. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A. The unreliability of e-voting. B. The inaccessibility of e-voting.
C. The inefficiency of e-voting. D. The inconvenience of e-voting.
15. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A. To introduce both e-voting systems and paper ballots.
B. To advocate using paper ballots instead of e-voting systems.
C. To argue against e-voting systems for its less reliability than paper ballots.
D. To suggest a way of combining e-voting systems with paper ballots.
【答案与解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了电子投票系统不如纸质选票可靠。
13. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Can computer technology be used to steal an election?(计算机技术能用来
窃取选举吗？)”可知，作者通过提问的方式来介绍文章主题，吸引读者，故选C。
14. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Today, however, voters cannot be sure whether electronic voting systems are
reliably counting their votes. For example, a computer hacker could develop a program that redirected a person’s
vote from one candidate to another. Although some people might think this is unlikely, problems with computer
security have occurred throughout the world. The simple fact is that hackers can break into many computer systems
for their own purposes. By illegally entering an online polling site they could change the outcome of an election(然
而，今天的选民不能确定电子投票系统是否可靠地计算他们的选票。例如，电脑黑客可以开发一个程序，
将一个人的选票从一个候选人转移到另一个候选人。虽然有些人可能认为这是不可能的，计算机安全问题
已经发生在世界各地。一个简单的事实是，黑客可以为了自己的目的，侵入许多计算机系统。通过非法进
入在线投票站，他们可以改变选举结果)”可知，第三段主要介绍了电子投票系统是不可靠的，故选A。
15. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出计算机技术能用来窃取选举，第二段介绍了纸质选票的
好处——公平可靠，第三段指出电子投票系统的不可靠性，最后一段指出如果政府决定使用电子投票系统，
应确保所有投票人收到收据。由此可知，文章主要介绍了电子投票系统不如纸质选票可靠。由此推知，作
者的写作意图是反对电子投票系统，因为它的可靠性不如纸质选票。故选C。
5
With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we
now recognize it as a disease? Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may
be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. He points out that
more than 200 genes influence weight. “Thus body weight is strongly influenced by biology — it is not an
individual’s fault if they develop obesity.” Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is
entirely the individual’s responsibility to do something about it. Recognizing obesity as a chronic disease withsevere complications (并发症) rather than a lifestyle choice “should help reduce the stigma ( 耻辱) and
discrimination experienced by many people with obesity,” he adds.
Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes
personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services, pointing out that other common diseases, such as high
blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition. He suggests that most people
with obesity will eventually develop complications. “But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not
going to be able to tackle it,” he concludes.
But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that adopting this approach “could
actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society.” He believes that the dictionary definition of disease
“is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease” and says the question is not whether we can, but
whether we should, and to what end.
If labelling obesity as a disease was harmless then it wouldn’t really matter, he writes. But labelling obesity as
a disease “risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在的) motivation that
is such an important enabler of change.” What’s more, making obesity is a disease “may not benefit patients, but it
will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry when health insurance and clinical
guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery,” he warns.
16. What does Professor John Wilding argue about obesity?
A. Its impact on society is expected to rise.
B. It should be regarded as a genetic disease.
C. It is now too widespread to be neglected.
D. Its dictionary definition should be updated.
17. What is the popular view of obesity?
A. It is difficult to define. B. It is a modern disease.
C. It has much to do with one’s genes. D. It results from a lack of self-control.
18. Why are some people opposed to labelling obesity as a disease?
A. Obese people would be discriminated against.
B. Obese people would not be able to afford the medical costs.
C. Obese people would be overwhelmed with anxiety.
D. Obese people would not feel responsible to take any action.
19. What is Dr. Richard Pile’s concern about classifying obesity as a disease?A. It may do little good to patients.
B. It may accelerate the spread of obesity.
C. It may cause a shortage of doctors.
D. It may affect obese people’s quality of life.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了肥胖是否应该被视为一种疾病。
16. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health
may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. (约翰·怀尔丁
教授认为，肥胖是指体内多余的脂肪积累到一定程度，可能会对健康造成不利影响，符合字典对疾病的定
义)”、“Recognizing obesity as a chronic disease with severe complications rather than a lifestyle choice “should
help reduce the stigma and discrimination experienced by many people with obesity,” he adds.(他补充说，认识到
肥胖是一种带有严重并发症的慢性疾病，而不是一种生活方式的选择，“应该有助于减少许多肥胖患者所
经历的耻辱和歧视。”)”和第二段““But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not going to be able
to tackle it,” he concludes.(“但除非我们承认肥胖是一种疾病，否则我们将无法解决它，”他总结道)”可知，
约翰·怀尔丁教授对肥胖的观点是，它应该被视为一种遗传疾病。故选B。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is entirely the
individual’s responsibility to do something about it. (然而，普遍的观点是，肥胖是自我诱发的，采取行动完全
是个人的责任)”可知，人们对肥胖的普遍看法是，它是由于缺乏自我控制的结果。故选D。
18. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as
having a disease removes personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services, pointing out that other
common diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition.
(怀尔丁教授不同意将很大一部分人口贴上疾病标签会使个人责任消失，或者可能使医疗服务不堪重负，他
指出，其他常见疾病，如高血压和糖尿病，需要人们采取行动来控制自己的病情)”和最后一段“But
labelling obesity as a disease “risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在
的) motivation that is such an important enabler of change.” (但是，将肥胖列为一种疾病，“可能会降低人们
的自主性，削弱人们的自主权，并剥夺人们内在的动力，而内在动力是推动改变的重要因素。”)”可推断，
有些人反对给肥胖贴上疾病的标签，是因为肥胖的人不会觉得有责任采取任何行动。故选D。
19. 推理判断题。根据第三段“But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that
adopting this approach “could actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society.” He believes that the
dictionary definition of disease “is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease” and says the
question is not whether we can, but whether we should, and to what end. (但对糖尿病有特殊兴趣的内科医生理查德·派尔认为，采用这种方法“实际上可能会给个人和社会带来更糟糕的结果。”他认为，词典对疾病的
定义“如此模糊，以至于我们几乎可以把任何东西归类为疾病”。他说，问题不是我们是否可以，而是我
们是否应该，以及目的是什么)”可推断，理查德·派尔医生认为将肥胖归类为疾病，这可能对病人没什么好
处。故选A。
二、完形填空
1
Do you listen? Do you really listen? Is there more to listening than just hearing?
Listening is, by far, one of the most important aspects of communication. So often, you pay attention to your
way of speaking, your ____20____ , your dialect, but neglect your ability to listen.
It is my ____21____ that people scream out or change the intended purposes of much of what they hear. Too
often, we consider listening the ____22____ part of conversation, although it requires our focus, purpose, and
active participation.
Listening means to give ear to, to pay attention to, to ____23____ , to witness, to hear with thoughtful
____24____ , or to understand.
The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and to be understood. The only way to understand
is to ____25____ .
Learn to be an active listener. Give off positive body language.____26____ a willingness to socialize. Ask the
right questions. Boost your ____27____ so that you can understand more and achieve effective listening.
Listening means we should respond, that we should be touched, that what we hear has a(n)____28____ on us.
I believe that history _____29_____ itself only because no one listens the first time.
You were given two ears, but only one mouth, which is a gentle hint that we should listen more, because God
knew that listening was twice as _____30_____ as talking. Listening is the key building block in effective
communications. Good listening skills are crucial, as listening is the fundamental _____31_____ of all
information.
Isn’t now the time to give the gift of listening to those about you? Given them your _____32_____ attention. Use
your God given _____33_____ to become a better listener. For me, I’m going to put into _____34_____ what I
believe in my heart and become a better listener.
20. A. sounds B. words C. gestures D. movements
21. A. conception B. plan C. purpose D. requirement
22. A. active B. passive C. basic D. useless23. A. argue B. quarrel C. discuss D. obey
24. A. advice B. attention C. love D. help
25. A. ask B. learn C. try D. listen
26. A. Send B. Present C. Predict D. Design
27. A. courage B. confidence C. energy D. knowledge
28. A. impact B. connection C. emotion D. difference
29. A. makes B. fails C. repeats D. destroys
30. A. interesting B. hard C. much D. long
31. A. resource B. material C. source D. element
32. A. considerate B. wide C. extra D. entire
33. A. information B. talents C. messages D. ideas
34. A. effect B. position C. practice D. service
【答案与解析】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了在沟通交流中，认真聆听的好处和重要性。
20. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你常常注意自己说话的方式、用词、方言，却忽视了自己倾听的能力。A.
sounds 声音；B. words 话语；C. gestures 手势；D. movements 运动。根据本句空格前后“your way of
speaking”（说话的方式）和“your dialect”（你的方言），可知空格处也表示和说话相关的内容。故选B项。
21. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的观点是，人们会尖叫或改变他们所听到的大部分内容的既定目的。A.
conception概念；B. plan计划；C. purpose目标；D. requirement要求。本句是作者在表述自己对于倾听的
观点。故选A项。
22. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很多时候，我们认为倾听是对话的被动部分，尽管它需要我们集中注意
力、有目的和积极参与。A. active积极的；B. passive 被动的、消极的；C. basic基础的；D. useless无用
的。根据后句“although it requires our focus, purpose, and active participation”(尽管它需要我们集中注意力、
有目的和积极参与)，可知人们经常认为倾听在交流中处于被动的、不受重视的地位。故选B项。
23. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：倾听的意思是倾听、注意、顺从、见证、深思熟虑地倾听或理解。A. argue
争论；B. quarrel争吵；C. discuss讨论；D. obey遵从。根据文意及前后词“to give ear to”，(倾听)“to pay
attention to”(注意)，“to witness”(见证)，可知，此处说明倾听就是要顺着对方的思路。故选D项。
24. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：倾听的意思是倾听、注意、顺从、见证、深思熟虑地倾听或理解。A.
advice建议；B. attention注意；C. love爱；D. help帮助。根据句意，此处意指带着头脑，集中注意力去认
真倾听。故选B项。
25. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：理解的唯一方式就是倾听。A. ask问；B. learn学习；C. try尝试；D. listen听。根据本文的主旨及上文一再强调倾听的重要性，所以此处应该意指理解的唯一方式就是倾听。故选 D
项。
26. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：表现出社交的意愿。A. Send发送；B. Present呈现；C. Predict预测；D.
Design设计。根据前句“Learn to be an active listener. Give off positive body language.”(学会做一个积极的倾
听者。使用积极的肢体语言。)可知，此处作者强调要表现出自己的社交意愿。故选B项。
27. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：提高你的知识，这样你就能理解更多，实现有效的倾听。A. courage勇气；
B. confidence 自信；C. energy能量；D. knowledge 知识。根据后句“so that you can understand more and
achieve effective listening”(这样你就能理解更多，实现有效的倾听)可知，此处作者强调要提高自身的知识
水平，才能提高倾听的效果。故选D项。
28. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：倾听意味着我们应该回应，意味着我们应该被感动，也意味着我们所听到
的对我们有影响。A. impact影响；B. connection联系；C. emotion情感；D. difference不同。根据句意及固
定搭配have an impact on sb.可知，此处意指所听到的对我们有影响。故选A项。
29. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我相信历史会重演，只是因为没有人听第一次。A. makes制作；B. fails失
败；C. repeats重复；D. destroys破坏。根据本句的“only because no one listens the first time”(只是因为没有
人听第一次)可知，此处意指人们不愿意去倾听过往，从历史中寻求答案，才会导致历史一再重演。故选C
项。
30. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：上帝给了你两只耳朵，但只有一张嘴，这是一个温柔的暗示，告诉我们
应该多倾听，因为上帝知道倾听比说话难两倍。A. interesting有趣的；B. hard困难的；C. much很多；D.
long长的。根据上文“You were given two ears, but only one mouth, which is a gentle hint that we should listen
more”(上帝给了你两只耳朵，但只有一张嘴，这是一个温柔的暗示，告诉我们应该多倾听)可知，作者此处
用此意象，意在说明倾听比说话要重要很多，困难很多。故选B项。
31. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：良好的倾听技巧是至关重要的，因为倾听是所有信息的基本来源。A.
resource资源；B. material材料；C. source来源；D. element元素。根据句意，此处意指通过听，我们获得
信息。故选C项。
32. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：把全部注意力都放在他们身上。A. considerate考虑周到的；B. wide宽阔
的；C. extra额外的；D. entire完全的。根据前句“Isn’t now the time to give the gift of listening to those about
you?”(难道现在不是倾听你周围的人的时候吗？)可知，此处作者在表述了倾听的重要性后，呼吁人们开始
去倾听他人。故选D项。
33. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：运用上帝赋予你的才能，成为一个更好的倾听者。A. information信息；B.
talents天分；C. messages消息；D. ideas想法。根据句意和“God given”可知，此处意指使用上帝赋予的倾听天赋和能力去更好地倾听他人。故选B项。
34. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对我来说，我要把我心中相信的付诸实践，成为一个更好的倾听者。A.
effect效果；B. position位置；C. practice锻炼；D. service服务。根据句意，此处意指作者要行动起来，做
一个真正的倾听者；put sth.into practice(付诸实践)。故选C项。
2
Imagine sitting inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane. Your
train has no wheels, produces no ____35____ , makes its own electricity, and isn't affected by bad weather. This is
the hyperloop, a new vision for the world's ____36____ , safest, and greenest form of transportation. Many have
____37____ this new technology, but others say the hyperloop vision is just a bunch of hot air.
Hyperloop developers plan to use the properties of magnets to float, stabilize, and drive the capsules or pods
for hundreds of miles through ____38____ tubes. Without air or ground to slow down the vehicles, what was once
a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion, engineers promise.
Supporters of the technology promote additional ____39____ of transporting passengers and cargo by
hyperloop. For example, they firmly state that unlike other city-to-city transport that's ____40____ , such as planes
or trains, hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed, like Ubers and taxis. While the ____41____ would hold only
28 to 50 passengers each, developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they say
could amount to shuttling 50,000 people an hour. That's more than twice the passenger ____42____ of the world's
fastest trains.
Developers also say that hyperloop tubes would be ____43____ so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or
threaten wildlife. And tubes would be covered with solar panels to power the hyperloop's systems.
______44______ , advocates regard the hyperloop as the transportation choice for the future.
But not everyone is on board. Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much
wider turns than currently envisioned, and otherwise they won't be ______45______ for passengers. This would
add several miles to the proposed tube tracks, Engineers also say planners haven't included enough time for
vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations. Some engineers believe it will take much longer than claimed to
pump the ______46______ out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure. Critics thus say hyperloops can't go as
fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised, making them ______47______ existing high-speed
transportation options.
Hyperloop companies say they're ______48______ these concerns. They claim that they can safely maintain high
speeds by having the vehicles bank around the turns as a plane does. And their hyperloops will rely on the split-second reaction times of a computer to ______49______ vehicles quickly, frequently, and safely.
35. A. pollution B. sound C. energy D. wind
36. A. cleanest B. lightest C. latest D. fastest
37. A. adapted B. exploited C. embraced D. developed
38. A. totally hollow B. nearly airless C. steadily narrow D. highly flexible
39. A. advantages B. costs C. qualities D. situations
40. A. in constant demands B. on strict timetables C. in changeable states D. on essential
services
41. A. cabins B. lorries C. tubes D. vehicles
42. A. fare B. capacity C. speed D. comfort
43. A. underground B. parallel C. elevated D. shared
44. A. However B. Therefore C. Beside D. Otherwise
45. A. available B. economic C. easy D. safe
46. A. force B. air C. heat D. water
47. A. most popular of B. superior to C. no better than D. least profitable of
48. A. addressing B. causing C. voicing D. releasing
49. A. ride B. pilot C. park D. alert
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要是对未来交通工具超级高铁的争论。
35. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的火车没有轮子，不产生污染，自己发电，也不受恶劣天气的影响。A.
pollution污染；B. sound声音；C. energy精力；D. wind风。根据“makes its own electricity,”可知，因为自
己可以发电，所以不产生污染。故选A。
36. 考查形容词最高级词义辨析。句意：这就是超级高铁，世界上最快、最安全、最绿色的交通方式的新
愿景。A. cleanest最干净的；B. lightest最轻的；C. latest最新的；D. fastest最快的。根据“Imagine sitting
inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane.”可知，这种超级高铁是
是飞机速度的两倍，所以是世界上最快的交通方式。故选D。
37. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多人已经接受了这项新技术，但也有人说，超级高铁的愿景只是一堆空
话。A. adapted适应；B. exploited利用；C. embraced接受；D. developed发展。根据“but others say the
hyperloop vision is just a bunch of hot air.”中转折可知，许多人已经接受了这项新技术。故选C。
38. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：超级高铁的开发人员计划利用磁铁的特性来漂浮、稳定和驱动胶囊或舱
在几乎没有空气的管道中行驶数百英里。A. totally hollow完全空洞；B. nearly airless几乎没有空气的；C.
steadily narrow 稳步缩小；D. highly flexible 高度灵活的。根据“Without air or ground to slow down thevehicles, what was once a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion, engineers promise.”可知，因为
没有空气，所以是在几乎真空的管道中行驶。故选B。
39. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项技术的支持者宣扬了使用超级高铁运送乘客和货物的额外优势。A.
advantages优势；B. costs花费；C. qualities质量；D. situations状况。根据“For example, they firmly state
that unlike other city-to-city transport that's 6 , such as planes or trains, hyperloop vehicles would leave
as needed, like Ubers and taxis.”可知，这里陈述超级高铁的优势。故选A。
40. 考查短语词义辨析。句意：例如，他们坚定地表示，不像飞机或火车等其他有严格时间表的城市到城
市的交通工具，超级高铁车辆会在需要时离开，比如优步和出租车。 A. in constant demands不断的需求；
B. on strict timetables按照严格的时间表；C. in changeable states在多变状态；D. on essential services基本服
务。根据“such as planes or trains, hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed, like Ubers and taxis.”可知，超级
高铁像优步和出租车一样，不需要像飞机或火车一样按照严格的时间表才能出发。故选B。
41. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然每辆车只能搭载28至50名乘客，但开发商计划让这些车每分钟分批
从车站出发，他们说，这样每小时可以运送5万人。A. cabins小木屋；B. lorries卡车；C. tubes地铁；D.
vehicles交通工具。这里指超级高铁作为交通工具每辆车的运载能力。故选D。
42. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是世界上最快列车载客量的两倍多。 A. fare车费；B. capacity容量；C.
speed 速度；D. comfort 安慰。根据“While the 7 would hold only 28 to 50 passengers each,
developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they say could amount to shuttling
50,000 people an hour.”可知，超级高铁载客容量是世界上最快列车的两倍多。故选B。
43. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：开发商还表示，超级高铁管道将会升高，这样它们就不会干扰其他交通
或威胁野生动物。A. underground地下的；B. parallel平行的；C. elevated抬高的；D. shared共享的。根据
“so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or threaten wildlife.”可知，可以将超级高铁管道升高建造，这样
不会干扰其他交通或威胁野生动物。故选C。
44. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，支持者把超级高铁作为未来的交通选择。A. However然而；B.
Therefore 因此；C. Beside 在……旁边；D. Otherwise 否则。根据“advocates regard the hyperloop as the
transportation choice for the future.”可知，前后句之间为因果关系。故选B。
45. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：工程师们计算出，高速车辆需要比目前设想的大得多的转弯，否则对乘
客来说就不安全了。A. available可利用的；B. economic经济的；C. easy容易的；D. safe安全的。根据
“Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much wider turns than currently
envisioned,”可知，为了乘客的安全，设计转弯的时候需要很大的弯道。故选D。
46. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些工程师认为，在每辆车离开之前，将空气从管道中抽出所需的时间将比他们声称的要长得多。 A. force力量；B. air空气；C. heat热；D. water水。根据“Without air or ground
to slow down the vehicles, what was once a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion, engineers
promise.”可知，运行时没有空气，所以需要从管道中抽取空气。故选B。
47. 考查短语词义辨析。句意：因此，批评人士说，超级高铁的速度和每小时载客量无法达到广告宣传的
水平，因此它们并不比现有的高速交通工具更好。A. most popular of最流行的；B. superior to比……优越；
C. no better than不比……好；D. least profitable of最无利可图的。根据“Critics thus say hyperloops can't go
as fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised,”可知，批评人士认为超级高铁并不比现有的高速交
通工具更好。故选C。
48. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：超级高铁公司表示，他们正在解决这些问题。 A. addressing处理；B.
causing引起；C. voicing表达；D. releasing释放。根据“Engineers also say planners haven't included enough
time for vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations. Some engineers believe it will take much longer than
claimed to pump the 12 out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure. Critics thus say hyperloops
can't go as fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised, making them 13 existing high-speed
transportation options.”可知，超级高铁公司正在解决所提出的这些问题。故选A。
49. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的超回路列车将依靠计算机瞬间的反应时间来快速、频繁、安全地驾
驶车辆。A. ride乘坐；B. pilot驾驶；C. park停车；D. alert警报。根据“And their hyperloops will rely on the
split-second reaction times of a computer”可知，超级高铁公司声称会依靠计算机瞬间的反应时间来解决安全
驾驶问题。故选B。
三、语法填空
1
To Be Joyful, To Be Young
What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle? It’s probably not what you think. In the
past 30 years of conducting clinical research, I___50___(learn) that real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of
living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.
Why? Because life is to be enjoyed. There’s no point___51___(abandon) something you enjoy unless you get
something back that’s even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully,___52___(quit) smoking, and
manage stress better, they find they feel so much better, so quickly. It reconstructs the reason for making these
changes from fear of dying to joy of living.
When you exercise and eat right, your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter,
have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only threemonths caused so many neurons(神经细胞)___53___ (grow) that it actually increased the size of people’s brains!
Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more
attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face
___54___you age more quickly. Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel
becoming narrower,___55___decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why
smokers look years older than they really are.
One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers’ awareness of stress was more important than
___56___was objectively occurring in their lives.___57___(give) a questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on
a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day. The women who realized they were under heavy stress had
significantly shortened and damaged telomeres(染色体端粒) compared with ___58___who felt more relaxed.
Contrarily, some of the women who felt relaxed ____59____raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing
telomeres.
In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.
【答案】50. have learned
51. abandoning
52. quit
53. to grow
54. so that
55. Which
56. what
57. Given/Having been given
58. those
59. despite/though/although
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。到底是什么让饮食和生活方式发生可持续的变化?可能不是你想的那
样。在过去30年的临床研究中，作者认识到真正的关键是快乐和自由。
50. 考查时态。句意：在过去30年的临床研究中，我认识到真正的关键是快乐、快乐和自由。根据 In the
past 30 years可知句子用现在完成时态，再根据句子主语I，可知答案为have learned。
51. 考查固定句式。句意：放弃你喜欢的东西是没有意义的，除非你能更快得到更好的东西。固定句式：
There’s no point doing sth.“做某事毫无意义”，故答案为abandoning。
52. 考查并列谓语。句意：当人们吃得更健康，戒烟，更好地管理压力时，他们才会发现自己感觉更好，而且很快。此处是并列谓语，故答案为quit。
53. 考查动词不定式。句意：两项研究表明，仅仅是每周步行3个小时，持续3个月，就会导致如此多的
神经元生长，这实际上增加了人们大脑的大小!固定句式：cause +宾语+to do sth.“引起……做某事”，此处
是动词不定式作宾语补足语，故答案为to grow。
54. 考查目的状语从句。句意：相反，不健康的饮食、持续的情绪压力和吸烟会减少流向面部的血液，从
而加速衰老。结合句意可知此处是so that引导的目的状语从句，故答案为so that。
55. 考查定语从句。句意：吸烟会加速衰老，因为尼古丁会使你的血管变细，从而减少流向面部的血液，
使其过早起皱。前面整个句子作先行词，后面的非限制性定语从句用which引导，故答案为which。
56. 考查比较状语从句。句意：最有趣的发现之一是，母亲对压力的意识比她们生活中客观发生的事情更
重要。此处是比较状语从句，than后面的从句缺少引导词和主语，所填词其双重作用，故答案为what。
57. 考查过去分词或现在分词完成式的被动式。句意：在一份调查问卷中，研究人员要求这些女性对自己
每天感受到的压力进行三分制评分。句子主语the women和动词give之间是被动关系，且give动作发生在
谓语动词动作之前，所以这里用过去分词或现在分词完成式的被动式作时间状语。故答案为Given/Having
been given。
58. 考查替代。句意：与那些感到放松的女性相比，那些意识到自己处于巨大压力下的女性，染色体端粒
明显缩短和受损。此处表示替代，用those替代前面的The women，故答案为those。
59. 考查介词+doing或连词+doing结构。句意：相反，一些尽管养育了残疾儿童却感到放松的女性，染色
体端粒看起来更正常。此处相当于让步状语从句，结合句意可知答案为despite/though/although。
2
According to a recent survey, violence（暴力）did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents
and teachers also __60__（express）their great concern about it. Experts hope __61__ whole society should pay
more attention to the psychological health of teenagers.
Nowadays, school violence is a hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon（现象）, which __62__（call）for
our great concern. We should make every effort __63__（prevent）violence happening at school for more and
more students would drop out of school if their personal __64__（safe）could not be guaranteed（保证）. In
fact, violence can be learned. __65__（actual）, children learn violent behavior from adults or from __66__
they see on television or on the Internet.
If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence with violence, for it will result in __67__
（much）fighting. I will tell my teachers and parents about it. I think they will help me deal with it well and they
will protect me __68__ the bad guys.All in all, we students should behave ___69___ （we） and keep away from violence.
【答案】60. expressed
61. the
62. calls
63. to prevent
64. safety
65. Actually
66. what
67. more
68. from
69. ourselves
【答案与解析】文章是一篇说明文。讲述了校园暴力现象以及对此的态度和解决措施。
60. 考查动词时态。句意：学生们表现出了他们的恐惧，家长和老师也表达了他们对它的极大关注。
express vt.“表达”。and连接两个并列成分，此处与showed并列，showed用的一般过去式。可知，此空格
也应该用一般过去时。故填expressed。
61. 考查冠词。句意：专家希望全社会更加关注年轻人的心理健康。此处特指整个社会，用定冠词。故填
the.
62. 考查动词时态。句意：我认为这是一种现象，这需要我们极大的关注。句中which指代a phenomenon,
是单数形式。谓语动词与之一致也用单数，故填calls.
63. 考查动词不定式。句意：我们应该尽一切努力防止学校发生暴力事件。此处指我们应该尽一切努力来
阻止校园暴力的发生，动词不定式表目的，故填to prevent.
64. 考查名词。句意：如果他们的人身安全不能得到保证，越来越多的学生会辍学。由空前的their personal
修饰可知此处用名词，指他们的个人安全，故填safety.
65. 考查副词。句意 :实际上，孩子学习暴力行为来自成人或他们在电视上或在互联网上所看到的暴力内
容。此处作状语，表示“事实上，实际上”，用副词形式，修饰整个句子。置句首单词首字母大写，故填
Actually.
66. 考查代词。句意：实际上，孩子学习暴力行为来自成人或他们在电视上或在互联网上所看到的暴力内
容。此处指他们从电视或网络上看到的东西，做动词see的宾语，what引导宾语从句作介词from的宾语，
并且在后面的从句中也要作宾语，所以要用what。
67. 考查比较级。句意：我不会以暴力制暴力，因为它会导致更多的战斗。此处由 a bit修饰比较级表示程度，指以暴制暴会导致更多的打斗，表示“更多的”有比较的意思。故填more.
68. 考查介词。此处指我会告诉老师或家长会帮助更好地处理问题，保护自己免受坏孩子欺负。protect sb.
from doing sth.“保护某人不受……”，故填from.
69. 考查反身代词。句中主语和宾语都指we，此时宾语用反身代词，指我们学生应该使自己的举止规范，
故填ourselves.
3
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Giving is the greatest kindness. Kindness is to the soul __70__sunshine is to the crop. Winston Churchill once
___71___(observe) that “We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give.” Through selfless
service, volunteers are the glue that holds a community together. Many activities __72__(volunteer) aid the elderly,
disabled and children. No one is ___73___lonely island in the sunshine of joyful giving.
Moreover, volunteering is a two-way street of giving and receiving. Sometimes we get ___74___(lock) into
the “rat race” of life and the ___75___(certain) of success discourages us. However, volunteering can be an escape
from the routine of life.
Given the significance of volunteerism, it’s time we ___76___(roll) up our sleeves and extend a helping hand.
In respect ___77___my own experience, I work as a volunteer at the local animal shelter, __78__I continue taking
care of my furry friends. I hope my efforts can inspire people around me to devote __79__(they) to volunteerism
and create a circle of virtue we need.
【答案】70. what
71. observed
72. voluntarily
73. a
74. locked
75. uncertainty
76. should roll
77. of
78. where
79. themselves
【答案与解析】这是一篇议论文。文章论述的是“给予是最大的仁慈。”
70. 考查固定句型。句意：仁慈之于灵魂，犹如阳光之于庄稼。固定句型：A is to B what C is to D.“A对B
就像C对D一样”。故填what。71. 考查一般过去时态。句意：温斯顿·丘吉尔曾经说过:“我们靠得到的东西生存;我们通过给予来创造生
活。”根据once“曾经”说明句子用一般过去时态，故填observed。
72. 考查副词。句意：许多活动自愿帮助老人、残疾人和儿童。此处aid“帮助”是动词，由副词修饰，所
给词volunteer“自愿的”是形容词，其副词是voluntarily。故填voluntarily。
73. 考查不定冠词。句意：没有人是在快乐给予的阳光下的孤岛。此处表示泛指，且lonely以辅音音素开
头。故填a。
74. 考查过去分词作表语。句意：有时我们陷入生活的“老鼠赛跑”，成功的不确定性使我们气馁。固定
结构：get +过去分词，表示“变得被”。此处 get 是连系动词，后面通常用过去分词作表语，故填
locked。
75. 考查名词。句意：有时我们陷入生活的“老鼠赛跑”，成功的不确定性使我们气馁。分析句子结构，
the用在名词前面，所给词certain“必然的，确定的”，其名词形式是certainty“确定性”，再结合句意这里
应该用certainty的反义词。故填uncertainty。
76. 考查虚拟语气。句意：考虑到志愿服务的重要性，现在是我们卷起袖子伸出援助之手的时候了。固定
句型：It’s time that 主语+should +动词原形+其他，表示“现在是该做某事的时间了”，从句谓语动词用虚
拟语气，should +动词原形。故填should roll。
77. 考查固定词组。句意：根据我自己的经验，我在当地动物收容所做志愿者，继续照顾我那些毛茸茸的
朋友。固定词组：in respect of“关于，涉及”。故填of。
78. 考查定语从句。句意：根据我自己的经验，我在当地动物收容所做志愿者，继续照顾我那些毛茸茸的
朋友。此处shelter是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作地点状语。故填where。
79. 考查固定搭配。句意：我希望我的努力可以激励我周围的人致力于志愿服务，创造一个我们需要的美
德的循环。固定搭配：devote oneself to“献身于”。这里指周围的人致力于志愿服务，所以用反身代词
themselves。故填themselves。
4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Do you live in a city? You’ve probably noticed how noisy and crowded life in a city can be. __80__ if you
could live next to a calm lake instead?
As it turns out, __81__ (live) near bodies of water – lakes, rivers, ponds, even oceans – can help us feel both
happier and healthier. Those who live less than a kilometer from the coast are around 22 percent less likely
___82___ (have) mental health problems than those who live 50 kilometers or more away, according to a study by
researchers from the University of Exeter, UK. People who visit the coast at least twice a week tend to experience___83___ (good) general and mental health as well.
So how does “blue space” make us feel better? For one thing, aquatic environments tend to have less pollution
and more sunlight, both of __84__ linked to better mental and physical health. People who get more sun tend to be
happier than those who do not.
There’s also the air above __85__ sea. After spending time near the ocean, you might find that you feel more
relaxed than usual. This is __86__ sea air is charged with negative ions (负离子). These ions balance our levels of
serotonin (血清素), a chemical that affects our moods. With __87__ (balance) serotonin levels, we feel more calm
and relaxed, according to Daily Mail.
Finally, people who live near water tend to be more ___88___ (physical) active, according to the Guardian.
Water sports like swimming and rowing can help us stay __89__ shape, which in turn keeps us healthy.
【答案】80. What
81. living
82. to have
83. better
84. them
85. the
86. because
87. balanced
88. physically
89. in
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了住在（像湖泊、河流、水池、甚至是海洋这样的）水体附
近的对我们的益处及原因。
80. 考查固定句式。句意：要是你能够住在一片安静的湖泊旁会怎么样呢？what if要是/如果…会如何，并
且要注意位于句首首字母要大写。故填What。
81. 考查动名词做主语。句意：住在像湖泊、河流、水池、甚至是海洋这样的水体附近会让我们感到更快
乐，更健康。分析句子结构可知此处缺主语，故用动名词做主语。故填living。
82. 考查固定搭配。句意：那些住在距海岸不到一千米的人有精神健康问题的可能性比住在距海岸不到五
十千米或更远的人要低22%。likely to do可能做某事。故填to have。
83. 考查比较级。句意：每周至少去海边两次的人可以体验到更好的精神状态。根据句意可知查出含有比
较意味，因此应用good的比较级。故填better。
84. 考查独立主格。句意：有水的环境倾向于拥有更少的污染和更多的阳光，这两者都与健康的身心相关。分析句子结构可知，主句为aquatic environments tend to have less pollution and more sunlight,后半部分为代词
+过去分词短语（linked to better mental and physical health）构成的独立主格结构。结合前面的介词of，此
处应该用them代指less pollution and more sunlight。故填them。
85. 考查定冠词。句意：大海的上方还有空气。名词 sea除在一些固定短语（be at sea等）之外，大部分情
况下都与定冠词the连用。the sea大海，海洋。故填the。
86. 考查原因状语从句。句意：这是因为海洋空气充满了负离子。根据句意可知此处为原因状语从句。故
填because。
87. 考查形容词。句意：拥有均衡的血清素水平，我们会感到更镇定，更放松。此处为形容词修饰名词，
balanced均衡的。故填balanced。
88. 考查副词。句意：住在水体旁的人倾向于身体上更活跃。此处为副词修饰形容词，physically身体上。
故填physically。
89. 考查介词。句意：水上运动，比如游泳和划船，会让我们保持体型。Stay in shape保持体型。故填in。
5
阅读下面短文,在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式Now and then you are not satisfied with
yourself，thinking you're short of beauty，short of money or short of friendship.Actually，all these are not
necessary.Why not learn to love yourself?
Loving yourself means loving everything in you，your height，your voice，your eyes，your hair，
even ____90____(include) the mistakes that you have made.____91____ we know，no one is perfect.Always
ask yourself，“Am I getting unhappy just because of the mistakes I made？” or “Do I have the courage to
correct my mistakes ？” ____92____ the answer is yes or no ，having a positive attitude is the most
important.Bravely face the mistakes that ____93____(make) yesterday and try your best to encourage yourself to
learn ____94____ them.They might be your best teachers.When correcting the mistakes and making your own
____95____ (decide)，you will find that you are getting ____96____ (strong) and more optimistic with each day
passing.Don't expect everybody to like you.____97____ is still OK if someone doesn't like you.Being
____98____ you are is the best way to show your love for yourself.
My dear friends，get _____99_____ (start) from now on.Love yourself and smile every day!
【答案】90. including
91. As
92. Whether
93. were made94. from
95. decisions
96. stronger
97. It
98. what
99. started
【答案与解析】本文是一篇议论文。做个快乐的自己！ 我们要学会在生活中寻找到快乐，拥有积极健康
的心理状态和愉快的情绪。
90. 考查介词。including作介词，放在它所修饰的词语之前，意思是“其中包括……”。故填including。
91. 考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词 as 指代后面整个主句，引导定语从句，并在从句中作
know 的宾语。故填As。
92. 考查让步状语从句。whether...or...是习惯搭配，意思是“无论是……还是……”，符合语境。故填
Whether。
93. 考查一般过去时态的被动语态。that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语。主语 that (指代 the
mistakes)是谓语动词 make 动作的承受者，用被动语态；时间状语 yesterday 与一般过去时连用。故填
were made。
94. 考查固定搭配。learn from mistakes意思是“从错误中学习”。 故填from。
95. 考查名词复数。空格中所填单词在句中作making的宾语，需用decide的名词形式；这里用复数名词表
示一类事物。故填decisions。
96. 考查形容词比较级。从后面more optimistic和并列连词and可知，这里应该用strong的比较级。故填
stronger。
97. 考查it用法。it此处指代一些人不喜欢你这件事。故填It。
98. 考查what引导的表语从句。what you are是表语从句， what在从句中作表语。故填what。
99. 考查过去分词作表语。get started是“get＋过去分词”结构，表示被动。故填started。
