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专题 01 阅读理解题细节题+推断题
细节题
在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、
市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。
细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信
息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我
们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。
常见的命题方式通常有：
1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；
2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；
3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；
4. 以填空题的形式，如：
（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised________.
（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that________.
（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on________.
（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit________.
（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that________ .
（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to________.
5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养
自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的
方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用
略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了
运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。
细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：
题型一 描写类细节题
描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发
展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，
对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。题型二 信息寻找题、广告阅读题
信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表
等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，
常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类
题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找
有效信息。
广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有
着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目
的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解
广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测
等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题
方法同样采用“题干定向法”。
（1）补全成分法
省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结
合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补
充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。
（2）联想推测法
在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，
充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。
为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写
词有：
Tel. =telephone number
Ph. =phone Add (r). =address
co. =company Ltd=Limited
Max=maximum Min=minimum
hr=hour t=time
fig=figure ft=foot
ml=mile doz=dozen
Mt=Mountain P=page
prof. =professor Dr. =doctor
s=south n=northw=west Sta=Station
pop=popular vs=versus
Xmas=Christmas info=information
VIP=very important persons hrs=hours
aft=after ad=advertisement
p/t=part time exp=experienced
PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts
BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)
题型三 数据计算题
此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结
论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关
系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可
采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不
太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。
题型四 排序题
这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。
做此类题目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范
围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说
明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高
考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。
题型五 图文转换题
此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定
法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中
标出相应的内容，以便做题。
推断题
推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态
度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全
文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。
对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。
这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有
关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出
文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。
这种问题的提问方式通常有：
1.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we
can infer that .
2.We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the
passage that…
3.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.
4.The author implies that by the year 2080, .
5.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.
6.The author mentions the fact that…to show.
7. This passage would most likely be found in _________?
8.The author’s attitude toward …is _________?
9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的
有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的
说，考生应当注意以下几点：
1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词
不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点
代替作者的观点。
2.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，
考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行
分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分
析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸
准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5.在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某
个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用 scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全
篇文章。
推理判断题常见有以下形式：
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。
考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、
推理、判断。
2．因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握
文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行
分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性
格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的
措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
4．篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙
述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增
强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。
5．写作意图题
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意
图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主
旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力主要设题方式有:
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to
The writer of the story wants to tell us that
The fact... ls mentioned by the author to showThe author writes the last paragraph in order to
作者写文章的目的通常有三类 (灵活借鉴应用)
(1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑 ): 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章(2) to persuade readers(说服读
者接受某种观点 ): 常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务:吸引更多的游客、读者
或订户、观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
(3)to inform readers( 告知读者某些信息 ): 多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章 ，以及劝
告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的需要找准主题句，把握文章精主旨。
6. 读者对象题
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常
识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了
解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子: 1).报纸前面会出现日期、地点或
通讯社名称。2).广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3).产品说明器M、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或
操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用。需要指出的是:有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或
日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上:
如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普
杂志上。
主要设题方式有:
This passage would be most likely to be found in________________________
The passage is probably taken out of_______________________
Where does this text probably come from?_______________________
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?_______________________
The text is intended for_______________________
7. 论证方式题
主要设题方式有:
How does the author develop the passage?
备选项：
By using figures.
By asking questions.By giving examples.
By making comparisons.
By categorization.
By comparison.
By the order of time.
By the order of space.
By giving examples.
By following time order.
By analyzing cause and effect.
By making an argument.
By introducing a concept
细节题
【2022年新高考2卷B篇】
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t
even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.
I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he
reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the
page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the
boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He
thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your
grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce
audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal
story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I
will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
5. Why did the kid poke the storybook?
A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.
6. What does the author think of himself?
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
7. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?
A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews internet stars.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童
读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。
5.【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the
boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He
thought my storybook was like that. (事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板
电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，
那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
6. 【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally
speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字
角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，
作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。
7.【答案】 B
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however:
I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. (然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个
明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：
（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其
相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。
有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获
取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地
将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原
文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有
关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系
将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。
值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔
细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
（江西省5市重点中学2022-2023学年高三下学期阶段性联考）Shawn Triplett, who now works as a
volunteer at a local elementary school, was recently helping out at a shelter when he witnessed a damaging
interaction between a mom and her young child after they had been displaced by the tornadoes.
“I saw a child crying in his mother’s arms. She was crying too, but you could tell she was doing her best to
look strong,” he recalls. “The boy told his mom, ‘I’ve lost my Christmas.’ It was at that moment that I broke down
and had to walk outside.”
After taking a night to think about how he could best help, Triplett decided to ask friends and family to donate
money so he could buy toys for the children who were impacted.
“I was going to give them back their Christmas,” he explained. “There was so much support in the community
for water, generators and food, but nobody was thinking about the kids. At least, not in the way it should be, so
close to Christmas.”
Triplett ended up launching a GoFundMe page to help purchase holiday gifts for the children, which quickly
spread on social media. Since launching the page three days ago, he had raised over $44,000. He also partneredwith the local supermarket, which provided a 25% discount on all purchases for him.
While the toys were fully covered by the donors, Triplett said he had been footing the bill for wrapping paper.
He planned to deliver the gifts in person in a Santa costume closer to Christmas. “We chose to wrap them so that
the kids get the full experience of what Christmas should be,” he said. “We’re doing everything we can to
normalize a traumatic (创伤的) experience for them, even if just for a few hours.”
1．What inspired Triplett to make an effort to help children?
A．A mother’s demand.
B．A volunteer’s appeal.
C．A young boy’s words.
D．His childhood experiences.
2．How would Triplett help the children?
A．By purchasing school supplies.
B．By giving them a normal festival.
C．By launching more GoFundMe pages.
D．By sending them necessities of living.
3．What did the local supermarket do for Triplett?
A．It did the delivery work for him.
B．It provided all the supplies.
C．It offered free wrapping paper.
D．It took some money off his cost.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述Triplett由一个小男孩的话受到启发，通过募捐来给孩子们买礼物，
让他们过一个正常的圣诞节。
1．【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“The boy told his mom, ‘I’ve lost my Christmas.’ It was at that moment
that I broke down and had to walk outside.(男孩告诉他妈妈，‘我的圣诞节丢了。’就在那一刻，我崩溃了，
不得不走到外面)”可知，一个小男孩说的话使Triplett产生了帮助孩子的想法。故选C。
2．【答案】 B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“After taking a night to think about how he could best help, Triplett decided
to ask friends and family to donate money so he could buy toys for the children who were impacted.(在花了一晚上
的时间思考如何才能最好地提供帮助后，Triplett决定让朋友和家人捐款，这样他就可以为受影响的孩子们
买玩具了)”及最后一段中“We’re doing everything we can to normalize a traumatic(创伤的) experience forthem, even if just for a few hours.(我们正在尽一切努力使他们的创伤经历正常化，哪怕只是几个小时)”可知，
Triplett通过募捐来给孩子们买礼物，让他们过一个正常的圣诞节。故选B。
3．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“He also partnered with the local supermarket, which provided a
25% discount on all purchases for him.(他还与当地的超市合作，超市为他购买所有商品提供25%的折扣)”可
知，当地超市给Triplett打折。故选D。
推断题
1.【2022年6月全国甲卷 D篇】
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor.
Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb
beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went
our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not
fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she
said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that
we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, theGreeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a
drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
34.【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush
to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官
方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在
了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。
故选A项。
35.【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its
attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年
轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一
段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。
故选A项。
【推理判断题的解题技巧】
做推理判断题时要时时注意深层含义通常是隐藏在文字后面的延伸之意，弦外之音，如作者的意图、倾向、
语气、人物的性格、心理、情感、故事的结局、事情的因果关系等。因此我们要调动逻辑思维能力，透过
字里行间，去严密推理，合理想象。1. 利用客观信息进行推理。
依据文章明示的客观信息或内在的逻辑关系进行合乎逻辑的推理、判断、引申、概括，从而得出合理的结
论。要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。
2. 全面分析信息进行推理。
做推理题判断题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，全面分析所有相关信息，整合与题目相关的有用
信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。切忌片面思考，只见局部，不见整体，得出片面结论。
3. 站在作者的角度分析推理
做推理题判断题时，结合自己的常识去判断是必要的，但决不能以常识取代对文本的信息分析，根据自己
的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵，加入自己的主观片面的想法和想象推断，而是要站在作者
的角度去仔细思考推断，时时注意文章的内涵和外延，有些推理结论隐含在文章的字里行间，有些推理结
论外延于文章的外。
4. 考生应当注意以下几点：
(1) 深入理解作者在字里行间渗透出来的深层含义, 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点：
(2) 推理的源泉来自于上下文的语境、语气等：
(3) 紧紧抓住所给文章，决不能脱离文章凭空想像；
(4) 把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理，决不能以
偏概全、见树不见林。
（2023届安徽省宿州市一模）Weeds compete for soil nutrients, water, space, and sunlight with the crops farmers
grow to help feed people. Now a third—generation weeding robot, armed with lasers and powered by Al, offers a
perfect labor—saving device.
Trundling(移动)down a row of crops, a battery of twelve cameras scan the ground, identifying weeds through
machine—leaning and killing them with a CO laser. CO lasers use reactions between nitrogen, carbon, and
2 2
oxygen to generate powerful beams of light that are concentrated through mirrors inside the laser.
The Autonomous Weeder by Carbon Robotics can root out 100,000 weeds per hour, and clear 15—20 acres in
a single day—numbers that require a person working an entire season to match. The robot’s onboard supercomputer
ensures millimeter precision with its laser so as to avoid accidently clipping(剪掉)crops.
“This is one of the most creative and valuable technologies that I’ve seen as a farmer,” said James Johnson of
Carzalia Farm in a statement, who has used Carbon Robotics’ technology on his farm. “I expect the robots to go
mainstream because of how effectively they address some of farming’s most critical issues, including the overuse ofchemicals, process efficiency, and labor. The sky is the limit.” It’s no surprise that the 2021 model of the
Autonomous Weeder has already sold out, even considering its price tag which was quoted at “hundreds of
thousands of dollars.”
The de-weeding method of the robot is Certified Organic and in line with regenerative farming practices. Cost
—effective weed control is the biggest barrier to entry with organic farming, and agriculturalists looking to make
the switch finally have an alternative to help them get their vegetables out to people.
3．What does James think of the weeder?
A．Flexible. B．Affordable.
C．Energy—saving. D．Environment—friendly.
4．What can be inferred about the weeder from the last paragraph?
A．It contributes to a higher output. B．It helps develop organic farming.
C．It will replace humans in farming. D．It isn’t accepted by agriculturalists.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种除草设备，它既可以节约人力，同时也可以避免除草剂的
使用。
3．【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段James所说的话“I expect the robots to go mainstream because of how
effectively they address some of farming’s most critical issues, including the overuse of chemicals, process
efficiency, and labor. The sky is the limit.(我预计机器人将成为主流，因为它能解决农业中一些最关键的问题，
包括化学品的过度使用、加工效率和劳动力)”可推知，James认为除草机是环保的。故选D。
4．【答案】 B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“The de-weeding method of the robot is Certified Organic and in line with
regenerative farming practices. Cost—effective weed control is the biggest barrier to entry with organic farming,
and agriculturalists looking to make the switch finally have an alternative to help them get their vegetables out to
people.(该机器人的除草方法是有机认证的，符合再生农业实践。成本效益高的杂草控制是有机农业进入市
场的最大障碍，希望实现这一转变的农学家最终找到了替代办法，帮助他们将蔬菜推广到人们手中)”可推
知，最后一段告诉我们除草机可帮助农民发展有机农业。故选B。Passage 1
（2023届安徽省宿州市高一模）A man paralyzed from the neck down has gained the ability to type words with
his brain about as fast as the average smartphone user, a new study says.
This “mindwriting” was done through a science-fiction sounding brain-computer interface (BCI) (接口) that
picked up neural signals and fed them into an algorithm (算法) which translated them into letters. The secret to the
success, and why this particular BCI was able to produce words at such a faster rate than other BCIs in the past,
was that it tracked the brain signals of the patient, known as T5, as he imagined writing them down with a pen—a
skill which remains in our motor skill system for years after paralysis.
“With this BCI, our study participant achieved typing speeds of 90 characters per minute,” wrote the study
group, whose paper can be read in Nature. “To our knowledge, these typing speeds exceed (超过) those reported
for any other BCI, and are comparable to typical smartphone typing speeds of individuals in the age group of our
participant.” The study had conducted other trials with different BCIs before, in which they used eye-monitoring
equipment, but found it required tremendous attention and focus from the user.
The new BCI isn’t yet developed enough to be called a prototype, meaning it will likely be years before more
paralysis victims can regain their ability to communicate. However, this also means the room for improvement is
much higher, explained one scientist, speaking with CNN.
1．How does mindwriting work?
A．It improves motor skill system. B．It tracks people’s hand signals.
C．It writes signals down with pens. D．It translates neural signals into words.
2．How do the study group support their findings?
A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making reference. D．By making comparisons.
3．What does the underlined word “prototype” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Thought. B．Model. C．Reminder. D．Barrier.
4．What’s the most suitable title for the text?
A．A New BCI Picks up Neural Signals
B．Mindwriting Helps Paralyzed Patients Write Fast
C．Paralyzed Patients Write as Fast as Smartphone Users
D．Paralysis Victims Regain Social Skills through Mindwriting
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家通过心灵书写的方式帮助瘫痪病人打字更快的事情。
1．【答案】 D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“This “mindwriting” was done through a science-fiction sounding brain-
computer interface (BCI) (接口) that picked up neural signals and fed them into an algorithm (算法) which
translated them into letters.”（这种“心灵书写”是通过一个听起来像科幻小说的脑机接口，该接口接收神经
信号并将其输入算法，然后将其转换成字母。）可知，心灵书写的工作方式是把神经信号翻译成词汇。故
选D项。
2．【答案】 D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段““To our knowledge, these typing speeds exceed (超过) those reported for
any other BCI, and are comparable to typical smartphone typing speeds of individuals in the age group of our
participant.””（“据我们所知，这种打字速度超过了任何其他BCI报告的打字速度，与我们的参与这个年
龄组的人的典型智能手机打字速度相当。”）可知，研究小组是通过把BCI的打字速度和同龄人智能手机
的打字速度做对比的方式支撑他们的结果。故选D项。
3．【答案】 B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据最后一段“However, this also means the room for improvement is much higher,
explained one scientist, speaking with CNN.”（然而，一位科学家在接受CNN采访时解释说，这也意味着改
善的空间更大。）可知，新的BCI仍有改善的空间说明它现在不能作为样本被使用，选项B“样本”，符合
句意。故选B项。
4．【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A man paralyzed from the neck down has gained the ability to type words
with his brain about as fast as the average smartphone user, a new study says.”（一项新的研究显示，一个脖子以
下瘫痪的人获得了用脑子打字的能力，大约和普通智能手机用户打字的速度差不多。）可知，本文的主题
是介绍心灵书写帮助瘫痪病人打字更快。故选B项。
Passage 2
（2023·福建厦门·厦门一中校考二模）Too much time spent on gaming, smartphones and watching
television is linked to heightened levels and diagnoses (诊断) of anxiety or depression in children as young as age
2, according to a new study.
Even after only one hour of screen time daily, children and teens may begin to have less curiosity, lower self-
control, less emotional stability and a greater inability to finish tasks, reports San Diego State University
psychologist Jean Twenge and University of Ceorgia psychology professor W. Keith Campbell. They were
particularly interested in associations between screen time and diagnoses of anxiety and depression in youth, which
has not yet been studied in great detail.Twenge and Campbell found adolescents who spend more than seven hours a day on screens were twice as
likely as those spending one hour to have been diagnosed with anxiety or depression. Overall, links between screen
time and well-being were larger among adolescents than among young children.
“At first, I was surprised that the associations were larger for adolescents,” Twenge said. “However,
adolescents spend more time on their phones and on social media, and these activities are more strongly linked to
low well-being than watching television and videos, which is most of younger children’s screen time.”
The study provides further evidence that the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) established screen time
limits—one hour per day for those aged 2 to 5, with a focus on high-quality programs—are valid (有效的), Twenge
said. The study also suggests that similar limits—perhaps to two hours a day-should be applied to school-aged
children and adolescents, said Twenge.
In terms of prevention, establishing possible causes and outcomes of low psychological well- being is
especially important for child and adolescent populations. “Half of mental health problems develop by
adolescence,” Twenge and Campbell wrote in their paper.
1．What do we know about Twenge and Campbell’s study according to paragraph 2?
A．It requires further research.
B．It brings children less comfort.
C．It needs greater ability to finish.
D．It generates more public concern.
2．What is a reason for the different degrees of impact on children?
A．The effects of the harmful contents.
B．Teens’ stronger addiction to screens.
C．The portability of electronic devices.
D．Teens’ negative emotions at discipline.
3．Which of the following do the researchers want AAP to do?
A．Provide high-quality programs.
B．Issue minimum screen time limits.
C．Apply the limits to older children.
D．Present further evidence for prevention.
4．What does this study focus on?
A．Adolescents’ mental problems.
B．The bad habits of the young adults.C．Low level of mental health in youth.
D．The importance of the young population.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现结果，该研究表明，在游戏、智能手机和
看电视上花费太多时间与儿童或青少年的焦虑或抑郁水平升高和诊断有关。
1．【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They were particularly interested in associations between screen time
and diagnoses of anxiety and depression in youth, which has not yet been studied in great detail.(他们对屏幕使用
时间与青少年焦虑和抑郁诊断之间的关系特别感兴趣，这一点尚未得到详细研究。)”可推断，Twenge和
Campbell的研究还需要更进一步。故选A。
2．【答案】 B
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段““At first, I was surprised that the associations were larger for
adolescents,” Twenge said. “However, adolescents spend more time on their phones and on social media, and these
activities are more strongly linked to low well-being than watching television and videos, which is most of younger
children’s screen time.”(“起初，我很惊讶这种联系在青少年中更大，”特温格说。“然而，青少年花在手机
和社交媒体上的时间更多，这些活动与低幸福感的联系比看电视和视频更紧密，而电视和视频是年幼儿童
的大部分屏幕时间。”)”可知，青少年对于屏幕的使用时间更长，所以影响更大。故选B。
3．【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The study provides further evidence that the American Academy of
Pediatrics’ (AAP) established screen time limits—one hour per day for those aged 2 to 5, with a focus on high-
quality programs—are valid (有效的), Twenge said. The study also suggests that similar limits—perhaps to two
hours a day-should be applied to school-aged children and adolescents, said Twenge. (Twenge说，这项研究进一
步证明了美国儿科学会(AAP)制定的屏幕时间限制是有效的——2至5岁儿童每天一小时，重点是高质量的
节目。Twenge说，这项研究还表明，学龄儿童和青少年也应该受到类似的限制，可能是每天两小时。)”可
知，Twenge希望AAP能把这种限制用于年龄较大的儿童。故选C。
4．【答案】 A
【解析】推理判断题。根据全文内容以及最后一段“In terms of prevention, establishing possible causes and
outcomes of low psychological well- being is especially important for child and adolescent populations. “Half of
mental health problems develop by adolescence,” Twenge and Campbell wrote in their paper.(在预防方面，确定
心理健康低下的可能原因和结果对儿童和青少年人群尤其重要。Twenge和Campbell在他们的论文中写道：
“一半的心理健康问题是在青春期出现的。”)”可推断，他们的研究重点在青少年的心理健康方面。故选A。
Passage 3
（2023·山西临汾·统考一模）The library is the heart of a university——its collections, services, and study
spaces are central to every student’s educational journey. Let’s take a look at some famous university libraries
around the world.
Magdalen College Old Library
Oxford University is famous for its academic programs, but it’s also known for its outstanding libraries that
are said to include more than 11 million books. The Old Library at Magdalen College is the crown jewel of the
university’s library system. It contains more than 20,000 rare books and manuscripts. Nearly all of these volumes
were published before 1800.
TU Delft Library
The library at the Delft University of Technology was constructed in 1997, which has more than 862,000
books, 16,000 magazine subscriptions and its own museum. But it will only take a glance to be attracted, as it is a
sight to remember. The building itself exists beneath the ground, so you can’t really see the actual library. What
makes it interesting is the roof, which is a grassy hill.
Trinity College Library
The Trinity College Library in Dublin is the oldest library in Ireland, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I. It
contains more than 200,000of the library’s oldest books. Treasures of the library’s extensive collection include a
rare copy of the 1916 proclamation of the Irish Republic and a beautiful 15th century harp (竖琴).
Joe and Rika Mansueto Library
Opened in 2011, the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library at the University of Chicago is designed with a grand
glass roof, perfect for staring out when you are tired. The library can hold around 3.5 million volumes through its
underground automatic storage and retrieval system. If you are not already impressed, the librarians, robotic cranes,
will knock your socks off. They can locate and bring you any book within an average time of 3 minutes.
5．What do Magdalen College Old Library& Trinity College Library have in common?
A．Both house stringed instruments. B．Both feature attractive designs.
C．Both boast numerous ancient books. D．Both gain recognition as crown jewels.
6．Which library possesses its own museum?
A．TU Delft Library. B．Trinity College Library.
C．Magdalen College Old Library. D．Joe and Rika Mansueto Library.7．What may impress you most in Joe and Rika Mansueto Library?
A．The glass roof. B．The volume of books.
C．The storage system. D．The robotic librarians.
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了世界上一些著名的大学图书馆。
5．【答案】 C
【解析】细节理解题。根据小标题Magdalen College Old Library下的段落中“It contains more than 20,000
rare books and manuscripts. Nearly all of these volumes were published before 1800.(里面有2万多本珍本书籍
和手稿。几乎所有这些卷书都是在1800年以前出版的)”以及小标题Trinity College Library下的段落中
“The Trinity College Library in Dublin is the oldest library in Ireland, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I. It
contains more than 200,000of the library’s oldest books.(都柏林的三一学院图书馆是爱尔兰最古老的图书馆，
由伊丽莎白女王一世于1592年建立。它收藏了20多万本图书馆最古老的书籍)”可知，Magdalen College
Old Library和Trinity College Library的共同之处是两者都拥有大量的古籍。故选C项。
6．【答案】 A
【解析】细节理解题。根据小标题TU Delft Library下的段落中“The library at the Delft University of
Technology was constructed in 1997,which has more than 862,000 books,16,000 magazine subscriptions and its
own museum.(代尔夫特理工大学的图书馆建于1997年，拥有超过86.2万册图书，1.6万份杂志订阅和自己
的博物馆)”可知，TU Delft Library有自己的博物馆。故选A项。
7．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据小标题Joe and Rika Mansueto Library下的段落中“If you are not already
impressed, the librarians, robotic cranes, will knock your socks off. They can locate and bring you any book within
an average time of 3 minutes.(如果你还没有印象深刻，图书管理员，机器人起重机，会让你大吃一惊。他们
可以在平均3分钟内找到并给你带来任何一本书)”可知，Joe and Rika Mansueto图书馆给你印象最深的是机
器人图书管理员。故选D项。
Passage 3
（2023·安徽淮北·统考一模）A battery made of paper stands out among the 200 best inventions of the year
in TIME Magazine. “It sounds impossible: Just add water to a piece of paper and get energy,” said TIME Magazine,
who chose the Swiss-made battery as one of the winners in this year’s “Experimental” inventions.
The battery was created by researchers at the Swiss Federal Laboratory for Materials Testing and Research.
“Over the last decades, we have witnessed an increasing use of electronic devices, leading in turn to electronic
waste (e-waste) becoming the world’s fastest growing waste stream.” wrote the researchers in their published paper.They developed the paper battery aiming to reduce the environmental impact of single-use electronics by turning to
more environmentally friendly materials.
The battery was described to be made from paper with salt inside and based on printed inks: two kinds of inks
containing different minerals acted as the positive end and the negative end. Analysis of the performance of a one-
cell paper battery showed that after two drops of water were added, the battery started working within 20 seconds
and reached a stable voltage (电压) of 1.2V. After one hour, the one-cell battery’s performance dropped
significantly as the paper dried out. But after the researchers added two extra drops of water, its performance
increased with a stable voltage of 0.5V for another hour.
Within two to five years, the technology could be used in low-power electronics such as medical devices and
smart packaging. “I see a new role for paper... that could also be an answer to the growing concern over e-waste,”
said EMPA’s Gustav Nyström, the inventor. He told TIME Magazine they wanted to improve the efficiency of the
battery in the future and get it working for longer.
Each year TIME Magazine lists a selection of best inventions that “change how we live”, based on their
originality, creativity, efficiency, impact and other criteria.
8．What did the researchers aim to do by developing a paper battery?
A．Create more environmentally friendly materials.
B．Win the best experimental invention of this year.
C．Reduce the impact of electronics on the environment.
D．Make the development of electronic devices grow faster.
9．How did the researchers increase the performance of the battery?
A．By rewetting the paper. B．By dropping more ink.
C．By shortening its working hours. D．By adding another paper battery.
10．What aspect of the battery do the researchers plan to promote according to Gustav Nyström?
A．Its creativity. B．Its packaging. C．Its technology. D．Its efficiency.
11．What is the text mainly about?
A．Scientists invent a paper battery-just add water.
B．Paper battery is named among world’s best inventions.
C．TIME Magazine lists a selection of inventions each year.
D．A new role for paper may help reduce the electronic waste.
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲的是纸电池被评为世界上最好的发明之一。
8．【答案】 C【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“They developed the paper battery aiming to reduce the environmental
impact of single-use electronics by turning to more environmentally friendly materials.(他们开发的纸电池旨在通
过转向更环保的材料来减少一次性电子产品对环境的影响)”可推知，研究人员开发纸电池的目的是减少电
子产品对环境的影响。故选C。
9．【答案】 A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“Analysis of the performance of a one-cell paper battery showed that after
two drops of water were added, the battery started working within 20 seconds and reached a stable voltage (电压)
of 1.2V. After one hour, the one-cell battery’s performance dropped significantly as the paper dried out. But after
the researchers added two extra drops of water, its performance increased with a stable voltage of 0.5V for another
hour.(对单芯纸电池的性能分析表明，在加入两滴水后，电池在20秒内开始工作，并达到1.2V的稳定电压。
一小时后，由于纸张变干，单电池的性能显著下降。但在研究人员额外加入两滴水后，它的性能在0.5V的
稳定电压下又提高了一个小时)”可知，研究人员通过重新润湿纸张来提高电池的性能。故选A。
10．【答案】 D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的“He told TIME Magazine they wanted to improve the efficiency of the
battery in the futured and get it working for longer.(他在接受《时代》杂志采访时表示，他们希望在未来提高
电池的效率，使其工作时间更长)”可知，研究人员计划提升电池的效率，故选D。
11．【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A battery made of paper stands out among the 200 best
inventions of the year in TIME Magazine.(在《时代》杂志评选的年度200项最佳发明中，纸做的电池脱颖而
出)”可知，文章主要介绍的是纸电池被评为世界上最好的发明之一。故选B。
Passage 4
（2023·广东深圳·统考一模）When put to tests, bees have long proved that they’ve got a lot more to offer
than pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen. The hard-working insects can change their
behavior when things seem difficult, and now some scientists find there is proof that they also like to play.
Scientists from Queen Mary University of London performed an experiment, in which they set up a container
that allowed bees to travel from their nest to a feeding area. But along the way, the bees could choose to pass
through a separate section with some small wooden balls. Over 18 days, the scientists watched as the bees “went
out of their way to roll wooden balls repeatedly, despite no apparent incentive (刺激)to do so. ”
Earlier studies have shown that the black and yellow bugs are willing to learn new tricks in exchange for food
or other rewards. In this case, to get rid of external factors, scientists made sure the bees had adapted to their newhome and that their environment was stress-free.
The finding suggests that like humans, insects also interact with objects as a form of play. Also similar to
people, younger bees seem to be more playful than adult bees. “This research provides a strong indication that
insect minds are far more complicated than we imagine. There are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of
enjoyment, but most examples come from young mammals (哺乳动物) and birds,” said Lars Chittka, a professor of
sensory and behavioral ecology at Queen Mary University of London, who led the study.
The study’s first author, Samadi Galpay, who is a PhD student at Queen Mary University of London, states
that it is more evident that bees may be capable of experiencing feelings. “They may actually experience some kind
of positive emotional states, even if basic, like other larger animals do. This finding has effects on our
understanding of the sense and welfare of insects, which, consequently, encourages us to respect and protect
wildlife on Earth ever more,” she says.
12．What is the new finding about bees?
A．They are fond of having fun.
B．They are faithful to the queen.
C．They are adaptable to changes.
D．They are skilled at rolling balls.
13．How did scientists remove external influences in the experiment?
A．By teaching bees new tricks.
B．By rewarding bees with food.
C．By making bees feel at home.
D．By building new homes for bees.
14．What are Lars Chittka’s words mainly about?
A．The forms of bees’ interaction.
B．The complexity of bees’ minds.
C．The examples of mammals’ play.
D．The purpose of mammals’ enjoyment.
15．What does Samadi Galpay say about the study result?
A．It backs up prior understanding of insects.
B．It reveals reasons for bees’ positive feelings.
C．It drives research on animals’ emotional state.
D．It contributes to wildlife conservation on Earth.【答案】12．A 13．C 14．B 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究结果表明昆虫的思维比人类想象的复杂。这项研究对
于保护昆虫有很大的作用。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话“The hard-working insects can change their behavior when things seem
difficult, and now some scientists find there is proof that they also like to play.(这种勤劳的昆虫可以在困难的时
候改变自己的行为，现在一些科学家发现有证据表明它们也喜欢玩耍)”可知，新的研究表明蜜蜂喜欢玩耍。
故选A。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话“In this case, to get rid of external factors, scientists made sure the bees
had adapted to their new home and that their environment was stress-free.(在这种情况下，为了摆脱外部因素，
科学家们确保蜜蜂已经适应了他们的新家，并且他们的环境没有压力)”可推知，为了消除外部因素，他们
让蜜蜂适应新家，让他们有了家的感觉，从而对环境感觉不到压力。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段 Lars Chittka说的话“This research provides a strong indication that insect minds
are far more complicated than we imagine. There are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of enjoyment,
but most examples come from young mammals (哺乳动物)and birds,(这项研究有力地表明，昆虫的思维远比我
们想象的复杂。有很多动物只是为了享乐而玩耍，但大多数例子来自于年轻的哺乳动物和鸟类)”可知，
Lars Chittka的话表明了昆虫的思维非常复杂。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段Samadi Galpay所说的话“This finding has effects on our understanding of the
sense and welfare of insects, which, consequently, encourages us to respect and protect wildlife on Earth ever more.
(这一发现对我们理解昆虫的感觉和福利产生了影响，从而鼓励我们更加尊重和保护地球上的野生动物)”可
知，该研究结果有助于保护地球上的野生动物。故选D。
Passage 5
（2023·陕西咸阳·统考一模）Born in Russia and living in an orphanage (孤儿院) for the first 13 months of
her life, Jessica Long had no idea what her future would hold. The little girl born with Fibular Hemimelia would
not only go on to be a 13-time gold medal-winning Paralympic champion, but she would inspire others to chase
their dreams.
Long was born in Russia, where she lived in an orphanage until her parents adopted her in 1993. Soon after
being adopted, she had to have her legs amputated (截肢) at only a year and a half. “It gave me a lot of freedom and
movement,” Long said. “But growing up was definitely really hard. From a very early age, I just decided that I was
going to be unstoppable and I wasn’t going to let my legs hold me back.” From that point forward, she didn’t let
anyone tell her what she was or wasn’t capable of doing. She started doing gymnastics as a kid. Then, in 2002,Long found her sport for life: swimming!
“I was the only girl with no legs on the swim team, ” she said. “There were moments I struggled, but my
teammates treated me like a friend. When I look back on my life and I think about anyone on that team, no one
made fun of me for having no legs and they were so kind.” Long defied (顶住) all odds and surprised everyone
when she qualified at age only 12 for the Paralympics in 2004 in Athens. After four Paralympics, Long has won 13
gold, six silver, and four bronze medals. She has dozens of World Championship medals and has broken numerous
world records throughout her career so far. But she didn’t concentrate on winning awards or being famous. “I really
just love swimming. It’s important for any athlete to remember just why you started,” she said.
As one of the most decorated athletes in history, Long’s goal is to just keep competing as long as her body
allows. “Dream big,” she said. “There are so many possibilities out there, so find your passion, be consistent and
work hard. You define your own success.”
16．How old was Long when she found her life sport?
A．11 B．10. C．12. D．13.
17．What made Jessica determine to devote herself to swimming?
A．Her experience of winning 13 gold medals.
B．Her parents’ support and teachers’ help.
C．Her teammates’ understanding and kindness.
D．Her focus on winning awards and fame.
18．What is the text mainly about?
A．A poor orphanage and her close friends.
B．A happy girl and her confusing childhood.
C．An amazing illness and its terrible influence.
D．An inspiring story about an unlucky person.
19．Which of the following may Long most agree with?
A．If you can dream it, you can make it.
B．If you want to succeed, learn to swim.
C．A man never reaches success until disabled.
D．A sportsman’s goal is winning gold medals.
【答案】16．B 17．C 18．D 19．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了残疾远动员杰西卡·朗克服身体限制，努力奋斗，成为了13枚残奥会
金牌得主的故事。16．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Born in Russia and living in an orphanage for the first 13 months of her life,
Jessica Long had no idea what her future would hold. (杰西卡·朗出生于俄罗斯，在她生命的前13个月住在孤
儿院，她不知道自己的未来会是什么样子)”以及第二段中“Long was born in Russia, where she lived in an
orphanage until her parents adopted her in 1993.(朗出生在俄罗斯，在1993年被父母收养之前，她一直住在一
家孤儿院)”可知，朗是在1992年出生的，再根据第二段中“Then, in 2002, Long found her sport for life:
swimming!(然后，在2002年，朗找到了她一生的运动：游泳!)”可知，她是在10岁时找到游泳这项终身运
动的。故选B项。
17．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There were moments I struggled, but my teammates treated me like a
friend. When I look back on my life and I think about anyone on that team, no one made fun of me for having no
legs and they were so kind.(有些时候我很挣扎，但我的队友们像朋友一样对待我。当我回顾我的人生，想到
游泳队里的每一个人，没有人因为我没有腿而取笑我，他们都很善良)”可推知，杰西卡也曾挣扎过，但是
队友的理解和善良让她坚持下去了。故选C项。
18．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Born in Russia and living in an orphanage for the first 13 months of her life,
Jessica Long had no idea what her future would hold. The little girl born with Fibular Hemimelia would not only
go on to be a 13-time gold medal-winning Paralympic champion, but she would inspire others to chase their
dreams.(杰西卡·朗出生于俄罗斯，在她生命的前13个月住在孤儿院，她不知道自己的未来会是什么样子。
这个天生患有腓骨半足症的小女孩不仅成为了13枚残奥会金牌得主，而且还激励了其他人去追逐他们的梦
想)”以及最后一段“As one of the most decorated athletes in history, Long’s goal is to just keep competing as long
as her body allows. “Dream big,” she said. “There are so many possibilities out there, so find your passion, be
consistent and work hard. You define your own success.”(作为历史上获得荣誉最多的运动员之一，朗的目标是
只要她的身体允许，就继续比赛。“要有远大的梦想，”她说。“有太多的可能性，所以找到你的激情，
坚持不懈，努力工作。你自己定义自己的成功。”)”可知，本文主要是通过讲述杰西卡的故事，来激励他
人，也就是一个关于不幸的人的鼓舞人心的故事。故选D项。
19．推理判断题。根据最后第一段中“As one of the most decorated athletes in history, Long’s goal is to just
keep competing as long as her body allows. “Dream big,” she said. “There are so many possibilities out there, so
find your passion, be consistent and work hard. You define your own success.”(作为历史上获得荣誉最多的运动
员之一，朗的目标是只要她的身体允许，就继续比赛。“要有远大的梦想，”她说。“有太多的可能性，
所以找到你的激情，坚持不懈，努力工作。你自己定义自己的成功。”)”可知，杰西卡认为只要有梦想，
你就要坚持下去，就能做到，所以她会同意A项“If you can dream it, you can make it.(如果你能梦想，你就能做到)”。故选A项。
Passage 6
（2023·江苏南京·校联考一模）Get up at 6 am, arrive at the hospital one hour earlier to help patients check
in, and accompany patients during consultations… In recent years, “patient escorts” has emerged as a new industry,
and those who have taken on this career are known as “people who sell time”. 26-year-old Zhang Tian is one of
them.
September 4 was a lucky day for Zhang Tian. On this day, Zhang Tian saw a video about patient escorts on a
short video platform. The daily routine of patient escorts shown in the video fascinated her and gradually inspired
her to take this on as a business. She browsed through many platforms and read multiple information and found
there indeed exists a certain demand for patient escorts, especially for the elderly, children, and pregnant women.
Since she had never engaged in this kind of work before, she spent two days in major hospitals in Wuhan, in order
to familiarize herself with all the departments on different floors, as well as the processes of medical consultation
and preparation for surgery.
After preliminary preparatory (预备的) work, Zhang Tian posted a video of my self-introduction on major
social platforms, talking about the help and services a patient escort provides, as well as some tips for a quick and
convenient medical consultation. At first, she was a little worried that her video would go unnoticed. However, after
she uploaded the video, it got over 100 likes and she received her first ever offer as a patient escort.
The memory of her first task is still alive and fresh in her mind. She received a phone call on September 9
from a man whose father was seriously ill and might need surgery. He wanted Zhang Tian to accompany his father
through his consultation and treatment.” Zhang Tian made full preparations before meeting her first client and did a
very good job despite her nervousness.
“Later, the family expressed their gratitude to me over and over again, which warmed my heart and gave me a
sense of achievement.” Zhang Tian said.
20．What do patient escorts do?
A．They assist doctors in hospitals.
B．They arrive at hospitals early to check in.
C．They take on this career to sell their time.
D．They help patients get treated in hospitals.
21．September 4 was a lucky day for Zhang Tian because ______.
A．she enjoyed seeing an interesting videoB．she got inspiration for her own career
C．she found a demand for medical workers
D．she was well received on social platforms
22．How did Zhang Tian get her first client?
A．She got familiar with the routine work in hospitals.
B．She spent two days in major hospitals to meet patients.
C．Her video on social platforms attracted her first client.
D．The man’s father was seriously ill and might need a surgery.
23．Which of the following words best describe Zhang Tian?
A．Hardworking and considerate. B．Humorous and careful.
C．Ambitious and imaginative. D．Talkative and positive.
【答案】20．D 21．B 22．C 23．A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一个新行业“患者陪护”的代表张天，在社交平台上谈论陪护患者
提供的帮助和服务，获得了社会的热烈关注。“患者陪护”带给了她成就感和满足感，并激励着她不断向
前。
20．细节理解题。根据第一段“Get up at 6 am, arrive at the hospital one hour earlier to help patients check in,
and accompany patients during consultations… In recent years, “patient escorts” has emerged as a new industry,
and those who have taken on this career are known as “people who sell time”. (每天早上6点起床，提前1小时
到医院帮病人办理入住，陪病人会诊……近年来，“患者陪护”成为一个新兴行业，从事这一职业的人被
称为“卖时间的人”。)”可知，“患者陪护”的指责为帮助病人更好地在医院接受治疗。故选D。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“September 4 was a lucky day for Zhang Tian. On this day, Zhang Tian saw a
video about patient escorts on a short video platform. The daily routine of patient escorts shown in the video
fascinated her and gradually inspired her to take this on as a business. (9月4日是张天的幸运日。这一天，张田
在一个短视频平台上看到了一个关于病人陪护的视频。视频中显示的病人陪护的日常生活让她着迷，并逐
渐激励她将其作为一项业务。)”可知，9月4日对张天来说是幸运的一天，因为她为自己的事业找到了灵感。
故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段“After preliminary preparatory (预备的) work, Zhang Tian posted a video of my
self-introduction on major social platforms, talking about the help and services a patient escort provides, as well as
some tips for a quick and convenient medical consultation. At first, she was a little worried that her video would go
unnoticed. However, after she uploaded the video, it got over 100 likes and she received her first ever offer as apatient escort. (经过前期的准备工作，张天在各大社交平台上发布了我的自我介绍视频，讲述了陪护病人所
能提供的帮助和服务，以及快速便捷就医的一些技巧。起初，她有点担心她的视频不会被注意到。然而，
在她上传视频后，获得了100多个赞，她还得到了人生中第一个“患者陪护”的工作机会。)”可知，张天
在社交平台上的视频吸引了她的第一个客户。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据第一段“Get up at 6 am, arrive at the hospital one hour earlier to help patients check in,
and accompany patients during consultations… (每天早上6点起床，提前1小时到医院帮病人办理入住，陪病
人会诊……)”和第二段“She browsed through many platforms and read multiple information and found there
indeed exists a certain demand for patient escorts, especially for the elderly, children, and pregnant women. Since
she had never engaged in this kind of work before, she spent two days in major hospitals in Wuhan, in order to
familiarize herself with all the departments on different floors, as well as the processes of medical consultation and
preparation for surgery. (她浏览了许多平台，阅读了大量信息，发现确实存在一定的病人陪护需求，尤其是
老人、儿童和孕妇。由于之前从未从事过这类工作，她花了两天时间在武汉各大医院，以熟悉不同楼层的
各个科室，以及会诊和手术准备的流程。)”及全文可知，张天耐心学习这类工作的流程、耐心护送患者和
悉心照料患者，可以表现出她具有努力工作，体贴的美好品质。故选A。
Passage 7
（2023·广东梅州·统考一模）While most of us are never without our smartphones robots may also soon
become essential companions. It certainly seems so based on the recent experiments conducted by researchers in
Japan, who developed a wearable soft robot for patients to use during treatments, such as injections(注射) and other
unpleasant therapies in an attempt to ease their pain and defend people against anxiety.On being subjected to a
moderate heat stimulus(刺激), the study participants who wore the robot experienced less pain than in the tests in
which they did not wear the robot.
During the campaign to encourage vaccination against COVID-19, public health officials recognized that
some people are simply afraid of needles,which contributed to reduced vaccination rates. While the problems of
patient anxiety and pain during medical procedures have been well studied there remains a need to test and
implement solutions to help patients.
The soft fur-covered robot the scientists called Reliebo was designed to be attached to the participant’s hand.
The researchers tested its effectiveness under various conditions based on the clenching of the participant’s hand,
while applying the painful thermal stimulus to the other arm that was not being used to hold the robot.The
researchers found that holding the robot helped relieve the experience for patients regardless of the experimental
conditions used, and concluded that the feelings of well -being that can be created by human touch may have alsobeen activated by the robot. “It is well known that interpersonal touch can reduce pain and fear, and we believe that
this effect can be achieved even with nonliving soft robots,”states Professor Tanaka.
This may be useful when actual human contact is not feasible, such as during pandemics. Future versions of
the robot might use a controlled gaze or even AR (augmented reality) technologies to help build a connection with
the patient or distract them from pain perception in various situations.
27．What is the purpose of the robot?
A．To assist doctors in injecting accurately.
B．To help relieve people’s pain from injections.
C．To evaluate patients’ physical and mental health.
D．To assess the effects of getting vaccinated against COVID-19.
28．How does the robot ease the pain and anxiety of the patients?
A．The robot is designed to be attached to the patients’ hand.
B．The robot’s soft fur gives the patients a feelings of well- being.
C．The robot’s“interpersonal touch ” creates a feelings of well -being.
D．The robot instructs the researchers to relieve the experience for patients.
29．What will researchers probably do next?
A．Develop other devices for medical treatment.
B．Carry out more and more tests on the robot.
C．Evaluate the possible risk of using the robot.
D．Promote the application of the robot worldwide
30．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Reduce People’s Fear of Injections.
B．Advanced Technology Helps to Cure Patients
C．Being Afraid of Needles Reduced Vaccination Rates
D．Wearable Soft Robot Helps People Scare of injections.
【答案】27．B 28．C 29．A 30．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本研究人员最近进行的实验，他们开发了一种可穿戴的软
体机器人从而保护人们免受焦虑。
27．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It certainly seems so based on the recent experiments conducted by
researchers in Japan, who developed a wearable soft robot for patients to use during treatments, such as
injections(注射) and other unpleasant therapies in an attempt to ease their pain and defend people against anxiety.(从日本研究人员最近进行的实验来看，似乎确实如此。他们开发了一种可穿戴的软体机器人，供患者在治
疗期间使用，如注射和其他令人不快的治疗，试图减轻他们的疼痛，保护人们免受焦虑。)”可知，这款机
器人可以减轻患者的疼痛。故选B。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The researchers found that holding the robot helped relieve the experience
for patients regardless of the experimental conditions used, and concluded that the feelings of well -being that can
be created by human touch may have also been activated by the robot. “It is well known that interpersonal touch
can reduce pain and fear, and we believe that this effect can be achieved even with nonliving soft robots,” states
Professor Tanaka.(研究人员发现，无论实验条件如何，抱着机器人都有助于缓解患者的体验，并得出结论，
人类触摸所产生的幸福感可能也被机器人激活了。田中教授说：“众所周知，人与人之间的接触可以减少
疼痛和恐惧，我们相信即使是在无生命的软体机器人身上也能达到这种效果。”)”可知，这款机器人让人
们在触摸它的时候产生了幸福感，从而缓解了疼痛和焦虑。故选C。
29．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Future versions of the robot might use a controlled gaze or even AR
(augmented reality) technologies to help build a connection with the patient or distract them from pain perception
in various situations.(未来版本的机器人可能会使用控制凝视甚至AR(增强现实)技术来帮助与患者建立联系，
或在各种情况下分散他们对疼痛的感知。)”可推断，研究人员未来会开发一些其他的医疗功能。故选A。
30．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“It certainly seems so based on the recent experiments conducted by
researchers in Japan, who developed a wearable soft robot for patients to use during treatments, such as
injections(注射) and other unpleasant therapies in an attempt to ease their pain and defend people against anxiety.
On being subjected to a moderate heat stimulus(刺激), the study participants who wore the robot experienced less
pain than in the tests in which they did not wear the robot. (从日本研究人员最近进行的实验来看，似乎确实如
此。他们开发了一种可穿戴的软体机器人，供患者在治疗期间使用，如注射和其他令人不快的治疗，试图
减轻他们的疼痛，保护人们免受焦虑。在接受适度的热刺激时，佩戴机器人的研究参与者比不佩戴机器人
的测试参与者感受到的疼痛要少。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了一种可穿戴的软体机器人，它们可以帮
助那些害怕注射的人们，以缓解他们的焦虑。所以“Wearable Soft Robot Helps People Scare of injections.(可
穿戴软机器人帮助人们避免打针。)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
Passage 1
【2022年全国甲卷C篇】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
28.【答案】A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she
toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一
直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，
她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此
推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
29.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap
deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一
刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故
选C。
30.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans,
was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这
是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
31.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段
“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
(这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton
对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此可知，An
unforgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
Passage2
【2022年新高考2卷B篇】
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t
even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.
I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he
reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the
page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the
boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He
thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your
grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce
audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,
since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal
story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I
will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
5. Why did the kid poke the storybook?
A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself.
6. What does the author think of himself?
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
7. What can we learn about the author as a journalist?
A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television.
C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews internet stars.
【答案】4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童
读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。
【4题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools.
Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. ”以及画线词后文“as I was sitting withmy 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. ”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新
时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春
节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选
B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a
tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my
storybook was like that. (事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开
心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故
事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I
edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，
我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为
自己懂数码技术。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent
little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. (然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差
距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
Passage3
【2022年新高考Ⅰ卷A篇】
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay
2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will
be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or
tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to
take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or
short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not
turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get
a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
21.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学概论课程评分办
法)”和 Essays (60%)部分“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade of for this
course (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得
出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
22.【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays (60%)”、“Group Assignments (30%)”和“Daily Work/In-
Class Writings and Tests/Groups Work/Homework (10%)”可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B项。
23.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据“Late Work”部分“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn
a zero. (如果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交，将会得到零分)”可知，如果在截止日期后一周才交文章，你
将会得零分。故选A项。
Passage 4
（2022年全国乙卷）In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — DorothyWoodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room
schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead,
Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the
subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden,
who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had
undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of
snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the
schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course
influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which
entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and
Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to
some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When
the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was
marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
.
4 Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
5. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.
6. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
7. What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B
【解析】【导语】这是一篇书评。本文简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.-Dorothy
Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood -traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room
schoolhouse. (1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond
Underwood——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。)”可知，Dorothy和
Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A项。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy,
rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森
一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In
spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件
非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed
drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在
令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令
人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.(这本书以
Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the
land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大
地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，
并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。
Passage 5
（2022年天津卷）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be
loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow
them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow
perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. Agood life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our
character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a
destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their
happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only
when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work
accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty,
we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only
enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently,
our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others
also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.
If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move;
if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right
knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the
impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?
A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results?
A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world.B. When our love for the world is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind to the reality.
55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
.
【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生
而有益。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is
sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导
致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我
们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in
return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因
为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
【53题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do,
but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，
而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，
做事越有动力。故选C项。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危
险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的
结局。故选A项。
Passage 6
（2022年北京卷）My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) myability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at
this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I
did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation
not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a
pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-
on-one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that
this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and
more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth
for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to
completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect
nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle ( 障碍 )
this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so
many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every
opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our
action.
.
24 What was the main cause for Alice’s anxiety?
A. Her inability to act her age. B. Her habit of consumption.
C. Her desire to be perfect. D. Her lack of inspiration.
25. How did Grant Brown’s presentation influence Alice?
A. She decided to do something for nature. B. She tasted the sweetness of friendship.
C. She learned about the harm of desire. D. She built up her courage to speak up.
26. The activities Alice joined in helped her to become more ________.
A. intelligent B. confident C. innovative D. critical
27. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Practice makes perfect. B. Patience is a cure of anxiety.
C. Action is worry’s worst enemy. D. Everything comes to those who wait.
【答案】24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第一段“My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at
whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.(我的完美主义倾向是这一点的主要根
源：无论我做什么，我都想做到完美，这在生活中显然是不可能的，但它消耗了我。)”可知，是要求完美
导致了焦虑。故选C项。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第二段“One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my
high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a
difference in the world. (一天，我在高中参加了野生动物保护主义者Grant Brown的演讲。他的演讲不仅让
我感到敬畏和鼓舞，还帮助我产生了一种内在的愿望，希望在世界上有所作为。)”和文章第三段“ Shortly
after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent
around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a
growing global team of young people working to protect nature. (在我收到他的邀请后不久，我的高中就收到了
加入“Youth for Nature”和“Youth for Plane”组织的申请。我决定致力于完成这些申请，很快我就成为了一
个日益壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。)”可知，是Grant Brown让作者开始为从事保护自然地活动
中。故选A项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a
growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my
confidence.(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都
让我更加自信。)”可知，Alice 加入这些活动让她变得更自信了。故选B项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段“ Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do
anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me.”（去年年初，我被一种焦虑困扰，它削弱了我做任何事情的
能力。）由文章第三段“I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing
global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.
(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都让我更加自
信。)可知，文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。所以从文章中我们能学到行动
是忧虑最大的敌人。故选C项。Passage 7
（2022年新高考I卷）Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻
菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends
called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even
worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
— from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into
restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin
sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
.
C We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.7. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席
执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人
一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻
菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通
过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to
grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it
would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的
水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个
国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境
的危害。故选B。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers
food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations
and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries?
Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的
首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，
收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或
干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing
more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’teat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，
还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故
选A。
Passage 8
（2022年全国乙卷）The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制
造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,
as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to
have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4
月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖）”可知，征收糖税的目的
是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半
的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most
alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，
一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶
为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的）”可知，糖税主
要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.
（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了
数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
Passage9
（2022年北京卷）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that ProfessorCrystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that
isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but
much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an
approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires
considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those
things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems
thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need
to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they
need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良
)people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in
food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common
diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of
at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to
travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more
constituent parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal
power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such
power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems
approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their
direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results,
but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor
Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that
isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but
much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an
approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世
界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为
想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程
师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系
统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方
法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of
systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在
实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成
部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result
—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改
变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的
关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。Passage 10
（2022年新高考I卷）The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look
after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
9. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
10. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness
and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康
状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in
to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels
great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来
外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目
获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一
批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。
故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of
Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents
through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这
个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故
选A。
Passage 11
（2022年天津卷）Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our
body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists whostudy Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for
thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal
measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing
sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around
them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even
unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when
they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.
Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve
centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe
this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer,
processing everything and forming your reactions.
Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were
asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their
fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’
fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were
included felt physically warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and
sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in
difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across
languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a
warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any
interpersonal decisions.
46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________.
A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology
B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition
C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain
D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition
47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from?A. Their personal looks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emotions.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________.
A. environment impacts how we judge others
B. how body temperature is related to health
C. the mind and the body influence each other
D. how humans interact with their surroundings
49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors.
B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph?
A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC.
【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，
我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-
solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，
我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC
理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断 EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的
真理。故选D项。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just
hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In thereal world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with
being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出
生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，
他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想
与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge
people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived
warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感
知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the
other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or
“rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究
中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温
暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we
use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文
的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very
strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称
为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比
喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然
您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re
having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up
before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。
如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实
生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。
Passage 12
（2022年天津卷）I’m an 18-year-old pre-medical student, tall nd good-looking, with two short story booksand quite a number of essays my credit. Why am I singing such praises of myself? Just to explain that he attainment
of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is.
That was where my struggle began.
Born and raised in Africa，I had always taken my African origin as burden. My self-dislike was further fueled
when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around
me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin
sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!”
What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering (口吃), which had weakened my self-
confidence. It always stood between me and any fine opportunity. I’d taken it as an excuse to avoid any public
speaking sessions, and unknowingly let it rule over me.
Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus
when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in
November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.”
Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that
such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea
suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.
Another boost to my self-confidence came days later as I was watching the news about Oprah Winfrey, the
famous talkshow host and writer—she’s black too! Whenever I think of her story and my former dislike of my
color, I’m practically filled with shame.
Today, I’ve grown to accept what I am with pride; it simply gives me feeling of uniqueness. The idea of self-
love has taken on a whole new meaning for me: there’s always something fantastic about us, and what w need to do
is learn to appreciate it.
41. What affected the author’s adjustment to her school life in Norway!
A. Her appearance
B. Social discrimɪnation.
C. Her changing emotions.
D. The climate in Norway.
42. What did the author’s occasional stuttering bring about according on Paragraph 3?
A. Her lack of self-confidence.
B. Her loss of interest in school.C. Her unwillingness to greet her classmates.
D. Her desire for chances to improve herself.
43. How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and ne girl on the bus?
A. Blessed and proud.
B. Confused and afraid.
C. Amazed and relieved.
D. Shocked and ashamed.
44. What lesson did the author learn from the cases of Newton and Churchill?
A. Great minds speak alike.
B. Stuttering is no barrier to success.
C. Wisdom counts more than hard work.
D. Famous people can’t live with their weaknesses.
45. What can best summarize the message contained in the passage?
A. Pride comes before a fall.
B. Where there is a will, there is a way.
C. Self-acceptance is based on the love for oneself.
.
D Self-love is key to the attainment of self-pride.
【答案】41. A 42. A 43. C 44. B 45. D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述的是作者在非洲长大的经历，在成长的过程中作者意识到一个人要获得
自尊就要首先学会接受自己本来的面目。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。根据文中第二段“Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate
lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the
weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!”(与我周围所有有着金色头发和精
致嘴唇的白人女孩相比，我，一个黑人女孩，有着卷曲的头发和饱满的红唇。无论天气如何，我的鼻子上
经常有一层薄薄的汗水。我只想把自己埋在壳里哭着“我太不一样了！”)”可知，作者的外表与其他的孩
子不同，这使得作者不容易适应学校的生活。故选A项。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering(口吃),
which had weakened my self-confidence.(导致我自我厌恶的还有我偶尔的口吃，这削弱了我的自信心。)”可
知，作者的口吃导致作者失去了自信。故选A项。【43题详解】
推理判断题。文中第四段提到“To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in
November!(令我惊讶的是，她的鼻子上也有薄薄的汗水，而且是在十一月！)”可知，作者见到小女孩儿感
到很惊讶，根据句子中““Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s
perfectly normal.”(“哇，”我低声对自己说，“这毕竟不是遗传疾病。这很正常。”)”可知，作者此刻感到
很放松。故选C项。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I
shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.(我大大地松了一口气，然后一个想法突然出
现在我脑海中——如果我聪明，我不应该让我的口吃阻碍我和我的成功。)”可知,作者意识到口吃不应该是
自己成功的障碍。故选B项。
【45题详解】
主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Just to explain that he attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love,
and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began.(只是为了解释
他获得自尊来自大量的自爱，而要获得它，一个人必须首先学会接受自己的本来面目。这就是我挣扎开始
的地方。)”可知，本文要讲述的是作者在经历中感悟到要想有自尊，首先要自爱。故选D项。
