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专题 03 阅读理解说明文
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。
说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特
征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数
字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感
倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解
事物的意义和特征等。
Teenagers around the world are familiar with the great pain of boredom. And every parent is familiar with the
sounds of groaning (咕哝的) kids, sulking (生闷气) in their room or pacing aimlessly around the house. But
sometimes, it’s this very sense of boredom that can inspire creativity and create fast-growing trends.
This is true for pickleball (匹克球), now a popular sport in the West. According to the Mental Floss website,
the sport was invented in the summer of 1965. At that time, Frank Pritchard, 13, had nothing to do in his family’s
summer home in Washington, US. After complaining loudly, his father, Joel, suggested he make up a game. When
Frank replied “Why don’t you?” his father gladly took up the challenge. Thus, pickleball was born.
Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping-pong can be seen from pickleball. It’s a bat game played on a
badminton-sized court with what looks like a wiffle ball (威浮球) over a low net. Only the serving team can score
points, and all serves must be made with an underhand stroke (击球).
The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last decade. According to Mental Floss, the number of
pickleball courts has grown by an estimated 385 percent worldwide since 2010. One reason for its popularity is that
it’s “a sport for everyone”. Anyone can play pickleball because it’s relatively easy to pick up. There are simple
rules, and all people need is a couple of bats and a ball, which is affordable and accessible to all. Plus, pickleball is
a sport centered around fun and friendship. The game lasts as short as 15 minutes, which means less running and
stress for players.
Pritchard said that the game’s rapid rise in popularity was amazing, especially considering that a bad-tempered
kid “inspired a sports craze by making a stink (吵闹) about being bored one afternoon 56 years ago”.
1．What do we know about pickleball, according to the passage?A．It was invented accidentally by a young boy.
B．It is a game suitable for family gatherings.
C．It combines elements from several ball games.
D．The game’s judges come from a serving team.
2．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．Why pickleball has become so well received.
B．What equipment pickleball players need.
C．How significant pickleball is to the world.
D．What rules must be obeyed in pickleball.
3．What did Pritchard think of the popularity of pickleball?
A．Unexpected. B．Reasonable. C．Natural. D．Awkward.
4．Why does the author write the passage?
A．To advise us to join in sports games.
B．To teach us how to play pickleball.
C．To tell us the birth of a sports game.
D．To motivate us to follow new trends.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了现在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因为一个孩子在一个夏
日里感到无聊而诞生。
1．C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping pong can be seen
from pickleball.(网球、羽毛球和乒乓球的某些部分可以从匹克球中看到。)”可知，匹克球结合了网球、羽
毛球及乒乓球的元素。故选C。
2．A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段第一句“The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last
decade.( 匹克球的受欢迎程度在过去十年中稳步增长。)”及本段内容可知，匹克球在过去的十年间一直受
到人们的欢迎。本段介绍了匹克球受欢迎的原因：易学及设备简单、增进友谊及充满乐趣、运动强度不大。
故选A。
3．A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Pritchard said that the game’s rapid rise in popularity was
amazing, especially considering that a bad-tempered kid “inspired a sports craze by making a stink (吵闹) about
being bored one afternoon 56 years ago”.( Pritchard说，这款游戏受欢迎程度的迅速上升令人惊讶，尤其是考
虑到一个坏脾气的孩子“通过在56年前的一个下午发牢骚(吵闹)激发了一场体育热潮”。)”可推断，他对
匹克球的流行感到出乎意料。故选A。
4．C【解析】推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章作者介绍了现在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因为一个孩子在一个夏日里感到无聊而诞生。从而可以推断作者的写作目的就是向读者介绍匹克球的产生。故选
C。
说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：
一、主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全
文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题
句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是
第一段或最后一段的中间）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中
心思想等。
二、事实细节题
顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可
能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非
（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是
运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此
时要特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。
三、代词指代题
这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义，它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑
关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学
会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。
四、词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起
充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语
境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。
（一）、In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a
clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has disabled people from the nightly view.
New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”—the diffuse
illumination(漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced
observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie
Walker.
Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it
disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of
visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an
impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nightly spectacle(壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through
the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky
without any telescopes or other instruments.
Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9. 6% per year while
roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to
humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers(纳米). White LEDs, with shorter
wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are
more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from
windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.
“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and
developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our
ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry
night sky.”
1．What is a purpose of Globe at Night?
A．To develop new light sources. B．To collect data on star visibility.
C．To help astronomers explore space. D．To popularize science among citizens.
2．What does the loss of visible stars lead to?
A．Poorer human health. B．Fewer wildlife species.
C．More delicate biological systems. D．Less nightly culture elements of the sky.
3．What does the author stress in paragraph 5?
A．Satellites play a vital role. B．White LEDs are widely used.
C．Crowd-sourced data are invaluable. D．Shorter wavelengths are hard to detect.
4．What can be inferred from Walker’s words?
A．Their consistent efforts pay off. B．The dataset needs to be updated.
C．More participants are expected to join in. D．The sky glow has been over—emphasized.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍光污染正在夺走我们的夜空，使得星星在我们眼前消失。
1．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since
2006. ”（自2006年以来，“天空辉光”一直在收集恒星能见度的数据。）可知，“天空辉光”的目的是
收集星星能见度的数据。故选B。
2．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human culturalheritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and
the effect of this nightly spectacle(壮观) is evident in ancient cultures. (此外，可见星星的损失是人类文化遗产
的巨大损失。直到最近，历史上的人类都能看到令人印象深刻的星空，这种夜间奇观的影响在古代文化中
很明显。)”可知，可见星星的缺失会导致较少的夜间天空文化元素。故选D。
3．C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段“But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen
from the ground. (但这些光源是我们从地面看到的天空发光的重要贡献者。)”可推断，作者在第五段中强调
了众包数据是无价的。故选C。
4．C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation
of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky. (全球夜
间数据集对于我们持续评估天空辉光的变化是必要的，我们鼓励任何可以参与的人来帮助保护星空。)”可
推断，Walker期望会有更多的参与者加入。故选C。
（二）、There’ve been plenty of Tokyo 2020 headlines about Hend Zaza, the Syrian table tennis genius who,
at 12 years old, is one of the youngest Olympians of all time.
But there are some striking personal stories on the other side of the age spectrum (年龄谱), too.
Oksana Chusovitina, a 46-year-old gymnast from Uzbekistan, impressively competed in her eighth Olympic
Games this summer. Chusovitina, who competed in a sport dominated by teenage athletes, received a standing
ovation (鼓掌欢呼) after performing in what she said would be her last Olympics. “I feel very good to be here. But
this will for sure be my last Olympics, she told reporters. “I’m 46 years old. Nothing is going to change that. I’m
alive, I’m happy, I’m here without any injuries, and I can stand on my own,” she added with a laugh.
Then there’s Australian equestrian (马术师) Mary Hanna, who at age 66 is the second-oldest female athlete in
Olympic history and the oldest Olympian competing in Tokyo.
“Through their efforts, Hanna and Chusovitina are changing the conversation around age and agility. They’re
proof that you can compete or put yourself up to a physical challenge way past what is considered your peak,” said
Michael Stones, a professor at Lakehead University in Ontario, Canada, who researches healthy aging and physical
performance. “It’s great that this year’s Olympics include so many younger and older athletes,” he told HuffPost.
“They show that age alone is not an insurmountable (不可克服的) barrier to excellence in physical activities.”
These Olympians also lend the games some experience and maturity, especially in team sports, said Sandra
Hunter, a professor of exercise science at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. “These older athletes can
help guide the younger ones, particularly with all the mental and psychological challenges that we’ve seen,” she
said. “They bring a level of maturity to the teams and surrounding athletes that allows the younger athletes tolearn.”
“If you limit your choices only to what seems possible or reasonable, you disconnect yourself from what you
truly want, and all that is left is compromise.” The quote from American writer Robert Fritz is highly consistent
with the Olympic spirit as well as enlightening us on our way to success.
5．Who is Oksana Chusovitina?
A．A 12-year-old table tennis player.
B．A 46-year-old gymnast from Syria.
C．A 66-year-old Australian equestrian.
D．An eight-time Olympian from Uzbekistan.
6．The first paragraph is intended to________.
A．lead in the topic of the passage
B．stress the importance of being a genius
C．tell the difference between younger and older athletes
D．introduce a research on performances of younger athletes
7．What’s professor Michael Stones’s attitude to those younger and older Olympians?
A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring.
C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.
8．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Olympic athletes should try their best to be uninjured.
B．Olympic athletes prove success is not related to age.
C．Olympians show that age alone is not an insurmountable barrier.
D．Older athletes are changing the conversation around age and agility.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两位在奥运赛场上全力挑战自我的大龄运动员，她们展现了
真正的奥运精神。
5．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Oksana Chusovitina, a 46-year-old gymnast from Uzbekistan,
impressively competed in her eighth Olympic Games this summer.(来自乌兹别克斯坦的46岁体操运动员
Oksana Chusovitina在今年夏天参加了她的第八个奥运会，令人印象深刻。)”可知，Oksana Chusovitin是参
加了八次夏季奥运会的乌兹别克斯坦体操运动员。故选D。
6．A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“There’ve been plenty of Tokyo 2020 headlines about Hend Zaza, the
Syrian table tennis genius who, at 12 years old, is one of the youngest Olympians of all time.(2020年东京奥运会
上有很多关于叙利亚乒乓球天才Hend Zaza的头条新闻，他12岁，是有史以来最年轻的奥运选手之一。)”以及第二段“But there are some striking personal stories on the other side of the age spectrum (年龄谱), too.(但
是，在年龄谱的另一边也有一些引人注目的个人故事。)”可知，开篇文章介绍介绍2020年东京奥运会上一
名奥运历史上最年轻运动员入手，从而引出下文出现的大龄运动员的事迹。故选A。
7．C【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的““It’s great that this year’s Olympics include so many
younger and older athletes,” he told HuffPost. “ They show that age alone is not an insurmountable (不可克服
的)barrier to excellence in physical activities.”(“今年的奥运会包括这么多年轻和年长的运动员，这真是太好
了，”他告诉赫芬顿邮报。“他们表明，年龄本身并不是体育活动卓越的不可逾越的障碍。”)”可知，
professor Michael Stones认为有这么多如此年轻的和年龄大的运动员很不错，由此可以推断，他对这些年轻
和年纪大的运动员参加比赛表示支持。故选 C。
8．B【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的““ They show that age alone is not an insurmountable (不
可克服的)barrier to excellence in physical activities.”(“他们表明，年龄本身并不是体育活动卓越的不可逾越障
碍。”)”以及尾段中的““If you limit your choices only to what seems possible or reasonable, you disconnect
yourself from what you truly want, and all that is left is compromise.”(“如果你把你的选择限制在看似可能或合
理的事情上，你就会把自己与你真正想要的东西脱节，剩下的就是妥协。”)”可知，在体育活动方面，年
龄问题是可以逾越的，我们不能把选择限制在看似合理的事情上，并结合全文介绍奥运史上年龄最大和最
小运动员的事迹，我们可以推断出运动员的成功与否跟年龄无关。故选B。
一、
（2023·广东广州·统考二模）This paragraph is not ordinary. Look at it. At first, it won’t look too odd. Just a
normal paragraph — you may think. But look at it again and you might find it a bit unusual. Can you spot it? Is
anything...missing?
What you’ve just read is a lipogram - a text without a particular letter. It is the hardest kind as it doesn’t
contain the letter E - the most common letter in the English language. Try writing one yourself and you’ll imagine
the task faced by the French writer Georges Perec, when a friend challenged him to write a whole novel without
using E - a letter which is even more common in French.
Perec was a frighteningly clever writer, a lover of word games and puzzles and also a master of the Chinese
board game Go. As well as writing crossword puzzles for Paris magazines, he had already written a 5,000-wordpalindrome, a text that reads the same forwards and backwards, like the well-known “A man, a plan, a canal -
Panama.” But his friends thought this task would be beyond him.
Perec took up the challenge. He was unable to use more than 70% of the French words, including those most
commonly used. Surprisingly, he discovered this “impossible” rule unlocked his imagination. He later claimed he
wrote this novel faster than any of his other books. He was forced to think and fight for every sentence. He had no
choice but to be original.
The result was La Disparition, a detective story about the mysterious disappearance of a character named
A．Vowl. The only Es were the four in his name on the cover. Despite the dozens of clues about the fantastically
difficult rule, many original reviewers failed to spot what was staring them in the faces — the missing letter.
Embarrassing for the critics, but hilarious for the writer and his friends.
Fortunately, the game Perec was playing did not destroy the book itself. Every sentence seems twisted slightly
out of shape, and the resulting style is unique.
1．Why does the writer start with a lipogram?
A．To prove Perec’s work is hard.
B．To introduce Perec’s tough task.
C．To demonstrate what a lipogram is.
D．To challenge readers to write one.
2．Which of the following is NOT a palindrome?
A．Madam. B．Nurses ran.
C．No X in Nixon. D．No lemons, no melon.
3．What did Perec think of the challenge he took up?
A．It forced him to write faster. B．It enriched his writing styles.
C．No writer but he could make it. D．It freed his creativity in writing.
4．What does the underline word “hilarious” mean in paragraph 5?
A．Confusing. B．Surprising. C．Very lucky. D．Extremely funny.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了佩雷克是一位聪明得惊人的作家，热爱文字游戏和谜题，也
是中国棋盘游戏围棋的大师。
1．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“What you’ve just read is a lipogram - a text without a particular
letter. It is the hardest kind as it doesn’t contain the letter E - the most common letter in the English language. (你刚
刚读到的是一篇漏字文——一篇没有特定字母的文章。它是最难的一种，因为它不包含字母E——英语中最常见的字母)”可知，文章开头提到的漏字文是最难的一种，由此为了介绍佩雷克的艰巨任务。故选B。
2．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“As well as writing crossword puzzles for Paris magazines, he had
already written a 5000-word palindrome, a text that reads the same forwards and backwards, like the well-known
“A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.” (除了为巴黎的杂志写填字游戏，他还写了一篇5000字的回文，前后读起
来是一样的，比如著名的“A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.”)”可知，回文是一种正反读都一样的词语，构成
一种对称结构。B选项不符合该特点。故选B。
3．D【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Perec took up the challenge. He was unable to use more than
70% of the French words, including those most commonly used. Surprisingly, he discovered this “impossible” rule
unlocked his imagination. (佩雷克接受了挑战。他不能使用超过70%的法语单词，包括那些最常用的单词。
令人惊讶的是，他发现这个“不可能”的规则释放了他的想象力。)”可知，佩雷克认为他所接受的挑战释
放了他在写作上的创造力。故选D。
4．D【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的句子“Despite the dozens of clues about the fantastically
difficult rule, many original reviewers failed to spot what was staring them in the faces — the missing letter.
Embarrassing for the critics (尽管关于这条极其困难的规则有几十条线索，但许多最初的评审者都没有发现
他们脸上正在盯着的东西——丢失的字母。对评论家来说很尴尬，)”可知，不知道有缺失的字母对于评论
家来说这是很尴尬的事情，其与后文构成转折关系，但是对于作者和他的朋友来说这是极大的乐趣。故划
线词hilarious与D选项Extremely funny为同义词，意为“非常有趣的”。故选D。
二、
（2023·河北·校联考模拟预测）A robotic game of cat and mouse playing out in a lab provides a sight at
future possibilities of robots carrying out search-and-rescue missions without much human guidance.
The Tianjicat robot developed by researchers at Tsinghua University in China uses a brain-inspired computing
chip called TianjicX. The so-called neuromorphic chip (神经形态芯片) can run multiple artificial intelligence
techniques at the same time in an energy-efficient manner. It is one example of experiments with neuromorphic
systems that could allow small robots to make decisions using limited computing resources and power.
The researchers challenged the Tianjicat robot to chase (追逐) another robot that was set to move randomly in
a room filled with obstacles. This required Tianjicat to track the mouse robot by using both visual recognition and
sound detection, and to figure out the best path to chase down its pretend prey (假想猎物) without knocking on
anything. The team says that the TianjicX chip reduced the amount of power required for the robot cat to make
decisions during the chase by about. half compared with an NVIDIA chip designed for AI computing.
Performing a cat-and-mouse chase would be a step up in difficulty for most commercialized robots, whichusually follow very predictable routines in warehouses or factories. Many robots that interact with more complex
and unpredictable environments rely on remote control by human operators, or else must maintain wireless
connections with distant data centres that have the computing power necessary for more intensive decision-making.
Neuromorphic systems haven’t yet been commercialized in a big way, but their relatively low size, weight and
power requirements could provide practical advantages or robotic deployment (部署).
The Tianjicat robot is worldwide acknowledged. “For robotics, this is very important because it allows the
system to operate for longer durations in hard-to-reach environments with greater autonomy,” says Jeffrey
Krichmar at the University of California, Irvine.
5．What do the researchers want the robot to do by testing it?
A．Do rescue-work.
B．Assist in research.
C．Help get rid of rats.
D．Save power.
6．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us?
A．Why the robot chases another robot.
B．What the robot’s pretend prey is like.
C．How researchers test the robot.
D．How much power the robot uses in an action.
7．What makes a TianJicat robot have advantages over others?
A．Its small size.
B．Its mouse-like shape.
C．Its business value.
D．Its date center.
8．What’s Jeffrey Krichmar’s attitude towards the invention of the Tianjicat robot?
A．Negative.
B．Doubtful.
C．Unconcerned.
D．Favorable.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了清华大学研发的一款名为Tianjicat的机器人，通过应用实验室里玩
的猫和老鼠的机器人游戏测试Tianjicat的多方面综合的能力，证明了未来机器人将不需要人工参与，进而
可以执行搜索和救援任务或野生动物调查，有望实现商业化投入使用。5．A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A robotic game of cat and mouse playing out in a lab provides a
sight at future possibilities of robots carrying out search-and-rescue missions without much human guidance(一场
在实验室里上演的猫捉老鼠的机器人游戏让我们看到了未来机器人在没有人类指导的情况下执行搜救任务
的可能性)”可知，研究人员希望通过测试来让机器人执行搜救任务。故选A。
6．C【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“The researchers challenged the Tianjicat robot to chase (追逐)
another robot that was set to move randomly in a room filled with obstacles(研究人员让Tianjicat机器人去追赶
另一个机器人，这个机器人被设定在一个充满障碍物的房间里随机移动)”可知，第三段主要在介绍研究人
员如何测试机器人的。故选C。
7．A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Neuromorphic systems haven’t yet been commercialized in a big
way, but their relatively low size, weight and power requirements could provide practical advantages or robotic
deployment(神经形态系统还没有大规模商业化，但它们相对较小的尺寸、重量和功率要求可以提供实际优
势或用于机器人调动)”可知，该机器人较小的体型是其优势。故选A。
8．D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“For robotics, this is very important because it allows the
system to operate for longer durations in hard-to-reach environments with greater autonomy(对于机器人来说，这
非常重要，因为它允许系统在难以到达的环境中运行更长的时间，具有更大的自主权)”可知，Jeffrey
Krichmar对此机器人持支持的态度。故选D。
三、
（2023·湖南株洲·统考一模）Sitting at the top of a mountain on La Gomera Islad, Antonio issued an
invitation to three visiting hikers in the distance—“Come over here”. We’re going to treat you to lunch“- without
speaking word: He whistled (吹口哨) it. Antonio, 71, said in his youth, when natives rather than tourists walked the
rocky footpaths of his island, his news would have been greeted right away by a responding whistle, loud and clear.
But his message was lost on these hikers, and they continued their journey.
Antonio is a proud guardian of La Gomera’s whistling language, which he called the poetry of my island.” He
added. Like poetry, whistling does not need to be useful in order to be special and beautiful.“The language,
officially known as Silbo Gomero, replaces written letters with whistled sounds that vary by pitch (高音) and
length. Unfortunately, there are fewer whistles than Spanish letters, so a sound can have multiple meanings, causing
misunderstandings.
With its distinct geography, it’s easy to see why whistling came into existence on La Gomera. On most of the
island, deep valleys run from high peaks down to the ocean, and plenty of time and effort are required to travel even
a short distance overland. Whistling developed as a good alternative way to deliver a message, with its soundcarrying farther than shouting- -as much as two miles across some valleys with favorable wind conditions.
In 2009, the island’s language was added by UNESCO to its list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of
Humanity. But with whistling no longer essential for communication, Silbo Gomero’s survival mostly relies on a
1999 law that has made teaching it a necessary part of La Gomera s school courses. Erin Gerhards, a local girl keen
to improve her whistling, said, “Whistling is a way to honor the people that lived here in the past and to remember
we didn’t start with technology but simple beginnings.”
9．How did the hikers react to Antonio’s invitation?
A．They ignored it. B．They waved their hands,
C．They whistled back. D．They stopped suddenly.
10．Why is La Gomera’s whistling language likely to be misinterpreted?
A．Because it is a form of poetry. B．Because the same sound carries different meanings.
C．Because it isn’t useful in life. D．Because its sounds include various pitches and lengths.
11．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The tourist attractions of La Gomera.
B．The geographic features of La Gomera.
C．The reason for whistling’s use on La Gomera.
D．The comparison between whistling and shouting.
12．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?
A．Erin figures out how islanders lived before.
B．Silbo Gomero is taught in La Gomera’s schools.
C．Technology outweighs traditions on La Gomera.
D．Silbo Gomero is important in daily conversations.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Silbo Gomero这种哨子语言。
9．A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“But his message was lost on these hikers, and they continued their
journey.(但是这些徒步旅行者没有领会他的意思，他们继续他们的旅程)”可知，徒步旅行者忽略了安东尼奥
的邀请。故选A。
10．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“The language, officially known as Silbo Gomero, replaces written
letters with whistled sounds that vary by pitch and length. Unfortunately, there are fewer whistles than Spanish
letters, so a sound can have multiple meanings, causing misunderstandings.(这种语言的官方名称是席尔波戈梅
洛语(Silbo Gomero)，它用不同音高和长度的哨声取代了书面字母。不幸的是，哨子的数量比西班牙字母要
少，所以一个声音可能有多种含义，导致误解)”可知，因为同样的声音有不同的含义，导致哨声可能会被误解。故选B。
11．C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“With its distinct geography, it’s easy to see why whistling came into
existence on La Gomera. On most of the island, deep valleys run from high peaks down to the ocean, and plenty of
time and effort are required to travel even a short distance overland. Whistling developed as a good alternative way
to deliver a message,with its sound carrying farther than shouting- -as much as two miles across some valleys with
favorable wind conditions.(由于其独特的地理位置，很容易理解为什么吹口哨会出现在拉戈梅拉。在岛上的
大部分地方，深谷从山峰向下延伸到海洋，即使是很短的距离，也需要大量的时间和精力。吹口哨成为了
传递信息的另一种很好的方式，它的声音比喊叫传播得更远——在风向有利的山谷里，它的声音可以传播
两英里)”可知，第三段主要讲述了在拉戈梅拉岛上使用哨子语言的原因。故选C。
12．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中“But with whistling no longer essential for communication, Silbo
Gomero’s survival mostly relies on a 1999 law that has made teaching it a necessary part of La Gomera s school
courses.(但随着口哨声不再是交流的必要手段，Silbo Gomero的幸存主要依赖于1999年的一项法律，该法
律将传授口哨声作为拉戈梅拉学校课程的必要组成部分)”可推知，戈梅拉的学校教授Silbo，故选B。
四、
（2023·江苏南京·校联考一模）Your emotion helps you make sense of the world. At the core of an emotion
is a subjective experience of the valence of it — what emotion scientists call “affect” (情感). Generally speaking,
affect is what we are most focused on. Do you have chocolate cake in front of you? That’s good! Do you see a
spider on the table! That’s bad!
Your affective reactions tell you which experiences are desirable, and which aren’t, but the total emotional
experience includes all you do and think. You can learn a lot by observing and describing them. You can also learn
a lot by appreciating their secret life.
The problem is: the affective features of emotions tend to dominate. Our subjective valence of emotion is
almost all we can see. When emotions are only about what is pleasant or unpleasant in subjective experience right
now, the more important features of emotion disappear.
If you can slow down and expand; if you stop running or clinging (沉浸其中) and adopt a sense of curiosity,
emotions become more subtle and different. When fear comes up, don’t walk away so that fear dissipates. Instead,
stay. Allow yourself to feel the nervousness, the sweating, and everything else that comes along with it. It is one of
the hardest things to do in life, but it’s also one of the most rewarding. If you run, you are telling basic parts of your
brain, “I guess this threat really was real. I better stay away from it.” You are training yourself to fear, regardless of
that situation. If you cling, you are saying, “Escape from this emotion is a threat”, and since it is not a happyexperience, happiness slips through your hands like sand.
Note that you can not fool yourself. Just allow the full emotion. You will never enter into their secret life until
you stop running or clinging. To control your life, you need to actively train your emotions to be your ally (同盟).
Observe. Describe. Appreciate. Do that and you may find you have allies for healthy living that were there all
along.
13．Why does the author mention “chocolate cake” and “spider” in paragraph 1?
A．To explain the complex response of emotions.
B．To show the subjective experience of emotions.
C．To indicate the goodness and badness of the world.
D．To emphasize the significance of emotions in life.
14．What is the consequence if you just focus on your present feelings?
A．The present feelings are less obvious.
B．The subjective emotions are less powerful.
C．The overall picture of emotions is easier to ignore.
D．The observation and description of emotions are easier.
15．What does the underlined word “dissipates” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to?
A．Deepens. B．Spreads. C．Disappears. D．Sticks.
16．What is the text mainly about?
A．The secret of emotions. B．The subjective experience.
C．The importance of allies in life. D．Magical functions of emotions.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情绪情感的核心，以及如何更好
控制它们，成为情绪的盟友。
13．B【解析】推理判断题。由第一段中的“At the core of an emotion is a subjective experience of the valence
of it — what emotion scientists call “affect” (情感). Generally speaking, affect is what we are most focused on. Do
you have chocolate cake in front of you? That’s good! Do you see a spider on the table! That’s bad! (情绪的核心是
对情感价值的主观体验，情感科学家称之为““affect” (情感)”。一般来说，情感是我们最关注的。你面前
有巧克力蛋糕吗？太好了！你看见桌子上有蜘蛛吗！太糟糕了！)”可知，情绪的核心是对情感价值的主观
体验，后面举例巧克力蛋糕和蜘蛛是为了论述这句话，表现情感的主观体验。故选B。
14．C【解析】细节理解题。由第三段中的“Our subjective valence of emotion is almost all we can see. When
emotions are only about what is pleasant or unpleasant in subjective experience right now, the more importantfeatures of emotion disappear. (我们的主观情感价值几乎是我们所能看到的。当情绪只与当前主观体验中的
愉快或不愉快有关时，情绪中更重要的特征就消失了)”可知，如果你只关注你现在的感受，后果是情绪的
整体情况更容易被忽视。故选C。
15．C【解析】词句猜测题。由第四段中的“If you can slow down and expand; if you stop running or clinging
(沉浸其中) and adopt a sense of curiosity, emotions become more subtle and different. When fear comes up, don’t
walk away so that fear dissipates. (如果你能放慢速度并扩张；如果你停止奔跑或沉浸其中，并采取一种好奇
心，情绪就会变得更加微妙和不同。当恐惧出现时，不要走开，以便恐惧dissipates)”可知，如果你停止沉
浸其中并且培养好奇心，情感就会变得微妙和不同，说明恐惧也会变化，变得不恐惧，可得出画线词所在
句讲当恐惧来临时，不要逃避恐惧，那么恐惧就会消失，dissipates意为“消失（Disappears）”。故选C。
16．A【解析】主旨大意题。由第二段中的“You can also learn a lot by appreciating their secret life. (通过欣
赏情感的秘密生活，你也可以学到很多东西)”和最后一段中的“Just allow the full emotion. You will never
enter into their secret life until you stop running or clinging. (只需要充分的情感。你永远不会进入它们的秘密
生活，除非你停止奔跑或沉浸其中)”可知，文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情绪情感的核心，以
及如何更好控制它们，成为情绪的盟友，A项“情感的秘密”符合文意。故选A。
五、
（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Last April, Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, attempted a takeover of
Twitter, for $ 44 billion, which quickly turned into public controversy and court battles. But the most interesting
part of the story is the more fundamental question: Why would Musk want to buy Twitter in the first place?
If you look at the size of Twitter, its appeal isn’t obvious. The company makes a relatively small profit each
year, and in terms of the number of users, Twitter has around 436 million users every month, which is still a long
way behind the likes of Facebook (near three billion), Instagram (two billion), and TikTok (one billion). So why
does Musk want to spend a considerable amount of money on Twitter?
The answer might be what makes Twitter so interesting: it carries enormous cultural power and has an
unmatched ability to shift the course of news and culture. Twitter’s cultural power is easy to see. Click on any
random news article, and there’s a good chance that somewhere in the text, it’s quoting what someone said on
Twitter.
What makes the platform important is essentially its clients. Twitter is the place where the most powerful and
influential people like to hang out. Because Twitter is mostly based on short, text-based posts, it is perfect for
conveying information, an argument, or a joke, at enormous speed, making it extremely useful for the likes of
politicians, journalists, executives and celebrities.What Twitter is really good at is acting as a global watercooler-a persistent backchannel for gossip (流言蜚语),
jokes and informal connections. It’s a place where new ideas emerge, or arguments happen, and because the
people doing the gossiping are important, influential types, what happens on Twitter can actually affect the rest of
the world. I think this explains why Elon Musk might want to pay big money for it. If you own Twitter, you
suddenly have a say in the world’s most important watercooler conversation.
17．What can we know about Twitter?
A．Elon Musk’s purchase of it went smoothly.
B．It has significant power to shape culture.
C．What people say on Twitter comes from random articles.
D．Its influence can’t compare with those of its competitors.
18．What makes Twitter valuable for its users?
A．The volume of information. B．The potential clients it attracts.
C．The profit it generates. D．The efficiency of spreading ideas.
19．According to the author, why might Elon Musk want to buy Twitter?
A．To promote new ideas. B．To improve its products.
C．To have a greater voice. D．To control powerful people.
20．What is the best title for the text?
A．Why Is Twitter so Valuable?
B．Who Are Twitter’s Target Users?
C．What Did Elon Musk Do to Twitter?
D．How Does Twitter Dominate the World?
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍马斯克当初为什么要重金收购推特（Twitter）。
17．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“it carries enormous cultural power and has an unmatched ability to
shift the course of news and culture. (它承载着巨大的文化力量，具有无与伦比的改变新闻和文化进程的能
力。)”可知，推特有塑造文化的巨大能力。故选B。
18．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Because Twitter is mostly based on short, text-based posts, it is
perfect for conveying information, an argument, or a joke, at enormous speed, making it extremely useful for the
likes of politicians, journalists, executives and celebrities. (由于Twitter主要基于简短的文本帖子，因此它非常
适合以极快的速度传递信息、争论或笑话，因此对政治家、记者、高管和名人等非常有用。)”可知，推特
快速传播信息的能力对它的用户来说很有用。故选D。
19．C【解析】细节理解题。在最后一段“I think this explains why Elon Musk might want to pay big moneyfor it. If you own Twitter, you suddenly have a say in the world’s most important watercooler conversation. (我认
为这解释了为什么埃隆·马斯克可能会为此付出重金。如果你拥有Twitter，你会突然在世界上重要的茶水间
谈话中有了发言权。)”可知，作者认为埃隆·马斯克出重金购买Twitter是为了有更大的发言权。故选C。
20．A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Last April, Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, attempted a takeover
of Twitter, for $ 44 billion, which quickly turned into public controversy and court battles. But the most interesting
part of the story is the more fundamental question: Why would Musk want to buy Twitter in the first place? (去年4
月，世界首富埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）试图以440亿美元的价格收购推特（Twitter），此举很快引发了
公众争议和法庭诉讼。但故事中有趣的部分是一个更根本的问题：马斯克当初为什么要收购推特？)”可知，
这篇文章开头说明了埃隆·马斯克斥巨资收购推特的情况，然后引出核心问题：“为什么他愿意为推特花大
价钱？”。因此A项“为什么推特如此值钱”可以作为文章的最佳标题，吸引读者。故选A。
一、
（2022·全国·统考高考真题）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing
oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who
don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become
dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to
the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser,
getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were
otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of
nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-
intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second
group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And
the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot
more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he
says.“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has
flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing
happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great
start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which
aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
1．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack.
C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart.
2．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A．Diet plan. B．Professional background.
C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition.
3．What does Levine’s research find?
A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
4．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants.
C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
1．D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it
in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the
University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里
20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”
可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
2．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—
balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise
under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和
重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
3．A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the
guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable
improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二
组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock
back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心
脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
4．C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger
groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研
究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，
妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
二、
（2022·全国·统考高考真题）Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and
public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when
they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."5．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A．Ineffective. B．Unnecessary.
C．Inconsistent. D．Unfair.
6．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A．Where a driver came from. B．Whether a driver used their phone.
C．How fast a driver was going. D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
7．What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Advice. B．Data. C．Tests. D．Laws.
8．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【语篇解读】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约
的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
5．A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by
drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their
phones when they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也
尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any
measure, appears to be getting worse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大
多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法
是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
6．B【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just
texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可
以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能
够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用
了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
7．D【解析】词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's
behavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根
据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands onthe cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会
改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。
故something指代的是法律。故选D。
8．B【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方
法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are
driving more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲
述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时
候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变
人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监
控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
三、
（2022·全国·高考真题）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m”
and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than
others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds
that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of acomplex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
9．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
10．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
12．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了
新的语音。
9．D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted
that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that
ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found
how and why this trend arose.(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和
“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发
现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的
原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。
10．C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient
human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to
the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.(他们发
现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是
对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结
构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
11．A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a
global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing
remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-
gatherer people today.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变
化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发
现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语
音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A。
12．C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily
remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find
today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven
Moran, a member of the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语
音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，
人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而
改变，因此可知Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。
四、
（2022·全国·高考真题）Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻
菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends
called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even
worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
— from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into
restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtinsees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
13．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
14．What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.
15．What does Curtin’s company do?
A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
16．What does Curtin suggest people do?
A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的
首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
13．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.
(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even
worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间
的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推
知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
14．B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other,
resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste
were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如
果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境
的危害。故选B。
15．D【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C.,
which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by
taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the
strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC
中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵
的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切
割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。
故选D。
16．A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by
not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side
dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不
必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免
浪费食物。故选A。
五、
（2022·全国·高考真题）The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look
after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity hasbeen given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
17．What is the purpose of the project?
A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
18．How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.
19．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
20．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
17．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce
loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老
年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。
18．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their
children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities,
and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居
民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很
享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种
成就感。故选B。
19．C【解析】词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of
the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们
期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是
做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开
始)”含义相近。故选C。
20．A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the
creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常
欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段
“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really
help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易
斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起
来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因
此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A。
