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专题16 阅读理解之主旨大意题讲解与练习
Part 1 整体感知
主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大
意的选项。考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。篇章主旨是针对全文
主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，
又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。
一、 选项特征
1. 正确选项特征
1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2. 干扰选项特征
1. 过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2. 以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，
或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3. 移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4. 无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内
容毫无联系。
二、 主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：
1. The main idea/key point of this passage is that _____.
2. The passage is mainly about_____.
3. The best title/headline for this passage is ______.
4. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.
5. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_____.
6. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______.
7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?8. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
Part 2 方法指导
1. 明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1. 概括性——准确而有简短；
2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
2. 文章大意题解题方法
1. 掌握寻找主题句，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体
中心思想服务的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。主题句
有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题；二是阐述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明
显。有的文章无明显的主题句，二是把主题隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。
用浏览法，快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题句。一下是找主题句的四个窍
门。
1. 主题句位于段首
1. 寻找主题句
有些段落明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有 for example, an example of, the
most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin
with, also, besides that等。
在阅读中应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的for example可以断定
前一句是主题句。如果没有明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加
一个for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一菊花，
便在其他地方找出主题句。
2. 选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C、D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答
案，如主题句的再现，主题句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑
细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
2. 主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
3. 主题句位于段落的中间段落中出现表示转折的词语，如however，but，in fact，actually等时，该句很可能就是主
题句。
4. 表示总结的或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读C）
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming
and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups
developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years
ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-
state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the
past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English．
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The
general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones
have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa
2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The
median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by
fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly
speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan
Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems
to have much chance of survival.
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
第一步： 读文章，理清结构 Hunter—getherers perhaps 12,000languages
Fewer in number Reasons: trade,
Farme many to disappe ar industrialisation,
rs: globalisation and better
Languages
communication etc.
Many languages will be close to extinction
About 68,000
At present
languages
第二步：细揣摩，概括文意
段落大意 文意
第一段 在猎人聚集的时代，语言是很多的 本文是一篇说明文。文章
介绍了世界上语言的种类
第二段 随着人类的定居，语言变得少了一些随着人类社会的发展而逐
渐减少这一现象。
第三段 目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其中分布及其
不均匀
第四段 一些语言使用的很少，正面临消亡的威胁
第三步: 分析选项，斟酌判断
A 将会创造新语言。 无中生有，生搬硬套
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
B 人们的生活方式在语言中得以反映。 过于笼统，不知所云
这种说法过于宽泛。
C 人类的发展导致语言的减少。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这
一现象。
D 地理决定语言的演变。 以偏概全，主次不分
文中提到了地理位置对语言分布的影响，但没有说地理决
定语言的演变。
2. 段落大意题解题方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段落的行文逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总
的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句
就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句在这段话的中间；如果对比个事物，那么它们的共
同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，二是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发挥想象力
与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读C节选）
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer
to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats， four
wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight
minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank
of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.
第一步揣摩，概括段意根据本段中的“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats， four wheels and wings that fold up so
it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around
70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour
in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知，该断详细介绍了这款飞行汽车：两个座位、四个
轮子、上个月在1400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。
所以本段主要介绍了这款飞行汽车的基本资料。
第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断
A the transition的基本数据。 涵 盖 性
强 ， 覆 盖
A项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。
全段
B 飞行汽车的优点。 移 花 接
木 ， 偷 换
本段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶
概念
时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势。
C 这种飞行汽车的潜在市场。 无 中 生
有 ， 生 搬
这段没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场。
硬套
D the Transition的设计者。 无 中 生
有 ， 生 搬
本段没有提到the Transition的设计者。
硬套
Part 3阅读理解仿真组合练
A
More primary care doctors in a community (社区）appear to lead to improved life expectancy for people
living there，though a lack of such physicians across U.S. could be a cause of concern for overall population health
in years to come.
For the study, researchers looked at physician counts per 100,000 people in a range covering 2005 to 2015 in the
U. S.，along with life expectancy and specific causes of death. They found that an increase of 10 primary care
physicians per 100,000 population was associated with a 51. 5-day increase in life expectancy, while an increase of
10 specialty physicians per 100, 000 population increased life expectancy by 19. 2 days. An increase in primary
care physicians also was associated with reductions of many deaths including heart diseases and cancers.
Along with those findings, though, the study said many communities did not have primary care physicians in
2015，with the decline in supply more prominent in rural areas than their urban areas. Many believe that a well-
functioning health care system requires a solid foundation of primary care, however, payment difference between
primary care and technical specialties continue to dispirit the U. S. primary care physician workforce.
“Higher pay and lifestyle preferences lead most students to choose non-primary care fields, even when theirhearts say primary care,” the study said. “We must turn this trend around with practical changes in physician
payment policy； no amount of superb primary care training or creative practice reform will prevent further
declines in primary care physician, which will lead to worsening health for the United States. ”
The study’s researchers conclude that future research should focus on the “quality and cover of primary
care，types of primary care physician training and service offerings, and effective access rather than just supply”.
1.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 2?
A. Provide some data for the readers.
B.Offer some tips on life expectancy.
C. Add some background information.
D.Stress the importance of primary care.
2.Which of the following best explains “prominent ” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A.Adequate. B. Considerate. C. Obvious. D. Reasonable.
3. What discourages young people from taking up the primary care?
A.Primary care is badly paid.
B.They have to work in rural areas,
C.They need to face fierce competition.
D.Primary care lacks superb training
4. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Primary care can lengthen life.
B. Primary care needs improving.
C. Primary care physicians are decreasing.
D. Higher pay attracts more primary care physicians.
B
It's not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs? We all use them,
often without noticing what we're doing.
I was arranging to meet someone for dinner last week, and I said “I’ll pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said
“You can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one!
Many of these new verbs are linked to new technology. An obvious example is the word fax. We all got used to
sending and receiving faxes, and then soon started talking about faxing something and promising we'd fax it
immediately. Then along came email, and we were soon all emailing each other madly. How did we do without it? I
can hardly imagine life without my daily emails.Email reminds me, of course, of my computer and its software, which has produced another couple of new verbs.
On my computer I can bookmark those pages from the World Wide Web that I think I'll want to look at again, thus
saving all the effort of remembering their addresses and calling them up from scratch. I can do the same thing on
my PC, but there I don't bookmark; I favorite—coming from “favorite pages”, so the verb comes from an adjective
not a noun.
Now my children bought me a mobile phone, known simply as a mobile and I had to learn yet more new verbs. I
can message someone, that is, I can leave a message for them on their phone. Or I can text them, write a few words
suggesting when and where to meet, for example. How long will it be before I can mobile them, that is, phone them
using my mobile? I haven’t heard that verb yet, but I’m sure I will soon. Perhaps I’ll start using it myself!
5. “I’ll pencil it in my diary” in the second paragraph probably means .
A. it was a firm arrangement
B. he prefers a pencil to a pen
C. the arrangement should be written as a diary
D. it was an uncertain arrangement
6. A website address can be easily found if it has been______.
A. favorited B. messaged C. emailed D. texted
7. Which of the following has not been used as a verb yet?
A. message B. mobile C. email D. page
8. The best title for this passage is____.
A. Technology and Language.
B. Development of the English language
C. New Technology and New words
D. New Verbs from Nouns
C
Debates over the benefits of recycling started in 1996 when a writer called John Tierney said “recycling is
garbage”. According to him, “Recycling programs offer mainly short-term benefits to a few related groups while
diverting money from real social and environmental problems. It doubles energy consumption and pollution while
costing taxpayers more money than dealing with old garbage. Recycling may be the most wasteful activity in
modern America.”
Environmental groups were quick to respond to Tierney by issuing reports detailing the benefits of recycling
and showing how municipal (市政的) recycling programs reduce pollution and the use of resources whiledecreasing the amount of garbage and the need for landfill space — all for less, not more, than the cost of regular
garbage collection and disposal(处置).
But in 2002, New York City, an early municipal recycling pioneer, found that its much-praised recycling
program was losing money, so it eliminated glass and plastic recycling. According to the Mayor, the benefits of
recycling plastic and glass were outweighed by the price—-recycling cost twice as much as disposal. Meanwhile,
low demand for the materials meant that much of it was ending up in landfills anyway. NYC closed its last landfill
and brought in a more efficient system, with more famous service providers than it had used previously.
The lessons learned by New York are applicable everywhere. Some early recycling programs waste resources
and lead to new trash. But the situation has improved as cities have gained experience. If managed correctly,
recycling programs should cost cities and taxpayers less than garbage disposal for any given amount of material.
Even though the benefits of recycling over disposal are various, individuals should keep in mind that it better serves
the environment to reduce and reuse materials before recycling even becomes an option.
9. John Tierney thought that recycling ___________.
A. is a waste of money
B. leads to a lack of employers
C. is beneficial to the environment
D. will become popular in the future
10. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “eliminated” in Paragraph 3?
A. Required. B. Forgot.
C. Encouraged. D. Cancelled.
11.What does the last paragraph imply?
A. We should make recycling an option.
B. Public recycling programs are in a bad situation.
C. We should develop the awareness of resource saving.
D. Cost-saving should be considered first in recycling work.
12. What can be the best title for this passage?
A. The harm of recycling
B. Is recycling really beneficial?
C. The recycling work in New York City
D. Is environmental protection making progress?
DExperts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us
to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can
do. And it is free and easy. Smile!
Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be
one way to help your heart. “When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more
positive.” He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful
effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.
When you feel stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including
adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body’s main stress
hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are
part of what we call our fight-or-flight response.
However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And
that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.
Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they claim that
when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health
problems.
Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To
some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even feel foolish smiling for seemingly no reason. But
a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.
“Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in
the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.” And it just may provide a little
extra protection to everyone’s heart health.
13. Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam’s opinion?
A. Smile has the same effects as laughter.
B. Smile can be used to take the place of medicine.
C. Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health.
D. Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.
14. What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones?
A. They can lower our blood pressure.
B. They will surely lead to heart diseases.C. They can benefit us when we are in danger.
D. They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.
15. Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health?
A. It can make us relax. B. It increases sugar levels.
C. It has little bad side effects. D. It can happen for no reason.
16. What can be the best title for the text?
A. A Thorough Analysis of the Causes of Heart Diseases
B. One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart
C. One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress Hormones
D. The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases
