文档内容
第 7 讲 体裁微解——说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描
述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人
观点。主要具有以下特点：
实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物
选材
的生存状况等。
用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项
内容
研究。
总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说
明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章
形式
各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异
同)。
主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复
语言
杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在
命题
长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。
因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的
学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主
抓首尾段
题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措
梳理文章结构
施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)
Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was tomake a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then
friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the
arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six
salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry，“food waste goes against the
moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.It’s jaw-dropping how
much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected
by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water，fuel，and other resources used to grow
it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact，Royte writes，“if food waste were a
country，it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand，let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him，it’s more like 12 boxes
of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in
Washington，D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered
more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)
produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries？Volunteers will wash，
cut，and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious，yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in
reducing waste，whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or
by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat，” Curtin says.
24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A．We pay little attention to food waste.
B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat.
D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
25．What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?
A．Moral decline.
B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage.
D．Worldwide starvation.
26．What does Curtin’s company do?
A．It produces kitchen equipment.
B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27．What does Curtin suggest people do?A．Buy only what is needed.
B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week.
D．Eat in restaurants less often.
A
Food made from atmospheric carbon could feed the world while helping to fight climate
change，according to Solar Foods，a Finnish company founded in 2017.“We can collect CO
2
anywhere，” said its CEO Pasi Vainika，whose company has developed a protein powder made
using CO .“That’s a strategic shift where raw materials are in the air.” The protein powder，
2
called Solein，can be turned into meat and dairy substitutes or added to foods and shakes.
Solar Foods uses special units to pull CO from the atmosphere.To turn it into protein，
2
microbes(微生物)，similar to those in the production of wine and yogurt，will be fed on it to
grow and reproduce.During the process，water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.Along with a
growth medium containing necessary minerals ，the three gases are pumped in to feed the
microbes.Harvested and dried，that remaining mixture becomes Solein—a yellow powder made
up of single-cell protein，with a nutrient composition similar to wheat flour.
Solar Foods claims that Solein removes most of the emissions associated with modern
agriculture，which is responsible for almost one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions.“One
kilogram of Solein sends out 0.2 kilogram of CO e(二氧化碳当量)．In comparison，beef herds
2
produce around 100 kilograms and chicken 10 kilograms，”said Vainikka.“We can remove the
climate impact of modern food systems on the planet，which today account for about 30 per cent
of global greenhouse gas emissions.”He further stressed that while the company’s factories also
require some land used for industrial farming ，only about one-tenth of the land is needed
compared to photosynthesis(光合作用)．“We could free up agricultural land to grow back
forests，” he added，“and those remove carbon permanently from the atmosphere.”
Probably optimists are now contenting themselves with the pleasant scene of masses of trees
absorbing CO on the planet.However，while that may sound great，Vainikka puts it right，“It
2
can happen only if we produce enough Solein from CO to replace meat and dairy at a large
2
scale.”And that still remains a long way to go.
1．What can we say about Solein?
A．It is in the air.
B．It can be changed into meat.
C．It can take in CO .
2
D．It is good for the environment.
2．What are needed to produce Solein according to paragraph 2?A．Wine and water.
B．Water and minerals.
C．Microbes and yogurt.
D．Wine and microbes.
3．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about Solein?
A．Its present situation.
B．Its possible benefits.
C．Its production process.
D．Its potential drawbacks.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Air Protein Produced，CO Reduced
2
B．Collecting Air，Removing CO
2
C．Climate Changing，Danger Coming
D．Protect Earth，Save Ourselves
B
(2022·广东广州三模)
Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success，according to a new
study.
A French supermarket chain made international headlines when it began marketing misshapen
produce as “ugly” in 2014.Since then，food stores around the world have launched campaigns
to sell “imperfect produce”．Some have been successful，while others haven’t—but until
now，researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce，or
what marketing approach was most likely to whet_their_appetites.
The researchers conducted seven studies that tested the effects of “ugly” labeling by having
participants purchase produce at a farmer’s market and online，and by examining people’s
impressions about misshapen foods.Interestingly ， they found that consumers expected the
imperfect produce to be less tasty and even less nutritious than more traditionally attractive foods.
But it’s not all bad news for unattractive foods.The researchers also found that when the
produce is labeled “ugly”， consumer hesitancy disappears—and it’s not because of humor
or originality.Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items
is appearance，which makes them aware of their bias(偏见) and significantly increases their
willingness to buy the less attractive produce.
“We’re pointing to the source of the rejection，” explains John Meredith，the lead
researcher.“It makes people aware of the limited nature of their objection to the unattractive
produce and makes it clear to consumers that there are no other problems in the produce other than
attractiveness.”
The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly”instead of “imperfect”．And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount，
it turned out to be more profitable for sellers，as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was
lower.However，if the price reduction was too sharp，participants expected the “ugly” foods to
be of low quality.
5．What is the new study mainly about?
A．Food quality.
B．Consumer demand.
C．Marketing approach.
D．Bias against appearance.
6．What does the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Satisfy their need to eat better.
B．Stimulate their desire of buying.
C．Encourage them to risk trying out.
D．Raise their concerns about nutrition.
7．Why are people willing to buy ugly-labeled produce without hesitation?
A．They are happy to spend less and have more.
B．They are curious about the special shapes of produce.
C．They are attracted by the funny and creative idea of labeling.
D．They are led to believe ugly produce has no quality problems.
8．Which way helps food sellers make more profit according to the study?
A．Call the ugly produce “ugly”．
B．Label the ugly produce “imperfect”．
C．Group the produce by its attractiveness.
D．Price the ugly produce at a sharp discount.
常考话题一 科普知识类
科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类文章中失分严重，
因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和命题方式。
选材 当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。
特点 结构严谨、逻辑性强。
文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩。句子结构较复杂，
语言
语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
命题 主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，以推理判断题居多。
科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，考生在扩
大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：
(2019·全国Ⅰ·C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for
biometric( 生物测量 )technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-
spaces.At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that
gets around this problem ： a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the
cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could
offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time
between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine
people’s identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer
it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar
with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology，the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word
“touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to
recognize different participants based on how they typed ， with very low error rates.The
researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly
made of inexpensive，plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environment-friendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
31．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A diary. B．A guidebook.
C．A novel. D．A magazine.
A
(2022·山东德州联合质量测评)
Bioprinting is medically and bio-technologically equal to 3D printing.By using the same
principles，the aim is to rapidly develop living structures similar to human-grown organs and
tissue that can be used to heal people or test new drugs.
Of course，printing biological tissue is much more complex than building a mechanical
part.There are complex layers of cells in living tissue.Bioprinters use bioink made from cells，
biochemical nutrients and biological stands to support cells in an exact order.Bioinks have to
operate under conditions that are suitable for living，growing tissue，so they cannot really be
printed at temperatures that top body temperature.
Perhaps the simplest form of bioprinting is inkjet printing.Bioink is sprayed through tiny tubes
so it has to be almost liquid and this limits the biological materials that can be printed.Most 3D
printers operate by squeezing material through a pipe and bioprinters can use squeezing too，
though care has to be taken not to damage cells through extreme force.Other techniques such as
laser-assisted bioprinting or electrospinning(静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with
thicker bioinks，but they are more tricky to use with living cells and not as rapid or able to create
large quantities of tissue.
Once the bioprinter has done its work，the post-processing stage begins.Bioreactor systemsare often employed to help the tissue grow up.They can be used to copy the forces and biochemical
support that tissue needs to grow and differentiate correctly.
Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are encouraging.Stem cells，
which have the potential to turn into several types of cells，are being used to create bone.Organ
printing can improve the health of society in general by wiping out the problem of diseases caused
by organ failure ，costly treatments and social care.That promise may be years away from
realization but rapid prototyping(原型技术) enabled by bioprinting is pushing medical advances
forward at pace.
1．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Cells. B．Bioinks.
C．Nutrients. D．Biological stands.
2．What should we pay attention to when using bioprinting?
A．The sort of human organs.
B．The thickness of bioinks.
C．The force of squeezing.
D．The order of cells.
3．What can we infer from the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?
A．The process of bioprinting is practical.
B．Bioreactor systems tend not to damage cells.
C．Most 3D printers limit the biological materials.
D．Laser-assisted bioprinting can produce much tissue.
4．Which is the suitable title for the passage?
A．Bioprinting Cures Diseases of People
B．Bioprinting Is Similar to 3D Printing
C．Bioprinting Gets Care from Society
D．Bioprinting Has Much Potential
B
(2022·浙江金华十校模拟)
Human innovation(创新) has allowed people to explore space for decades.Within a space
station，astronauts have enough air，food and water to complete missions of a year or longer
without a resupply.But missions to further reaches of space are a different matter.Establishing a
base on the moon or sending humans to Mars seems just on the horizon.That can only happen if
innovative and foolproof ways are developed to supply humans with enough air，water and food.
One company，Interstellar Labs，has developed an advanced，closed loop system that can
grow plants anywhere，even in space.They call their AI managed greenhouses BioPods and they
are designed to be very efficient.In fact，Interstellar Labs claims that BioPods reduce the amount
of land and water needed to produce food by 99 percent.That is not an impossible claim.BioPodsdon’t use any soil to grow plants，and the vast majority of water is recycled and recirculated.
Plants are grown inside BioPods using aeroponics，the practice of hanging plants in the air
and spraying a mist of nutrient-rich water on their roots.By using aeroponics，the BioPod system
carefully conserves water with amazing results.According to Interstellar labs，BioPod-grown
plants are up to 300 times more productive than traditionally grown plants，using only a small
amount of water.
The conditions inside of a BioPod are controlled by AI，which can change anything from the
lighting to the temperature and humidity to maximize growth.This optimizes(使最优化) growing
conditions no matter what the environment is outside，including the emptiness of space.
The BioPods themselves can be built in almost any environment，too.The pod’s structure is
made with a 3D printer using raw materials in liquid form.The inside part is sealed with an
inflatable membrane(充气膜) that is also 3D-printed.This means that a BioPod could be built right
on the surface of the moon or Mars，making transporting a large structure unnecessary.
Like most technologies developed for space exploration，BioPods can also be used on Earth
to provide highly efficient food production systems even in the harshest environments.
5．In writing paragraph 1，the author aims to ________.
A．present a topic
B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion
D．propose a definition
6．Which of the following best describes BioPods?
A．They are widely used for space exploration.
B．They are highly productive and efficient greenhouses.
C．They are easy to operate without need for soil or water.
D．They are designed to be used in harsh environments on Earth.
7．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Food Consumption in Space Station
B．Space Exploration with BioPods
C．Growing Food in Space Pods
D．3D Printers Used in Space Lab
8．What is the writer’s attitude to the BioPods?
A．Positive. B．Cautious.
C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.常考话题二 生态环保类
“人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保类阅读理解是历年高考命题的热点，这
类文章与学生的生活息息相关。通过对这些话题的学习和高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以
让学生多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。因此，
考生应该了解生态环保类文章的以下特点：
动植物保护、环境保护、生态保护、自然灾害、环保生活方式、人与自
话题内容
然和谐发展。
命题 细节理解题、主旨大意题、观点态度题、词义猜测题等。
生态环保类说明文通常会开门见山表明作者的观点，并且通常使用比较新颖的词汇和长
难句，这类材料的命题点往往落在主旨大意题和细节理解题上。具体答题策略如下：
(2021·全国乙·C)
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter
ocean ecosystems every year.But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does.He builds massive sculptures out of plastic
garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year，the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse”，a pair of
10-foot-tall plastic waves，frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several
volunteer beach cleanups，the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping
center in Ho Chi Minh City，Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest
source(来源) of plastic pollution，but they’ve recently come under fire because most peopledon’t need them to drink with and，because of their small size and weight，they cannot be
recycled.Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone
used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone，the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018，Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic：Every 60
seconds，a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean.For this work，titled “Truckload of
Plastic”，Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic，
which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic
footprint.
28．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A．Beautifying the city he lives in.
B．Introducing eco-friendly products.
C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D．Reducing garbage on the beach.
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.
30．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A．Calming. B．Disturbing.
C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
A
(2022·广东茂名一模)
The Amazon rainforest is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine，but even
there，the effects of a changing climate are playing out.Now，research suggests that many of the
region’s most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.
Birds are often considered sentinel(哨兵)species—meaning that they indicate the overall
health of an ecosystem—so scientists are particularly interested in how they’re responding toclimate change.In general，the news has not been good.For instance，a 2019 report by the
National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America’s bird species will
be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.
For the new study，researchers collected the biggest dataset so far on the Amazon’s resident
birds，representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019.During
the study period，the average temperature in the region rose，while the amount of rainfall
declined，making for a hotter，dryer climate overall.According to the report on November 12 in
the journal Science Advances,36 species have lost substantial weight，as much as 2 percent of
their body weight per decade since 1980.Meanwhile，all the species showed some decrease in
average body mass，while a third grew longer wings.
Because of the study’s long time series and large sample sizes，the authors were able to
show the morphological(形态学的)effects of climate change on resident birds.However，the
researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the
birds，but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool.In general，smaller
animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size，so they dissipate more heat faster than a
bigger animal.Less available food，such as fruit or insects，in dryer weather might lead to smaller
body size.
1．Why are scientists fond of doing research on birds?
A．They have small body sizes.
B．They are sensitive to hot weather.
C．They live in an undisturbed rainforest.
D．They are ecological balance indicators.
2．What can we learn from the new study?
A．A third of species have been extinct for a decade.
B．36 species lost 2% of their body weight every year.
C．Two-thirds of species showed a considerable decrease in weight.
D．About 26 species responded to climate change with longer wings.
3．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Put off. B．Give off.
C．Put away. D．Give away.
4．What would probably the researchers further study?
A．Why it is easier for smaller animals to keep cool.
B．What effects the wing length changes have on birds.
C．Why the Amazonian birds have lost substantial weight.
D．Whether bird species in North America will be extinct in 2100.
B(2022·湖南长沙雅礼中学一模)
The over 48,000 orange trees in Seville，Spain，not only fill the city’s air with the pleasant
smell of orange blossoms in spring，but they also produce over 16,500 tons of fruit every
winter.Though that makes the capital of southern Spain’s Andalusia region Europe’s top orange-
producing city，the fruit is too sour to be consumed fresh.While some of the produce is used to
make orange jam and an alcoholic drink，most of it ends up in Seville’s landfills(填埋场)．
However，that may change soon thanks to a clever idea to use the oranges to produce clean energy.
The trial program is being launched by the city’s council and park department in cooperation
with Emasesa，Seville’s water supply and sanitation(卫生) division.Juice from 38.6 tons of
oranges will be left to ferment(发酵) in a specialized facility.The methane(甲烷) released from the
fermented liquid will be captured and used to drive a generator to produce clean power.The
officials estimate the test run will produce about 1,500 kWh of energy—enough to run one of
Emasesa’s water purification plants.To ensure there is no waste，the orange skins，peels，and
flesh will be used as fertilizer.
“It’s not just about saving money.The oranges are a problem for the city，and we’re
producing added value from waste，” said Benigno Lopez，head of Emasesa’s environmental
department.
If successful，by 2023，the city hopes to recycle all the oranges and add the electricity
produced back into its power transmission network.In trial runs，one ton of oranges produced 50
kWh of clean energy—enough to cover the daily electricity needs of five homes.The project team
estimates that if all the fruit is recycled，it will produce enough energy to power as many as 73,000
residences.
“This project will help us to reach our targets for reducing emissions ，energy self-
sufficiency，and the circular economy，” Juan Espadas Cejas，mayor of Seville，said in the
press conference announcing the trial scheme.
5．What do we know about oranges in Seville from the first paragraph?
A．They are usually picked in spring.
B．They are mostly used to make jams and juice.
C．They are not recommended to be eaten fresh.
D．They make Seville the world’s top orange-producing city.
6．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．Different uses of oranges.
B．How to produce power from juice.
C．An introduction to the trial program.
D．Why the trial program was put forward.
7．What can we infer from the passage?
A．Seville hasn’t carried out the trial program yet.B．The electricity produced will be used to purify water.
C．The electricity produced will go to Seville’s power plants.
D．Seville may need to recycle 14,600 tons of oranges to power 73,000 homes.
8．What is the best title for the text?
A．Seville Is Turning Waste into Wealth
B．Seville Is Seeking Market for Oranges
C．Seville Is Contributing to Global Warming
D．Seville Is Dealing with the Electricity Shortage
