文档内容
第 7 讲 体裁微解——说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描
述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人
观点。主要具有以下特点：
实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物
选材
的生存状况等。
用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项
内容
研究。
总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说
明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章
形式
各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异
同)。
主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复
语言
杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在
命题
长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。
因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的
学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主
抓首尾段
题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措
梳理文章结构
施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)
Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜) was tomake a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then
friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the
arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six
salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry，“food waste goes against the
moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.It’s jaw-dropping how
much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected
by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water，fuel，and other resources used to grow
it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact，Royte writes，“if food waste were a
country，it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand，let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my
refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him，it’s more like 12 boxes
of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in
Washington，D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered
more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)
produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries？Volunteers will wash，
cut，and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious，yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in
reducing waste，whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or
by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat，” Curtin says.
24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A．We pay little attention to food waste.
B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat.
D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
25．What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?
A．Moral decline.
B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage.
D．Worldwide starvation.
26．What does Curtin’s company do?
A．It produces kitchen equipment.
B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27．What does Curtin suggest people do?A．Buy only what is needed.
B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week.
D．Eat in restaurants less often.
A
(2022·安徽江南十校一模联考)
Food made from atmospheric carbon could feed the world while helping to fight climate
change，according to Solar Foods，a Finnish company founded in 2017.“We can collect CO
2
anywhere，” said its CEO Pasi Vainika，whose company has developed a protein powder made
using CO .“That’s a strategic shift where raw materials are in the air.” The protein powder，
2
called Solein，can be turned into meat and dairy substitutes or added to foods and shakes.
Solar Foods uses special units to pull CO from the atmosphere.To turn it into protein，
2
microbes(微生物)，similar to those in the production of wine and yogurt，will be fed on it to
grow and reproduce.During the process，water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.Along with a
growth medium containing necessary minerals ，the three gases are pumped in to feed the
microbes.Harvested and dried，that remaining mixture becomes Solein—a yellow powder made
up of single-cell protein，with a nutrient composition similar to wheat flour.
Solar Foods claims that Solein removes most of the emissions associated with modern
agriculture，which is responsible for almost one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions.“One
kilogram of Solein sends out 0.2 kilogram of CO e(二氧化碳当量)．In comparison，beef herds
2
produce around 100 kilograms and chicken 10 kilograms，”said Vainikka.“We can remove the
climate impact of modern food systems on the planet，which today account for about 30 per cent
of global greenhouse gas emissions.”He further stressed that while the company’s factories also
require some land used for industrial farming ，only about one-tenth of the land is needed
compared to photosynthesis(光合作用)．“We could free up agricultural land to grow back
forests，” he added，“and those remove carbon permanently from the atmosphere.”
Probably optimists are now contenting themselves with the pleasant scene of masses of trees
absorbing CO on the planet.However，while that may sound great，Vainikka puts it right，“It
2
can happen only if we produce enough Solein from CO to replace meat and dairy at a large
2
scale.”And that still remains a long way to go.
1．What can we say about Solein?
A．It is in the air.
B．It can be changed into meat.
C．It can take in CO .
2
D．It is good for the environment.2．What are needed to produce Solein according to paragraph 2?
A．Wine and water.
B．Water and minerals.
C．Microbes and yogurt.
D．Wine and microbes.
3．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about Solein?
A．Its present situation.
B．Its possible benefits.
C．Its production process.
D．Its potential drawbacks.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Air Protein Produced，CO Reduced
2
B．Collecting Air，Removing CO
2
C．Climate Changing，Danger Coming
D．Protect Earth，Save Ourselves
B
Calling vegetables and fruits “ugly” can be a recipe for sales success，according to a new
study.
A French supermarket chain made international headlines when it began marketing misshapen
produce as “ugly” in 2014.Since then，food stores around the world have launched campaigns
to sell “imperfect produce”．Some have been successful，while others haven’t—but until
now，researchers hadn’t adequately explained why consumers rejected imperfect produce，or
what marketing approach was most likely to whet_their_appetites.
The researchers conducted seven studies that tested the effects of “ugly” labeling by having
participants purchase produce at a farmer’s market and online，and by examining people’s
impressions about misshapen foods.Interestingly ， they found that consumers expected the
imperfect produce to be less tasty and even less nutritious than more traditionally attractive foods.
But it’s not all bad news for unattractive foods.The researchers also found that when the
produce is labeled “ugly”， consumer hesitancy disappears—and it’s not because of humor
or originality.Calling items “ugly” signals to consumers that the only difference between items
is appearance，which makes them aware of their bias(偏见) and significantly increases their
willingness to buy the less attractive produce.
“We’re pointing to the source of the rejection，” explains John Meredith，the lead
researcher.“It makes people aware of the limited nature of their objection to the unattractive
produce and makes it clear to consumers that there are no other problems in the produce other than
attractiveness.”
The research also found consumers spent more on the misshapen produce labeled “ugly”instead of “imperfect”．And even though the ugly produce was sold at a 25 percent discount，
it turned out to be more profitable for sellers，as the cost of acquiring the ugly produce was
lower.However，if the price reduction was too sharp，participants expected the “ugly” foods to
be of low quality.
5．What is the new study mainly about?
A．Food quality.
B．Consumer demand.
C．Marketing approach.
D．Bias against appearance.
6．What does the underlined phrase “whet their appetites” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Satisfy their need to eat better.
B．Stimulate their desire of buying.
C．Encourage them to risk trying out.
D．Raise their concerns about nutrition.
7．Why are people willing to buy ugly-labeled produce without hesitation?
A．They are happy to spend less and have more.
B．They are curious about the special shapes of produce.
C．They are attracted by the funny and creative idea of labeling.
D．They are led to believe ugly produce has no quality problems.
8．Which way helps food sellers make more profit according to the study?
A．Call the ugly produce “ugly”．
B．Label the ugly produce “imperfect”．
C．Group the produce by its attractiveness.
D．Price the ugly produce at a sharp discount.
