考点26阅读理解之推理判断题（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点帮（新高考通用）（原卷版）)_3.2025英语总复习_2025年新高考资料_一轮复习

考点 26 阅读理解之推理判断题（核心考点精讲精 练） 1. 高考真题考点分布 考点分布 试卷 篇 词 年份 体裁 话题 细节 推理 主旨 词义 类型 序 数 理解 判断 大意 猜测 人与社会：栖息地修复工作队 A 应用文 199 3 0 0 0 志愿者招募 新 高 夹叙来 人与社会：美国兽医采用针灸 B 296 0 3 1 0 考 全 议文 技术治疗动物 国 I 人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅 C 说明文 339 1 2 0 1 卷 读在学习效果上的差异 人与自然：现代生物采样数据 D 说明文 358 1 3 0 0 的科学性 ( 应 用 A 290 人与自然：四种徒步活动 3 0 0 0 文 新 高 人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速 考 全 B 说明文 276 2 2 0 0 交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 国 II C 说明文 268 人与社会：巴比伦微农场 2 1 1 0 卷 2024 人与社会：图书《人工智能设 D 说明文 321 0 3 0 1 计:与人工智能共生的计划》 人与社会：哈佛社区的 ARTS A 应用文 226 2 1 0 0 FIRST艺术节 全 国 B 说明文 302 人与自然：了解猫的行为 1 1 1 1 甲卷 人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣 C 说明文 267 1 3 0 0 卢卡斯列车 人与社会：谈论文学作品的最 D 说明文 348 1 3 0 0 佳结局 A 应用文 240 人与自我：语言交流项目 3 0 0 0 北 京 人与自我：作者重拾画油画的 B 记叙文 354 1 3 0 0 卷 信心并接受了自身局限性 C 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题： 0 3 0 1宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生 成的 人与社会：人类道德准则的 D 说明文 384 形成过程及人类建立道德准 1 1 1 0 则的标准 人与社会：音乐剧《汤姆·索 A 应用文 233 3 0 0 0 亚:河流历险记》 浙 江 B 记叙文 338 人与社会：感受电话亭变迁 1 3 0 0 1 月 人与自然：加拿大Alberta防雹 C 议论文 313 3 1 0 0 卷 千预计划之争 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引 D 说明文 339 1 1 1 0 发思考 A 应用文 209 人与社会：自行车租赁广告 3 0 0 0 人与自然：微生物处理净化废 新 高 B 记叙文 340 1 3 0 0 水 考 全 人与社会：数字时代如何做到 国 I C 说明文 322 1 2 0 1 极简生活 卷 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应 D 说明文 339 1 2 1 0 的基本原理 人与自然：今年息季在黄石国 A 应用文 256 家公园举办的一系列护林员项 3 0 0 0 目 新 高 人与社会：Urban Sprouts学校 考 全 B 记叙文 273 2 1 1 0 园艺项目 国 II 2023 人与社会：图书《阅读艺术:图 卷 C 说明文 321 1 2 0 1 书爱好者的艺术》 人与自然：城市中自然场所的 D 说明文 320 3 1 0 0 存在对居民的健康至关重要 人与社会：开启曼谷美食之旅 A 应用文 263 3 0 0 0 的建议 人 与 社 会 ： DIY 能 手 Terri B 记叙文 277 1 2 0 1 全 国 Bolton的故事 甲卷 人与社会：一本有关哲学的书 C 说明文 333 1 3 0 0 唤起作者对哲学的热爱 人与自然：美国灰熊的生存环 D 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 境和生存状况 全 国 A 应用文 229 人与社会：四位从事医学实践 3 0 0 0的女性的生平和经历 人与自我：一名专业的风景摄 B 记叙文 311 1 3 0 0 影师的生活和拍照经历 人与社会：电视烹饪节目对英 乙卷 C 说明文 295 2 2 0 0 国人烹饪习惯和观念的影响 人与社会：要客观公平地讲述 D 议论文 343 历史不仅需要文字资料，也需 0 2 1 1 要实物史料加以佐证 人与社会：国际奥林匹克委员 A 应用文 237 3 0 0 0 会青年领袖计划 人与自我：被拒绝也不是坏 B 记叙文 386 事，这意味着你能重新确定自 1 3 0 0 北 京 己的方向。 卷 人与社会：人类社会发展中人 C 说明文 366 0 3 0 0 们的短视现象 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的 D 说明文 429 0 2 1 1 影响 人与社会：儿童露营的内客与 A 应用文 220 3 0 0 0 安排 夹叙夹 浙 江 B 346 人与社会：零废弃的生活方式 0 2 1 1 议 1 月 人与社会：软件程序“Project 卷 C 说明文 314 0 3 0 1 Debater”以及它明显的缺陷 人与自然：旧式太阳能农场的 D 说明文 318 2 2 0 0 弊端:破坏土壤 A 应用文 235 人与社会：课程评分办法 3 0 0 0 夹叙夹 人与自然：日常生活食物浪费 新 高 B 347 3 1 0 0 议文 现象 考 全 人与社会：关爱养老院老人的 国 I C 说明文 298 1 2 0 1 养鸡项目 卷 人与自我：人类语言发展的研 D 说明文 341 2 1 1 0 2022 究 A 应用文 235 人与社会：儿童博物馆团体游 2 1 0 0 新 高 人与社会：媒体记者对新媒体 考 全 B 记叙文 324 2 1 0 1 时代的感悟 国 II C 说明文 289 人与社会：禁止开车使用手机 1 1 1 1 卷 D 说明文 356 人与自我：有氧运动延缓甚至 2 2 0 0逆转心脏衰老 人与社会：英国卡迪夫市艺术 A 应用文 287 3 0 0 0 剧院 人与自然：鹦鹉识别物体形状 全 国 B 说明文 255 2 1 1 0 的实验 甲卷 C 记叙文 305 人与社会：难忘的南极之旅 1 1 1 1 D 说明文 340 人与社会：悉尼新旧文化冲突 2 1 1 0 人与社会：苏格兰画家画展信 A 应用文 194 3 0 0 0 息 人 与 社 会 ： 介 绍 Dorothy B 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 全 国 Wickenden的书籍 乙卷 人与社会：无人机在铁路交通 C 说明文 314 0 2 1 1 中的应用 人与社会：英国征收糖税的起 D 说明文 325 3 1 0 0 因及效果 A 应用文 281 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS) 3 0 0 0 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦 B 记叙文 348 3 1 0 0 虑 北 京 解决全球挑战的重要方法—— 卷 C 说明文 415 1 2 0 0 系统思维 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那 D 议论文 400 1 1 1 1 样成功吗？ Merebeth--自营宠物运输专 A 记叙文 353 0 2 0 1 家。 浙 江 文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽 B 说明文 283 0 3 0 0 1 月 时代和电力时代的联系。 卷 经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时 C 说明文 342 罹患失智症的几率会大大降 3 1 0 0 低。 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 根据表格分析可知，近三年来阅读理解推理判断题考查共97次，考查推理判断的题量在近几年中相对稳定, 题目数量分布均匀,并且设题时往往和事实细节相连。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在 语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之 音”和“言外之意”。 高考对于推理判断的考查要求考生根据文章所提供的事实及自己的一些常识进行合理的推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机及性格特征和事件发生的前因后果等。推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题型,通常占总 题数的15%~30%。 【备考策略】 1. 理解文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，打好推理判断的基础。 2. 对文字的表面信息由浅入深地进行挖掘，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行合乎逻辑的推断。不能断章取 义，以偏概全，局限于肤浅的表面意思。 3. 忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行合理推断。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; 4. 把握句间、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构和体裁。体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，感悟文章 的逻辑发展，揣摩作者的弦外之音。 3.【命题预测】 预测2025年高考英语阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，推理判断题仍然会以深层推断题、意图推断题、 文章出处题、观点态度题、人物性格特征题等为主。 【必备基础知识】 一、【命题解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节 的暗示,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程，主要考查考生理清上下文逻 辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。 常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly 等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? What’s the author’s attitude towards...? What is the main purpose of the passage?等。 【常考类型】 题型1 深层推断题 周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义 题型2 意图推断题 依据文体特点推断写作意图 题型3 文章出处题 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 题型4 观点态度题 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 题型5 人物性格特征题 利用感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断 题型6 目标读者推断题 利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容推断 文章后续走势和 题型7 利用文章结构进行推断 篇章结构题【解题策略】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项 一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用 一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 2. 干扰选项特征 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的 张冠李戴 却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支 无中生有 撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句 曲解文意 话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原 文意思的曲解 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义 鱼目混珠 代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上 almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是 扩缩范围 在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解 题造成干扰的命题方法 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词, 偷梁换柱 造成句意的改变 01 宾语从句深层推断题（隐含推断题） 推断隐含义类的题目要求考生根据文章中的信息(句子、 段落或者全文)进行合理的、适度的逻辑推断， 推断出作者没有直接说明的内容、可能会发生的事情或者事务的特征等，理解作者的言外之意。这 类题目特点如下： 01题干设置关键词 常用 infer, indicate, imply, suggest, conclude, assume, know, learn 等 动词以及 suggestion, indication, assumption, conclusion 等名词。 02正确选项的设置 (1) 根据原文推断出的内容，不是原文内容的直接体现，多为语块或词块 的同义词转化或者表层含义 的延伸； (2)一般不含有绝对概念的字眼，通常含有 usually, may, some, probably, be likely to, about, can, possibly, probably 等。 03 常见的设问方式 What can we infer about … from the text? What can we learn about … ? What can be inferred about … ?【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. （2024年湖南省长郡中学模拟试题） ...... With music, she added, “you can start to sense with different parts of your mind and your body that there are patterns happening and that they’re important.” “The world is going to see more and more of these ‘wicked problems’, the ones that take multiple people with different types of training and background to solve.” Now,a group of professors and students are working to bring together music and the environment in related projects, such as an augmented (增强的) reality experience based on this composition. The group wants to spread awareness about the algae blooms, data literacy (数据认知) and environmental protection. 8．What role did Heather think music plays? A．Providing solutions to the algae problem. B．Exposing more wicked problems to the public. C．Showing the economic growth in coastal cities. D．Helping people experience the problems better. 02 写作意图推断题-依据文体特点推断写作意图 常见设问方式： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The writer of the story wants to tell us that________ The fact... is mentioned by the author to show______ The author writes the last paragraph in order to_____ 解题技巧： 1. 关注设问的信息位置: 1)开头提出问题——To attract readers’ attention；To introduce the topic; 2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers’ attention to the top; 3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on…; To sell a product or service； 4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against…; To support one’s own idea; To make it more persuasive (更有说服力的) 2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic→explanation→example→conclusion 主题+举例子解释或 者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth 常见的说明方法:1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。 2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。 3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用 古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。 4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点，对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更 有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。 5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的 xx特点，增强了 文章的趣味性。 6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更 科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。 7、作比较(make a contrast/comparision): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。 1.【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so theyare on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. （2024·四川·模拟预测）In an era of digital technology, the art of writing by hand has slowly been downgraded to a past entertainment. However, recent research suggests that this physical act is essential to brain health and development, having multiple cognitive (认知的) benefits. It is time we should reevaluate the potential benefits it may have on our mental capacities. According to numerous studies, writing by hand stimulates more complex and diverse brain connections essential for encoding new information and forming memories. For instance, a recent investigation found that brain connectivity patterns were far more complicated and widespread for participants who wrote by hand compared to those who typed. Thus, it is clear that handwriting has a distinct and significant impact on our brain health. Handwriting isn’t just good for our brains health—it also has clear, practical benefits. Research has shown that students who take handwritten notes score significantly higher on quizzes, demonstrating improved learning. This extends beyond the classroom too. People who recorded information on paper calendars demonstrated more brain activity and recalled information faster than those who used smartphones. The act of handwriting, therefore, could be a valuable tool for students preparing for exams and adults managing daily tasks. Despite its clear benefits, handwriting has been on the decline. However, 25states in the US have reintroduced writing back into school curriculums. This is a step in the right direction, as previous research has also indicated that handwriting is essential in children’s brain development. Preliterate (未识字的) children who wrote by hand demonstrated brain activity in a circuit of the brain used in learning to read, further strengthening the link between handwriting and cognitive development. It is clear that handwriting is a valuable activity that has the potential to enhance our brain health, learning, memory, and problem-solving skills. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is important not to overlook the value of this seemingly simple activity. So, the next time you reach for your keyboard, remember the benefits of picking up a pen instead. 14．Why is previous research mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To make a comparison. B．To add further evidence. C．To show different opinions. D．To explain the brain activity. 15．What’s the purpose of the passage? A．To illustrate a finding on handwriting. B．To emphasize the importance of handwriting. C．To show the wide application of handwriting. D．To introduce the artistic value of handwriting.03 观点态度题-利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 推断作者或者文中人物的意图态度题就是指针对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度进行 设问。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词 之中。 观点态度类的题目旨在考在考生对作者或者文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力，要求考生在理解文意的基 础上进行推理判断。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句，需要考生结合文中描述该人物 的相关词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。 常见的设问方式有: How does the author feel about...? What does the author think of...? What is the author’s attitude towards/to...? 题干设置关键词attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard, feel about, think of 等。 作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：乐观、支持、赞同；中立、客观；悲观、怀疑、反对、批评。作者的 思想态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间，应特别注意文中表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。 【观点态度词】 一、表中立，客观 1.objective客观的 2.neutral中立的 3.factual事实的 4.disinterested无兴趣的 5.impartial公平的；不偏不倚的 6.impersonal无人情味的7.unprejudiced无偏见的 8.unbiased无偏见的 9.unconcerned不关心的 10.detached独立的 二、表赞同、支持 1.enthusiastic热心的 2.supportive支持的 3.optimistic乐观的 4.positive积极的 5.favorable有利的；赞成的 6.approving赞成的 7.appreciative欣赏的 8.admiring钦佩的 9.impressive印象深刻的 三、表怀疑、否定 1.suspicious可疑的 2.doubtful怀疑的 3.skeptical/sceptical怀疑的 4.questioning质疑的 5.opposed反对的 6.contradictory自相矛盾的 7.negative消极的 8.disapproving不赞成的 9.critical批评的 10.disgusted反感的 11.ironic反话的；讽刺的 12.hostile敌对的 13.contemptuous蔑视的 14.dismissive轻蔑的 15.pessimistic悲观的 16.gloomy阴暗的；令人沮丧的 17.apprehensive忧虑的 四、其他 1.mixed混合的2.tolerant容忍的 3.indifferent漠不关心的 4.concerned担心的 5.sensitive敏感的 6.reserved矜持的 7.conservative保守的；守旧的 8.radical激进的 9.moderate中等的；适度的 10.mild温和的；温顺的 11.subjective主观的 12.inconclusive无定论的 【2024全国甲卷B篇片段】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡 村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. ... Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. （2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest. NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experimentbegan when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves. “We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. 11．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings? A．Acceptable. B．Promising. C．Shallow. D．Dismissive. 04 推断文章出处-利用文体特征进行推断 推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来 判断。 常见设问方式： This passage would be most likely to be found in____ The passage is probably taken out of _____________ Where does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯 社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称 或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性 强。 Newspaper特征：1.首段或首句为新闻归纳(时效性强)。2.有特殊的文体标示(如Reuters)Magazine 特征：1.内容更加丰富，专题性更强，话题更详细语言轻松活泼、语言表述更具作者的主体意识。 Research特征：1. 语言比较专业化，会有一些专业词汇(如Planetary orbit)2.内容上严肃且精华，经常出现 专业的知识。 常见选项： A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/A news report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement 等. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures... 28.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. 【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干, 找关键词。关键词: Where, the text, taken from 第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...(第一 段) In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures...(第二段) 第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提到Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers, the book和第二段中 的In this“book of books”等信息均说明,本文选自对一本有关阅读艺术的书的介绍, 故选 __A__。 【方法指导】 确定题干中的关键信息。写作意图、文章出处类推理判断题要先锁定题干中的关键信息,把文章的内容 与题干中的关键信息结合起来做出正确的判断。 了解语言特色。要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说等 文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最佳答案。 （2023·湖南邵阳·高三湖南省邵东市第一中学校考） The UK is home to 26 world-ranked universities of the top 200 globally. At the heart of each university is the library, a space for students to access resources, absorb knowledge and gather thoughts. Here are some of our must- visit libraries across the UK. The British Library, London Located in London, the British Library is home to over 170 million items. The collections offer a glimpse into literary heritage over the ages, from books to maps to manuscripts. Visitors can browse treasures including Leonardo da Vinci’s notebook. Students with a reading pass are known to spend hours at a time in the reading rooms. Bodleian Old Library, Oxford Dating back to 1488, the Bodleian Old Library has three notable reading rooms. It is celebrated for its late Gothic architecture. You may recognize the elaborately carved ceiling from scenes in Harry Potter.Students at the university automatically get access to the library. John Rylands Library, Manchester ...... In which column of a newspaper can the passage be found? A．Culture B．Fashion C．Science D．Entertainment 05 判断人物性格特征题 推断人物特征类的题目主要考查考生对文章中出现的人物性格行为特征等进行综合分 析和推断的能力。 考生要特别关注有关人物的语言、情感、行为等语句及文中涉及该人物的 具体的事实信息，充分利用表 达感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断人物特征。 01常见的设问方式 What can we say about sb. ? What can we learn about sb. ? What kind of person is sb. ? What can best describe ...？ 02 描写人物特征的相关形容词: adaptable 有适应能力的 aggressive 有进取心的 ambitious 有雄心的 appreciative 感激的， 感谢的 4cautious 小心的，谨慎的 concerned 关心的 considerate 体贴的 cooperative 合 作的 courageous 勇敢的 demanding 要求极严的 devoted 全心全意的 reliable 可靠的 faithful 忠诚的 far-sighted 有远见的 humorous 幽默的 independent 独立的 indifferent 冷漠的 diligent 勤奋的 responsible 负责任的 knowledgeable 知识渊博的 sensible 明智的，理智的 straightforward 率直的，坦率的 talented 有才能的 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 innovative 创新的 easy-going 随和的 open-minded 思想开明的 grateful 感激的，感谢的 intelligent 聪明的 determined 意志坚定地 committed 尽心尽力的 （2024·河南南阳·模拟预测）The Music Educator Award, presented by the Recording Academy and Grammy Museum, recognizes those who have made a significant contribution to music education. This year it went to Annie Ray, a teacher at Annandale High School in Fairfax County, Virginia. She was honored for her efforts to make music accessible to all students, particularly those with disabilities. Ray attended the awards ceremony in Los Angeles, took photos with pop stars and brought home a $10,000 prize and matching grant (补助金) for her school’s music program. But she considers the award to be her students. Ray loved music and was regarded as a music talent at an early age. She was inspired by the diversity of the Annandale community, which she says represents over 60 countries. There are a lot of cultures that might typically clash (冲突), but they come together in this very beautiful harmony. So she created the Crescendo Orchestra (管弦 乐队) for students with disabilities, as well as a parent orchestra that teaches nearly 200 caregivers a year to play the same instrument as their child. The orchestra is about much more than just making music, however. It gives students a chance to develop their cooperation skills and learn the art of improving something. “I really push my students to be bold, go out of their comfort zones, challenge themselves and become confident,” Ray said. “Meanwhile, they completely changed my educational approaches. I learn to teach them according to their own abilities and pace.” At the Grammys, what impressed her was that many famous performers agreed that a good music educator can change one’s life, which made her feel what she did was rewarding. But she faces some challenges. One is that not many people understand how much music educators’ work matters. Another challenge is resources. Her school desperately needs new instruments but lacks enough money. “It is a hard profession, but I never give up. There’s nothing else like it,” Ray said. 7．Which words can best describe Ray? A．Humorous and helpful. B．Modest and determined. C．Wise and adventurous. D．Demanding and ambitious. （2024·河北·三模）Many biologists are drawn to ocean animals like sea turtles and whales. For me, the pale, blind creatures in the world’s darkest caves are more attractive. As an underwater cave ecologist, I find and name new species. I have described eight new species of sponges (海绵物种) so far, seven of which live only in caves. Sometimes I count the population of organisms to see how their numbers change over time. I also study how different species interact with one another and their environment. When I start diving with my team members, there’s natural light around us, but as we div e farther, it turns dark, and we switch on our lights and follow the cave line — a thin thread explorers leave behind for divers to findtheir way in and out of the cave. While some caves are just a few meters long, some stretch over 300 kilometers and could be deeper than 50 meters. Diving at this depth, you might fall in narcosis,a state where the brain feels like it’s on a high, similar to being drunk. We might run into trouble an hour or so away from the cave entrance. But the mysterious (神秘的) world we see inside is worth the risk. I remember diving into El Aerolito Cave on Cozumel Island in Mexico, where I recorded 101 species. My most exciting encounter to date has been with remipedes — poisonous wormlike creatures found only in underwater caves. It took me around 200 dives before I came face to face with about 15 of them hidden deep in the caves of Cozumel. These delicate ecosystems are rapidly changing due to water pollution, climate change, and construction activities. We might lose the many life forms in these deep, dark worlds before we can even begin to understand them. I’m determined to explore all I can while they still exist. I’m taking advanced diving lessons and learning new laboratory techniques so that I can go even deeper into understanding this environment. 4．Which of the following can best describe the author? A．Honest and curious. B．Generous and humble. C．Brave and determined. D．Sympathetic and helpful. 06目标读者推断题-利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容 推断文章作者或目标读者的设题方式： Who probably wrote the letter? Who is the passage written for? Who are the intended readers of the passage? The author probably writes this passage for __________. 阅读理解中通常会要求考生根据文章的内容来判断文章作者或目标读者。 1: 判断文章的作者 判断文章作者，可以从语言表达方式或者文章的内容两个方面去判断。 例如：如果材料是议论文，考生可以留意一下作者对于论点所持有的态度或观点，这些态 度或观点是作者直接表述的，还是引用别人的。如果材料是说明文，那么作者很可能就是 与材料相关的专业人士。 2: 推断文章的目标读者 文章的目标读者，也就是文章的指向性。此类题目与文字的内容是紧密相连的。不同的文 章内容，其目标读者是不同的。 作者可能会在文中涉及到文章的指向性，这样的提示信息一般会出现在文章的开头(“总- 分”或者“总-分-总”式的材料)与结尾(“分-总”式的材料)。 在阅读材料的过程中，考生要注意作者的措辞和语气，因为针对不同的目标读者，作者所 用的措辞也是不一样的。Home delivery meal kits have been one of the bits of the pandemic: they have enabled diners to carry on getting a taste of restaurant－quality food, while helping restaurants to stay in business, and even make you an excellent chef. Here are four of the best offering delivery in our region： Berenjak (berenjakbazaar.com) “The kabab kits from this London－based Iranian restaurant—which range in price from ￡25 to ￡45—are a ‘class act’，” says Jay Rayner in The Observer. “My kit even included a pair of plastic gloves for me to wear while dealing with the raw meat. This is the best kind of meal kit—the cooking is fun, and the finished product is utterly delicious.” Gujarati Rasoi (gujaratirasoi.co.uk) “I love this vegetarian restaurant，” says Marina O’Loughlin in The Sunday Times. “And its meal boxes are ‘electrifyingly good’ too. Family boxes for four cost ￡65, and I especially love the starter (￡15.50). The dishes were complicated, yet quite easy to cook.” Lyle’s (lylesprovisions.com) “This Michelin－starred London restaurant delivers its ‘exquisitely delicious’ menu boxes each Friday，” says Xanthe Clay in The Daily Telegraph. “At ￡140 for two, they aren’t cheap, and with multiple courses, they do take a bit of work and concentration to cook.” Santo Remedio (santoremedio.co.uk) “Order a Remedy kit from Santo Remedio and what you will get is an incredibly generous, sharing－style Mexican feast for two，” says Anna Lawson on BBC’s “Good Food”. “The kits come with a choice of slow－ cooked meat, accompanied by all the ingredients to make your own pancake. Preparation is simple, thanks to a colour－coded instruction.” Who are the potential target readers of the text? A. Restaurant cooks. B. Trainee chefs. C. Ordinary housewives or househusbands. D. Hotel managers. 07 后续走势和篇章结构题 后续情节发展推断题要求考生对接下来的故事情节或文章内容进行推断。解答该题型时，考生 要把握作者的写作思路，分析段落之间的联系，继而作出合理的推断。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about?[2023·全国乙卷] What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It􀆳s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat- and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain􀆳s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK􀆳s obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it􀆳s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 31.What might the author continue talking about? A.The art of cooking in other countries. B.Male chefs on TV programmes. C.Table manners in the UK. D.Studies of big eaters. 【2023届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】 One of the things that we expect from the ocean is is deep blue color that reflects the sky. Scientists at UC San Diego Institution of Oceanography along with scientists at the University of Washington have been experimenting with dyeing (染) the ocean at San Diego beach pink. What could they possibly be up to? This is being done for a study that examines how freshwater outflows are combining with the ocean surf zone. The experiment is called Plumes in Nearshore Conditions (PiNC).“I’m excited because this research hasn’t been done before and it’s a unique experiment,” said Sarah Giddings, a coastal oceanographer leading the study. “The aim is to understand how freshwater interacts with waves, since it is usually warmer than ocean water and more buoyant (有浮力的).” The freshwater is dyed pink so that the team can easily keep track of it when freshwater is added to the seawater. The dye is environmentally friendly and is then spotted as it makes progress in the water. It is tracked by sensors on poles that are located along the sand as well as by drones (无人机). There’s also a jet ski with afluorometer that tracks the light that is given out from the pink dye. The sensors outside of the surf zone record the height of the waves, ocean currents and temperature. There are three planned dye releases as of now, and researchers are hoping that this pink dye experiment will help them record more about how pollutants travel in the ocean water through these additions of freshwater. Giddings explained: “We’re bringing together different people with different expertise, such that I think it’s going to have some great results and impacts. We’ll combine results from this experiment with an older field study and computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.” 31．What will researchers probably do next? A．Build more scientific computer models. B．Experiment with dyes of different colors. C．Make a further research into the results. D．Discuss the results with different experts. 08 推理判断题易错点应对策略 推理判断题题干中常有infer,possible,imply,probable等标志词。 1.利用“推理要适度”原则缩小答案范围 之所以叫作推理判断题是因为此类题往往是在原文细节的基础上向外推一步而得出的结果，但这“一 步”要适度。如果往外推得太远就不是文中所要表达的观点了，因此推断时一定做到适度。 示例：The researchers found that levels of oxytocin(催产素） were higher in both humans and dogs after they interacted...Nagasawa did the same experiment with humans and wolves, but it did not give the same results. 55.What can we infer(推断）from the last sentence of the text? A.More experiments are expected to help wolves produce oxytocin. B. The cuddle chemical in human blood protects us against wolves. C.It makes sense the humans and wolves are naturally best friends. D. It's generally impossible to have the bond between humans and wolves. 分析：由上文可知，人和狼之间的交流不会使其体内的催产素增多。由此可推知，通常情况下，人和 狼之间不可能产生亲密的关系，故选D.而其余选项由于推得太远导致偏离文意，甚至出现错误。 2.利用“立足原文”原则缩小答案范围 做推理判断题首要原则就是要立足于原文的细节，如果推断出的结果在原文中找不到任何依据，那么 无论说法多么正确也不能选。 3.推理判断题选项特点 正确选项 错误选项 根据原文内容一步即可推出。 干扰项与常识吻合，但不是由文章 正确选项中一般不会有绝对的概 推出。念。 推理过头，引申过度。 正确选项中往往会有 sometimes, 偏离主题，主观臆断。凭空推测， may,might,can,could,possibly, 不立足原文。 probably等词。 直接照抄原文信息的选项。 （最新模拟试题演练） Passage 1 【2024届安徽省皖北协作区高三下学期 3月模拟】The Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship is only 8.5 kilometers long, but it is considered one of the hardest cycling challenges in the world. If you’ve ever ridden a bike against a reasonably strong wind, you know just how difficult dealing with the extra drag can be. However, the Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship only takes place during storms, when the wind force is expected to be at least 7, on the Oosterscheldekering storm barrier, which faces the North Sea. The Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship has been held almost every year on the Oosterscheldekering since 2013, gathering hundreds of cycling enthusiasts from all over the Netherlands. Participants are limited to 300, all of whom start in the same place, 30 seconds apart from each other. The cyclist who completes the 8.5-kilometer course first is declared the winner. With weather conditions as bad as they are during this unique race, any kind of technical advantage can make a huge difference. Therefore, organizers try to level the playing field by ensuring that all participants use the same equipment — a single-speed aluminum Gazelle city bike with back-pedal brakes. The only things that can provide an advantage are fitness and endurance (忍耐力). You might be wondering why anyone would want to torture their legs by pedaling against winds that could sweep a person off their feel, and that’s a valid question, but the point is that many Dutch do. You may get a glimpse of the reason for their enthusiasm from the interview of a professional athlete, Lisa Scheenaard, who has won the last three editions in the women's category. As she put it, “For me, it’s not just to win the champion but to push myself physically and mentally. It inspires and changes me as a person. As a cyclist, that’s the biggest part.” 24．What makes the Championship so challenging? A．The length. B．The wind. C．The procedure. D．The equipment. 25．What do the underlined words “level the playing field” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Keep the race fair. B．Grade the race. C．Make the field flat. D．Hold the competition. 26．What can be learned from the text?A．Participants with determination are more likely to win. B．Whoever has an interest in cycling can take part in it. C．The Championship has been organized every other year. D．All participants are required to start in the same place at the same time. 27．Why are so many Dutch enthusiastic about the Championship? A．To compete and win the award. B．To seek their fortune. C．To challenge and improve themselves. D．To keep their figure. Passage 2 【2024届安徽省皖北协作区高三下学期 3月模拟】When we think about lives filled with meaning, we often focus on people whose grand contributions benefited humanity. Abraham Lincoln,Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela surely felt they had a worthwhile life. But how about us ordinary people,struggling in a typical existence? There is an important element to consider. Think about the first butterfly you stop to admire after a long winter or imagine the scenery at the top of a hill after a fresh hike. Sometimes existence delivers us small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating such experiences, these moments may enhance how they view their life. This element is defined as EA (experiential appreciation) by Joshua Hicks, a psychological professor at Texas A &M University. Recently, he and his research team set out to figure out whether EA was related to a person’s sense of meaning in a series of studies that involved more than 3,000 participants. At an initial test, researchers had participants rate their agreement of different coping strategies to relieve their stress. They found people who managed stress by focusing on their appreciation for life’s beauty also reported experiencing life as highly meaningful. Researchers then conducted a series of experiments, in which they gave participants specific tasks and, once more, asked them to report how strongly they identified with statements linked to purpose, etc. In one case, participants who watched an awe-inspiring video reported having a greater sense of EA and meaning in life, compared with those who watched more neutral videos. After reflecting on the results collected from the participants, researchers confirmed their original theory. But applying that insight can be difficult.Our modern, fast-paced, project-oriented lifestyles fill the day with targets and goals. We are on the go, and we attempt to maximize output both at work and at leisure. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. Yet life happens in the present moment. We should slow down, let life surprise us and embrace the significance in the everyday life. 32．Why are the butterfly and the scenery on a hill mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To introduce a concept. B．To attract readers’ interest. C．To demonstrate the beauty of nature. D．To show the necessity of protecting nature. 33．How did the researchers conduct the study?A．By designing different strategies to reduce stress B．By studying previous research data. C．By shooting videos starring the participants. D．By analyzing the response from the participants. 34．Who tends to find life more meaningful according to the text? A．A person who always gets her life well-organized. B．A person who often hears motivating speeches. C．A person who leads a fast-paced life D．A person who always expects future results. 35．What life philosophy does the author show in the last paragraph? A．No pains, no gains. B．Those who believe in their ability can do anything. C．Live your life one day at a time. D．Being on sea, sail; being on land, settle. Passage 3 【2024届东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟（二）】A Virginia family whose home was destroyed by a fire last week recently received the gift of some old-fashioned Christmas cheer from “Santa Claus” (圣诞老人). In the spirit of Christmas, the Ferrum Volunteer Fire Department delivered presents to the family who lost their home and belongings in a house fire on Thursday. “It was a working structure fire and unfortunately the family lost everything. We as volunteers knew that we couldn’t let this mom and her three kids go through Christmas without anything,” the fire station wrote on Facebook. “Yes, they’re OK but it’s Christmas, right?” The fire station officials delivered Christmas gifts to the mother and her three children the following day at the local church shelter they were staying at, and in photos posted on the site, the children appeared joyful. “We brought gifts and more gifts! The kids were overjoyed and very grateful.” the station said on its post. “They were very happy to see all the gifts and the fire trucks that we brought the gifts in,” the department told USA TODAY. The kids received Barbies, Pokémon, artworks, remote control cars, blankets, clothes and shoes. The mother also received a gift card. The Facebook post was flooded with what seemed to be comments from community members touched by the generosity. “The best Christmas gifts are the ones you give! Thank you all for your wonderful service and your big hearts!” one user commented. “So thankful they are alright! We are truly blessed to live in such a giving and helping community, and our fire department and rescue teams are amazing! Great job! So proud!” another user wrote. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．The Fire Department provided the family with shelter.B．The volunteers saved some belongings for the family. C．The family went through Christmas in sorrow. D．Receiving a Christmas gift is a traditional joy. 5．What’s the comments’ attitude towards the fire station? A．Ambiguous. B．Unconcerned. C．Appreciative. D．Sympathetic. 6．How does the author develop his idea? A．By giving examples. B．By using quotation. C．By making comments. D．By analysing causes. 7．What’s the best title of this article? A．Firefighters or Santa Claus? B．Firefighters Safeguarded Us C．A Fire Brought Gifts D．Love Can Cure Passage 4 【2024届广东省大湾区高三下学期二模联考】Americans have adopted dogs in record numbers in the pandemic (流行病), and we really don’t like leaving our new family members home on their own. We worry that they’ll be lonely, or worse, chew the furniture. So we ask: What would we want to do if we were at home with nothing to do? Watch TV, of course. DogTV, a channel for dogs, has been available in the United States since 2012. Last month it expanded to reach dogs in England, Australia and New Zealand and is now available in 14 countries. Unsurprisingly, more than 80 percent of the channel’s subscribers are Americans, who make up the largest pet market in the world. According to Ron Levi, the founder of DogTV, there is a significant amount of separation anxiety among pet owners. DogTV was created to provide sensory and visual stimulation that can help reduce this anxiety. Levi came up with the idea for the channel in 2006 when he realized that dogs are highly social animals and often struggle when left alone at home. Thus, he decided to focus on their needs. While some animal behaviorists advocate for the use of toys and puzzles instead of TV, others believe that certain types of programming can be beneficial when there is nothing else going on. For pet owners like Sage Randall, who got a new dog named Carrot Cake in 2020 to keep her company while working at home, the guilt of leaving a pet alone can be great. She laughed when a friend advised her to get DogTV and thought it was crazy to even imagine a dog actually sitting still to watch television. However, she tried it and was shocked that Carrot Cake enjoyed watching the different landscapes and seeing other dogs playing. Although DogTV may not be a perfect solution for every pet owner, it provides an interesting look at how technology is being used to address the needs of dogs. As for whether dogs actually enjoy television or if we are simply finding comfort in providing them with this very human form of entertainment, that remains an open question. 4．Who is most likely to be the author of this article? A．A dog owner. B．A mobile subscriber. C．An animal behaviorist. D．An American marketer.5．What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A．Americans like dogs best. B．The pet market is growing. C．Dogs cost their owners a lot. D．DogTV is gaining popularity. 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How dogs’ needs are met. B．Why DogTV was created. C．What worries pet owners. D．Who founded the channel. 7．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Sage Randall? A．To compare different ways of treating dogs. B．To explain dogs’ fondness for watching TV. C．To illustrate the attitude of some pet owners. D．To show the effect of technology on animals. Passage 5 【2024届广东省大湾区高三下学期二模联考】Yes, having a big name in science will help get your paper published, a new study confirms. Involving hundreds of researchers reviewing an economics paper, the study found that reviewers were more likely to recommend acceptance when the paper was associated with a famous author compared to a lesser-known one. The Matthew effect, a term coined in 1968 to describe this prejudice, has been a topic of concern among scientists for years. However, previous efforts to document this prejudice had limitations such as small sample sizes or lack of randomization. To address these issues, a team from the University of Innsbruck conducted an extensive study. The team sent emails to about 3,300 researchers, inviting them to review an economics paper for a real journal. The paper had two authors: Vernon Smith, a Nobel Prize winner, and Sabiou Inoua, one of Smith’s former Ph. D．students. The potential reviewers received one of three descriptions of the paper: one mentioning only Smith, another mentioning only Inoua, and a third with no author mentioned. Of the researchers who agreed to review the paper, Smith’s fame influenced their responses. When given only Smith’s name, 38.5% accepted the invitation to review, while the figures were 30.7% for those given no name and 28.5% for those given only Inoua’s name. To further avoid prejudice, the team randomly assigned the 313 reviewers who initially received no author’s name to review one of three papers: one credited to Smith alone, another to Inoua alone,and a third with no authors listed. Reviewers rated the paper credited to Smith the highest, praising its inclusion of new information and data- supported conclusions. The version with no authors received recommendations for acceptance from 24% of reviewers, more than double the percentage for the version credited only to Inoua. The team warned against evaluating identical work differently based on the author’s identity and suggested that double-blind reviews may reduce the prejudice. However, this approach may not be effective as reviewers can often identify authors through preprints or conference presentations. 8．What does the term “the Matthew effect” refer to according to this passage? A．A topic of public concern. B．A preference in publication. C．A document describing coins. D．A way to get papers accepted. 9．Why did the team from the University of Innsbruck carry out the extensive study?A．To review an economics paper. B．To find fault with prior studies. C．To further investigate an effect. D．To study how to release papers. 10．What are presented in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Data reception and release. B．Paper description and scores. C．Research methods and findings. D．Authors’ identities and responses. 11．What does the team suggest to reduce the prejudice? A．Revising the review method. B．Reading the online preprint. C．Assessing different works. D．Adding new information. Passage 6 【2024届广东省高三下学期二模】When we encounter a troublesome problem, we often gather a group to brainstorm. However, substantial evidence has shown that when we generate ideas together, we fail to maximize collective intelligence. To unearth the hidden potential in teams, we’re better off shifting to a process called “brainwriting”. You start by asking group members to write down what is going on in their brains separately. Next, you pool them and share them among the group without telling the authors. Then, each member evaluates them on his or her own, only after which do the team members come together to select and improve the most promising options. By developing and assessing ideas individually before choosing and expanding on them, the team can surface and advance possibilities that might not get attention otherwise. An example of great brainwriting was in 2010 when 33 miners were trapped underground in Chile. Given the urgency of the situation, the rescue team didn’t hold brainstorming sessions. Rather, they established a global brainwriting system to generate individual ideas. A 24-year-old engineer came up with a tiny plastic telephone. This specialized tool ended up becoming the only means of communicating with the miners, making it possible to save them. Research by organizational behavior scholar Anita Woolley and her colleagues helps to explain why this method works. They find that the key to collective intelligence is balanced participation. In brainstorming meetings, it’s too easy for participation to become one-sided in favor of the loudest voices. The brainwriting process ensures that all ideas are brought to the table and all voices are brought into conversation. The goal isn’t to be the smartest person in the room. It’s to make the room smarter. Collective intelligence begins with individual creativity, but it doesn’t end there. Individuals produce a greater volume and variety of novel ideas when they work alone. That means they not only come up with more brilliant ideas than groups but also more terrible ideas. Therefore, it takes collective judgment to find the signal in the noise and bring out the best ideas. 8．What is special about brainwriting compared with brainstorming? A．It highlights independent work. B．It encourages group cooperation. C．It prioritizes quality over quantity. D．It prefers writing to oral exchanges. 9．Why does the author mention the Chile mining accident in paragraph 3? A．To introduce a tool developed during brainwriting.B．To praise a young man with brainwriting technique. C．To illustrate a successful application of brainwriting. D．To explain the role of brainwriting in communication. 10．How does brainwriting promote collective intelligence according to paragraph 4? A．By blocking the loudest voices. B．By allowing equal involvement. C．By improving individual wisdom. D．By generating more creative ideas. 11．Which step of brainwriting does the author stress in the last paragraph? A．Individual writing. B．Group sharing. C．Personal evaluation. D．Joint discussion. Passage 7 【2024届广东省高三下学期二模】“The mountains are calling and I must go” — the famous quote is from John Muir(1838-1914), who is described as “the wilderness poet” and “the citizen of the universe.” He once jokingly referred to himself as a “poet-geologist-botanist and ornithologist (鸟类学家)-naturalist etc. etc.!” He is known as the Father of American National Parks. Famed documentary filmmaker Ken Burns recently said, “As we got to know him… he was among the highest individuals in America; I’m talking about the level of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thomas Jefferson— people who have had a transformational effect on who we are.” So where is the quote from? Well, John Muir was a productive writer. Whether he was writing poetry or simply letters to his family, John Muir was always putting pen to paper. The quote is from within one of his many letters written to his sister: September 3rd, 1873 Yosemite ValleyDear sister Sarah, I have just returned from the longest and hardest trip I have ever made in the mountains, having been gone over five weeks. I am weary, but resting fast; sleepy, but sleeping deep and fast; hungry, but eating much. For two weeks I explored the glaciers of the summits east of here, sleeping among the snowy mountains without blankets and with little to eat on account of its being so inaccessible. After my icy experiences, it seems strange to be down here in so warm and flowery a climate. I will soon be off again, determined to use all the season in carrying through my work—will go next to Kings River a hundred miles south, then to Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains, and in winter work in Oakland with my pen. Though slow, someday I will have the results of my mountain studies in a form in which you all will be able to read and judge them. The mountains are calling and I must go, and I will work on while I can, studying incessantly (永不停息地). I will write again when I return from Kings River Canyon. Farewell, with love everlasting. Yours,John 4．What can we learn from John Muir’s self-description in paragraph 1? A．He longed to expand his own career. B．He enjoyed his involvement in nature. C．He wanted to find his real advantage. D．He valued his identity as a poet most. 5．What did Ken Burns mainly talk about? A．Muir’s political influence. B．A documentary film on Muir. C．Muir’s historic significance. D．The social circle around Muir. 6．How did Muir feel when writing the first paragraph of his letter? A．Relieved but regretful. B．Exhausted but content. C．Excited but lonely. D．Defeated but hopeful. 7．Why must John Muir go into mountains again? A．To go on with his mountain studies. B．To seek freedom from social connection. C．To attend an appointment in Oakland. D．To experience the hardship of wilderness. Passage 8 【2024届河北省高三下学期大数据应用调研联合测评七】 Victim complex describes a personality character of persons who believe they are constantly the victims of the harmful actions of others, even when made aware of evidence to the contrary. Most people go through normal periods of simple self-pity. However, these periods are temporary and minor compared to the deep feelings of helplessness, pessimism, guilt, shame, despair, and depression that consume the lives of persons suffering from a victim complex. Persons with a victim complex tend to repeatedly think about every injury, crisis, or disease that they have ever experienced, particularly those that happened during their childhoods. They refuse to accept responsibility for dealing with their problems and they never accept any degree of blame for their problems. They even find reasons why suggested solutions will not work. As a result, they are often highly critical of others and rarely enjoy lasting friendships. As a noted behavioral scientist, Steve Maraboli, puts it, “The victim mindset dilutes the human potential. By not accepting personal responsibility for our circumstances, we greatly reduce our power to change them.” Being able to let go of a situation with gratitude, peace, and acceptance involves seeing a situation for what it is and acknowledging how you can do better in future situations. But if someone has a victim complex, according to Williams, a clinical psychologist, they’re not able to reflect on the hurt of others and how their actions have made others feel. Because they’re not willing to let go, they’re more likely to harbor ill will and want to see those who’vehurt them punished. The victim complex originally starts because of a fundamental distrust in the world. To bring sweetness back to how they view situations, we should encourage them to find the bright side in situations. The world can be a bad place, but there are also a lot of beautiful and kind people too. While there’s a possibility for things to go wrong, we need to gently guide them toward the possibility that there’s also the chance things can work out too. 28．What is typical of a person with victim complex? A．High level of inner conflict. B．An extremely negative state of mind. C．Over concern about the surroundings. D．Lack of willingness to get along with others. 29．What is a consequence of victim complex according to the text? A．Reduced ability to solve problems. B．Low motivation to seek friendship. C．Loss of control over one’s own temper. D．Risk of being constantly blamed by others. 30．Which statement might Williams agree with? A．Those who hurt others deserve punishment. B．It’s easier said than done to let go of a situation. C．One should learn to forgive and forget for a better life. D．Seeing other people’s trouble helps overcome the victim complex. 31．For what purpose is the last paragraph written? A．To give advice. B．To draw a conclusion. C．To express expectation. D．To sum up the main idea. Passage 9 【2024届湖南省衡阳市高三第二次联考（二模）】 Omar Vazquez grew up in poverty on Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. He watched his single mother struggle to put food on the table, and today the memory inspires him to help those in need. When an invasive (入侵的) seaweed called sargassum showed up on Mexico’s Caribbean beaches, Omar looked past the matter of it all and saw an opportunity to help others. Sargassum is not dangerous, but it has an unpleasant smell and can become so thick that it keeps people from entering the water. Mexico has experienced record-setting amounts of the seaweed in recent years, and it has made its way to Florida’s beaches as well. Experts say there could be as much as 100 tons of sargassum blocking Mexican shorelines in 2023. With tourism dollars at risk, officials and locals alike were eager to remove the seaweed, but only Omar saw its true potential. The professional gardener organized a beach cleanup that provided jobs for about 300 local families, but he knew there was more to do. Since people’s attitude towards the seaweed reminded him of his own life experiences, he decided to become an agent (推动者) for change. When sargassum started arriving, everyone was complaining. “I wanted to make something good out of something everyone saw as bad,” Omar explained. In 2018, Omar found a way to turn sargassum into building blocks that he calls Sargablock. He creates theseblocks by mixing 40% sargassum with other materials like clay, then putting them in a block-forming machine and baking them in the sun for days. The end result is an organic, sustainable, and ecologically friendly building material that experts say could last for 120 years. To date, Omar’s company, Bluegreen Mexico, has used 700 tons of sargassum to build low-income housing for those in need. Omar said he would take on more projects, and donate more houses to single mothers like his own mom. 4．What can be learned from paragraph 1? A．Omar’s family often assisted people in need. B．Sargassum originated on the Caribbean beaches. C．Omar’s experience in childhood has influenced him much. D．Omar has met a lot of generous people since he was young. 5．How did most people react to the increasing sargassum? A．They didn’t take it seriously. B．They were anxious to clear it up. C．They viewed it as new materials. D．They were excited to see a grand scene. 6．Which words can best describe Omar? A．Honest and ambitious. B．Strong-willed and confident. C．Quick-thinking and humorous. D．Sympathetic and innovative. 7．What does the author mainly want to tell us through Omar’s success? A．It’s never too old to learn. B．Love shines every dark corner. C．Solutions can be obtained from problems.D．Heroes arise from humble beginnings. Passage 10 【2024届江西省部分重点中学高三下学期第二次联考】Conventional chemical fertilizers (化肥) aren’t among the most eco-friendly substances in the world. Not only do they pollute the environment if they get into waterways, but they also reduce nutrients in the soil over time. What’s more, they’re relatively expensive. Seeking a greener and more sustainable alternative, some farmers have started applying nitrogen-fixing bacteria (固氮细菌) to their crops. These bacteria absorb nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into ammonia in the soil. That ammonia provides the plants with nutrients, restores poor soil, and boosts the plants’ natural defenses against pest insects. One problem with the bacteria, however, is the fact that they are very sensitive to heat and humidity (湿度). This means they don’t stand up well to being shipped out to farms from a central source. With these drawbacks in mind, Asst. Prof. Ariel Furst and her colleagues at MIT have created a method of coating the bacteria in tiny “metal-phenol network” (MPN) shells (外壳). The shells contained organic compounds called phenols, which are generally regarded as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. This new coating technology could make such bacteria more widely available than ever before. On one hand, these coatings don’t block the bacteria’s growth or functions. On the other hand, they do provide protection from heat and humidity. The coated bacteria can even be freeze-dried, then shipped and applied to crops. Furst’s team created 12 different MPNs which comprised metals such as iron, manganese, aluminum andzinc, all of which are considered safe for use as food additives. When these MPNs were used on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, all of them were found to protect the bacteria from temperatures of up to 50℃ and from relative humidity of up to 48%. Furst is now commercializing the technology through a company she founded, called Seia Bio. “When we think about developing technology, we need to intentionally design it to be inexpensive and accessible, and that’s what this technology is.” she said. 32．Why are conventional chemical fertilizers mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To lead in the topic. B．To show their advantages. C．To provide an example. D．To explain how to use them. 33．What can we learn about nitrogen-fixing bacteria? A．They prefer high temperatures. B．They are insensitive to humidity. C．They reduce nutrients in the soil. D．They are environmentally friendly. 34．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．MPN shells. B．The plants. C．Chemical fertilizers. D．The coated bacteria. 35．What does Furst expect of the new coating technology? A．It may help farmers to ship crops. B．It can be widely applied. C．It might be accessible to more companies. D．It will limit the growth of bacteria. 2024年 Passage 1 【2024 全国甲卷】Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community's artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages. Light Awash in Watercolor Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880-1990: Into the Light. Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工艺)materials. Wheel Throwing Join instructors from the Ceramics Program and great potters from Quincy, Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potter's wheel. Then create your own masterpiece! Knitting and Pom-Pom Making Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit (编织). 1. What do we know about ARTS FIRST? A. It is an exhibition of oil paintings. B. It offers art courses for all ages. C. It presents recreational activities. D. It is a major tourist attraction. 2. Which program will you join if you're interested in drawing pictures? A. Light Awash in Watercolor. B. Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity. C. Wheel Throwing. D. Knitting and Pom-Pom Making. 3. What can you do together with Javier Marin? A. Practice a traditional dance. B. Make handcrafts. C. Visit a local museum. D. Feed invertebrates. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了ARTS FIRST艺术节的相关艺术展览和艺术制作活动，并且 邀请热爱的学生或社区成员加入。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的“We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making' activities.(我们期待着您的到来， 我们将通过表演、艺术展览和艺术创作活动来展示哈佛艺术界的创造力。)”以及下文的四个小标题“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”；“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity(没有骨气的艺术家:无脊椎 的创造力)”；“Wheel Throwing (投掷轮子)”和“Knitting and Pom-Pom Making (编织和制作毛绒球)”可推知， ARTS FIRST是提供娱乐活动的。故选C项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”部分中的“Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880 — 1990: Into the Light. (与哈佛艺术博物馆材料实验室的专家一起了解水彩颜料的材料和质量。在即将到来 的“1880 — 1990年美国水彩画：进入光”展览中，尝试一下艺术家们使用的一些绘画技巧。)”可知，如 果对画画感兴趣，可以参加Light Awash in Watercolor。故选A项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity (无脊椎艺术家：无脊椎动物的创造力)” 部分中的“Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of History to learn how insects and other Natural invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craftmaterials. (和哈佛历史博物馆的Javier Marin一起学习昆虫和其他自然无脊椎动物是如何跳舞、启发时尚和 创造艺术的。同时用手工材料制作你自己的无脊椎艺术家。)”可知，参与者能跟Javier Marin一起进行手工 制作。故选B项。 Passage 2 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针 灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him? A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude. 25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian. C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance. C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection. 【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用 于动物，并取得了初步成效。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkersoccasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑 他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一 种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的 病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针 灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 【26题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有 严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的 狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎 按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体 医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒 适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎， 如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到 700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从 30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 Passage 3 【2024北京卷】When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since. I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oilpainting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un- anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 24. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged. 25. In her 30s, the author _________. A. avoided oil painting practice B. sought for a painting career C. fancied abstract painting D. exhibited child paintings 26. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Actions speak louder than words. B. Hard work is the mother of success. C. Dreams are the reflections of realities. D. Creative activities involve being confident. 【答案】24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者 对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。 【24题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over- confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。 我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知， 作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art.(在我30多 岁时，我结交了画家朋友们，学到了看待艺术的新方法)”和“Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. (虽然这些新朋友是使用油画颜料的抽象画师，或者是版画家或雕塑家，但我把油画作为禁忌的 高级形式，不允许我练习)”可知，作者在30多岁时回避练习油画。故选A。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. (成为一名成功的画家需要有决心。我意识到我总是害怕想要得太多)”及文章内容可 知，本文主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40 岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我们能从文章中学 到创作活动需要自信，故选D。 Passage 4 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye- catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见， 建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现 在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而 且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段 ““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍 摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记 录的物种观察数据。故选C。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比 如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的 人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方 式的不当。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们 上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 Passage 5 【2024 全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡 村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors. C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river. 9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors. C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid. 10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A. About a year. B. About ten months. C. About two months. D. About two weeks. 11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远 地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。 【8题详解】 细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time thedoctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天， 在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其 他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。 【9题详解】 推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共 卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷 的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远 地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。 【10题详解】 细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约 八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故 选D。 【11题详解】 推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持 专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机 会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 Passage 6 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollutetraditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 10. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. . D They have a strong environmental awareness. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输 距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短 了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有 一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。 故选B。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办 公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热 衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短 了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。 由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每 株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑 自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员 工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场 （BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少 化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 Passage 7 【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 8. What does the project aim to do? A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming. 9. Who are opposed to the project? A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies. C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton 10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D. To show the link between storms and moisture. 11. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加 里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机 在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯 塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷 走。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险 公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质， 使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔 省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷 走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷 风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克 拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水 分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷 风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践 中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉 讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨 公司将继续存在。故选D项。 Passage 8 【2024北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem- solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key.33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过 程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很 少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受 到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情 的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中， 规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需 求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以 及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道 德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形 成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为 文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 9 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s onpaper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? . A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C 【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更 多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更 有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应 是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所 以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根 据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比， 投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态， 不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 【30题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音 频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一 作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。 故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视 频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况 下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数 字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所 有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代， 因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 Passage 10 【2024北京卷】The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality,reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的 看法。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟 的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都 不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑， 是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、 文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且 结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与 determined by意义相近。故选B项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可 知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发 挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知 道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的 论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的 产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能 变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非 常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为 模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 Passage 11 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A 【导语】本文是一篇书评。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景， 强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 【12题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20 多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角 度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)” 可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理 解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南， 读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的 内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更 糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考 虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走 向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工 智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们 都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即 将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可 知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书， 该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁 各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的 书。故选A项。 2023年 Passage 1 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A ditry stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and askingquestions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. , Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 4. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone. C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor. 5. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem. C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine. 6. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 7. What is the basis for John’s work? A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive. C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【答案】4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用 自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A ditry stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.(当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的 树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals?(在大学学习了 农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？ 哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge.(几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)” 以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.(他对结果感到 惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)” 可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里为了测试生态机器。故选D。 【6题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse- like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.(这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类 似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城 市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.(你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然 后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。 Passage 2 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,”she says, “and they feel successful.” 4. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 5. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 6. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 7. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力， 环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位 老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts 的发起者。故选D。 【5题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.(她说。“他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。”虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫， 对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选 C。 【6题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。 有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特 殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走了出去，”她说，“他们觉得成 功。”)”可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情 绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。【7题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在 四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和 健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养 学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响 深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。 Passage 3 【2023年全国乙卷】 Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation. Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way. Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment. One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 4. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest? A. By teaming up with other photographers. B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks. C. By studying the geographical conditions. D. By creating settings in the corn fields. 5. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author? A. Proper time management. B. Good shooting techniques. C. Adventurous spirit. D. Distinctive styles. 6. What can we infer from the author trip with friends to Devil’s Lake? A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock. B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset. C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected. D. They had problems with their emipment. 7. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake? A. Amusing. B. Satisfying.C. Encouraging. D. Comforting. 【答案】4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一名风景摄影师，在摄影途中发生的一些所见所闻。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第二段“I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way. (我倾向于和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险，沿途拍照)” 可知，作为一名中西部的风景摄影师，作者应对挑战的方式是去乡村或州立公园拍摄。故选B。 【5题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. (尽管如此，回顾这 些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更 好)”可推知，作者认为，风景摄影成功的关键是适当的时间管理。故选A。 【6题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. (然而，我们没有标出路线，所以我们几乎完全错过了日落)”可推知，作者在与朋友的魔 鬼湖之旅中，到达拍摄地点的时间比预期的要晚。故选C。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. (尽管如此，回顾这 些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更 好)”可推知，作者认为自己在魔鬼湖拍摄的照片是令人满意的。故选B。 Passage 4 【2023年北京卷】Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. 24. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled. 25. After talking with Professor Devon, the author decided to ________. A. criticise the review process B. stay longer in the Sahara Desert C. apply to the original project again D. put his heart and soul into the lab work 26. According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________. A. demanding B. inspiring C. misleading D. amusing 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution. C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction. 【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B 27. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的 拒绝给予了更好的方向。 【24题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封 邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我 们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮 件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. (因此，当我收到这封邮件后不久，负责这个项目的玛丽·德文教授邀请我去她的实 验室观察正在进行的工作时，我感到非常震惊。我欣然接受了这个机会，几周后，当她邀请我和她谈谈我 可以在她的实验室里从事的潜在项目时，我同样感到震惊——同时也是欣喜若狂。她提出的建议似乎没有 我最初申请的项目那么令人兴奋，但我打算全力以赴)”可知，与德文教授交谈后，作者决定全心全意地投 入实验室工作。故选D。【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. (我发现自己和一个机器人教授一起研究从沙漠中远程收集数据的技术。我可以 在沙发上完成这个项目，而不是在沙漠的酷热中完成，它不仅在封锁期间幸存下来，而且在传统方法不奏 效的地方也奏效了。最后，我有了新的科学兴趣去追求)”可推知，机器人学教授的项目很鼓舞人心。故选 B。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. (我明白了 有时候我需要抓住提供 的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地 制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更 好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。 Passage 5 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 8. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. 【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后 如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选 B。 【9题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活 动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)” 可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将 借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一 章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮 助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第 二部分中提及的实践。故选A。 Passage 6 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation heconducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. , In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大 量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 【12题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of theseerrors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯 错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均 在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错 误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们 的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各 不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除 而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步 划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个 五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立 的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高 也是可以做到的。故选D。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大 学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对 自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试 图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论 过程。故选C。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研 究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas 领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas 的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 Passage 7 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the readerappears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 8. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 9. What are the selected artworks about? A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school. C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure. 10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。 【8题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)” 可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。 我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是 关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。 【10题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。 我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记 录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最 相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池 供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的 是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。 Passage 8 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in theactivities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然 对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互 动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中 的野生自然。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。 如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可 知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网 上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息， 将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提 交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。 故选A。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参 与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在 周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居 家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满 意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他 感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以 知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动 带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深 作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 Passage 9 【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat- and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, andyoung people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 8. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 11. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B 【解析】 【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习 惯。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国 食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此 无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物 平平无奇。故选A项。 【9题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐， 而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对 烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影 响力。故选D项。 【10题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示 他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知， 三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事 了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。 Passage 10 【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? . A The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists.D. The local farmers’ advocates. 35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长 到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕 的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。 【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年， 灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。 它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊 的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复 非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护， 允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保 组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻 烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望 有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理 米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措 施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。 Passage 11 【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer- term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem 29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Climate change has been forgotten. B. Lessons of history are highly valued. C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30. What does the author intend to tell us?A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个 重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未 来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是 工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经 进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家 Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了 强调一个问题，故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类， 他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆 不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说， 如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成 一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变 化，故选C。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short- termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为， 短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short- sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲 健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中， 这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思 考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 Passage 12 , 【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生 命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工 生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾 伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存 在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过， ‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学 成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话 语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 【32题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表 亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是 ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫 做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因 为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故 选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别 的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证 明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 Passage 13 【2023年全国乙卷】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 12. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳 入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 【12题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does notprivilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述， 因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚 的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)” 可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结 合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历 史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我 们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男 子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从 自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。 【14题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联 系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都 出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述 的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第 一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读 文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果 我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以 conversation指的是“历史”。故选 B。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一 部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而 世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史 就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。 Passage 14 【2023年全国甲卷】 I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学). That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them. Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life. He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation. The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of. 28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author? A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher. 29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? A. To compare Weiner with them. B. To give examples of great works. C. To praise their writing skills. D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book. 30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express? A. Its views on history are well-presented. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life. C. It includes comments from readers. D. It leaves an open ending. 31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book? A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward. D. Humorous and straightforward. 【答案】8. C 9. D 10. B 11. D 【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明书评。作者在 13 岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后 Weiner 的书 The Socrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本 书。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我 带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。 【9题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框 定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗 一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容， 接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列 举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。 【10题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生 活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选 B。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以 提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后 一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它 以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners 的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。 2022年阅读理解新闻报道 Passage 1【2022年浙江卷6月】Pasta and pizza were on everyone’s lunch menu in my native land of Italy. Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of foods I couldn’t even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language. Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the Italian- speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how lucky I was to be fluent in two languages. In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I’ve learned about social programs that I didn’t know existed. This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city’s sounds and smells. Instead, enjoy its diversity. 1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn? A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn. C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different. 2. Who does “the little girl” in paragraph 2 refer to? . A An Italian teacher. B. A government official. C. The author herself. D. The author’s classmate. 3. How did the summer job benefit the author? A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of direction. C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come true. 【答案】l.D 2.C 3.C 【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过三个夏天的工作，开阔了视野，接受真实世界 的多样性，不再是幼儿园里那个害怕的小女孩了。 1.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. (几年后，当我站在布鲁 克林一所幼儿园的午餐队伍里时，我意识到事情不再那么简单了。我的同学中有皮肤白皙、蓝眼睛大的， 也有棕色皮肤、深色头发的)”可知，当作者去了在Brooklyn的一所学校之后，发现学校里的人不一样。 故选D。 2.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二三句“For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. (过去的三个夏天，我一直在纽约的一家政府机构工作。新移民涌入我们的办公室寻求帮助，就像排队吃午餐 的小女孩一样)”以及第一段第三句“A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. (几年后，当我站在布鲁克林一所幼儿园的午 餐队伍里时，我意识到事情不再那么简单了)”可知，当年的小女孩长大了，在纽约的一家政府机构工作， 工作环境让她想到当年自己在幼儿园的午餐队伍排队的情境。故选C。 3.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第三四五句“This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city’s sounds and smells. Instead, enjoy its diversity. (这项工作拓展了我的思维，这是在四面墙 的教室里不可能做到的。今天走在布鲁克林的街道上，我不再对这座城市的声音和气味感到困惑。 相反， 我会享受它的多样性)”可知，作者三个夏天的工作拓展了思维，开始接受真实世界的多样性。故选C。 Passage 2 【2022 年浙江卷 1 月】 For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was bom of the financial crisis （危机）in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate （房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1, 600 miles away. It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job. Merebeth*s pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas. This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. She moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking. It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30, 000 per year before tax. She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says, *'When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals. 1. Why did Merebeth changed her job? A. She wanted to work near her home. B. She was tired of working in the office. C. Her sister asked her to move to Denver. D. Her former employer was out of business. 2. The word "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to ? A. make money. B. try various jobs. C. be close to nature. D. travel to different places.3 What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job? A. She has chances to see rare animals. B. She works hard throughout the year. C. She relies on herself the whole time. D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary. 【答案】l.D 2.D 3.C 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Merebeth从事的新工作。近十年来，她一直是一名自营宠物运输专 家。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中 “ The downturn hit the real estate （房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.（她曾在一家房地产公司做 了 10 年 的办公室经理，经济低迷打击了这家公司。公司破产了，她只好另寻新工作）”，可知， Merebeth之所以换 工作，是因为她以前的雇主破产了。故选D。 【2题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第二段中 “ It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers.（她自豪地说，除了蒙大拿州、华盛顿州和俄勒冈州，她走遍了美国所有的州。 如果她想去一个新 的地方，她只需要找到一个有交通需要的宠物。她风雨无阻地旅行）”，可知，划线 词的意思是“渴望去不 同的地方旅行”。故选D。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中 “When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals.（当我在路上的时候，我只是在自己的世 界 里。我一直很独立，我强烈地觉得我必须帮助动物）”，可知，Merebeth在她的新工作中一直都是靠 自己。 故选C。 Passage 3 【2022年浙江卷6月】Pasta and pizza were on everyone’s lunch menu in my native land of Italy. Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of foods I couldn’t even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language. Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the Italian- speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation inItalian with people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how lucky I was to be fluent in two languages. In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I’ve learned about social programs that I didn’t know existed. This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city’s sounds and smells. Instead, enjoy its diversity. 1. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn? A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn. C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different. 2. Who does “the little girl” in paragraph 2 refer to? . A An Italian teacher. B. A government official. C. The author herself. D. The author’s classmate. 3. How did the summer job benefit the author? A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of direction. C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come true. 【答案】l.D 2.C 3.C 【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过三个夏天的工作，开阔了视野，接受真实世界 的多样性，不再是幼儿园里那个害怕的小女孩了。 1.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. (几年后，当我站在布鲁 克林一所幼儿园的午餐队伍里时，我意识到事情不再那么简单了。我的同学中有皮肤白皙、蓝眼睛大的， 也有棕色皮肤、深色头发的)”可知，当作者去了在Brooklyn的一所学校之后，发现学校里的人不一样。 故选D。 2.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二三句“For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. (过 去的三个夏天，我一直在纽约的一家政府机构工作。新移民涌入我们的办公室寻求帮助，就像排队吃午餐 的小女孩一样)”以及第一段第三句“A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. (几年后，当我站在布鲁克林一所幼儿园的午 餐队伍里时，我意识到事情不再那么简单了)”可知，当年的小女孩长大了，在纽约的一家政府机构工作， 工作环境让她想到当年自己在幼儿园的午餐队伍排队的情境。故选C。 3.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第三四五句“This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city’s sounds and smells. Instead, enjoy its diversity. (这项工作拓展了我的思维，这是在四面墙 的教室里不可能做到的。今天走在布鲁克林的街道上，我不再对这座城市的声音和气味感到困惑。 相反， 我会享受它的多样性)”可知，作者三个夏天的工作拓展了思维，开始接受真实世界的多样性。故选C。 Passage 4 【2022年天津卷第二次】I’m an 18-year-old pre-medical student, tall nd good-looking, with two short storybooks and quite a number of essays my credit. Why am I singing such praises of myself? Just to explain that he attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began. Born and raised in Africa，I had always taken my African origin as burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!” What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering (口吃), which had weakened my self- confidence. It always stood between me and any fine opportunity. I’d taken it as an excuse to avoid any public speaking sessions, and unknowingly let it rule over me. Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success. Another boost to my self-confidence came days later as I was watching the news about Oprah Winfrey, the famous talkshow host and writer—she’s black too! Whenever I think of her story and my former dislike of my color, I’m practically filled with shame. Today, I’ve grown to accept what I am with pride; it simply gives me feeling of uniqueness. The idea of self- love has taken on a whole new meaning for me: there’s always something fantastic about us, and what w need to do is learn to appreciate it. 41. What affected the author’s adjustment to her school life in Norway! A. Her appearance B. Social discrimɪnation. C. Her changing emotions. D. The climate in Norway. 42. What did the author’s occasional stuttering bring about according on Paragraph 3? A. Her lack of self-confidence. B. Her loss of interest in school. C. Her unwillingness to greet her classmates. D. Her desire for chances to improve herself. 43. How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and ne girl on the bus? A. Blessed and proud. B. Confused and afraid. C. Amazed and relieved. D. Shocked and ashamed. 44. What lesson did the author learn from the cases of Newton and Churchill?A. Great minds speak alike. B. Stuttering is no barrier to success. C. Wisdom counts more than hard work. D. Famous people can’t live with their weaknesses. 45. What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A. Pride comes before a fall. B. Where there is a will, there is a way. C. Self-acceptance is based on the love for oneself. . D Self-love is key to the attainment of self-pride. 【答案】41. A 42. A 43. C 44. B 45. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述的是作者在非洲长大的经历，在成长的过程中作者意识到一个人要获得 自尊就要首先学会接受自己本来的面目。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据文中第二段“Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!”(与我周围所有有着金色头发和精 致嘴唇的白人女孩相比，我，一个黑人女孩，有着卷曲的头发和饱满的红唇。无论天气如何，我的鼻子上 经常有一层薄薄的汗水。我只想把自己埋在壳里哭着“我太不一样了！”)”可知，作者的外表与其他的孩 子不同，这使得作者不容易适应学校的生活。故选A项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering(口吃), which had weakened my self-confidence.(导致我自我厌恶的还有我偶尔的口吃，这削弱了我的自信心。)”可 知，作者的口吃导致作者失去了自信。故选A项。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。文中第四段提到“To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November!(令我惊讶的是，她的鼻子上也有薄薄的汗水，而且是在十一月！)”可知，作者见到小女孩儿感 到很惊讶，根据句子中““Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.”(“哇，”我低声对自己说，“这毕竟不是遗传疾病。这很正常。”)”可知，作者此刻感到 很放松。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.(我大大地松了一口气，然后一个想法突然出 现在我脑海中——如果我聪明，我不应该让我的口吃阻碍我和我的成功。)”可知,作者意识到口吃不应该是 自己成功的障碍。故选B项。 【45题详解】 主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Just to explain that he attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love,and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began.(只是为了解释 他获得自尊来自大量的自爱，而要获得它，一个人必须首先学会接受自己的本来面目。这就是我挣扎开始 的地方。)”可知，本文要讲述的是作者在经历中感悟到要想有自尊，首先要自爱。故选D项。 Passage 5 【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 8. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 9. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 10. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 11. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. 【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。 【8题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康 状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。 【9题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来 外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目 获得了一种成就感。故选B。 【10题详解】 词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想 法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一 批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。 故选C。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目 的想 法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这 个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故 选A。 Passage 6 【2022 年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system. Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals infood has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach. More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending 29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B. The relationships among players have been clarified. C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination. 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。 28.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世 界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为 想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程 师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系 统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方 法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。29.【解析】 细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在 实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成 部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 30.【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result —an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改 变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的 关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。 Passage 7 【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages. Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands. So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.” In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally. 4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement? A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by number of schools. C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside. 5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK? A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research. C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature. 6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest? A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted. C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B 【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。 4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来， 最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故 选A。 5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈 特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然 之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。 6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少 600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得 很密。故选B。 Passage 8 【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job. In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist. How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.” 7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show? A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable. C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result. 8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______. A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successfulC. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers 9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people. B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless. C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind. D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity. 10. What does the text seem to advocate? A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family. C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment. 【答案】7. D 8.B 9.C 10.A 【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发 现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。 7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是 成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. (在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些 事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提 出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知， Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。 8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不 屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被 认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人， 由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。 9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。 10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关， 尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果， 所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。 Passage 9 【2022 年浙江卷 1 月】 The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier. "It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.*' writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world*'. Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else." Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery. To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 4. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity? A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B. It began earlier than proper thought. C. It is a little-studied period of history. D. It will come to an end sooner or later. 5. What can be inferred about Ned? A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories, C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century. 6. What is the text? A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report. 【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B 【解析】 【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段 “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions."（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在 Klein看来，电力时 代 和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。 【5题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. ’’（为了 编织 他 的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned,它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见 证。）矛卩第四段 “Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所 以他 应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。 【6题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个 角色，一 个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于 将长篇故事 变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。 Passage 10 【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages. Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands. So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.” In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally. 4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement? A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by number of schools. C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside. 5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK? A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research. C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature. 6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest? A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted. C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised. 【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。 4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来， 最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故 选A。 5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈 特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然 之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。 6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少 600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得 很密。故选B。 Passage 11 【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知， 我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem- solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明， 我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC 理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断 EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的 真理。故选D项。【47题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出 生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样， 他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想 与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感 知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究 中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温 暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 【49题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文 的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称 为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比 喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 【50题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然 您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。 如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实 生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 Passage12 【2022年全国甲卷】Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we wentour separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city. “I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted. “How do you mean?” I asked. “Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.” Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).” On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.” He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries. 12. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney. C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. 13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life. C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries. 14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress. C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international. 15. Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. A city can be young and old at the same time. B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic. C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance. D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign. 【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。 【12题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ” 以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方 历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了 一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。 故选A项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有 它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。 Passage 13 【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted. C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A. Through maintaining good health. B. By going through pain and suffering. C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D. Through offering help much needed by others. 53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A. less selfish B. less annoying C. more motivated D. more responsible 54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B. When our love for the world is insufficient. C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D. When we stay blind to the reality. 55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge . 【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生 而有益。 【51题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导 致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我 们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。 【52题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情， 而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事， 做事越有动力。故选C项。 【54题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危 险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的 结局。故选A项。 【55题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱 和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。 Passage14 【2022年全国乙卷】In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 4. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains? A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history. C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.5. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3? A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub. . C They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships. 6. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising? A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead. C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West. 7. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. 【答案】4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇书评。本文简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.-Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood -traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. (1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond Underwood——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。)”可知，Dorothy和 Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A项。 【5题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森 一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生活条 件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D项。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在 令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令 人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.(这本书以 Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。 大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容， 并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。 2021年阅读理解Passage 1 【2021年全国甲卷】When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue—sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up. When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear: tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.” “Yeah,” I said. “Safe.” 8. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London? A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby. C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family. 9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry! 10. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London? A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends. C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days 11. What message does the author seem to convey in the text? A. Children should learn a second language. . B Sport is necessary for children's health. C. Children need a sense of belonging D. Seeing the world is a must for children. 【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. C 【解析】 【分析】本文属于记叙文。本文讲述作者自己的经历，起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的 地方，结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好的适应了。作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己 的回忆，在与一个玩滑板的孩子打招呼的时候，终于找到了自己久违的熟悉感。 【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue -sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place.(除了我之外的家里人都很快适应这个城市， 没有了我喜爱的沙滩和蓝天，我感到迷茫和无措)”可知，作者刚到伦敦的时候因为没有喜爱的沙滩，不能 很好的融入到新的城市，感到很沮丧，故选A。 【9题详解】 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重 要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友 大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义，结合选项，故选B。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段““I was a local here 20 years ago," I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.””(我告诉他：“我20年前经常在这里玩滑板，”他缓慢地开始向我点头：“嗨，你 好！”)”可推知，作者去Southbank这个地方是为了寻找自己玩滑板的回忆，故选D。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的地方，结识了玩滑板 的朋友，因此很好的适应了。但是搬去华盛顿，因为没有遇到很好的玩滑板的朋友，几年之后就不再玩滑 板，作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己的回忆，在于一个孩子打招呼的时候，终于找 到了自己久违的回忆。通过作者的经历，作者要表达的是，归属感对于孩子是很重要的，故选C。 Passage 2 【2021年天津卷第二次】When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language. Having said that, I did not know for a long time what I was looking for. It was not until I followed this feeling to its source that I discovered I had a passion fbr writing. With some encouragement from my colleagues, I had one of my poems published. This bit of success, however, was the point where my problem began. Back in 1978, I had to travel between three different campuses in the morning, teaching freshman composition. Afternoons I spent taking my daughter to her ballet and horse-riding lessons. I composed my lectures on the way, and that was all the thinking time I had. When I returned home, there was not enough of me left fbr writing after a full working day. As a way out, I decided to get up two hours before my usual time. My alarm was set fbr 5:00 A.M. The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway. I had to jump out of bed and run to silence it before my family was awoken. This was when my morning writing began. Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing. I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published. When I decided to write a novel, I divided my two hours: the first for poetry, the second fbr fiction. Well or badly, I wrote at least two pages a day. This is how my novel, The Line of the Sun. was finished. If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel. What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control. For many people, the initial sense of urgency to create easily dies away because it requires making the tough decision: taking the time to create,stealing it from yourself if ifs the only way. 41. What motivated the author to start her writing career? A. Her strong wish to share. B. Her keen interest in writing. C. Her urgent need to make a living. D. Her passionate desire fbr fame. 42. What problem did the author face when she decided to begin her writing? A. She was too exhausted to write after a busy day. B. She had trouble in deciding on her writing style. C. She had to take time to discipline her daughter. D. She was unsure about her writing skills. 43. Why did the author place an alarm clock in the hallway? A. In case the clock in her room broke down. B. In case she failed to hear the ringing. C. To force herself out of bed. D. To wake up her family. 44. How did the author manage to finish her novel? A. By sticking to writing every morning. B. By writing when her mind was most active. C. By drawing inspirations from classic novels. D. By reducing her teaching hours at school. 45. What can we learn from the author's success in her writing career? A. It is never too late to change your job. B. Imaginative ideas die away if not taken in time. C. A tight schedule is no excuse fbr lack of action. D. Daily life provides ideas fbr creative writing. 【答案】41. B 42. A 43. C 44. A 45. C 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是作者喜爱写作并制定计划一直坚持下来。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language.” 当人们问我是如何开始写作的时候，我发现自己在描述一种对语言 的迫切需求。可知，促使作者开始她的写作生涯的原因是她对写作的强烈兴趣。故选B项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When I returned home, there was not enough of me left fbr writing after a full working day.”当我回到家时，在工作了一整天后，我写东西的精力已经不够了。可知，当作者决定开始写 作时，因为她忙碌了一天之后，她筋疲力尽，无法再写作了。故选A项。【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway. ”第一天我把它关掉了，因为我把它放 在触手可及的地方。第二天，我调了两个钟，一个放在床头柜上，一个放在走廊上。可知，作者在走廊里 放了一个闹钟的原因是为了强迫自己起床。故选C项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.”从1978年的第一个早晨开始，我一直遵循这个习惯，直 到今天，不为不写作找任何借口。可知，作者能够写小说的原因是坚持每天早上写作。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control.”我从摸黑起床工作中得到的是一种掌控一切的感觉。以及文章第四段“Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.”从1978 年的第一个早晨开始，我一直遵循这个习惯，直到今天，不为不写作找任何借口。可知，紧凑的日程并不 是不采取行动的借口。故选C项。 Passage3 【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故 选D项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利 用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受 害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不 一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. … The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是 利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、 迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选 A项。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更 大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推 知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。 Passage4 【2021年全国甲卷】Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especiallyas black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养). Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.” The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status. 4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme? A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful. 5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino? A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities. C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat. 6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have? A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young 7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve? A. The rhino section will be open to the public. B. It aims to control the number of the animals. C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund. D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas. 【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生 的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁 育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮， 已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhinoto be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第 40头在保护区出生的黑犀 牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在 Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推 知，Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。 Passage5 【2021年全国乙卷】You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re- examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products. C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach. 29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful. C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them. 30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers? A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging. . 31 Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作 品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提 高人们的环保意识。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re- examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真 有的什么区别吗？艺 术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使 观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视 与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源， 但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利 用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才 能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了 展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一 个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组 志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知， 这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料 污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。 【31题详解】标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么 区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕 塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每 60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块 塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王 (Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤 醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨， 适合作为标题。故选D项。 Passage6 【2021年北京卷】Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still- uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在 去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风 险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 【28题详解】 词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此 时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场 病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象， 不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注， 正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来 的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略， 我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他 们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么 糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled 困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”， 故选A。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉 迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道， 充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likelyto be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都 希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则 提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口， 提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看 到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另 一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的， 故选B。 Passage7 【2021年天津卷第二次】In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling? Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite. What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital people". Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react. Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO. Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says. Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals." 46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings? A. In the way they move around.B. In the way they act and react. C. In observation and analysis. D. In speech and facial expressions. 47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it . A. leams to make proper emotional responses B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives D. processes the natural language it hears 48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings? A. Calculating brain. . B Language skills. C. Instinctive judgements. D. Problem-solving ability. 49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans? A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency. B. The urgency to promote e-commerce. C. The wish to spread digital technology. D. The need to upgrade the health care system. 50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings? A. It's well planned. B. It is promising. C. It is uncertain. D. It's quite hopeless. 【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但 一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望 的。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因 为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部 表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。 【47题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性 的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身 不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算 法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan看 来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。 【49题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、 医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在 后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。 【50题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些 数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选 B项。 Passage8 【2021年全国甲卷】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with“intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.” 12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club? A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict. 13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science? A. They think themselves smart. B. They look up to great thinkers. C. They see gender differences earlier than boys. D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs 14. Why are more geniuses known to the public? A. Improved global communication. B. Less discrimination against women. C. Acceptance of victors' concepts. D. Changes in people's social positions. 15. What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck 【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上 “天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。 【12题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那 些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡 献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置 的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。 【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这 个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩 容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才 的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。 【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一 段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、 毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一 方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 9 【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）? These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）. How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones? A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity. C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. 26. What can we say about Baby Boomers? A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity. C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family. 27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day. C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as important as the gas light. 【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必 需品的观点。 【24题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上， 很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手 机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。 【25题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的 澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从 未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥 有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的 非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一 打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛 奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明 了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。 Passage 10 【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that weneed to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet， conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． . 31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature．D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 【解析】 【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么， 因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断， 第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我 们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要 调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些 会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考 虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏 呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程， 匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速 度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选 C项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我 们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要 调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival． Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时 间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能 会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选 C。 Passage 11 【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 55．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist 【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。 51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专 家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越 多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩 小他的知识范围。故选A。 52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继 日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间 在工作上。故选C。 53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一 位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将 其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。 54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的 一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的 例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历 史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推 断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选 D。 55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常 对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range ofsubjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从 整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。