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绝密★启用前
1998年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
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指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名一
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统 考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices m昢ed [A], [B], [C], and
[D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 1 that in
the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they
insisted that its土results during the period from 17 50 to 18 50were widespread poverty and misery
for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from
16 50 to 17 50, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and
prosperity.
二
This view, isgenerally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have_.2
two things: that the period from 16 50 to 17 50 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization
certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the
populace.
1. [A] admitted [ B] believed [CJ claimed [ D] predicted
2. [A] plain [BJ average [CJ mean [DJ normal
3. [A] momentary [BJ prompt [CJ instant [DJ immediate
4. [A] bulk [BJ host [CJ gross [DJ magnitude
5. [A] On [BJ With [CJ For [DJ By
6. [A] broadly [BJ thoroughly [CJ generally [DJ completely
7. [A] however [BJ meanwhile [C ] therefore [ D] moreover
8. [A] at [BJ in [CJ about [DJ for
9. [A] manifested [BJ approved [CJ shown [ D] speculated
10. [A] noted [ B] i mp ressed [CJ labeled [DJ marked
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the
questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets. (40 points)
英语试题 . 1 . (共 13 页）Text 1
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is
humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters
to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam
projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big,
powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert
themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid
for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile
flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of
disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe,
Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on
the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is
bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed
N armada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship
for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far
from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water
can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible
without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or
scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.
英语试题 . 2 . (共 13 页）11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
12. In Paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to
[A] areas short of electricity
[B] dams without power stations
[C] poor countries around India
[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
[B] They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as
[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"
[B] "More haste, less speed"
[C] "Look before you leap"
[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"
英语试题 . 3 . (共 13 页）Text2
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in
America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity
revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and
services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than
the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year,
which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due
to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a
revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction"
between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by
the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that
re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,
which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new
technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies
make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:
switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent
years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less
widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly
growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he
believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer,
says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out
costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He
dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of
ambulance chasing."
英语试题 . 4 . (共 13 页）15. According to the author, the American economic situation is
[A] not as good as it seems
[B] at its turning point
[C] much better than it seems
[D] near to complete recovery
16. The official statistics on productivity growth
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation
[C] meet the expectation of business people
[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
17. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because
[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 13 页）Text3
s
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo
17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh
remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the
humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -
but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several
books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and
Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan
of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from
Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information,"
which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault
primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's
objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other
phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other
groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of
smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995,
scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean
environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US
News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues
Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the
evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of
industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.
"The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University
philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only
one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."
英语试题 . 6 . (共 13 页）19. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means
[A] confrontation
[B] dissatisfaction
[C] separation
[D] contempt
20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to
[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists
[C] explain the way in which science develops
[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable.
22. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is
----
[A] impartial
[B] subjective
[C] biased
[D] puzzling
英语试题 . 7 . (共 13 页）Text 4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional
competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has
enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the
nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the
third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,
lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the
pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more
people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San
Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.
Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's
"baby boom" generation reached its child bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer
phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but
with fewer people, too. Some instances
•Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since
1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
•Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively.
Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7. 5
million people --about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than
in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other
state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the
West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho
and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than
two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 13 页）23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America
in 1970s
----
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"
25. We can see from the available statistics that
----
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
26. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
英语试题 . 9 . (共 13 页）Texts
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to
geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the
boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them
lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the
movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic
trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are
moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The
complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of
where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents
has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be
translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both
continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is
drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring
instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that
the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears
that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across
the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers
creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the
continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of
a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots
may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
英语试题 . 10 . (共 13 页）27. The author believes that
[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior
[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that
[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years
[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining
[A] the structure of the African plates
[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
[C] the mobility of the continents
[D] the formation of new oceans
30. The passage is mainly about
[A] the features of volcanic activities
[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes
英语试题 . 11 . (共 13 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your
translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of
enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earh. 31) But even more important, it was
the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the
patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the
universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US
National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Back ound Explorer satellite -- Cobe --had
gr
discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has
become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single
mass of energ).
32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in
the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory,
the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew
outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of
gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by avity into galaxies, stars, plants and
gr
eventually, even humans.
Cobe is desi ed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much
gn
smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They
shouldn't have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South
Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings
soon.
34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a
refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the
universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,
propelled by a sort of anti avity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically
gr
plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary paricle physics, and many
astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 13 页）m
Section Writing
36. Directions:
A Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2. Give your comments.
如此承诺
各行各业兴永订
欢笠扦个推托
1个许为分内帛
句须t:,q\ 畸"t-'ll"
英语试题 . 13 . (共 13 页）绝密★启用前
1999年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and
[D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety
programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the
work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is
kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may_i_ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the
program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by_§
rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain
basic ideas that must be used in evezy program if maximum results are to be obtained.
There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone,
safety土. The fewer the injury_.2._, the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the
difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.
1. [A] at [BJ in [CJ on [DJ with
2. [A] alive [BJ vivid [CJ mobile [DJ diverse
3. [A] regulation [BJ climate [C ] circwnstance [DJ reg山rement
4. [A] where [BJ how [CJ what [DJ unless
5. [A] alter [BJ differ [C ] shift [D ] distinguish
6. [A] constitu血g [B ] aggravating [C ] observing [D ] justifying
7. [A] Some [BJ Many [CJ Even [DJ Still
8. [A] comes off [BJ turns up [CJ pays off [DJ holds up
9. [A] claims [BJ reports [CJ d eclarat10ns [D ] proclamations
10. [A] an advantage [BJ a benefit [C ] an interest [DJ a profit
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the
questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets. (40 points)
英语试题 . 1 . (共 13 页）Text 1
It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.
Light up the stove and you could bum down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn
of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking
has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers'
misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, compames responded by writing ever longer wammg labels, trying to
anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,
among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions
that the toy "does not enable user to fly".
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for
example and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect
the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies
lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are
beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have
changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a
lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.
"We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't desi ed to prevent those kinds of
gn
injuries, " says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason
for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute a group of judges, lawyers, and
academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law
stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy
list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law
professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal
community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of
customers and not as protection against legal liability.
英语试题 . 2 . (共 13 页）11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[AJ Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[BJ Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[CJ Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[DJ Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ____
[AJ satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products.
[BJ become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products.
[CJ make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability.
[DJ feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern.
13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ____
[AJ some injury claims were no longer supported by law.
[BJ helmets were not designed to prevent injuries.
[CJ product labels would eventually be discarded.
[DJ some sports games might lose popularity with athletes.
14. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ----
[AJ biased
[BJ indifferent
[CJ puzzling
[DJ objective
英语试题 . 3 . (共 13 页）Text2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the
consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started
to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense
because business people typically know what product they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.
"Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior
analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online
transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private
intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for
marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers
into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to
"push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted
customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated
stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the
information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as
Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about
special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many
Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen
comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the
distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to
make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .corn, and other pioneers show that a Web
site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will
attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign
for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well
wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 13 页）15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ____
[A] has been striving to expand its market.
[B ] intended to follow a fanciful fashion.
[ C] tried but in vain to control the market.
[D] has been booming for one year or so.
16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ____
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users.
[B ] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions.
[ C] there is a radical change in strategy.
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners.
17. In the view of Net purists, _____
[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture.
[B ] money making should be given priority to on the Web.
[ C] the Web should be able to function as the television set.
[ D] there should be no online commercial information without requests.
18. We learn from the last paragraph that ____
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce.
[B ] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers.
[ C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago.
[ D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 13 页）Text3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students'
career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical
educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction indeed,
contradiction which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campai to put computers in the
gn
classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified
for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to
raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.
Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he
cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until
a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this
kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept
that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic
notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between
educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often
emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many
European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children
are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that
there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants.
Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as
large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international
corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go smce
well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong
acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that
is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take at the very longest a couple of
months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills
that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no
school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 13 页）19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is_ __
[A] far reaching
[BJ dubiously oriented
[ C] self contradictory
[D] radically reformatory
20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children_ ___
[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise.
[B ] came into being along with the arrival of computers.
[ C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates.
[ D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries.
21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of
professional training is ____
[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates.
[B] worth trying in various social sections.
[ C] of little practical value.
[ D] attractive to every kind of professional.
22.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ____
[A] included as an auxiliary course in school.
[B ] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications.
[ C] mastered through a life-long course.
[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 13 页）Text 4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an
adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual
animal husband technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an
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experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts
chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with
recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group the National Bioethics
Adviso Commission (NBAC) has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a
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meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90 day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended
indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the
recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human
DNA or cells routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial
question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to
be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested
that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create
a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt
stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted
several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone
body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds
to create emb os (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly
ry
endanger an emb o's life, NBAC will remain silent on emb o research.
ry ry
NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics
not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go
further by calling for a federal law that would i ose a co lete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and
mp mp
most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was
still "up in the air".
英语试题 . 8 . (共 13 页）23. We can learn from the first paragraph that ___
[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans.
[B ] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning.
[ C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique.
[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning.
24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ____
[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law.
[B ] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control.
[ C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning.
[ D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being.
25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ____
[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning.
[B ] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research.
[ C] an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research.
[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law.
26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ____
[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely.
[B ] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time.
[ C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC 's appeal .
[ D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 13 页）Texts
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of
the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity
through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of
people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion
of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that
the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking
himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?
Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready
for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have
unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and
dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they
find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences
where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain
experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, "the data are still inconclusive."
"We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile
going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been
asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.
He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has
convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and
carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is
perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going
and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash
register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard
pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is
management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of
more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team".
英语试题 . 10 . (共 13 页）27. The author wants to prove with the example oflsaac Newton that _____
[AJ inquiring minds are more i ortant than scientific experiments
mp
[BJ science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[CJ scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[DJ unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
28. The author asserts that scientists _____
[AJ shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[BJ shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[CJ should write more concise reports for technical journals
[DJ should be confident about their research findings
29. It seems that some young scientists _____
[AJ have a keen interest in prediction
[BJ often speculate on the future
[CJ think highly of creative thinking
[DJ stick to "scientific method"
30. The author i lies that the results of scientific research _____
mp
[AJ may not be as profitable as they are expected
[BJ can be measured in dollars and cents
[CJ rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[DJ are mostly underestimated by management
英语试题 . 11 . (共 13 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your
translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
31) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modem practice
most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the si ificant
gn
events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians
determines anew what is si ificant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always
gn
incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is
that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
32 ) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences
seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches
to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline
governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
33 ) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies
desi ed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
gn
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambi ous in the historical profession. 34) There
gu
is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to
the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inqui . Historians, especially
ry
those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently
fall victim to the "technical fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy
mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
35) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 13 页）m
Section Writing
36.Directions:
A Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words.
B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
C.Your essay should cover three points:
a. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife, b. possible reasons for the
effect, c. your suggestion for wildlife protection
英语试题 . 13 . (共 13 页）绝密★启用前
2000年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and
[D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his
production. He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. He can
continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in
three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance_3_the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a
commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical
fertilizers to_5_the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation-----2 _and improve his farm
in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . He must either sell some of his
property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low_9
of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.
other than as well as instead of more than
1. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
only if much as long before ever smce
2. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
for against of towards
3. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
replace purchase supplement dispose
4. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
enhance mlX feed raise
5. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
vessels routes paths channels
6. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
self confident self sufficient self satisfied self restrained
7. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
search save offer seek
8. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
proportion percentage rate ratio
9. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
genuinely obviously presumably frequently
10. [AJ [BJ [CJ [DJ
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the
questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets. (4 0 points)
英语试题 . 1 . (共 13 页）Text 1
A histo of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it
ry
may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end
of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries
unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best; its workers the most skilled.
America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose
economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as
inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found
themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such
as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of forei competition. By 1987 there was
gn
only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South
Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Forei -made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic
gn
market. America's machine-tool indust was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making
ry
of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,
was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They
began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore
shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inqui after another into the causes of
ry
America' s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about
the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth
while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a
devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American
industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according
to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard' s Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me
proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,"says Stephen
Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard
Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business
management in the United States."
英语试题 . 2 . (共 13 页）11.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because _____
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.
[ B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before.
[ C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors.
[ D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the
American -----
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.
[ B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by forei enterprises.
gn
[ C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.
[ D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.
13.What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[ C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[ D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to
the ____
[A] turning of the business cycle
[ B] restructuring of industry
[ C] improved business management
[ D] success in education
英语试题 . 3 . (共 13 页）Text2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,
but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as
many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies
survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in
those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural
selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving
depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes
almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has
gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few
people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15
children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have
roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for
natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country
offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand
mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that
natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has
involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,
000 years even the past 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did
not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant
of evolution: they "l ook at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly
beyond his comprehension. "No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond
comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia
we were, they will look just like us.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 13 页）15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[ B] A fierce competition.
[ C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
16.What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[ B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[ C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[ D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because _____
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[ B] the number of female babies has been declining
[ C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[ D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.
[BJ Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
[ C] The Evolutionary Future ofN ature.
[ D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 13 页）Text3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its
advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it
is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry,
however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the
theory on which it is based may be right it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been
conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.Consequently,
our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of
life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we
want to interpret modem stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by
stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words
that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and
shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the
explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a
bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of
their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff1 Pluff1 A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as
Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great
change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have
we essentially changed?
英语试题 . 6 . (共 13 页）19.This passage is mainly _____
[A] a survey of new approaches to art
[ B] a review of Futurist poetry
[ C] about merits of the Futurist movement
[ D] about laws and requirements of literature
20.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to _____
[A] determine its purposes
[ B] ignore its flaws
[ C] follow the new fashions
[ D] accept the principles
21.Futurists claim that we must_ ____
[A] increase the production of literature
[ B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[ C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is _____
[A] based on reasonable principles
[ B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[ C] indicative of a basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
英语试题 . 7 . (共 13 页）Text 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony
are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the
traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as
their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young
people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job
market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal
sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey,
it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared
with 67 .2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed
dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by forei ers for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to
gn
stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do
not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely i ored,"
gn
says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party ' s education committee.
" Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. " Last year Japan
experienced 2, 125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry,
many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year
Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal
reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the
"Japanese morality of respect for parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro,
"it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can
endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million
citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of
isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to
and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the
discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that
of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly
one-quarter.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 13 页）23. In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was _____
[A] under aimless development
[BJ a positive example
[ C] a rival to the West
[ D] on the decline
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese
society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[ C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
25.Which of the following is true according to the author _____?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[ C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[ D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that _____
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[ C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[ D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
英语试题 . 9 . (共 13 页）Texts
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over one'
s destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of
ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by
people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is
the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have
perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and
grandparents. There is a heavy note of h ocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses
yp
have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer
homes, European travel, BMWs the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such
items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.What has happened is that
people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be
thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine h ocritical spectacles, which
yp
now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton
summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the
journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in
private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is,
"Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and
unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a
healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it
has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer
feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed.
Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or
made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters,
and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
英语试题 . 10 . (共 13 页）27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_ ____
[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
[ B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power
[ C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
[ D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_ ____
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[BJ too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[ C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because_ ____
[A] they think of it as immoral
[ B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[ C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[ D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_ _.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[ B] openly and enthusiastically
[ C] easily and momentarily
[ D] verbally and spiritually
英语试题 . 11 . (共 13 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your
translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends
largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31 ) Under modem conditions, this
requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as
economists and operational research experts. 32 ) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a
country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its a iculture and industry, and that this
gr
in tum rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments
are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it
is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including
the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in
order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may
cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and
industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also
scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
33) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often
forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal
rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with
the past. For example, 34 ) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of
industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over
nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or
so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and
consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35) Additional social stresses
may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass mi ation
gr
movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modem means of transport. As a result of
all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists
for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 13 页）m
Section Writing
36. Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.
B.Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
C.Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1) Describe the pictures.
2) Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.
3) Suggest counter-measures.
淘
宝
店
铺
：
叮
当
考
研
英语试题 . 13 . (共 13 页）绝密★启用前
2001年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
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指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2001 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and
[D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the
correspondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people
involvedinprominentcases 1 thetrialofRosemaryWest.
In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will
introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control
theamountof 5 thatcanbegiventoacase 6 atrialbegins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord
Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8
sufficientcontrol.
9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he
said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to
Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European
Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to
privacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgo tocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.
“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafe hands 16 ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.
Witnesspaymentsbecamean 17 afterWest wassentenced to10 life sentencesin1995.Up to
19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns
were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty
verdicts.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1.［A］asto ［B］forinstance ［C］inparticular ［D］suchas
2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening
3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft
4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper
5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity
6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as
7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed
8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate
9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure
10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash
11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration
12.［A］betterthan ［B］otherthan ［C］ratherthan ［D］soonerthan
13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns
14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining
15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified
16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by
17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue
18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told
19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that
20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guarantee
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the
questions. Then mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter
inthebrackets.(40points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific
knowledge. By splitting upthesubject matterintosmallerunits，one man could continueto handlethe
information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of
related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing
professionalisationofscientificactivity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions
can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person
concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share
its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a
longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The
trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or
laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United
Kingdom.
Acomparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply
an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes
an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented
worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly
become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological
picture.Amateurs, on theother hand,have continued to pursuelocal studiesin theoldway.Theoverall
result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that
has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the
nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical
consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either
professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional
geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have
tendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in
British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the
twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the
crucialperiodfor thischangeinthestructureofscience.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as
_______.
[AJsociologyandchemistry
[B]physicsandpsychology
[C]sociologyandpsychology
[D]physicsandchemistry
22. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.
[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience
[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity
[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones
23. Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeology todemonstrate______ .
[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation
[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy
[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications
[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs
24. Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis_______.
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication
[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge
[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of
the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife
and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were
the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes
more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all,
the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid
their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one
to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital
divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the
Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the
only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated
anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment
is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural
foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,
it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including
roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the
Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them.
Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same
thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you
have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the
better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign
corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the
energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）25. Digitaldivideissomething_______.
[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet
[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor
[C]theworldmustguardagainst
[D]consideredpositivetoday
26. GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_______.
[A]offerseconomicpotentials
[B]canbringforeign funds
[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty
[D]connectspeopleallover theworld
27. ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_______.
[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas
[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol
[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure
[D]acceptingforeign investment
28. It seemsthatnowacountry’seconomydepandsmuchon______.
[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically
[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants
[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern
[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeign corporations
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of
Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long
self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and
spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in
the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of
standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a
conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative
structure for otherwise confusions news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps
explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey,
questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large
metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same
questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale
neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church,
do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to
reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in
inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their
readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled
business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots
of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and
fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that
so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now
focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values,
education, and class.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）29. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.
[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.
[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.
[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.
30. Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe______.
[A]quitetrustworthy
[B]somewhatcontradictory
[C]veryilluminating
[D]rathersuperficial
31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.
[A]workingattitude
[B]conventionallifestyle
[C]worldoutlook
[D]educationalbackground
32. Despiteitsefforts, thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits_______.
[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem
[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters
[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting
[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The
process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with
unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave
ofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations
accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and
growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in
economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms
of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the
200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic
firms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&Awave are the same that underlie
the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment
barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.
All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth
increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to
imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that
were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers
of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a
reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming
down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and
Nissan-butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan
Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise,
regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't
multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about
infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending
competition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase?
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?
[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.
[B]toinvestmoreabroad.
[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.
[D]totradewithmorecountries.
34. Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______.
[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.
[B]asurplussupplyfor themarket.
[C]agrowing productivity.
[D]theincreaseoftheworld'swealth.
35. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______ .
[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers
[B]WorldComservesasagood exampleof bothbenefitsandcosts
[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous
[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition
36. Towardthenewbusinesswave, thewriter'sattitudecanhesaidtobe_______.
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）Text 5
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a
part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional
progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a
disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my
family”.
Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what theAmericans
term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from
a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past
sevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettlefor abitofeverything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the
editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and
making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial
success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to
advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office
politicsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a
well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically,
even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling
downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such
as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from
recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want
toachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline— after the mass
redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in
Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons
forseekingtosimplifyourlives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting
in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic
vegetables,andriskingturningintoone—asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?
[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.
[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.
[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.
[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.
38.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting .
[A]enableshertorealizeherdream
[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife
[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus
[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine
39.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby .
[A]non-materialisticlifestyle
[B]abitof everything
[C]extremestress
[D]anti-consumerism
40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof .
[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife
[B]man’sadventurousspirit
[C]man’ssearchfor mythicalexperiences
[D]theeconomicsituation
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the
brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing
virtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.
41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that
willdisablethemwhen theyoffend. 42）Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonality chips,
computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will
beinfront ofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.
According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the
first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will
dramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.
43）Pearsonhaspiecedtogetherthework ofhundredsof researchersaroundtheworldtoproduce
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of
key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in
medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use
betweennowand2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our
nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we
can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek
holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It
will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic
humanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be
predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or
when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social
problemsas a result of technological advances.Aboom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for
example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may
notbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.
45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in
thebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section Ⅲ Writing
46. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her
ownunderstandingofit.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper
to
1）showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow.
2）giveaspecificexample,and
3）giveyour suggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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考生自负。
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书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2002 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points).
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the
diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed
before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic
3 ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was
during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the
railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the
20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is
importanttodoso.
It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,
10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11
its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller
and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming
sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations,
withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch 16 .
It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to
describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both
work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19
view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed
20 “harmful”outcomes.And generalizationshaveproveddifficult.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 12 页）1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later
2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until
3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure
4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form
5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked
6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off
7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into
8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective
9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore
10.［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized
11.［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although
12.［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible
13.［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental
14.［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty
15.［A］bymeansof ［B］intermsof ［C］withregardto ［D］inlinewith
16.［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller
17.［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory
18.［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected
19.［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational
20.［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］with
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].
Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 12 页）Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify
shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to
show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with
their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you
are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;
alternativelyifyou areaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because
the audience all shared the same view of doctors.Aman arrives in heaven and is being shown around
by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.
Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is
suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and
stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,”
camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the
experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a
passingremark aboutthe inedible canteenfood or thechairman’s notoriousbadtasteinties.With other
audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging
remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats
likethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include
a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced
manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that
araisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyou aremakingalight-heartedremark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first
you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and
understatement. Look atyour talk and pick out a few words or sentenceswhich you can turn about and
injectwithhumor.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 12 页）21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould .
[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience
[B]makefun ofthedisorganizedpeople
[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople
[D]showsympathyfor yourlisteners
22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare .
[A]impolitetonewarrivals
[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole
[C]entitledtosomeprivileges
[D]verybusyevenduringlunch hours
23.Itcanbeinferredfrom thetextthatpublicservices .
[A]havebenefitedmanypeople
[B]arethefocusofpublicattention
[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor
[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock
24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered .
[A]inwell-wordedlanguage
[B]asawkwardlyaspossible
[C]inexaggeratedstatements
[D]ascasuallyaspossible
25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe .
[A]UseHumorEffectively
[B]VariousKindsofHumor
[C]AddHumortoSpeech
[D]DifferentHumorStrategies
英语试题 . 4 . (共 12 页）Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with
work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in
robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet
tocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we
barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the
rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with
mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.
And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already
robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—
fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less
human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real
challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager
of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’to reliably interact
withadynamicworld.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of
initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors
might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to
extendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred
billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than
previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a
fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But thehuman mind canglimpse a rapidly
changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing
on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The
most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still
don’tknowquitehowwedoit.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 12 页）26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin .
[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.
[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.
[C]theinventionoftoolsfor difficultanddangerouswork.
[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.
27.Theword “gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans .
[A]programs
[B]experts
[C]devices
[D]creatures
28.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesign arobotthatcan .
[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.
[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.
[C]havealittlecommonsense.
[D]respondindependentlytoachanging world.
29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso .
[A]makeafewdecisionsfor themselves.
[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.
[C]improvefactoryenvironments.
[D]cultivatehumancreativity.
30.Theauthor usestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare .
[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.
[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.
[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.
[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 12 页）Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to
supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10
last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when
prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in
double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and
doomthistime?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.
Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push
thepricehigherstillintheshortterm.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the
1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol
than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite
bigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in
the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,
energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile
telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices) rich
economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic
Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would
increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter
of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which
heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously
squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil pricesis that, unlikethe risesin the 1970s, it
has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess
demand.Asizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s
commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by
70%,andin1979byalmost30%.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 12 页）31.Themainreasonfor thelatestriseofoilpriceis_______
[A]globalinflation.
[B]reductioninsupply.
[C]fastgrowth ineconomy.
[D]Iraq’ssuspensionof exports.
32.Itcanbeinferredfrom thetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif______.
[A]priceof cruderises.
[B]commoditypricesrise.
[C]consumptionrises.
[D]oiltaxesrise.
33.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries_______.
［A］heavy industrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.
［B］incomelossmainlyresultsfrom fluctuatingcrudeoilprices.
［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.
［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.
34.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat_______.
［A］oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.
［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.
［C］energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.
［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.
35.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems .
［A］optimistic.
［B］sensitive.
［C］gloomy.
［D］scared
英语试题 . 8 . (共 12 页）Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for
howmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in
effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that
an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is
permissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control
terminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield
doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient
medicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath”.
GeorgeAnnas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as
a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if
the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths
homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If
you’reaphysician,you canriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyou don’tintendtheirsuicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate
has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the
physicalagonyofdying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the NationalAcademy of
Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.
It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical
procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of
end-of-lifecare.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of
aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and
todevelopnewstandardsfor assessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives
translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients
are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.
He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that
areincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension”.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 12 页）36.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat .
[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain
[B]itisstillillegalfor doctorstohelpthedying endtheirlives
[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide
[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide
37.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.
[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.
[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.
[D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.
38.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis .
[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures
[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain
[C]systematicdrugabuse
[D]insufficienthospitalcare
39.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line3,paragraph7)?
[A]Bold.
[B]Harmful.
[C]Careless.
[D]Desperate
40.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey .
[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently
[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded
[C]reducedrugdosagesfor theirpatients
[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients
英语试题 . 10 . (共 12 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWER SHEET2.(10points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical
and biologicaltechnology alone.Whatis neededis a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to
develop thescience from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty isthatalmost
all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of
character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced
only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly
because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of
explanations have been hard to find.The environment isobviously important, but its rolehas remained
obscure.It doesnotpush or pull,it selects, andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.（43）
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,
and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is
only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment
has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are
beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become
available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and
these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the
possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to
practicesin which a person isheld responsible for hisconduct and given credit for his achievements.A
scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises
questionsconcerning “values”.Whowilluse atechnology andto whatends? （45）Untiltheseissues
areresolved, a technology of behavior willcontinuetobe rejected,and withitpossibly theonlyway to
solveourproblems.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 12 页）Section III Writing
46.Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and
International”.
In theessayyoushould
1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning, and
2)giveyour commentonthephenomenon.
Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWER SHEET2.(20points)
AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服装）
英语试题 . 12 . (共 12 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2003年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名一
2003年全国硕士研究生入学统 考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults
experience. And they also need to give serious I to how they can best i_ such changes.
Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. �
they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,
teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and
knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is
already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are
more winners than losers,_L, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,�
student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide _lQ
opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful_l l_dynamics. Making friends is
extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of
organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.
fu these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans.
A variety of activities should be organized __1 5_ . participants can remain active as long as they want
and then go on to—贮else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants
旦_. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students
acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention
spans and by having clearly stated rules.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 12 页）1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [ C] stimulate [D] enhance
3. [A] care [B] nutrition [ C] exercise [D] leisure
4. [A] If [B]Although [C] Whereas [D] Because
5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [ C] confidence [D] tolerance
6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
9. [A] displaying [B] describing [ C] creating [D] exchanging
10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
11. [A] group [B] individual [ C] personnel [D] corporation
12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
14. [A] similar [B] long [ C] different [D] short
15. [A] ifonly [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 12 页）Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office
of Strategic Serices in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with
information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the " eat game" of espionage
gr
spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as
buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan' s vocation as well.
The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That
kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World
Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open
source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA
held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin,
was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of
the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private
intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of
spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott
International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.Straitford.com.
Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually
reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his
firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in
Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet si -ups from Ukraine,"
gn
says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them."
Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information
from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 m Austin. Several of his staff members have
military-intelligence back ounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.
gr
Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid
dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes
pride in its independent voice.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 12 页）21. The emergence of the Net has ___
[A] received support from fans like Donovan
[B] remolded the intelligence services
[C] restored many common pastimes
[D] revived spying as a profession
22.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to_ _.
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the US
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
23.The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line !,paragraph 3) most probably means_ _.
[A] causing the biggest trouble
[B] exerting the greatest effort
[C] achieving the greatest success
[D] enjoying the widest popularity
24.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that_ __
[A] straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information
[C] straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability
[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
25.Straitford is most proud of its_ __
[A] official status
[B] nonconformist image
[C] efficient staff
[D] military background
英语试题 . 4 . (共 12 页）Text2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a
misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical
research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need
to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and
thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement
target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the
process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are
perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was
distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in
animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if
vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to
say yes." Asked what will h pen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find
ap
some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in
human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between
animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's
vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to
produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at
best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research.
They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go
unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to
tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders
are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known
personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal
research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility
that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 12 页）26.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to_ __
[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
27.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_ __
[A] cruel but natural
[B] inhuman and unacceptable
[C] inevitable but vicious
[D] pointless and wasteful
28.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's_ __
[A] discontent with animal research
[B] ignorance about medical science
[C] indifference to epidemics
[D] anxiety about animal rights
29. The author believes that, m face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists
should- --
[A] communicate more with the public
[B] employ hi-tech means in research
[C] feel no shame for their cause
[D] strive to develop new cures
30.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is_ __
[A] a well-known humanist
[B] a medical practitioner
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights
[D] a supporter of animal research
英语试题 . 6 . (共 12 页）Text3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems,
causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for
under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is
completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail
earners.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost
reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce
competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long
distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have
them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one
rail company. Railroads typically charge such" captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do
when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged
have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but
the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it
reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers
who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving
remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists
subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will
flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses
in the marketplace?"asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The
railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to
cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to
borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion
bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income
in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to
pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX
increase their grip on the market.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 12 页）31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_ __,_
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
32.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[ C] Indignant.
[D]Apprehensive.
33.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_ __,_
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
34.The word "arbiters"(line 6,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those_ __,_
[A] who work as coordinators.
[B] who function as judges.
[C] who supervise transactions.
[D] who determine the price.
35.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_ __
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 12 页）Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small
wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be
replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such
advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50
years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that
reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal
conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem
to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can
possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.
Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too
often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion.
Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars
conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that
sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been
quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger,
healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and
remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.
Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett
Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and
that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to
age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most
costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and
Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we
have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on
humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 12 页）36.What is implied in the first sentence?
[A]Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B]Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
37.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that .
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable
38.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .
[A] strong disapproval
[B]reserved consent
[C] slight contempt
[D] enthusiastic support
39. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
[A] more flexibly
[B]more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D]more reasonably
40.The text intends to express the idea that
___,
[A ] medicine will further prolong people's lives
[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living
[C]death should be accepted as a fact of life
[D]excessive demands increase the cost of health care
英语试题 . 10 . (共 12 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.
Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. ( 41) Furthermore, humans have
the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their
own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and
diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such
studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life
forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By
its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. ( 42) Social science is that branch of intellectual
enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderl systematic,
y,
and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and
sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to
anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented
discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. ( 43) The emphasis on
data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures
past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's
formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century
science. ( 44) Tylor defined culture as " ...t hat complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight,
so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human
life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned
behavior.
( 45) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an
abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 12 页）m
Section Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should
1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
2) point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
/ /,I I /
I I I I
I
I I I I
、
／飞
_j_—
气
产
了旷一－
／ AI I ／
I
I
／,I ／ I
I 。今 I I
0
温富花朵必不起风删
英语试题 . 12 . (共 12 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2004年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名一
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统 考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young
people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories
J_on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not
sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through
]__with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in
生to their f·a1 1 ure to nse above their soc10econom1c status 5 as a rejection of
middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _2
二
the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes .
lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example,
changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment
且—makegainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in ___lZ
lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households
or two working parents; 一旦—, children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was
common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an
influence on juvenile crime rates. Other工causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure
in school, the increased 18 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and
child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,
£L.a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 12 页）1. [A] acting [B]relying [ C]centering [D]commenting
2. [A] before [B]unless [C]until [D]because
3. [A] interaction [B]assimilation [C]cooperation [D]consultation
4. [A] return [B]reply [C]reference [D]response
5. [A] or [B]but rather [C]but [D]or else
6. [A] considering [B]ignoring [C]highlighting [D]discarding
7. [A] on [B]in [C]for [D]with
8. [A] immune [B]resistant [C]sensitive [D]subject
9. [A] affect [B]reduce [C]chock [D]reflect
10. [A] point [B]lead [C]come [D]amount
11. [A] in general [B]on average [C]by contrast [D]at length
12. [A] case [B]short [C]tum [D]essence
13. [A] survived [B]noticed [ C]undertaken [D]experienced
14.[A] contrarily [B]consequently [C]similarly [D]simultaneously
15. [A] than [B]that [C]which [D]as
16. [A] system [B]structure [C]concept [D]heritage
17. [A] assessable [B]identifiable [C] negligible [D]incredible
18. [A] expense [B]restriction [C]allocation [D]availability
19. [A] incidence [B]awareness [C]exposure [D]popularity
20. [A] provided [B]since [C]although [D]supposing
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 12 页）Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job
database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search
agent". It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary,
then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords
legal, intellectual property and Washington, D. C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an
opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position
as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding prom1smg openmgs can he
time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But
although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria,
for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,"
says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept what you think you want to
do then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There's no career
counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to
keep abreast of jobs in a paricular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the
database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that
might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites desi their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite's agent sends out
gn
messages to those who have si ed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential
gn
jobs those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will
have to visit the site again to find them and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see
a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to
keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm
themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at
CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent
means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 12 页）21. How did Redmon find his job?
[A]By searching openings in a job database.
[B]By posting a matching position in a database.
[C]By using a special service of a database.
[D]By E-mailing his resume to a database.
22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A]Lack of counseling.
[B]Limited number of visits.
[C]Lower efficiency.
[D]Fewer successful matches.
23. The expression "tip service" (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_ _.
[A]advisory.
[B]compensation.
[ C]interaction.
[D]reminder.
24. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A]To focus on better job matches.
[B]To attract more returning visits.
[C]To reserve space for more messages.
[D]To increase the rate of success.
25. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B]Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C]Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D]Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 12 页）Text2
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made
illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such
a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower
half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars
when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam
Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the
alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between
AandK.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively;
and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the
alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government
of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and
Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to
the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five
richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the
alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school,
teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So
short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions
posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have
had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual
attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their
awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for
job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn
up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 12 页）26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A]A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B]A type of conspicuous bias.
[C]A type of personal prejudice.
[D]A kind of brand discrimination.
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that_ ___
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight
29. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Lines 2, Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
30. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 12 页）Text3
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the
47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of
her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing
up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says. "I provide a
service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is
downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home,
instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of
working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets,
sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took
in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming
at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't
sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they
remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest
belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes
still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new
gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street
bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied
overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John
Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to
find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower
interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem
to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient
to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain
Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth
toasting.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 12 页）31. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (Line 1, Paragraph 1 ), the author means .
[A]Spero can hardly maintain her business.
[B]Spero is too much engaged in her work.
[C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit.
[D]Spero is not in a desperate situation.
32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
[A]Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.
33. When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range"(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking
about
---
[A]gold market.
[B]real estate.
[C]stock exchange.
[D]venture investment.
34. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic slowdown?
[A]They would benefit in certain ways.
[B]The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C]Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
[D]The purchasing power would be enhanced.
35.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A]A new boom, on the horizon.
[B]Tighten the belt, the single remedy.
[C] Caution all right, panic not.
[D]The more ventures, the more chances.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 12 页）Text 4
Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers,
and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical
education not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive
anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says
education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch's latest book. Left Back:
A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding
they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them
vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and
understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this
path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil
society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard
Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of
anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says
Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than
anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous
book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation
rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."Mark
Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being
civilized going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly
admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp,
manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and
1magmes.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational
system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and
their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."
英语试题 . 9 . (共 12 页）36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
[A] The habit of thinking independently.
[B] Profound knowledge of the world.
[C] Practical abilities for future career.
[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of __
[A] undervaluing intellect.
[B] favoring intellectualism.
[C] supporting school reform.
[D] suppressing native intelligence.
38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are
[A] identical.
[B] similar.
[C] complementary.
[D] opposite.
39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably
[A] a pioneer of education reform.
[B] an opponent of intellectualism.
[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.
[D] an advocate of regular schooling.
40. What does the author think of intellect?
[A] It is second to intelligence.
[B] It evolves from common sense.
[ C] It is to be pursued.
[D] It underlies power
英语试题 . 10 . (共 12 页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. ( 41) The
Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which
took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from
their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing
many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42)
We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who
spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the
earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic"
language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly
different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even
accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so
much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send
secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (44)
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the
structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that
because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of
that language think along one track and not along another. ( 45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of
linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that
the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a
society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf h othesis, but this term is somewhat
yp
inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself
never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 12 页）Section III Writing
46.Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and w门tean essay in which you should
1. describe the drawing,
2. interpret its meaning, and support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
终点又足新起点
英语试题 . 12 . (共 12 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2005年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
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2005年全国硕士研究生入学统 考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be
insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because,
仁animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are _L to perceiving those
smells which float through the air,--1_ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.
In fact ,—5 , we are extremely sens1tJ.ve to smells, _g_w e do not generally realize it.
Our noses are capible of上humansmells even when these are鸟to far below one part
in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not
another, 上others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be
because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate�smell
receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send
且_ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain
1....
smell」 can suddenly become sensitive to it when」立_to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it
且_ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can_臣_ new receptors if
necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own
smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own
house, but we _18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it
—
best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals _JQ_ the
smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [ C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [ C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when
[B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10.[A] unusual
[B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11.[A] signs
[B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses
12.[A] at first
[B] at all [C] at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected
[B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14.[A] ineffective
[B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce
[B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16.[A] still
[B] also [ C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17.[A] sure
[B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18.[A] tolerate
[B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19.[A] available
[B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20.[A] similar to
[B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B ,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn
that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for
slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human",
with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely
developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of
Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature,
suggests that it is all too monkey. as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They
look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food
readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer
attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de
Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange
tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of
rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but
adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return
for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to
cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the
second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one
received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other
either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to
accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other
chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a
female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by
social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co
operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other
members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved
independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common
ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B]justifying an assumption.
[ C] making a comparison.
[D] explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because
they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill
us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was
inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy
our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans
bought that nonsense,a nd over three decades,s ome 10 million smokers went to early
graves.
There are upsetting parallels today,a s scientists in one wave after another try to
awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the
National Academy of Sciences,e nlisted by the White House,t o tell us that the Earth's
atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The
clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the
National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's
report: "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best
available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base
i ortant policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the
mp
future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the
science about global warming is incomplete,t hat it's OK to keep pouring fumes into
the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of
the evidence is in,i t may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent
people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a
majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead
of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research a classic case of
"paralysis by analysis".
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,w e must press forward on deeper
atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the
Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin
fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West
Virginia,w hich would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising
start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to
meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial
that those new plants be environmentally sound.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way oflife.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A] a protector.
[B] ajudge.
[C] a critic.
[D] a guide.
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, Paragraph 4) ?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offe r aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our
control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead
people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams
were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s,
neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" the random
byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers
suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods
while the brain is "off-line." And one leading authority says that these intensely
powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under
conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind
Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it,
change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep when most vivid dreams occur as it is when
fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts
of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is
especially active, while the prefrontal cortex ( the center of intellect and reasoning) is
relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings
can stay with us all day." says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in
Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,
progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working
through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is
occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the
day's events until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can
exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken,
identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end
instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With
much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams
at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says.
Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased
people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a
therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.
Sleep or rather dream on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses.
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] its function in our dreams.
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep.
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions.
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression.
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
3 5. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D]Av oid anxiety in the daytime.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to
command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such
command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of
Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and
controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s
counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism
against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter's academic speciality is language
history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example,
to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt
the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly
educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even
the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the
page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that
could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing
over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture,
the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take
the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges
that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English,
can be powerfully expressive there exists no language or dialect in the world that
cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer
think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of
memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech
that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter
acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical
education reforms he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more
than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame,
perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36.According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.
[B] is but all too natural in language development.
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
37. The word "talking" (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes
[A] modesty.
[B] personality.
[C] liveliness.
[D] informality.
3 8. To which of the following statements would McW hortermost likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
3 9. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's
[A] interest in their language.
[B] appreciation of their efforts.
[C] admiration for their memory.
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness.
40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as
[A] "temporary" is to "permanent".
[B] "radical" is to "conservative".
[C] "functional" is to "artistic".
[D] "humble" is to "noble".
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (l0points)
Canada's premiers (t he leaders of provincial governments), if they have any
breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might
spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing
component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
(41)______ _
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health
care to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a
national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,
bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources,
work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
(42)______ _
But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean
interprovincial provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better
prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province or a
series of hospitals within a province negotiate a price for a given drug on the
provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the
national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics
suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
(43) _
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation
of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by
Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to
provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably,
Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They
(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions
with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list
hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）(44)______ _
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts
about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:
"A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on
pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of
drugs."
(45)______ _
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint
list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would
help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first
advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug
Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per
cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of
such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to
negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies."
[C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby
recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National
Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will
continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug
costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part
of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.
Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher
pnces.
[F] So,i f the provinces want to run the health-care show,t hey should prove they can
run it,s tarting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,s ave
administrative costs,p revent one province from being played off against another,
and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course,t he pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;
they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from
one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on
its list,t he pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a
national agency,b ut self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly
si ificant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's
gn
impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (4 6) Television is one
of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never
before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent
events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its
peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to
analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media
groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television,
radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one
another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell
and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be
able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (4 8) This alone
demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact
underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no
less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television
companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
( 49) Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and
traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy
task and demands a strategic choice that of producing programs in Europe for
Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose
programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives,w e must concentrate more on co-productions,
the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the
agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for
Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will
handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge
on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we
fall" and if I had to choose a slogan it would be "Unity in our diversity." A unity of
objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section III Writing
PartA
51.Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions.
But now you find that the work is not what you expected You decide to quit. Write a
letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and
making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than I 00 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER
SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead
You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should fi st describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your
江
comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
g尹
婖
卜
�
养老
”足球赛”
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)
The homeless make up a growmg percentage of America's population.
_1_, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can't
possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal
government must support job training programs, _4__ the minimum wage, and fund
more low-cost housing.
_5_ everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates
_6_a nywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _7_ the figure may vary, analysts do
agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_8_. One of the federal
government's studies _9_ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19
million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to_lQ_ this growing homeless population has become increasingly
difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a ___l1_ that will give
them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the
bulk of each day ___l1_ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults
are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have
serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply
lack the everyday 15 skills needed to tum their lives 16 . Boston Globe
reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there
are 17 programs that address th e many needs of the homeless.
18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College m
Massachusetts, 19 it, "There has to be 20 of programs. What's needed is a
package deal."
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain
3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward
4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep
5.[ A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not
6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ
7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that
8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [ C] increasing [D] extending
9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers
10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss
11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only
12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house
13.[ A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering
14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas
15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance
16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up
17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating
18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus
19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes
20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordination
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1
In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine
for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and
discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular
culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th
century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.
Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone
could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and
democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for
homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be
altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration
Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at
unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8
percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1
immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for
every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation language, home ownership
and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen
most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of
residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.
"By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant
families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996
foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of
75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do
U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women
are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married
to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of
superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear
that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the
nation's assimilative power."
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is
big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against
America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and
deteriorating social environment.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21.The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying.
[B] associating.
[C] assimilating.
[D] monopolizing.
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
[A] are resistant to homogenization.
[B] exert a great influence on American culture.
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.
[D] constitute the majority of the population.
24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25.In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding.
[B] successful.
[C] fruitless.
[D] harmful.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William
Shakespeare but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.
There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions
of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the
townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look
at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their
revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards
and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that
Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his
share of noise-making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by
bus and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side don't
usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in
Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their
playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's
revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash
into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of
town by nightfall.
The townsfolk don't see it this way and the local council does not contribute
directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally.
Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.
Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with
Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth,
and will be very expensive.
Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company
needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.
Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll
do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have
stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the
young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the
plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all
over) lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns
and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20
seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the
box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC's contribution to the town's revenue.
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism.
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.
28. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author
implies that
[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.
[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.
[C] the town is not really short of money.
[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.
29.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.
[B] the company is financially ill-managed.
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise.
30. From the text we can conclude that the author
[A] is supportive of both sides.
[B] favors the townsfolk's view.
[C] takes a detached attitude.
[D] is sympathetic to the RSC.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange
happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species
survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted
to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers
such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are
changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.
Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living
biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in
that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the
biomass of large predators (a nimals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is
reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long
fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this
is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using
satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher
proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present
and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the
early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals
would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been
available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks
after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer
sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which
future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an
idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is
that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the
ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be
cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of
its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do
business.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared.
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat tod .
ay
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones.
32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.
[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.
33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, Paragraph 3), Dr. Worm
means that
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly.
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded.
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.
[D] the data collected so far are out of date.
34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that
[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.
[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass.
[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level.
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.
35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'
[A] management efficiency.
[B] biomass level.
[C] catch-size limits.
[D] technological application.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this:
artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that
feel bad.
This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are
those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward,
more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as
we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire' s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem
times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual
war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the
opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modem form of expression almost completely
dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost
exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in
which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked
until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass
communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which
reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be
meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious
but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers,
all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy
families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to
open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable."Celebrate!"
commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could
increase the risk of heart attacks.
But what we forget what our economy depends on us forgetting is that
happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy
carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by
promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori:
remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in
denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette,
yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends
to show that
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings.
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness.
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest.
37.The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something
[A] religious.
[B] unpleasant.
[C] entertaining.
[D] commercial.
38.In the author's opinion, advertising
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public.
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information.
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.
39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness.
[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.
[D] the anti-h py art flourishes when economy booms.
ap
40.Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modem society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.
There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David
Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played).
During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning
$35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino
sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The
casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card," which when used in the
casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's
gambling activities. For Williams, those activities became what he calls "electronic
heroin."
(41) _____________I n 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot
machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot
machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard
when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should
have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a
problem.
In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a
treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's
gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned
gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the
"medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that
before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological
information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his
safety or well-being.
(42)__________
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning:"Enjoy the
fun. .. and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free
number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless,
Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to
gambling," intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his
will." Well.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）(43)__________
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit
less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
( 44)_____________� Pushed by science, or what claims to
be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or
moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(45)__________
Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to
varying degrees dependent on you might say addicted to revenues from wagering.
And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for
gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2
million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being
lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most
profitable business.
[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department
continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used
his Fun Card without being detected.
[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior.
And in what sense was his will operative?
[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that ifhe could get back to even,
he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.
[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long
time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy:
the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the
government.
[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet onit.
[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,
often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as
weakness of will.
[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially
conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move
against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account
in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of
the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But
they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the
intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? ( 46) _I
shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and
m
pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic( in, ,Mr [ij;) way about moral
problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by
asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action
which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he
has obtained.(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the
obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning
which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as
intellectuals the average scientist, for one. ( 48) I have excluded him because, while
his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not
been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those
problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday
performance of his routine duties he is not supposed to cook his experiments,
manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. ( 49) But his primary task is not to think
about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is
expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman
takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that
teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their
living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of
them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve
moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being
learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing ; living in "public and
illustrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, is something else.
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section III Writing
PartA
51.Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a
remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a
candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will
cany out your plan.
Write your letter in no less than I 00 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not si your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead
gn
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
I) describe the photos briefly,
2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3) give your point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
“ ”
把崇拜写在脸上 花300元做 小贝头
注： Beckham (贝克汉姆） 英国足球明星。
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent
nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.
Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of
independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent,
freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the
individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be
sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and
integrated by a 7 set of laws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 ,
there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been
the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most
leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states,
some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a
rallying 15 for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing
equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return
to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished
everywhere except Spain’ s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute
and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations
still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often
tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants [C]peoples [D]individuals
2.[A]confusedly [B]cheerfully [C]worriedly [D]hopefully
3.[A]shared [B]forgot [C]attained [D]rejected
4.[A]related [B]close [C]open [D]devoted
5.[A]access [B]succession [C]right [D]return
6.[A]Presumably [B]Incidentally [C]Obviously [D]Generally
7.[A]unique [B]common [C]particular [D]typical
8.[A]freedom [B]origin [C]impact [D]reform
9.[A]therefore [B]however [C]indeed [D]moreover
10.[A]with [B]about [C]among [D]by
11.[A]allowed [B]preached [C]granted [D]funded
12.[A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While
13.[A]as [B]for [C]under [D]against
14.[A]spread [B]interference [C]exclusion [D]influence
15.[A]support [B]cry [C]plea [D]wish
16.[A]urged [B]intended [C]expected [D]promised
17.[A]controlling [B]former [C]remaining [D]original
18.[A]slower [B]faster [C]easier [D]tougher
19.[A]created [B]produced [C]contributed [D]preferred
20.[A]puzzledby [B]hostileto [C]pessimisticabout [D]unpreparedfor
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowing four texts.Answerthequestions beloweachtextbychoosing
A, B, C or D. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s
World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer
players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the
later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the
World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be
evenmorepronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a)
certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to
have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents
aremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccer mania;
d)noneoftheabove.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University,
says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and
studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to
conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly
30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random
series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit
span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about
200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not
genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more
of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn
differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences
are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way
to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process
known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a
task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and
concentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a
wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just
performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own
laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling
assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,
expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer
programming–arenearlyalways made,notborn.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto
[A] stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.
[B] spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.
[C] introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.
[D] explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.
22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory
[A] dependsonmeaningful processingofinformation.
[B] resultsfrom intuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.
[C] isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.
[D] requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.
24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat
[A] talentisadominatingfactorfor professionalsuccess.
[B] biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.
[C] theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.
[D] highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.
25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?
[A] “Faithwillmovemountains.”
[B] “Onereapswhatonesows.”
[C] “Practicemakesperfect.”
[D] “Likefather,likeson.”
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2
For the past several years, the Sunday newspapersupplementParade has featured
a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who
at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an
IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and
visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce
numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos
Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the
difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?
It’ s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical
patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and
philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it
mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we
learnaboutitfromneurology, genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even
though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in
two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales
(both come in adult and children’ s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars,
they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate
bookstores and the WorldWide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’ s are no longer
possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among
age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and
multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test
(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to
succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How
Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess
analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,
components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not
necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found
that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress
conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with
leadership –that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SATwill
testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what
questionstoskip.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?
[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.
[B] Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.
[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.
[D] Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.
27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?
[A] PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.
[B] MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.
[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsfor adultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.
[D] Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.
28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause
[A] thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.
[B] creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.
[C] vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.
[D] thedefiningcharacteristicofIQ testshaschanged.
29.Wecanconcludefrom thelastparagraphthat
[A] testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.
[B] IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.
[C] testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.
[D] traditionaltestsareoutofdate.
30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could
count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been
transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or
a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in
afewmonths.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming
basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have
debatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges, butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:
family risk has risen as well. Today’ s families have budgeted to the limits of their
new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in
times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the
workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect”
could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability
insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family
fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home
partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in
their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto
industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock
market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.
For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a
savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments
for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is
not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by
families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from
legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new
dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are
working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly
parent– and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped
eightfoldinjustonegeneration.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks
far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal
more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their
already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political
falloutmaynotbefarbehind.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat
[A] thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.
[B] theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.
[C] theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.
[D] theyaredeprivedof unemploymentordisabilityinsurance.
32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave
[A] ahighersenseofsecurity.
[B] lesssecuredpayments.
[C] lesschancetoinvest.
[D] aguaranteedfuture.
33.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill
[A] helpreducethecostofhealthcare.
[B] popularizeamongthemiddleclass.
[C] compensateforthereducedpensions.
[D] increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.
34.Itcanbeinferredfrom thelastparagraphthat
[A] financialriskstendtooutweigh politicalrisks.
[B] themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.
[C] financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.
[D] financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.
35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefor thistext?
[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert
[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff
[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict
[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their
worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation
governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the
sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data
insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a
concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel,
information protection is now high on the boss’ s agenda in businesses of every
variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from
organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science
Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley –
have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business
processesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other
asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’ s business school. “The ability
to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for
on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted
Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’ s Columbia Business School.
“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a
managementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should
be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets,
is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more
likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the
wronghands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified –
by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until
California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the
victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security
legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of
information about some40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June
17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’ s Federal
Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will
actiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce
[A] thefiercebusinesscompetition.
[B] thefeebleboss-boardrelations.
[C] thethreatfromnewsreports.
[D] theseverityofdataleakage.
37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout
[A] whetherthereisanyweakpoint.
[B] whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.
[C] whoisresponsiblefor theleakage.
[D] howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.
38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASP theauthorismakingthepointthat
[A] shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.
[B] informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.
[C] businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.
[D] themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.
39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto
[A] seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.
[B] perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.
[C] realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.
[D] appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust.
40.Itcanbeinferredfrom Paragraph5that
[A] dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.
[B] FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.
[C] Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.
[D] legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
Youaregoing toreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedto
do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from thelist A-G that best
fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last
paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not
needtouse.Markyour answersonANSWER SHEET1.(10points)
A. SetaGoodExamplefor YourKids
B. BuildYourKids’WorkSkills
C. PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities
D. TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis
E. HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies
F.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre
G. BuildYourKids’SenseofResponsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for
their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging
adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a
setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn
from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I
call“work-lifeunreadiness”:
41
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their
emergingstrengthsandweaknesseswith themandwork together onanyshortcomings,
like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of
interests they keep coming back to, as these offer cluesto the careers that will fit them
best.
42
Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their
clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about
people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and
downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about
their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from
saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a
foggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）43
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be
responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house
and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time
job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective
organizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.
44
Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTV
shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way.
At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long
stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other
endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication
and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained
concentrationtheywillneedfor mostjobs.
45
Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.
They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to
brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing
thesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and
wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play,
but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as
disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for
whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may
seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these
new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that
appreciatesthem.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWER SHEET2.(10points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual
discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a
feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal
learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather
than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the
older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number
of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in
law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general
education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law
is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides
opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the
other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the
links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For
example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work
in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.
Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of
ajournalist’sintellectualpreparationfor hisorhercareer.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly
than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and
special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning
of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the
way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see
how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian
Constitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary
subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an
undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by
lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is
preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their
own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the
legalsystem.
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section III Writing
PartA
51.Directions:
Writealettertoyour universitylibrary,makingsuggestionsfor improvingits
service.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsign yourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowing drawing. In your
essay,you should
1) describethedrawingbriefly,
2) explainitsintendedmeaning, andthen
3) supportyour viewwithanexample/examples.
YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWER SHEET2.(20points)
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名一
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统 考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people ma be more intelligent than others is one of
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those h otheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to sa it
yp y
anywa . He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independentl 3 an
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institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have
a bacterial cause were actuall infections, which aroused much controvers when it was
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first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together
with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not onl 7 that one
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group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has
brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from
central Europe. The process is naturalselection.
This group generall do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value
y
of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the
West , as the 12 of their elites , including several world - renowned
scientists, 13 . The also suffer more often than most people from a number of
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nast genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have
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previousl been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects,
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such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of
genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are
intimatel 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people
y
has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in
this 20 state of affairs.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1.[A] selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]pleased
2.[A] unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare
3.[A] of [B] with [C]in [D]against
4.[A] subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately
5.[A] Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence
6.[A] thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk
7 .[ A ]advises [B]suggests [C ]protests [D]objects
8.[A] progress [B] fact [C]need [D]question
9. [A] attaining [B]scoring [C ]reaching [D]calculating
10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D]total
11. [A] unconsciously [B ]disproportionately [C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably
12.[A] missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers
13.[A] affi 而 [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve
14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile
15.[A] given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down
16.[A] assessing [B]supervising [C]administering [D]valuing
17. [A] development [B]origin [C ]consequence [D]instrument
18.[A] linked [B]integrated [C]woven [D]combined
19.[A] limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed
20.[A] paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to
be wa ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularl
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susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress
compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief ps chiatrist at New York's
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Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow
affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger
chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when
stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed,
their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
"opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessaril that women don't cope as well. It's
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just that the have so much more to cope with," sa s Dr. Ye huda. "Their capacity for
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tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that the 're
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dealing with so man more things that they become worn out from it more visibl and
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sooner."
Dr. Ye huda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of
things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of
random ph sical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are
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exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other
famil members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that
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comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to
finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much
frustration that that was m escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later,
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her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care
of a teenager, have a job, pa the rent, pa the car payment, and pa the debt. I lived
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from paycheck to paycheck."
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
But most women toda are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and
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feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways
to diffuse stress before it threatens our health and our ability to function.
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英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women
[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D]are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A]domestic and temporary.
[B]irregular and violent.
[C]durable and frequent.
[D]trivial and random.
24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 6, Para.5) shows that
[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B]Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B]Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C]Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2
It used to be so strai htforward. A team of researchers workin to ether in the
g g g
laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor
would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to
their peers for review. Dependin on the comments received, the editor would accept
g
the paper for publication or decline it. Copyri ht rested with the journal publisher,
g
and researchers seekin knowled e of the results would have to subscribe to the
g g
journal.
No lon er. The Internet — and pressure from fundin a encies, who are
g g g
questionin wh commercial publishers are makin mone from overnment-funded
g y g y g
research b restrictin access to it—is makin free access to scientific results a realit .
y g g y
The Or anization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just
g
issued a report describin the far-reachin consequences of this. The report, b John
g g y
Hou hton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,
g
makes heavy readin for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it
g
oes further than that. It signals a chan e in what has, until now, been a ke element
g g y
of scientific endeavour.
The value of knowled e and the return on the public investment in research
g
depends, in part, upon wide distribution and read access. It is bi business. In
y g
America, the core scientific publishin market is estimated at between $7 billion and
g
$11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical
Publishers sa s that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializin in
y g
these subjects. The publish more than 1.2 million articles each ear in some 16,000
y y
journals.
This is now chan in . According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarl
g g y
journals are now online. Entirel new business models are emer in ; three main ones
y g g
were identified b the report's authors. There is the so-called bi deal, where
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institutional subscribers pa for access to a collection of online journal titles throu h
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site-licensin agreements. There is open-access publishin , typicall supported b
g g y y
askin the author (or his emplo er) to pa for the paper to be published. Finall , there
g y y y
are open-access archives, where or anizations such as universities or international
g
laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are h brids of
y
these three, such as dela ed open-access, where journals allow onl subscribers to
y y
read a paper for the first six months, before makin it freel available to everyone
g y
who wishes to see it. All this could chan e the traditional form of the peer-review
g
process, at least for the publication of papers.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A]the background information of jo umal editing.
[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D]the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A]It criticizes government-funded research.
[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A]cover the cost of its publication.
[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D]complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3
In the earl 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the onl three pla ers in the
y y y
National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had pla ed last
y
season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playin major
g
professional sports have chan ed dramaticall over the ears, and mana ers have
g y y g
been more than willin to adjust team uniforms to fit the growin numbers of bi er,
g g gg
lon er frames.
g
The trend in sports, thou h, ma be obscurin an unrecognized reality:
g y g
Americans have enerall stopped growin . Thou h typicall about two inches taller
g y g g y
now than 140 ears a o, today's people especiall those born to families who have
y g y
lived in the U.S. for man enerations apparentl reached their limit in the earl
y g y y
1960s. And the aren't likel to et an taller. "In the eneral population today, at
y y g y g
this enetic, envirornnental level, we've pretty much one as far as we can o," sa s
g g g y
anthropolo ist William Cameron Chumlea of Wri ht State University. In the case of
g g
NBA pla ers, their increase in hei ht appears to result from the increasin l common
y g gy
practice of recruitin pla ers from all over the world.
g y
Growth, which rarel continues be ond the a e of 20, demands calories and
y y g
nutrients notabl , protein to feed expandin tissues. At the start of the 20th century,
y g
under-nutrition and childhood infections ot in the wa . But as diet and health
g y
i roved, children and adolescents have, on avera e, increased in hei ht b about an
mp g g y
inch and a half every 20 ears, a pattern known as the secular trend in hei ht. Yet
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accordin to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, avera e hei ht 5'9" for
g g g
men, 5'4" for women hasn't reall chan ed since 1960.
y g
Geneticall speakin , there are advanta es to avoidin substantial hei ht. Durin
y g g g g g
childbirth, lar er babies have more difficulty passin throu h the birth canal.
g g g
Moreover, even thou h humans have been upri ht for millions of ears, our feet and
g g y
back continue to stru le with bipedal posture and cannot easil withstand repeated
gg y
strain imposed b oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set b the
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enetic architecture of the individual or anism," sa s anthropolo ist William Leonard
g g y g
ofNorthwestem Universit .
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Genetic maximums can chan e, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C.
g
Gordon, senior anthropolo ist at the Arm Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures
g y
that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She
sa s that, unlike those for basketball, the len th of military uniforms has not chan ed
y g g
for some time. And if ou need to predict human hei ht in the near future to design a
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piece of equipment, Gordon sa s that b and lar e, " ou could use toda 's data and
y y g y y
feel fairl confident."
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英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S ..
[C]compare different generations of NBA players.
[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B]Natural environment.
[C]Living standards.
[D]Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4
In 1784, five ears before he became resident of the United States, George
y p
Washington, 52, was nearl toothless. So he hired a dentist to trans lant nine teeth
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into his jaw having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-cho ing George most eo le
pp p p
remember from their history books. But recentl , man historians have begun to focus
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on the role slavery la ed in the lives of the founding generation. The have been
p y y
s urred in art b DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainl
p p y y
roved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sall Hemings.
p y
And onl over the ast 30 ears have scholars examined history from the bottom u .
y p y p
Works of several historians reveal the moral com romises made b the nation's earl
p y y
leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infanc . More si ificantl , the argue
y gn y y
that man of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and et most did little
y y
to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were ham ered b the
p y
culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson rivatel ex ressed distaste for
p y p
slavery, the also understood that it was art of the olitical and economic bedrock of
y p p
the country the hel ed to create.
y p
For one thing, the South could not afford to art with its slaves. Owning slaves
p
was "like having a large bank account," sa s Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God:
y
George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states
would not have si ed the Constitution without rotections for the " eculiar
gn p p
institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for
urposes of congressional re resentation.
p p
And the statesmen's olitical lives de ended on slavery. The three-fifths formula
p p
handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the residential election of 1800 b inflating
p y
the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson
extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into
13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children though not Hemings herself or his
a roximatel 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
pp y
were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the
Revolutionary War, overcame the strong o osition of his relatives to grant his slaves
pp
their freedom in his will. Onl a decade earlier, such an act would have required
y
legislative a roval in Virginia.
pp
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to
[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37 . We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to historyresearch.
[B]in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.
[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C]Slaves owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his
[A]moral considerat10ns.
[B]military experience.
[C]financial conditions.
[D]political stand.
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
In the following text , some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which do not fit in an of the blanks. Mark our answers
y y
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging our desk, and doing almost anything
y
else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page onl if ou
y y
stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.
(41)
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothl conduct ou from one point to the next,
y y
but do not permit it to railroad ou. If a relevant and important idea occurs to ou now,
y y
work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuat10n,
and spelling can wait until ou revise. Concentrate on what ou are sa ing. Good
y y y
w百ting most often occurs when ou are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a
y
nervous search for errors.
(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that wa ,
y
and, if ou have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, ou will not lose an
y y y
w百tingon the other side.
If ou are working on a word processor, ou can take advantage of its capacity
y y
to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs b making just a
y
few simple ke board commands. Some software programs can also check spelling
y
and certam grammatical elements m ourwntmg. (44) These
y
printouts are also easier to read than the screen when ou work on revisions.
y
Once ou have a first draft on paper, ou can delete material that is unrelated to
y y
our thesis and add material necessary to illustrate our points and make our paper
y y y
convincing. The student who wrote "The A&P as a State of Mind" wisel dropped a
y
paragraph that questioned whether Samm displays chauvinistic attitudes toward
y
women. (45)
Remember that our initial draft is onl that. You should go through the paper
y y
man times and then again working to substantiate and clarify our ideas. You
y y
may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences
within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect
one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or
wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessl poked and
y
prodded into shape.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra s ace between lines so
p
that ou can easil add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onl one
y y y
side of the a er.
p p
[B] After ou have clearl and adequatel develo ed the bod of our a er, a
y y y p y y p p p y
articular attention to the introductor and concluding aragra hs. It's
p y p p
robabl best to w门te the introduction last, after ou know recisel what ou
p y y p y y
are introducing. Concluding aragra hs demand equal attention because the
p p y
leave the reader with a final im ression.
p
[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean co fresh off a rinter
py p
ma look terrific, it will read onl as well as the thinking and writing that have
y y
gone into it. Man writers rudentl store their data on disks and rint their
y p y p
ages each time the finish a draft to avoid losing an material because of
p y y
ower failures or other roblems.
p p
[D] It makes no difference how ou write, just so ou do. Now that ou have
y y y
develo ed a to ic into a tentative thesis, ou can assemble our notes and begin
p p y y
to flesh out whatever outline ou have made.
y
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which
ex lains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead
p
of including that aragra h, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed
p p
res onse to the girls so that she could lead u to the A & P " olic " he
p p p y
enforces.
[F] In the final aragra h about the significance of the setting in "A&P," the
p p
student brings together the reasons Samm quit his job b referring to his refusal
y y
to acce t Lengel's store olicies.
p p
[G] B using the first draft as a means of thinking about what ou want to sa , ou
y y y y
will very likel discover more than our notes originall suggested. Plent of good
y y y y
writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering rinci les as the write. Do
p p y
not attem t to com ose a erfectl correct draft the first time around.
p p p y
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartC
Directions:
Read the followin text carefull and then translate the underlined se ments into
g y g
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearl on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
y
points)
In his autobiograph , Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with
y
extraordinary modest . He points out that he alwa s experienced much difficulty in
y y
expressin himself clearl and concisel , but (46) he believes that this very difficulty
g y y
ma have had the com ensatin advanta e of forcin him to think lon and intentl
about eve sentence and thus enablin him to detect errors in reasonin and in his
own observations. He disclaimed the possession of an great quickness of
y
apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxle . (47) He asserted also that his
y
ower to follow a lon and urel abstract train of thou ht was ve limited for
which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
His memory, too, he described as extensive, but ha勾. So poor in one sense was it that
he never could remember for more than a few da s a sin le date or a line of poetry.
y g
(48) On the other hand he did not acce t as well founded the char e made b some of
his critics that while he was a ood observer he had no ower of reasonin . This, he
thou ht, could not be true, because the "Ori in of Species" is one lon argument from
g g g
the be innin to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits,
g g
could have written it without possessin some power of reasonin . He was willin to
g g g
assert that "I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or jud ment, such
g
as every fairl successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in an hi her
y y g
degree." (49) He adds humbl that erha s he was "su erior to the common run of
men in noticin thin s which easil esca e attention and in observin them
carefull ."
y
Writin in the last ear of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three
g y
respects his mind had chan ed durin the precedin twenty or thirt ears. Up to the
g g g y y
a e of thirt or be ond it poetry of many kinds ave him great pleasure. Formerl , too,
g y y g y
pictures had iven him considerable, and music very great, deli ht. In 1881, however,
g g
he said: "Now for many ears I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also
y
almost lost m taste for pictures or music." (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss
y
of these tastes was not onl a loss of ha iness but mi ht ossibl be in·urious to the
intellect, and more probabl to the moral character.
y
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage
that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
I) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use''Li Ming" instead
Donotw出ethe address. (10 points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should w出eneatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
你一条腿， 我一条腿；
你我一起， 走南闯北。
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~绝密★启用前
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)
Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart
humans are. _1_ the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the
Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit
fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs bum longer, that
there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright.
Intelligence, it_5_, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, bums more
fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a(n)
_?_ process - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and
one of the things they've apparently learned is when to -8�_ _ _
Is there an adaptive value to _9_ intelligence? That's the question behind this
new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left
in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real_l_l_ of our own intelligence
might be. This is...U the mind of every animal we've ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals
would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14
is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____lL animals
ran the labs, they would test us to ___lQ__ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness,
our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is
really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 they would hope to
study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?
2Q__ the results are inconclusive.
英语试题 . 1 . (共 14 页）1.[A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2.[A] tended [B] feared [ C] happened [D] threatened
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4.[A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5.[A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6.[A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7.[A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual
8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9.[A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10.[A] upward [B] forward [ C] afterward [D] backward
11.[A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14.[A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15.[A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [ C] determine [D] reach
17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19.[ A] fundamental [BJ comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20.[A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 . 2 . (共 14 页）Text 1
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on
auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice,
but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In
the ever-changing 21s t century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication.
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and
innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop
new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump
our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can
instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the
more new things we try - the more we step outside our comfort zone - the more
inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are
worn into the brain, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press
into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
"The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna
Markova, author of The Open Mind. "But we are taught instead to 'decide' , just as
our president calls himself 'the Decider'. " She adds, however, that "to decide is to
kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the
many other possibilities."
All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.
Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to
approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally ( or
collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts
down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed
most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,
meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of
thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system - that anyone can
do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. .. and Ms.
Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters
commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates
excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 页）21. In Wordsworth's view, "habits" is characterized by being
[A] casual.
[B] familiar.
[C] mechanical.
[D] changeable.
22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be
[A] predicted.
[B] regulated.
[C] traced.
[D] guided.
23. The word "ruts" (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to
[A] tracks.
[B] series.
[C] characteristics.
[D] connections.
24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that
[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.
[B] innovativeness could be taught.
[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.
[D] curiosity activates creative minds.
25.Ryan's comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing
[A] prevents new habits from being formed.
[B] no longer emphasizes commonness.
[C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode.
[D] complies with the American belief system.
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 页）Text2
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his
paternal (fatherly) wisdom -or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to
do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore -and another
$120 to get the results.
More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became
available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating
officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen
companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred
dollars to more than $ 2, 500.
Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children
can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put
up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists -
and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots.
Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it
to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to
compare DNA.
But some observers are skeptical. "There's a kind of false precision being
hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Troy Duster, a New
York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors -
numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only
considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a
father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This
DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though,
for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents
or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference
collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't
rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from
different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data
from some regions and not others, so a person's test results may differ depending on
the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a
company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer
review or outside evaluation.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 页）26.In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's
[A] easy availability.
[B] flexibility in pricing.
[C] successful promotion.
[D] popularity with households.
27. PTK is used to
[A] locate one's birth place.
[B] promote genetic research.
[C] identify parent-child kinship.
[D] choose children for adoption.
28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to
[A] trace distant ancestors.
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines.
[C] fully use genetic information.
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy.
29.In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is
[A] disorganized data collection.
[B] overlapping database building.
[C] excessive sample comparison.
[D] lack of patent evaluation.
30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be
[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.
[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems.
[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab.
[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing.
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 页）Text3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor
countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in
both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual
development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that
education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic
development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building
new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve
economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a
research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be
trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically
higher standards ofliving.
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long
ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.
workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor
U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive
assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda,
Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese
counterparts -a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered
that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently
met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building
industry's work.
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We
have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of
education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got
started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't
have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity
began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well.
When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,
they could in tum afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is
probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems
required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able
to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with
broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the
ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for
the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain
why education isn't developing more quickly there than itis.
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 页）31. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor
countries
[A] is subject to groundless doubts.
[B] has fallen victim of bias.
[C] is conventionally downgraded.
[D] has been overestimated.
32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system
[A] challenges economists and politicians.
[B] takes efforts of generations.
[C] demands priority from the government.
[D] requires sufficient labor force.
33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.
[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.
[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.
34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged
[A] when people had enough time.
[B] prior to better ways of finding food.
[C] when people no longer went hungry.
[D] as a result of pressure on government.
35 . According to the last paragraph, development of education
[A] results directly from competitive environments.
[B] does not depend on economic performance.
[C] follows improved productivity.
[D] cannot afford political changes.
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 页）Text4
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the
ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the
standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so
much importance attached to intellectual pursuits." According to many books and
articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an
unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the
Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church -
i ortant subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of
mp
southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of
European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies
were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of
civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education
and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to
Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like
John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he
journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New
World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of
intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well
educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left
literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully
intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor
named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for
leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and
religious hope - all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,
told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical
words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God
and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons
explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.
Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as
one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had
not come to the New World for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish."
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 页）36.The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
3 7. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World.
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life.
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations.
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings.
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs.
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World.
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were
often
[A] influenced by superstitions.
[B] troubled with religious beliefs.
[C] puzzled by church sermons.
[D] frustrated with family earnings.
40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities.
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect.
[C] came from different intellectual backgrounds.
[D] left few formal records for later reference.
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 页）PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by
British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert
Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer
argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time,
advancing toward perfection. (4 1) ________ _
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of
cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modem anthropology - the
scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs - thus becoming one of the
earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture
changed together in the evolution of societies. ( 42) ________ _
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist
Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.
Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new
direction to anthropology. (43) ________ _
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a
unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary
stage or type of culture. ( 44) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in
American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But
a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of
culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural
achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to
diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (4 5) _
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory
of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that
religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the
relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in
European, and especially British, anthropology.
英语试题 . 11 . (共 14 页）[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had
a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as
diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled
in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of
human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the
"survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually
be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social
structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance
into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families,
forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of
government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as
societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that
work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry
incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming,
pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused
throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred
separately at different times in many parts of the world.
英语试题 . 12 . (共 14 页）PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from
living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the
education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of
the association. ( 46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social
institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a
part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to
secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in
the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the
most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the QY:
product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect
considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even tod , in our
ay
industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual
and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world' s
work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate
human fact, gains in importance. ( 48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with
them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with
adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in
their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of
account. ( 49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a
common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers
which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that
the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well
believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which
we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education - that of direct
tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching
and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the
young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.
英语试题 . 13 . (共 14 页）Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some
regions. "White Pollution" is still going on.
Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1)give your opinions briefly, and
2)make two or three suggestions.
You should write about I 00 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write the address. (IO points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
网络的 “近” 与 “远”
英语试题 . 14 . (共 14 页）间隔页
防止双面打印时，下一年份的
封面打印到这里
祝您顺利上岸，加油哈~
