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绝密★启用前
2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
markA, B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom
of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime
that has 1 acrosstheWeb.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that
seemsincreasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal
government a 4 to make the Web a safer place – a “voluntary trusted
identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a
fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a
smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and
would authenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Users
could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities
have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts
with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single
sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use
many differentservices.
12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with
safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13
community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals
and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the
identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction runs.”
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “driver’s
license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security
experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users
should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
英语（二）试题 .1. （共14页）1．[A]swept [B]skipped [C]walked [D]ridden
2．[A]for [B]within [C]while [D]though
3．[A]careless [B]lawless [C]pointless [D]helpless
4．[A]reason [B]reminder [C]compromise [D]proposal
5．[A]information [B]interference [C]entertainment [D]equivalent
6．[A]by [B]into [C]from [D]over
7．[A]linked [B]directed [C]chained [D]compared
8．[A]dismiss [B]discover [C]create [D]improve
9．[A]recall [B]suggest [C]select [D]realize
10．[A]released [B]issued [C]distributed [D]delivered
11．[A]carryon [B]lingeron [C]setin [D]login
12．[A]In vain [B]In effect [C]In return [D]In contrast
13．[A]trusted [B]modernized [C]thriving [D]competing
14．[A]caution [B]delight [C]confidence [D]patience
15．[A]on [B]after [C]beyond [D]across
16．[A]divided [B]disappointed [C]protected [D]united
17．[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually
18．[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm
19．[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable [D]invisible
20．[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 .2. （共14页）Text1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in
January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest
of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.
But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s
compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts
pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The
position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers
on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they
presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s
proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more
than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement
to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the
researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the
age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the
company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The
likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the
stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at
the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off
a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and
more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,
even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any
wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow
the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
英语（二）试题 .3. （共14页）21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor _____.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leaving theboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe_____.
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s
surprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto_____.
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.It canbeinferredfrom thelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors_____.
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis_____.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
英语（二）试题 .4. （共14页）Text2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed
near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not
already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were
chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a
round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable
corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon.
But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which
inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but
often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years
ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists
overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom
jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some
papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,
they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly
unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from
advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much
of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least
distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general
business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are
less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper
business.
英语（二）试题 .5. （共14页）26. By saying “Newspapers like ... their own doom” (Lines3-4, Para.1), the
author indicates that newspapers _____.
[A]neglectedthesign ofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefused deliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause_____.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much
more stablebecausethey_____.
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper
business?
[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.
[B]Completenessistoblamefor thefailureofnewspaper.
[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.
[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.
30.Themostappropriatetitlefor thistextwouldbe_____.
[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival
[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind
[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness
[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a
time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going
off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had
learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar
confidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.
The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the
architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the
Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so
than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has
more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood –
materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the
future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he
designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore
Drive, for example, were smaller – two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet –
than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were
popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance
of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the
abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd
Wright started building more modest and efficient houses – usually around 1,200
square feet – than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and
the early20thcentury.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by
California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another
homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph
Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact
everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most
eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both
desirable andinevitablewaswidelyshared.
英语（二）试题 .7. （共14页）31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’_____.
[A]prosperityandgrowth
[B]efficiencyandpracticality
[C]restraintandconfidence
[D]prideandfaithfulness
32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 abouttheBauhaus?
[A]It wasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.
[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.
[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.
[D]It hadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.
33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign_____.
[A]wasrelatedtolargespace
[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness
[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration
[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency
34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?
[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.
[B]They werebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.
[C]They weremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.
[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.
35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouses”?
[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.
[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.
[C]Detailsweresacrificedfor theoveralleffect.
[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.
英语（二）试题 .8. （共14页）Text4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange
not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent
facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its
economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost
faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge
thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive
members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from
disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,
France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro
zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,
spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for
governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for
poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s
voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination
should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone,
Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different: “European
economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated,
that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of
redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for
governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally,
figures close to the Franch government have murmured, euro-zone members
should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in
corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block.
At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single
market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to
goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious
attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
英语（二）试题 .9. （共14页）36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat_____.
[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets
[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned
[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro
[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation
37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant
powers _____.
[A]arecompetingfor theleadingposition
[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises
[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonisation
[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration
38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat_____.
[A]EUfundsfor poorregionsbeincreased
[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed
[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination
[D]voting rightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed
39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat_____.
[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds
[B]strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries
[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries
[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds
40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel_____.
[A]pessimistic
[B]desperate
[C]conceited
[D]hopeful
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the
right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left
column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in
promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on
unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the
dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary,
Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make
healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near
schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit
sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to
unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and
Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be
just as damaging as somking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban
on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now.Are we
willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we
should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry
rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and
candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of
government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the
celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in
England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change
their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV
advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them
on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think
of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting strict limits on
advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
英语（二）试题 .11. （共14页）Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the
youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should
also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone
credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists,
said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and
that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and
hospitals–areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision
for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.
This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social
responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper
setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical
moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been
deployed againstsmokingoverthelastdecade.
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food
producerssuchasMcDonald’s.
41. AndrewLansleyheldthat [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets
in theneighborhoodofschools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve
that schoollunchesinEngland.
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to [D] cigarette-style warnings should be
believethat introduced to children about the dangers of
apoordiet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested [E] the producers of crisps and candies could
that contribute significantly to the Change4Life
campaign.
45. A Department of Health [F] parents should set good examples for their
spokespersonproposedthat childrenbykeepingahealthydietathome.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense
of responsibilityamongbusinesses.
英语（二）试题 .12. （共14页）Section III Translation
46.Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your
translationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the
same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do – roughly 2 percent of
all CO emissions?
2
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google
search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO , depending on how many
2
attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users
quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed
with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO , these
2
computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,
which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency
closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to
reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
Section IV Writing
PartA
47.Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write
him/her a letter to
1)congratulatehim/her,and
2)givehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylife.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）PartB
48. Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.In your writing, youshould
1)interpretthechartand
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
Writeyour essayonANSWER SHEET2.(15points)
英语（二）试题 .14. （共14页）
