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1111111111111111Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A],
[B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1
by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. ( l 0 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy
up people involved in prominent cases _1_ the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord
Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to
witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to
a case _6_ a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select
committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said
that self regulation did not _8_ sufficient control.
_9_ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media
protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European
legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the
European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that
everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect
themselves and their families.
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges," he said.
Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life
sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for
telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be
encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
2. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
3. [A] sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft
4. [A] illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper
5. [AJ publicity [BJ penalty [C] popularity [DJ peculiarity
6. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as
7. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complie [D] agreed
8. [A] present [BJ offer [C] manifest [DJ indicate
9. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure
10. [A] storm -[B] rage [C] flare [D] flash
11. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] emonstration
12. [ A J better than [B] other than [C] rather than [DJ sooner than
13. [AJ changes [BJ makes [C] sets [DJ turns
14. [AJ binding [BJ convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining
15. [AJ authorized [BJ credited [C] entitled [DJ qualified
16. [AJ with [BJ to [C] from [DJ by
17. [AJ impact [BJ incident [C] inference [DJ issue
18. [AJ stated [BJ remarked [C] said [DJ told
19. [AJ what [BJ when [CJ which [DJ that
20. [AJ assure [BJ confide [C] ensure [DJ guarantee
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there
are four answers marked [AJ, [BJ, [C] and [DJ. Read the passages carefully and
choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on
ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a
pencil. (40 points)Text 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing
accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller
units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for
further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments
in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing
professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in
science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does
carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific
community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of
specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer,
more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a
mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the
development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century. and a half
reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a
changing efinition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the
nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their
own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become
acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider
· geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local
studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional
geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the
widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth
century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a
logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed
mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of
differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within
one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in
local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well
under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences
were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the
nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the
structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in
sciences such as
[A] sociology and chemistry.
[B] physics and psychology.
[C] sociology and psychology.
[D] physics and chemistry.
22. We can infer from the passage that
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation.
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science.
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community.
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones.
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation.
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study.
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications.
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs.
24.The direct reason for specialisation is
[A] the development in communication.
[B] the growth of professionalisation.
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge.
[D] the splitting up of academic societies.Text2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the
division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that
divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty
years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that
work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the
Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to
universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers
there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want
to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on
the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will
narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the
Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've
ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the
Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over
their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that
still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the
history of infrastructure ( the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United
States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the
capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-including
roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on- were built with foreign investment. The
English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former
colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them
now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or
anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build
your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better
off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting
foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important
they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full
advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something
[A J getting worse because of the Internet.
[BJ the rich countries are responsible for.
[CJ the world must guard against.
[DJ considered positive today.
26. Governments attach importance to the Interne(because it
[AJ offers economic potentials.
[BJ can bring foreign funds.
[CJ can soon wipe out world poverty.
[DJ connects people all over the world.
27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of
(A] providing financial support overseas.
[BJ preventing foreign capital's control.
[CJ building industrial infrastructure.
[DJ accepting foreign investment.
28. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on
[A] how well-developed it is electronically.
[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants.
[CJ whether it adopts America's industrial pattern.
[D] how much control. it has over foreign corporations.Text3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The
American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The
organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about
factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of
head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world
through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In
other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a
backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their
readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem
alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five
middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents
in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live
in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're
less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be pan of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their
work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of
the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily
clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here
is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the
customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to
wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never
seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former
buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now
focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by
outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] needs of the readers all over the world
[BJ causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D] aims of a journalism credibility project
30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be
[A] quite trustworthy.
[B] somewhat contradictory.
[C] very illuminating.
[D] rather superficial.
31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their
[A] working attitude.
[B] conventional lifestyle.
[C] world outlook.
[D] educational background.
32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to
its
[A] failure to realize its real problem.
[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters.
[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting.
[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender.Text4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational
corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure
is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing
segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In
Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from
43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This
phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of
national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication
costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged
operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not
detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as
WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the
pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming
down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing- witness Daimler and Chrysler,
Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is
going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to
another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And
should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that
affect many other nations, as in the U. S. vs. Microsoft case?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A J to take in more foreign funds
[BJ to invest more abroad
[CJ to combine and become bigger
[DJ to trade with more countries
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is
[AJ the greater customer demands.
[BJ a surplus supply for the market.
[CJ a growing productivity.
[DJ the increase of the world's wealth.
35. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that
[AJ the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers.
[BJ WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs.
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous.
[DJ the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition.
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be
[AJ optimistic.
[BJ objective.
[CJ pessimistic.
[DJ biased.
(~14~ )Texts
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I
might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride
and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high
profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered
my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".
Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in
what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute
reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of
"having it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She
magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation
from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of
"juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with
it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade
me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour
working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the
limitations of being a parent on "quality time".
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle
is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as "voluntary
simplicity" - has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed
anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for
people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad
Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from
recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for
those who want to achieve the mid- '90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after
the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late'80s- and is still linked to the
politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my
acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through
the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good
life- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal
recognition of your limitations.
( #- 14 :of)3 7. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
[AJ Full-time employment is a new international trend.
[BJ The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[C] "A lateral move" means stepping out of full-time employment.
[DJ The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
38. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting
[AJ enables her to realize her dream.
[BJ helps her mold a new philosophy of life.
[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status.
[DJ leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine.
39. "Juggling one's life" probably means living a life characterized by
[AJ non-materialistic lifestyle.
[BJ a bit of everything.
[C] extreme stress.
[DJ anti-consumerism.
40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of
[A] the quick pace of modern life.
[BJ man's adventurous spirit.
[C] man's search for mythical experiences.
[DJ the economic situation.PartB
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into
Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links
between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory
virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
(4 1) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with
pol ution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (4 2) Children will play
with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will
be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of
smell-television. and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments
scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium ( a period of 1,000 years) ,
when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
(43) Pearson bas pieced together the work of hundreds ofresearchers around the
world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life
expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking
directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully,
simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather
like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, " he says. (44) But that,
Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully
electronic human before the end of the next century."
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs
that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light
travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel
will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological
advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause
problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may
not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. (4 5) And home
appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result
in the breakout of a new psychological disorder- kitchen rage.
(~14 :W)Section ill Writing
46. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but
everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay
to the newspaper to
1 ) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
