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考向 21 阅读理解之细节理解题
细节理解题的题型
细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如
事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解
的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。
常见的命题方式通常有：
1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；
2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；
3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；
4. 以填空题的形式，如：
（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised________.
（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that________.
（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on________.
（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit________.
（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that________ .
（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to________.
5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己
快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法．先从
问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技
巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)
外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。
了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是
在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。
有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信
息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回
忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并
非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转
换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系
列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才
能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：
题型一 描写类细节题
描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、
过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类
题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。
【典例示例】
【2019·全国卷I，B】For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day ,and right
now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who
would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a.
pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher ,Thomas Whaley ,is next to him, whispering
support.“…Vote for …me …”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to
a nice conclusion ,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the
beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you
make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as
their new language，to feel confident enough to say，’I don’t know，but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise
their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about
more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities,” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the
classroom not feeling confident.”
24. What made Chris nervous？
A. Telling a story. B. Making a speech.
C. Taking a test. D. Answering a question.
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演
讲课程。
24. B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段today is speech day和本段最后一句with shining dark eyes, he seems like thekind of kids who would enjoy public speaking. 以及第二段第一句But he’s nervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是
那种喜欢公共演讲的孩子，但是他却很紧张，故可知Chris是因为做演讲紧张，故选B。
题型二 信息寻找题、广告阅读题
信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之
中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就
某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用
“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。
广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其
他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时
具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考
生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的
内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向
法”。
（1）补全成分法
省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全
文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A
driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。
（2）联想推测法
在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充
分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。
为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：
Tel. =telephone number
Ph. =phone Add (r). =address
co. =company Ltd=Limited
Max=maximum Min=minimum
hr=hour t=time
fig=figure ft=foot
ml=mile doz=dozen
Mt=Mountain P=page
prof. =professor Dr. =doctor
s=south n=northw=west Sta=Station
pop=popular vs=versus
Xmas=Christmas info=information
VIP=very important persons hrs=hours
aft=after ad=advertisement
p/t=part time exp=experienced
PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts
BS degree=bachelor’s degree (学士学位)
【典例示例】【2019·北京卷，A】
Want to explore new cultures，meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time? You can do all the
three with Global Development Association(GDA).Whatever stage of life you’re at，wherever you go and whatever
project you do in GDA，you’ll create positive changes in a poor and remote community(社区).
We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are aged 17-24.Now we need
volunteer managers aged 25-75.They are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes. We
have such roles as project managers，mountain leaders，and communication officers.
Depending on which role you choose，you could help to increase a community’s access to safe drinking water，or
help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers.
Not only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally，you’ll also learn new skills and increase your
cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet new people who’ll become your lifelong friends.
This summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes:
Schedule
Country
4-week programmes 7-week programmes
Algeria 5 Jul.— 1 Aug. 20 Jun. —7 Aug.
Egypt 24 Jul—20 Aug. 19 Jun. —6 Aug.
Kenya 20 Jul. —16 Aug. 18 Jun. —5 Aug.
South Africa 2 Aug. —29 Aug. 15 Jun. —2 Aug.
GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our help is needed.
All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.
There is no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your own skills whilebringing benefits to the communities.
Find out more about joining a GDA programme:
.
Website:wwwglodeve.org
Email:humanresources@glodeve.org
31. What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers?
A. To seek local partners B. To take in young volunteers
C. To carry out programmes D. To foster cultural awareness
32. The programme beginning in August will operate in __________.
A. Egypt B. Algeria C. Kenya D. South Afria
33. The shared goal of GDA’s projects to __________.
A. explore new cultures B. protect the environment
C. gain corporate benefit D. help communities in need
【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文，这是一篇招聘志愿者的广告。
31. C【解析】细节理解题。题干问管理人员的主要职责是什么。根据第三段中Depending on which role you
choose, you could help to increase ...,or help to project....You might also design...可知，根据岗位不同，管理人
员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从这些内容
上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划。故选C。
32. D【解析】细节理解题。题干问八月份开始的这个项目将在哪里开展。根据这个表格中4-week programmes
中的最后一个，可知答案选D。
33. D【解析】细节理解题。题干问GDA的所有项目的共同目的是什么。根据倒数第二段中All our projects aim
to promote the development of poor and remote communities可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，
即帮助有需要的小区。故选D。
题型三 数据计算题
此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。
这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定
计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表
法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，
可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。
【典例示例】【2017·北京卷，B】
Inspiring young minds!
TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the world of children’s publishing, bringing a unique combination ofchallenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month.
What is so special about TOKNOW magazine? What’s inside?
Well, it has no ads or promotions inside— Every month the magazine introduces a
instead it is jam-packed with serious ideas. fresh new topic with articles, experiments
TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and and creative things to make — the magazine
accessible to children, who can become involved also explores philosophy and wellbeing to
in advanced concepts and even philosophy（哲 make sure young readers have a balanced take
学 ） — and they will soon discover that on life.
TOKNOW feels more like a club than just a
magazine.
Sounds too good to be true?
Take a look online—evidence shows that thousands of teachers and parents know a good thing when they
see it and recommend TOKNOW to their friends.
Happy Birthday All Year!
What could be more fun than a gift that keeps coming through the letterbox every month? The first
magazine with your gift message will arrive in time for the special day.
SUBSCRIBE NOW
□Annual Subscription
Europe £55 Rest of World £65
□Annual Subscription with Gift Pack
Includes a Mammoth Map, a Passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription
Europe £60 Rest of World £70
Refund Policy—the subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back.
61. How much should you pay if you make a 12-mouth subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack from China?
A. £55. B. £60. C. £65. D. £70.
【文章大意】文章介绍了一本杂志TOKNOW Magazine。
61. D 【解析】数字计算题。根据Annual Subscription with Gift Pack中的Includes a Mammoth Map, a
passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription Europe £60 Rest of World £70，中国属于 Rest of
World，故答案为D。
题型四 排序题
这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。
做此类题目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，
从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，
这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。
题型五 图文转换题
此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，
即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的
内容，以便做题。
【典例示例】
The Home of My People
When Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez
Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some
Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always
broke those agreements and demanded more land.
Other chiefs refused to go along with the government’s plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people
lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）.
“In order to have all people understand how much land we owned,” he once explained, “my father planted poles
around it and said: ‘Inside is the home of my people…It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will
never give up these graves to any man. ‘”
But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a
reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move.
Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada,winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in.
1. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today’s Nez Perce Reservation?
A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar.
C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp.
2. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map?
A. They were in the state of Oregon.
B. They have become a historic site.
C. They have become much smaller.
D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley.
【答案与解析】
1. D 此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以
南的历史景点。可以看到 Chief Looking Glass camp位于Nez Perce Reservation的南部。
2. C 从地图中我们可以看到， Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地比现在Nez Perce保留区的位置大多了。
题型六 代词指代题
代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况
下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
【典例示例】
（2016·新课标卷 III））On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to
take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Slide cafe and within
minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
＂Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the
stranger. ＂I’m from Mississippi too.＂
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also
pulled up a chair.
＂They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t know what my New York
friends were thinking.＂
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was
pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward
her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into
a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).
＂My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Now you know. Theseare the people that make me write them.’＂
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this
explanation.
＂I don’t make them up,＂ she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. ＂I don’t
have to.＂
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons
spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations
overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus
or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
26. The underlined word ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _______.
A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories
【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty是一位年纪比较大的作家，她来
自密西西比。Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活。
26.D 【解析】画线的them指代前面提到的人或物，根据＂Now we believe your stories＂可知，them指代的是
Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了Welty和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小
说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选D。
细节理解解题方法
1.把握解题的顺序原则
一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们
做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。
2. 通过定位词寻找出题点
定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用于解
答主旨大意题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出
来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。
我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干中出现的大
写的名词。如
在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：
（1）文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。我们如果
发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。
（2）大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。但是我
们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。一般来说，下面两类名词都不可取。a. 抽象词。如opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。
b. 言语词。如statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer，reason等等。
（3）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现的只是题
干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中
定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。
3.排除法
排除法是解答阅读理解题的另一个重要的方法。因为有的时候如果是给填空题让我们做，我们也许不能填
出正确答案，但是如果给出四个选项让我们选的话，我们可以通过对比排除错误选项。那么怎样通过排除法做
题呢
（1）正确选项的特征
正确选项虽然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改写，意思不变。如换一个同义词，把否定改为肯定，
把肯定改为否定等。
（2）错误选项的特征
a．张冠李戴：把A事物的特点说成是B事物的，企图混淆视听。
b.断章取义：抓住一个字眼或细节做文章，对作者本意歪曲的理解。
c.过度猜测：文中并没有出现和选项一致的直接信息，选项对文意进行了不切实际的过度猜测。
d. 把已然说成未然（或把未然说成已然）：本来文中还没有发生的事在选项中变成了已经发生的事，或者
反之。
e. 选项与原文事实相反：选项所叙述的内容与原文所提到的完全相反
【检测训练】
1
Independent living at home is the ideal for every aging person. But a fall or other health-threatening incidents can
change everything rapidly.
The wearable “panic buttons” introduced in the late 1980s were a great advance. But they only work if people
actually wear them and can reach the button in an emergency. Today there are passive wearables that automatically
detect falls, and camera-based systems to monitor elder safety.
Coming from a 40-year career in the semiconductor and wireless communication field, Rafi Zack decided to find a
better alternative. “People aren’t devoted to wearing small devices 24/7, and camera-based systems are an invasion（侵
犯）of privacy,” he points out, “The most challenging aspect is a fall. How fast we can detect a fall matters because the
medical situation worsens quickly. Sometimes people stay on the floor for a long time. We have to find out how to solve
that problem.”
Zack is a co-founder, CEO and vice president of R&D at EchoCare Technologies which has developed ECHO(Elderly Care Home Observer), a cloud-connected monitor based on radar technology and machine learning.
Because radar sees through walls, one ECHO unit fixed on the ceiling or wall can monitor one person (or two
persons, in a future version) in a standard-sized apartment in a senior living facility. The device detects falls, breathing
difficulties, drowning in a bathtub and other dangerous events. It gives out warnings to potential health worsening
conditions by continuously monitoring and analyzing the person’s location, posture（姿势）, motion and breath.
EchoCare tested the device in the United States, Japan, Australia and Israel. ECHO was certified（认证）in 2019 in
Japan with the most aging population in the world.
“Bathrooms were the main testing area where about 17,000 deadly accidents happen annually.” said SMK Director
and Executive Vice President Tetsuo Hara. “Bathroom makers, home security service providers and nursing homes are
highly interested in EchoCare’s solution.” Zack noted, “As more and more elder people live alone as a result of social
distancing, there is an increased need to monitor them without the burden of wearables or privacy-invading cameras.”
1. What’s the advantage of ECHO over “panic buttons”?
A. It has camera-based systems. B. It has been widely accepted.
C. It can function without cameras. D. Its buttons can be easily reached.
2. What can we know about ECHO from paragraph 5?
A. It is designed to send out warnings regularly.
B. It monitors dangerous health-related events.
C. It was certified in many developed countries.
D. It detects more than one person at the same time.
3. What can we infer about the future of ECHO?
A. It’ll become more popular with the elderly.
B. It’ll stop 17,000 deaths happening annually.
C. It’ll be used in nursing homes and hospitals.
D. It’ll help elderly people to live an active life.
4. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. An Advanced Medical Instrument
B. A High-tech Monitor for the Elderly
C. The Invention of a Healthcare Device
D. The Improvement of a Medical Facility
2
A young woman was walking in Santa Ana, California, when she came upon an elderly street vendor (小贩) selling
tamales (玉米粉蒸肉). Seeing how tired he looked in his wheelchair, she decided to give him a few bucks and asandwich—and she also gave him a sympathetic ear to listen to his story.
When Kenia Barragan first saw Jose Villa Ochoa, she thought of her own parents. “I felt for him,” she told KTTV
News, “My parents are both older, and I would hate to see my dad out selling tamales for somebody and barely making
ends meet.”
Known as “Don Joel”, he explained that although he wanted a job, no company would hire him because of his age.
In order to keep himself out of debt, he started to sell tamales cooked by a local woman. At the end of each hard day, she
would give him a cut of the earnings. This allowed him to buy food, but was not enough for him to afford his medical
treatment or a phone.
The 28-year-old woman was happy to listen to Don Joel’s story, but she wanted to do more. She made an appeal to
her followers on Instagram for some assistance. Within a week, friends and strangers flooded her with more than $84 000
in donations.
In addition to the money raised for Don Joel’s retirement, Kenia purchased him a new wheelchair and a shiny new
pair of shoes. Even though he’s 94, he says he feels like he’s 40 now, because the kindness has made him feel so alive.
He describes the generosity as “life-changing”.
Kenia feels exactly the same way. She says she’s always looking for a purpose that helps people and that she’s been
living in line with those values in her current job, working with people who have disabilities to get them transportation.
Her goal in life is to establish a homeless shelter.
5. Why did Don Joel sell tamales?
A. To buy a new wheelchair. B. To struggle for a living.
C. To pay off his medical debt. D. To help a local woman.
6. How did Kenia change Don Joel’s life?
A. By establishing a homeless shelter. B. By giving him money and sandwiches.
C. By collecting donations on Instagram. D. By listening to his story attentively.
7. What can we infer about Kenia in the text?
A. She disliked her father because of his job.
B. She is a wealthy woman ready to help others.
C. She helped Don Joel when she was 40 years old.
D. She is a kind woman aiming to do more charity.
8. What does the author want to tell us?
A. Rose given, fragrant in hand. B. The best hearts are always the bravest.
C. No pain, no gain. D. Sharp tools make good work.
3The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing. These drugs won't let you live longer
but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.
The drugs are called senolytics—they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age. Known as
“senescent” cells, they can create low-level inflammation (炎症) that prevents normal systems of living cells repair and
creates a poisonous environment for neighboring cells.
In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe
osteoarthritis (关节炎) of the knee. Results from a larger clinical trial are expected in the second half of this year. The
company is also developing similar drugs to treat age-related diseases of the eyes and lungs, among other conditions.
Senolytics are now in human tests, along with a number of other promising approaches targeting the biological
processes that lie at the root of aging and various diseases.
A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to
stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The company also
has drugs for Parkinson's and dementia in human testing.
And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the
immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.
The tests reflect researchers' expanding efforts to learn if the many diseases associated with getting older- such as
heart diseases, arthritis, cancer, and dementia- can be dealt with to delay their outbreak.
9. Why do the researchers develop the drugs?
A. To rid inflammation. B. To lengthen people's life.
C. To treat age-related diseases. D. To remove cancer cells.
10. What does the underlined word “senescent” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Repairing. B. Cycling. C. Aging. D. Dividing.
11. How does the text mainly develop?
A. By listing data. B. By providing details.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing causes.
12. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
4
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Julia began her second year as a first grade teacher in an online classroom. One
September afternoon, she received a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her
granddaughter's tools for online learning.
Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Cynthia. The two women had spoken many times before, butJulia had never heard she sounded like this. Her words were so jumbled that Julia could barely understand her. Julia
called her headmaster, Charlie, who convinced her that he would call and check on Cynthia himself.
Just like Julia, Charlie could barely understand Cynthia. He suspected she might be having a stroke (中风) — he
recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one. Charlie immediately became concerned that Cynthia's
two grandchildren, ages six and eight, were probably home alone with her and scared. Charlie asked his office manager
to send an ambulance to the grandmother's home.
The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Cynthia's life. She arrived at the hospital in time to get treatment
before long-term damage occurred. Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital, she has regained most of the movement
throughout her body except for one hand and a region of her mouth.
“I'm proud of the people I work with, that they responded so quickly and that it did make a difference to Cynthia,”
says Julia. “I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community.” But the school's crisis response is only one piece of
the community's extraordinary efforts to help Cynthia and her granddaughters. Another family with young children took
in the two girls.
Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country, but it's fair to say that it has helped the community grow
closer. Many teachers there gave their personal phone numbers to students and families in case they needed extra help. In
this case, the exchange was literally life-altering.
13. Cynthia called Julia in order to .
A. complain about the poor contents of online learning
B. consult about her granddaughter's academic performance
C. seek some help for lack of certain technical knowledge
D. volunteer her services as a teacher in an online classroom
14. The underlined word “jumbled” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. brief
B. unclear
C. gentle
D. impolite
15. How did Charlie decide that Cynthia might have suffered a stroke?
A. By recalling his own previous sufferings from the disease.
B. By using his professional knowledge to form the judgment.
C. By combining Julia's call with the granddaughters' description.
D. By identifying the symptoms that a stroke patient may have.
16. What does the author think of virtual leaning?A. It has caused much inconvenience to parents.
B. It will bring about unavoidable leak of privacy.
C. It has provided more benefits than challenges.
D. It needs technical guidance to be highly effective.
5
Young children who have experienced compassionate (有同情心的) love and empathy (认同感) from their mothers
may be more willing to turn thoughts into action by being generous to others, a University of California, Davis’ study
suggests.
In lab studies, children tested at ages 4 and 6 showed more willingness to give up the tokens (代金券) they had
earned to fictional children in need when two conditions were present—if they showed bodily changes when given the
opportunity to share and had experienced positive parenting that modeled such kindness. The study initially included 74
preschool-age children and their mothers. They were invited back two years later, resulting in 54 mother-child pairs
whose behaviors and reactions were analyzed when the children were 6.
“At both ages, children with better physiological regulation and with mothers who expressed stronger
compassionate love were likely to donate more of their earnings,” said Paul Hastings, UC Davis professor of psychology.
“Compassionate mothers likely develop emotionally close relationships with their children while also providing an early
example of satisfying the needs of others,” researchers said in the study, published in November in Frontiers in
Psychology” Emotion Science.
In each lab exercise, after attaching a monitor to record children’s heart-rate activity, the examiner told the children
they would be earning tokens for a variety of activities, and that the tokens could be turned in for a prize. The tokens
were put into a box, and each child eventually earned 20 prize tokens. Then before the session ended, children were told
they could donate all or part of their tokens to other children.
Taken together, the findings showed that children’s generosity is supported by the combination of their socialization
experiences—their mothers’ compassionate love—and their physiological regulation, and that these work like “internal
and external supports for the ability to act prosocially that build on each other”.
In addition to observing the children’s propensity (习性) to donate their game earnings, Hastings suggested that
“being in a calmer state after sharing could reinforce (加强) the generous behavior that produced that good feeling.”
17. How do young children loved by their mother tend to become in later years?
A. Considerate. B. Emotional.
C. Generous. D. Optimistic.
18. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The process of the research. B. The result of the experiment.
C. The reactions of the children. D. The importance of Mom’s love.
19. According to Hastings, what factor could strengthen children’s good behaviors?
A. Their moms love them deeply. B. They donate the tokens easily.
C. They behave physiologically. D. They are calmer after sharing.
20. What is probably the best title of this passage?
A. What Contributes to Generosity?
B. The More You Give, the Calmer You Will Be
C. Do You Prefer to Receive or Give?
D. More Giving, Less Receiving
6
Nearly everyone knows eBay is a website where you can buy and sell pretty much anything. There are other
Internet auction (拍卖) sites, but none come close to eBay for brand-name recognition. And for good reason: eBay is the
largest English-language online auction site in the world. Buyers come to eBay for the best chance of finding the
particular thing they want. Sellers come for the largest pool of buyers, which they hope means the best chance of selling
at the highest possible price.
Buying things on eBay is pretty simple. You can type a term into the search field, or click through the categories list
to get to what you want. Inside an individual item listing, you’ll see the current asking price, and a little button to click if
you wish to place your own bid. Enter a price, occasionally come back to see if someone has bid higher than you and
wait for the end of the auction period. If your bid is the highest, you win! Now all you have to do is arrange payment and
shipping method with the seller. eBay is only in the business of putting buyers and sellers together for a small fee from
the seller. It doesn’t handle the actual payment or shipping of goods. In other words, it isn’t a big department store, or a
warehouse. It’s the owner of a flea market, and you have to do your own deals with the individual sellers in their virtual
stalls.
To be a skillful eBay buyer, you should learn when to trust sellers and how a proxy (代理人) bid can save you from
going online every half-hour to up your bid. Experienced eBay users also know how to use escrows (公正托管) to
guarantee goods, and how to avoid selling tricks such as fake bids that push up prices. The more often you buy on eBay,
the more you learn.
21. Why is eBay the best website for people to buy and sell things?
A. Because it has all brand products.
B. Because the trade language is English.C. Because sellers and buyers can close their deals.
D. Because sellers can find a swimming pool there.
22. What should you do first if you want to buy something at the site?
A. Find the current asking price.
B. Click a button to place your own bid.
C. Enter a price which is higher than others.
D. Find what you want in the categories list.
23. What should the buyer do if he/she wins the bid?
A. Get goods from eBay.
B. Determine payment and shipment.
C. Send somebody for the goods.
D. Talk about the price of the goods.
24. What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph?
A. How to be a skillful buyer at eBay.
B. How to make sure of qualified goods.
C. How to avoid being cheated by others.
D. How to spare you from going online frequently.
7
Just as a hungry brain craves (渴望) food, a lonely brain craves people. A new brain study demonstrates this. After
being left alone, it shows people's brains would be activated at the sight of other people. The action was in the same brain
region that speeds up when a hungry person sees food.
Livia Tomova, a neuroscientist, who studies how the brain produces mental activities, and her colleagues began this
study. They recruited (招募) 40 people. On one day, the participants had to fast—not eat anything at all—for 10 hours.
On another day, the same people were placed in a room for 10 hours. They couldn't see anyone. No friends, no family
and no social media. They weren't even allowed to check their email. After both days, Tomova and her colleagues put the
people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing to each region.
At the end of each day, the participants showed high activity in a brain area called the midbrain. The scientists were
interested in two, small areas within it. Both areas produce dopamine, a chemical that is important in craving and
rewards. The two areas activated when hungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers. After the
volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be
playing sports or chatting with friends.
The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends. In fact, it responds to food andsocial signals even when people aren't hungry or lonely. But hunger and loneliness increased the reactions and made
people's responses specific to the thing they were missing. And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers said they
were experiencing, the stronger the activity in this part of the brain. Tomova and her colleagues published their results
November 23 in Nature Neuroscience.
25. How does Tomova test out the result of the study?
A. By stimulating desire. B. By controlling blood flow.
C. By monitoring brain activity. D. By examining mental activities.
26. What do we know about midbrain?
A. It consists of two areas. B. It helps motivate desire for food.
C. It stops working when people are full. D. It decreases responses to lost friends.
27. What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. A midbrain area. B. A social activity. C. A volunteer. D. A hamburger.
28. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Dopamine—a Sure Sign of Age
B. Midbrain—a Nest for the Thoughts
C. Hunger Makes Mental Health Struggle
D. Loneliness Makes Our Brains Need People
8
Black Valley, 63 kilometers from downtown Chongqing, is one of the best preserved natural wonders around the
municipality. The national 5A-level scenic spot is a popular summer resort for sightseeing, forest adventures, outdoor
camping, hunting and angling.
Located in Heishan town, Wansheng Economic Development Zone, the scenic spot spans over 103 square
kilometers, 97 percent of which are covered by primitive forests. With over 110,000 negative oxygen ions in each cubic
centimeter of air, it is dubbed as a natural oxygen bar and “the most beautiful healthcare-themed valley.”
Black Valley is also known as “the natural gene bank of Chongqing and Guizhou regions” for the diversity of its
rare plants and wildlife, including Cathaya argyrophylla, Davidia involucrata, Trachypithecus francoisi and clouded
leopards.
Scenic spot level: AAAAA
Address: Heishan town, Wansheng Economic Development Zone, 63 kilometers from downtown Chongqing
Opening hours: 8:30 am - 3:30 pm (peak season from November to February), 9:00 am-3:00 pm (off season from March
to October)
Ideal sightseeing season: from May to SeptemberTicket price: 60 yuan ($8.72) during off season and 100 yuan during peak season, sightseeing bus and cable not
included.
Notes:
1. It is recommended that tourists start from the higher southern area for a downward journey.
2. The average temperature is 18.1 degrees.
3. It’s a good idea to experience the local folk culture of the Miao ethnic group, especially when you choose to visit
in May when the traditional Caishan Festival of Miao ethnic group is celebrated.
29. What can we know about Black Valley?
A. It lies in downtown Chongqing.
B. Plants and wildlife are rarely seen there.
C. A visit there costs at most 100 yuan.
D. The air is very high in negative oxygen ions there.
30. A best time for a visitor and lover of the folk culture to Black Valley is in
A. January. B. March. C. May. D. July.
31. Which section is the text taken from in a newspaper?
A. Culture. B. Travel. C. Nature. D. Wildlife.
