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高考英语语法词汇专项突破：动词过去时相关时态重难点解读
【高考考例展示】
【考题1】（2023▪浙江1月卷）The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and
wealthy businessmen often (feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and
pillars(柱子).
答案与解析：featured。考查动词时态。分析句子结构可知，空格处需要填谓语动词，
再结合上下文时态可知，空格处应用一般过去时。故填featured。句意：这些高级官员和有
钱商人的高大的四合院，通常以雕刻精美和被粉刷的房顶横梁和柱子为特点。
【考题2】（2022新高考全国I卷）The plan will extend protection to a significant
number of areas that (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing
protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce
inconsistencies in management.
答案与解析：were。考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定
语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据
“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，
从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护
的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一
致性。
【考题3】（2022新高考全国II卷）Henry (fix) his car when he heard the
screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
答案与解析：was fixing。考查动词时态。根据空后的when he heard the screams，可
知，设空处的动作是正在发生的，同时该句描述的是过去的事实。故使用过去进行时。fix
为动词，意为“修理”，其过去进行时为was fixing。故填was fixing。句意：听到尖叫声
时，亨利正在修车。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写谓语动词was fixing。
【考题4】（2020浙江6月卷）By about 6000 BC，people (discover)the best
crops to grow and animals to raise.
答案与解析：had discovered。考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现
了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by + 过去时间 译为
“到…为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered。
【考题5】（2021浙江6月卷）After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861,
they rented the house and （sell）most of their furniture.
答案与解析：sold。考查动词时态。分析句子成分可知，设空处和前面的动词rented一起
做并列谓语；根据时间状语1861可知，此处用一般过去时态，故填sold。句意：1861年林
肯当选美国总统后，他们把房子租了出去，卖掉了大部分家具。
【过去时的各种形式解读】
考点一、一般过去时
先看下面一道2021全国甲卷高考试题：
【考题】（2021全国甲卷）We (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South
Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
答案与解析：hired。考查动词时态。根据语境可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用
一般过去时。故填hired。句意：我们从南门的租赁处租了自行车。
I. 构成：一般过去时是通过把谓语动词变成过去式（规则动词直接加ed, 不规则动词
需单独记）而构成的，其疑问和否定形式要借助于助动词 did，被动形式由was /were+Ｖed
构成。如：
【考例1】(NMETXXXX) My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I am afraid I ____ half of
it.
A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed
解析：be afraid后的内容是对过去发生的事情进行陈述，所以用一般过去时，故选D。
【考例2】(安徽春招XXXX) The silence of the library ______ only by the sound of pages being
turned over.
A. has been broken B. breaks C. broke *D. was broken
【考例3】(NMETXXXX) All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her
nervousness ________.
A. has grown B. is growing *C. grew D. had grown
【考例4】(METXXXX) I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
II. 用法要点：1. 一般过去时主要用来表示过去某个时间完成或一度存在的状态，常跟一个表过去的
时间状语连用， 如then, yesterday, the other day等。有时省去时间状语，但从上下文语境
当中能体会出被省略的部分。如：
【考例】(江苏XXXX) Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early XXXXs, when
people _____ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.
A. begin *B. began C. have began D. had began
提示：when引导的是定语从句，其中的when就是in the early XXXXs的意思，是定
语从句中的表示过去的时间状语，故选B。
【考例】(京皖春招 XXXX) I ____ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my
roommate woke me up in time!
A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep *C. fell asleep D. fall asleep
【考例】(湖南XXXX)--- I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
---- Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ______?
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left *D. left
【考例】（NMETXXXX）--- You haven’t said a word about my coat, Brenda. Do you like
it?
--- I’m sorry I _____ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’ say D. didn’t say
提示：由答句中的sooner比现在“早一点”的暗示，可以知道 say发生在过去，所以
得出D正确。
【考例】(METXXXX)---We could have walked to the station. It was so near.
--- Yes, a taxi ____ at all necessary.
*A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t been D. won’t be
提示：could have done结构表示本来（即过去）能做某事，而实际上没有做，由此可
以推断用一般过去时。
【考例】（上海XXXX）--- Oh, it’s you! I ______ you.
--- I’ve just had my hair cut, and I’m wearing new glasses.
*A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recognize
提示：从it’s you可知现在已经认出，没认出是指在此之前，故选A。
2. 一般过去时还可以表示过去一段时间经常反复发生的行为或习惯的动作，往往与表
重复性的时间状语连用。如：He always carried an umbrella.
【考例】(METXXXX) Mother ______ us stories when we were young.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling *C. used to tell D. used to telling
提示：used to do sth.表示过去常常做某事，而现在不做了。
3. 在时间、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：
【考例】 (NMETXXXX) Helen______ her keys in the office so she had to wait until
her husband _______ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come *C. had left; came D. had left; would come
4. 两个或两个以上在过去接连发生的的一连串动作用 and或but连接时，按时间发生
的顺序要用一般过去时。如：
【考例】(上海春招XXXX) Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _____ the girl
and took her away, _______ in the woods.
A. seizing… disappeared B. seized…disappeared
C. seizing…disappearing *D. seized… disappearing
提示：根据题中and可知took与seized是一连贯的动作，由took过去时排除A、C；
disappear是不及物动词，后一空用其现在分词作状语，故选D。
【考例】(NMETXXXX) He set out soon after dark and _____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived *D. arrived
【考例】(京皖春招XXXX) Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _____ to his
old ways.
*A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
5．在某些情况下，过去时态并不表示过去，而是一种假设性的现在，此种用法主要用
于虚拟语气中，常用句型有：I wish +主语+Ved…，表示“希望现在如何如何”；I’d rather
+主语+Ved, 表示主语“宁愿某人做某事”；It’s time that+主语+Ved，表示“做某事的时间
到了，是做某事的时候了”。如：
If I had $100,000, I would buy that house. 我手头要是有十万美元，我就把那所房子买
下来。
I would rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。
It’s time you got up. 你该起床了。
【考例】(上海春招XXXX) How I wish every family ______ a large house with a beautiful
garden!A. has *B. had C. will have D. had had
【考例】(上海XXXX) If I ____ you, I would not do it.
A. am *B. were C. shall be D. being
考点二、过去进行时
先看一道XXXX天津高考试题：
（天津XXXX.28） --- What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--- I had just finished my work and ______ to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started *D. was starting
本题是对过去进行时进行考查。问句是问“托尼给你打电话时，你正在做什么”，所
以答句应该用过去进行时，故选D。
构成： 过去进行时由was/ were +Ving 构成，疑问句是把was/were置于主语之前，否
定句是在 was/ were后直接加not。如:
【考例】(北京春招XXXX) --- Excuse me, Sir. Would you do me a favor?
--- Of course. What is it?
--- I _____ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A. had wondered *B. was wondering C. would wonder D. did wonder
【考例】(NMETXXXX) I first met Lisa three years ago. She _______ at a radio shop at the time.
A. was worked *B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
II. 主要用法：
1.过去进行时主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一时段正在进行的动作，这一特定的时间
（时刻）除了上下文暗示之外，一般和时间状语连用，常用的时间状语如 at that time/ at
this time yesterday/ at that moment，或when/ while等引导的状语从句等。如：
【考例】（NMETXXXX） The reporter said that the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
*A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was travelled
【考例】 (NMETXXXX) I don’t think Jim saw me; he______ into space.
A. just stared *B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
导析：由前一分句的“没看到”可知是由于当时“正在望着太空”的结果。
【考例】(福建XXXX) --- You were out when I dropped in at your house.
--- Oh, I _____ for a friend from England at the airport.
*A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited【考例】（京皖春招XXXX） --- Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
--- Where was I?
--- You_____ you didn’t like your father’s job.
A. had said B. said *C. were saying D. had been saying
导析：题中并没有直接给出标志过去进行时的时间状语，而是通过所给的语境来体现
过去进行时的。Where was I的意思是“我刚刚讲到哪儿？”，所以选C。
2．与always/ constantly/ continually/forever等频度副词连用时具有一定的感情色彩，一
般表示说话人对所描述的时间而发生的事情持批评或表扬的态度。如：
1）He was always ringing me up. 他过去老是给我打电话。
2）My grandfather was always forgetting things. 我祖父总是忘这忘那。
3) He was always blowing his own trump. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸
3.come/ go/ leave/ get/ reach/ start/ set out/arrive等一些表示趋向动作的动词用作过去进行
时可表示将来，一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。如
1) Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.
2) She said she was coming to see her grandpa the next month.
4. was/were doing常与作并列连词的when连用，表示“……正在（正要）……这时突
然……”，相当于and at this time或and then。如：
【考例】(上海XXXX) Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was
bitten on the leg by a lion.
*A. when B. while C. since D. once
【考例】(京皖春招XXXX) We were swimming in the lake ______ suddenly the storm started.
*A. when B. while C. until D. before
5. 在介绍故事时，用过去进行时来描述故事发生的背景。如：
1) It was winter. The north wind was blowing and a heavy snow was falling. A poor
little was walking in the street.
2) A mother crocodile was looking for food near the bank. 一条母鳄在岸边觅食。
6．以下几类动词不用现在进行时，同样，也不用于过去进行时，即：
A）连系动词，如：be, sound(听起来)，feel（摸起来）等。
B）具有 be或have（有）意义的词，如：belong to（属于），cost（价值为），
depend on (依靠)，own（拥有），matter（要紧）。
C）五官感觉动词，如：hear, smell, taste, feel等。如不能说：He was being tall. ( Wrong)
He was having a nice house. ( Wrong )
She wasn’t hearing very well. ( Wrong )
III. 一般过去时与过去进行时的主要区别：
一般过去时表示动作已经完成，而过去进行时表示未完成的动作。试比较：
1) When I got there, she was dying, but we saved her life at last.当我们到那儿时，她快
死了，但是我们最终把她救活了。
2) When I got there, she died (was dead). No one could save her life. It was too late.
当我们到那儿时，她已经死了。没人能救活她，太迟了。
【考例】(NMETXXXX) Shirley ________ a book about China last year but I don’t know
whether she has finished.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written *D. was writing
提示：从I don’t know whether she has finished.可以推断“去年雪莉所写的书当时并没
有写完”，所以选D。
考点三、过去完成时
过去完成时是以过去时为基点，表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去的某一时间或
某一动作之前。在试题的设置上常从以下几个方面进行考查。
一、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态
这个时间短语可以用短语或从句，甚至通过上下文来暗示“过去的过去”。状语常用
的有before/ when/ until/ after/ by the time等引导的时间状语从句或是by the end of last year，
before等。如：
【考例】(上海春招XXXX) The suspension bridge ____ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed *B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed
分析：根据过去完成时时间状语标志by the end of last month“到上学期末”可知是到过
去时间“上学期”末为止就已经“设计”好了，design动作在过去时间last month前就完成
了，故选B。
【考例】(湖北XXXX)He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ______ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees *D. had seen
分析：主句的谓语动词是过去时，从 whether从句的意思是“不知道是否在那地方见过
他”。See的动作如果发生就应该发生在kept looking之前，所以是过去完成时，故选D。【考例】（METXXXX）--- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get *D. had they known; got
分析：本题考查一般过去时和过去进行时的动作的前后关系。根据句意可以看出
before引导的时间状语从句和主句在动作上有先后之分，故选D。
【考例】(METXXXX) When Jack arrived he learned Mary _____ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left *D. had been away
分析：根据时间段状语for almost an hour可以看出谓语动词不可以用瞬间谓语动词排
除A、B、C，所以选D，表示主句的状态发生在从句的动作之前。
【考例】(湖北 XXXX.33) --- George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their
wedding?
--- No, I ____. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
分析：根据句中的过去时可以推知invite如果发生也应该是在“got married last week”
之前发生，既过去的过去，故选C，用过去完成时。
二、在主语是过去时间的间接引语当中
在直接引语中变为间接引语中，如果直接引语本身是一般过去时，变为间接引语时用
过去完成时。如：
She asked if we had discussed the problem. 他问我们是否讨论了这个问题。
She told me that she had tried his best to finish the task. 她说她为了完成那项任务已经
尽最大努力。
三、表示过去打算但是没有实现的希望或计划
用于此结构的动词有hope/ expect/ intend/ want/ suppose/ mean(打算)等,用于过去完
成时译作“本来希望/打算/想……”，但是实际上未曾实现，在一定程度上相当于是一种虚
拟语气。
1）He had intended to make a speech but no one gave him such a chance. 他本来打算
发言的，但是没有人给这样的机会。
２）I had thought that he died at least twenty years ago.我本来以为２０年以前他就去世
了。（实际上还活者）
四、在hardly…when; no sooner…than表示“一……就……”句型中本句型是倒装句中的典型例子，当然如果否定副词hardly/ no sooner不在句首时就不用
倒装，本结构用于完成时也并不是只能用在完成时，也可以用于其它时态，在倒装句的专
题中有高考原题解析（本处不在赘述）。如：
1) Hardly had he arrived in Beijing when he rang me up. 他一到北京就给我打电话了。
2）No sooner had we heard the result of the entrance examination than we burst into tears.我
们一听到入学考试的结果就放声痛哭起来。
五、在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件从句中
在虚拟语气中，如果表示与过去的事实情况相反或表示过去未曾实现的愿望，则
if 从句的谓语动词或wish后的宾语从句的谓语动词用had done，即用过去完成时形式。
如：
1）If she had told me the truth yesterday, she wouldn’t have been scolded. 如果她要是昨天
把真相告诉了我，她就不会挨批评的。（实际上她没有告诉真相，结果也就受批评了）
2）I wish she had helped me with my English last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚上要
是能帮我学习英语就好了，可是她太忙了。
考点五、过去完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去某一时间仍然进行或刚刚结束，前提是有
一特定的过去时间，同时也强调了动作的持续性。在具体理解时可以参照现在完成进行
时。构成形式是：had been doing,如：
His best friend, Peter, had been living here before he was admitted into Beijing University.
他被北京大学录取之前一直住在这里。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 电话铃响了三分钟
才有人接。（表示在接电话前的三分钟里，电话铃是一直在响着的）
【考例】(重庆XXXX) The crazy fans _______patiently for two hours, and they would wait till
the movie star arrived.
A. were *B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
分析：根据后一分句中的谓语动词过去将来时和前一分句中的时间段状语 for two hours
可以初步判定是过去完成时；再根据看出movie star还没有来，因此可以判定wait的动作
在movie star到来之前还在持续进行着，因此用过去完成进行时，故选B。
相关时态比较：一般过去式、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时1) She read a novel last night, which was written by Luxun.昨天晚上他读过一本小说，
是鲁迅写的。（说明过去发生的事情，一般过去时强调动作已经发生）
2) She was writing a novel last year when I visited him, but I don’t know whether she has
finished it.去年我去看她时，她正在写一本小说，但是不不知道它现在是否已经写
完。（过去进行时强调在过去某时间动作正在进行，不强调完成，从后面的现在
完成时可以看出不知是否完成，所以仅强调当时在进行）
3) She has been writing a novel since you left.自从我离开后她就一直在写一本小说。
（直到现在现在完成进行时强调动作在过去发生，一直延续到现在，还有可能会
延续下去）。
4) She had been writing a novel when I visited him.到我去拜访他时，他一直在写一本小
说。（强调在我拜访之前写小说动作发生，一直持续到现在，而我拜访的动作发
生在过去，那么write就应该是过去完成时，再从一直持续到现在便可以体现出进
行时，把过去完成时与进行时结合在一起，便成了过去完成进行时。也可以参考
现在完成进行时的论述，本文就不再单独阐述）
考点六、过去将来时
表示在过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，用“would/should+动词原形”，
should仅用于第一人称。具体运用时，多用于宾语从句或间接引语当中，表示从过去的观
点来看将来发生的行为或存在的状态。如：
He told me that he would pay me a visit if possible.他说要是可能地话他会拜访我的。
They wanted to know when I should/would finish the article.他们想知道我们什么时候
完成这篇文章。
下列方式也表示过去将来：
1. was/were going to do sth. 表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做某事。如：
【考例】(NMETXXXX.22) --- Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
--- I ____, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would *C. was going to D. did
点拨： would后需加have构成与过去事实相反的虚拟语气才行，was going to表过去
打算要做……，故选C
2. was/ were about to do sth.
表示过去计划或安排将要做某事，可以与 when引导的并列分句连用，意思是“正要……突然……”。如：
【考例】(上海XXXX) He was about to tell me the secret _______ someone patted him on
the shoulder.
A. as B. until C. while *D. when
点拨：句意是“他正要把秘密告诉我，突然有人拍他的肩膀”，根据题中的前一分句
的was about to tell的提示和句意可以推断Ｄ正确，when作为并列连词引导并列分句。was
about to 表示过去将来的动作，强调在过去“正要……”。
3. was/ were doing sth. 如：
实际上是用过去进行时表示过去将来时，谓语动词多是像go/ leave/ come/start/ begin等
表示趋向动作的词。如：
【考例】（天津XXXX.28） --- What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
--- I had just finished my work and ______ to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started *D. was starting
分析：问句 “Tony给你打电话时你在做什么？”询问是过去的事情。答句“我刚做
完工作，正要开始沐浴”。也是过去的事情，与现在无关，排除C。从答句的had just
finished my work“刚刚完成工作”，因此可知是正要沐浴，而过去进行时可以表示过去将来
时，所以选D。
4．was/ were to do sth.
是用连系动词be的过去式动词跟动词不定式表示过去计划或安排将要做某事。如：
Tom told me that he was to leave for Kunming. 汤姆说他要到昆明去。
5. was/ were on the point of doing sth.
本句型是一个固定短语，be on the point of doing sth.的意思是“正要做某
事”。如：One day, the crew were on the point of setting sail, when suddenly it
snowed.船员门正准备启航，突然下起了大雪。
