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1 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
According to Plato, philosophy originated from _____.
A ： what we don’t knowB ： some miracles
C ： the question on what man is
D ： moral values
正确答案： A
解析：
本题考查判断推理。第三段第一句“Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder.”在
柏拉图看来哲学起于迷惑不解。wonder有“迷惑，诧异”的意思。通过下文举得让人思
考的例子也可看出哲学起源于我们不知道的东西。故选A。
2 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave anew intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.
A ： discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema
B ： document Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films
C ： deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith
D ： analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multi-reel
film
正确答案： A
解析：
通读文章可知，作者主要介绍了David W. Griffith对于电影事业的发展做出的贡献，包括
电影拍摄，剪辑以及电影题材的选择等方面，B项和D项只涉及了其中的一个方面，不够
全面，C项在文中没有提及，只有A项准确概括出了文章的主要目的。
3 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmentingtechnique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
Why can’t we divide film into various elements for analysis?
A ： Because these elements are interwoven with each other and cannot be
separated without failing to appreciate a film as a whole.
B ： ecause films cannot be written down and it is inconvenient to analyze them
C ： Because films elements are too complicated.
D ： Because films need not to be analyzed in detail.
正确答案： A
解析：
由文章第四段第一句：Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a
somewhat artificial process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation
可知，电影中的各个元素是相互交织、相互影响的，不能分割研究，否则会影响对整体
意思的理解。
4 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, youwatch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
From the author’s comments and the example of the bulls (paragraph 4), what was
the most likely reason for which Hemingway took care to include details of place?
A ： He felt that geography in some way illuminated other, more important events.
B ： He thought readers generally did not have enough imagination to visualize the
scenes for themselves.
C ： He thought that landscapes were more important than characters to convey
“the way it was.”
D ： He felt that without background information the readers would be unable to
follow the story.
正确答案： D
解析：
A选项说地理能够在某种程度上表现出更为重要的事件，但在文中并无此意，B选项和C
选项在文中也没提到。文章想要着力说明的是写作中对地理环境的刻画能够引导读者进
入故事情节，就像白纸上的第一道笔画一样，因此选D。
5 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiouslysnatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politicsHe led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Horace gladly accepted his first job _____.
A ： because of the kind of work it was
B ： because of the high salary offered
C ： because of the location of the office
D ： became he couldn’t find any other job
正确答案： A
解析：
句意：Horace很高兴的接受第一份工作的原因是这正是他想要的工作。文章第九段最后
一句，当Horace被问及为什么想做这份工作时，他回答“I want to learn all I can about
newspapers”，说明这份工作正是他想要的，故选A。文章第十一段说明这份工作开始
仅提供食宿，排除B。第十二段中提到Horace的家要搬到Pennsylvania，而这份工作是
在Vermont（第九段第一句），有600英里之远，排除C。D项在文中没有提到。
6 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effectwas a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?
A ： The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.
B ： Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.
C ： Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D ： Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.
正确答案： D
解析：
文章倒数第二段第一句指出职工的唯一的投资选择（sole investment option ）是造成
悲剧的最大原因，从该段第二句也可看出，如果他们将投资分散在各个investment
options的话，可能就不会造成这么大的悲剧，故A项正确。从文章可知，人们普遍认
为I’ll-be-taken-care-of，但此次悲剧不仅说明了所谓的经济安全的瓦解，也警醒了他
们须为自己负责，不能再想当然以为企业、社会或者政府会为他们负责。故B、D两项都
正确。从最后一段可知，人们的思想观念不可能一下子转变过来，因而有可能这样的事
会再发生，故C正确。D并不是从Enron disaster得到的教训。
7 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden thelinguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
Which one of the following aspects of Hughes’s poetry does the author appear to
value most highly?
A ： its novelty compared to other works of African American literature
B ： its subtle understatement compared to that of other kinds of folk literature
C ： its virtuosity in adapting musical forms to language
D ： its expression of the folk culture of Black People
正确答案： D
解析：
从第二段“Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people
established his writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature.”
可知作者认为休斯对黑人民间文化的表达具有标志性的重要意义，故答案为D。
8 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
A dog responds when it sees the following act of its owner _____.A ： shouts
B ： hits
C ： body movement
D ： foot gesture
正确答案： C
解析：
文章第一段第一句话写到“A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning.”后面
作者又举例说明了主人身体发出的不同的动作，狗会做出不同的反应。C正确。
9 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.The author suggests that the “deceptive veil”(Paragraph 2) in Hughes’s poetry
obscures _____.
A ： evidence of his use of oral techniques in his poetry
B ： evidence of his thoughtful deliberation in composing his poems
C ： his scrupulous concern for representative details in his poetry
D ： his incorporation of Western European literary techniques in his poetry
正确答案： B
解析：
作者说休斯的诗中有“欺骗性的面纱”，是指其诗中掩藏着他创作时所投注的深思熟虑。
从第二段“Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that
his poetry was carefully and artfully crafted.”可知，尽管休斯自称写诗时从不准备，
自由随性，但其实是经过了精细的雕琢的。
10 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signsof an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to _____.
A ： differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other
meanings of it
B ： support Darwin’s theory of evolution
C ： provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D ： contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial
expressions
正确答案： C
解析：
第一段“Baring the teeth in a hostile way…may be a universe sign of anger.”“敌意
地露出牙齿”是气愤的普遍表示，以此为例说明对表情的理解可能是通用的。
11 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightlymore difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
Why is it not handy to study film?
A ： Because screenplay is not as well written as literary works.
B ： ecause a film cannot be effectively represented by a printed screenplay
C ： Because a film is too complicated.
D ： Because publishers prefer to publish literary works.
正确答案： B
解析：
第二段第一句明确表明，电影不易于研究，因为它无法写下来。而本段的第五句也提到，
电影是多种手段综合运用的产物，因此光看剧本是不够的，剧本无法完整的表现电影的
精髓。
12 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facialexpressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The word “despondent” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.A ： curious
B ： unhappy
C ： thoughtful
D ： uncertain
正确答案： B
解析：
“…but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent？”
中“despondent”与“happy”之间用介词“or”相连，可推测是“相反的”意思。
13 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
With what can cells take in sugar?
A ： insulin
B ： pancreas
C ： diabetes
D ： immune system
正确答案： A
解析：
最后一段第二句话“In diabetes, it kills the special cells in the pancreas that make
insulin Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar.”由此可见胰岛素可以吸收糖分。故选A。
14 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, asinconspicuous as possible.
From the passage, one can assume that which of the following statements would best
describe Hemingway’s attitude toward knowledge?
A ： One can learn about life only by living it fully.
B ： A wise person will read widely in order to learn about life.
C ： Knowledge is a powerful tool that should be reserved only for those who know
how to use it.
D ： Experience is a poor teacher.
正确答案： A
解析：
全文主旨是想说明海明威非常尊崇事实，以实际经验为基础写作，因此他对知识的态度
应是知识来自于生活，只有自己生活过才能了解。
15 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrowstreet was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
One might infer from the passage that Hemingway preferred which one of the
following sources for his novels and short stories?
A ： Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances
B ： Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other secondary sources
C ： Stories that came to him in periods of meditation or in dream
D ： Stories that he had lived rather than read about
E ： Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details progressively overshadowed the
dramatic element of his stories
正确答案： D
解析：
从“he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary
evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience”可知他
只相信自己的经验。
16 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
According to scientists diabetes causes all the following EXCEPT_____.
A ： lack of insulin
B ： accumulation of sugar energy
C ： brain damages
D ： disorder in the immune system
正确答案： C
解析：
最后一段提到糖尿病发生的原因。首先是免疫系统，它非但不抵御进去体内的细菌，反
而攻击身体的某些部位，所以免疫系统混乱，不能正常工作，故D正确。糖尿病将胰岛
里产生胰岛素的细胞杀死，没有了胰岛素就不能吸收糖分，糖分堆积在体液中和其他组
织中，体内缺少糖分提供能量，故A，B正确。C在文中并未提及。
17 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us loseweight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements about IKK∈ is INCORRECT?
A ： The basic job of IKK∈ is to protect the body from diseases.
B ： IKK∈ is a kind of protein.
C ： IKK∈ is linked with many immune diseases.
D ： The mice missing IKK∈ genes gain much more weight.
正确答案： D
解析：
由文章第五段第二句But the knockout mice did gain significantly less可知，那些缺
少IKKE的老鼠体重增加很小，因此D选项错误。
18 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where oureyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
If an owner rounds his eyes and mouth, he is unintentionally urges his dog _____.
A ： to retreat
B ： to squat
C ： to initiate a fight
D ： to come back home
正确答案： C
解析：
文章第二段第四句话写到“…you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their
breath and round their eyes and moths in an ‘on alert’ expression.”接下来作者对
这一表情进行了解释，写到“Since these behaviors are expressions of offensive
aggression in a canine culture…”这说明主人的这一举动会让狗产生进攻的反应，C正
确。
19 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behinddevolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT _____.
A ： people’s desire for devolution
B ： locals’ turnout for the voting
C ： powers of the legislative body
D ： status of the national language
正确答案： D
解析：
细节题。文章第三段对Wales与Scotland进行了比较，第一、二句“The Welsh showedlittle enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a
parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent
on a turnout of less than 25 percent….”分别与A、B项相对应。第三、四句“Its
powers were proportionately limited...unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws.”其中的its指代的是Welsh, its counterpart in Edinburgh指代的是苏格兰，对应C
项。文章并未对威尔士和苏格兰语进行比较，故选D。
20 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into American cinema
EXCEPT: _____.A ： consideration of social issues
B ： adaptations from Tennyson
C ： the flashback and other editing techniques
D ： dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater
正确答案： D
解析：
根据文章第三段第二句话：“His early output was remarkably eclectic……such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues”可知，选项A和选项B都是正确的；第二段倒数第二句指出，“These included
the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration……”，因
此C项也正确；第二段最后一句提到Griffith借鉴了“Victorian novel”的创作技巧，并
不是“Victorian theater”，所以D不符合题干要求，选择D项。
21 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred milesto visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
The?Tribune?was different from all other American papers because it was _____.
A ： available by subscription only
B ： printed in New York city
C ： distributed throughout the nation
D ： it offered the editor’s personal opinions only
正确答案： D解析：
句意：Horace创办《论坛报》的时候已经很富有，并且熟悉报纸行业的各项技能。文章
第十五段开头提到，随着Greeley的技艺越来越好，他开始有好的工作机会，能够购置好
的衣服并搬出昏暗的房子，由此可以得出Greeley当时技能纯熟，也很富有，排除B、C，
D项符合原文意思。A项Greeley变得出名发生在其创办《论坛报》之后。
22 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh
national identity?
A ： Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.
B ： Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.
C ： A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.
D ： The national symbol has become a familiar sight.
正确答案： B
解析：
文章第三段末尾提到了欧盟的资金援助以解决威尔士的贫穷问题，作者举这个例子的目
的在于表明威尔士现在正往好的方向发展。而题目问的是不能作为威尔士国家意识苏醒
的例子，故B不符合要求。第一段第二句提到中央通过财政支持并采取一系列的措施来
扭转威尔士语面临消失的现状，如今威尔士语已经是欧洲的regional language了；第四
段第四五句提到以威尔士命名的国家航空公司现在正在运营中；第六句提到作为国家象
征的红色的龙如今到处都是，这三方面都是国家认同感复苏的表现，故选项A、C、D符
合要求。
23 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia theaverage person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Changes in pension schemes were also part of _____.
A ： the corporate lay-offs
B ： the government cuts in welfare spending
C ： the economic restructuring
D ： the warning power of labors unions正确答案： B
解析：
从文章第三段最后一句提到“President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back
welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any
of us.”，克林顿总统签署了一个历史性的议案减少福利。第四段第一句又提到“A less
visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.”，即这种举措影响了退休金。
因此较少福利议案的通过影响了退休金，故退休抚恤金属于采取的关于福利方面的措施，
故C项符合。
24 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
When Horace founded the Tribune he was _____.
A ： already a rich and famous newspaperman
B ： poor, but skilled in newspaper work
C ： poor, but eager to learn newspaper work
D ： rich and skilled in newspaper work
正确答案： D
解析：
句意：Horace创办《论坛报》的时候已经很富有，并且熟悉报纸行业的各项技能。文章
第十五段开头提到，随着Greeley的技艺越来越好，他开始有好的工作机会，能够购置好
的衣服并搬出昏暗的房子，由此可以得出Greeley当时技能纯熟，也很富有，排除B、C，
D项符合原文意思。A项Greeley变得出名发生在其创办《论坛报》之后。25 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
Which of the following best states that author’s attitude toward comics, as
expressed in the passage?
A ： They constitute an innovative art from.
B ： They can be a worthwhile subject for study.
C ： They are critically important to an understanding of modern art.
D ： Their visual structure is more complex than that of medieval art.
正确答案： B
解析：
作者认为：Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of
the language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasinglysupplemented by inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image，就像没有散文的
语言意识就很难学好诗歌一样，通过研究视觉图像的“语言学”会对相关艺术领域的探
索作一些补充。漫画是艺术中的一种，同样也是值得学习研究的。
26 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
What does the word “it” refers to in the last sentence of the passage?
A ： The analytical method.
B ： The fragmenting technique.
C ： Ease.
D ： Convenience.
正确答案： A解析：
根据文章最后两句：采用分割研究电影是为了方便起见，但这是以假设这样的研究不会
影响对电影整体意义的理解为前提的。由此可见“it”代指“the analytical method”。
27 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
In the passage, the author implies that _____.
A ： it is not good for people to travel alone
B ： one should explore philosophical problems under the guidance of other
philosophers
C ： one should follow the path of other philosophers
D ： one would study philosophy with others正确答案： B
解析：
本题考查对段落的整体把握与推理。最后一段提到“人类在很早就已经思考过这些问题，
并且思考了很长时间，所以我们应当了解这些思想是什么，古代及现代的人们给出的答
案又是什么。然后我们进行自己的思考找到自己的答案，但是没必要自己独立寻找答案。
”A，C，D虽然本身正确，不应该travel alone但还要自己进行思考，从而得出自己的观
点，都只是其中一方面，只有B最全面。
28 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
The Romans used to sell _____ by auction.
A ： spoilt goods
B ： old-worn weapons
C ： property taken from the enemy
D ： spears
正确答案： C
解析：
考察词义。文章第二段第二句：The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils takenin war，这里的spoils taken in the war，指的就是从战争中缴获的战利品。答案为C。
29 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, asinconspicuous as possible.
According to the author, Hemingway’s primary purpose in telling a story was _____.
A ： to construct a well-told story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy
B ： to construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a
specific historical period
C ： to begin from reality but to allow his imagination to roam from “the way it
was” to “the way it might have been.”
D ： to report faithfully reality as Hemingway had experienced it
正确答案： D
解析：
从第一段可以得知，海明威写作十分遵从事实与自己的经验，即“His standard of
truth-telling remained… other sources than his own experience.”以及他自己所说
的“I only know what I have seen”。
30 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.A dog is read to attack when _____.
A ： its eyes are diluted and rounded
B ： its owner’s body leans backward
C ： its owner’s shoulder squared
D ： its owner’s shoulder slumped
正确答案： A
解析：
文章第一段提到了人类学家McConnell的观点时，引用了他的话“A rounded eye with a
dilated pupil is a sign of high arousal and aggression in a dog.”这说明当狗的眼睛光
彩暗淡且瞪得很圆的时候，此时它将发起进攻。A正确。
31 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.The passage asserts which of the following about commercial art?
A ： There are many examples of commercial art whose artistic merit is equal to that
of great works of art of the past.
B ： Commercial art is heavily influenced by whatever doctrines are fashionable in
the serious art world of the time.
C ： The line between commercial art and great art lies primarily in how an image is
used, not in the motivation for its creation.
D ： The pervasiveness of contemporary commercial art has led art historians to
undervalue representational skills.
正确答案： D
解析：
文中：But I think that the victory…we may be in danger of ceasing to know.作者认为
商业广告的推行和通俗化给艺术历史学家和评论家们造成了一定的难题，即他们会低估
这种具象技能。
32 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features commonto all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of
the following statements about the requirement that Black writers employ Western
European literary techniques?
A ： The requirement was imposed more for social than for aesthetic reasons.
B ： The requirement was a relatively unimportant aspect of the African American
tradition.
C ： The requirement was the chief reason for Hughes’s success as a writer.
D ： The requirement was appropriated for some forms of expression but not for
others.
正确答案： A
解析：
从第一段中“…modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature
must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must
reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and
styles.”可知，黑人作家写作时必须使用西方的文学技巧，完全是为了种族接纳和融合
的原因，是社会而非美学的因素。
33 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
The author’s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to _____.
A ： suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas
B ： bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans
C ： provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican–American cultureD ： document certain early objectives of Mexican- American society
正确答案： C
解析：
根据文章第一段：Traditional research has confronted only Mexican ……as we
Mexican Americans have experienced it，即“传统研究面对的只是墨西哥人和美国对
墨美文化的诠释。现在我们也必须从我们墨西哥裔美国人的角度对所经历过的文化进行
一番审视”。重新审视过去的老观点，答案选C。
34 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
According to the passage, a major difference between the colonization policy of the
United States and that of Mexico in Texas in the 1800’s was the _____.
A ： degree to which policies were based on tradition
B ： form of economic interdependency between different cultural groups
C ： treatment of the native inhabitants
D ： relationship between the military and the settlers
正确答案： C
解析：
根据第二段可知，美国和墨西哥对德克萨斯的殖民化的主要不同在于，墨西哥人和土著
印第安人通婚，并吸收他们的文化。而美国却征服当地人。因此，主要区别是对待当地
居民的态度不同。
35 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-tellingremained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
It has been suggested that part of Hemingway’s genius lies in the way in which he
removes himself from his stories in order to let readers experience the stories for
themselves. Which of the following elements of the passage support this suggestion?
Ⅰ. The comparison of “designer’s initials” to the man who fell and lay in the
gutter (the last paragraph) during the running of bulls
Ⅱ. Hemingway’s stated intent to project for the reader “he way it was” (the
second paragraph)III. Hemingway’s ability to invent fascinating tales from his own experience
A ： I only
B ： Ⅱ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： I and III only
正确答案： C
解析：
最后一段的“as inconspicuous as possible”说明“the man in the gutter”是完全不引
人注目的，而作者本身就如同这个角色一样，将自己置身度外，让读者自己体会。因
此Ⅰ是正确的。当作者将故事如同故事本身所发上的那样呈现在读者眼前时，作者本身
也就脱离故事了，因此Ⅱ也是正确的。
36 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, theseaspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The author mentions which one of the following as an example of the influence of
Black folk culture on Hughes’s poetry?
A ： his exploitation of ambiguous and deceptive meanings
B ： his strong religious beliefs
C ： his use of naming and enumeration
D ： his use of first-person narrative
正确答案： C
解析：
关于黑人文化对休斯诗歌的影响，作者举了休斯使用名字和列举的这个例子。从第二段
第二句“Most of his folk poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral
tradition: they contain many instances of naming and enumeration…”中可知答案
为C。
37 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the EuropeanUnion will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means _____.
A ： separatist
B ： conventional
C ： feudal
D ： political
正确答案： A
解析：
推理题，这种centrifugal?forces是会威胁到团结这一理念，即威胁到各国之间统一与联
合的思想，因此本词表达的意思应与union相反，应含有“分裂的、不统一的”的意思，
因此选A项的separatist，意为“分离的”，符合题意。conventional传统的。feudal封
建的。centrifugal离心的。
38 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
What is mainly discussed in the text?
A ： The uniqueness of film.
B ： The importance of film analysis.
C ： How to identify the techniques a film uses.
D ： The relationship between film analysis and literary analysis.
正确答案： D
解析：
文章主要是将电影和文学作品进行了比较，论述了它们之间的关系。文章的第一段第二
句也表明，电影是用银幕作为讲述故事的媒介，它和短篇故事及小说有着某些相似性。
39 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. Theharsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.
A ： rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B ： small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C ： anadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D ： most Americans are ready to offer help
正确答案： D
解析：
在游客眼中，大部分美国人乐于助人。“A report consistently brought back by visitors
to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them.”指出，
去过美国的人所带回的印象总是大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。A、B、C
表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点。
40 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited becauseof the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
What is called science or art, according to the author?
A ： the deficit answers of some of man’s questions
B ： Man’s thoughts
C ： all of man’s questions
D ： the meaning of reality
正确答案： A
解析：
由第四段第二句“Where the answer is clear, we call it science or art and move on to
higher ground and a new vista of the world.”可知答案清楚地，我们就称之为科学或
艺术。故选A。
41 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed theculture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” to reinforce the idea
the Mexican Americans _____.
A ： are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States
B ： played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States
C ： have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture
D ： identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage
正确答案： A
解析：
a charter minority on our own land表明，他们虽然是少数民族，却是地地道道的土著
人，答案为A。
42 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing toknow. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage, about the adherents of
“certain theories of nonrepresentational art”?
A ： They consider the use of illusion to be inappropriate in contemporary art.
B ： They do not agree the marks on a flat surface can ever satisfactorily convey the
illusion of three-dimensional space.
C ： They do not discuss important works of art created in the past.
D ： They do not think that the representation of nature was ever the primary goal of
past painters.
正确答案： A
解析：
题目提到“certain theories of nonrepresentational art”，可将范围定位于文章前三句。
文中第一句表明作者观点，即认为艺术和幻觉的研究是不可分割的。第三句后半部
分“although”，可知这里是强调的重点。作者表明尽管他对非具象艺术持批评态度，
但是并不是针对他们进行批评。由此推知，现代的非具象理论认为错觉在现代艺术中已
经不再有用。答案为A。
43 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are notuncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
The tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.
A ： tends to be superficial and artificial
B ： is generally well kept up in the United States
C ： is always understood properly
D ： has something to do with the busy tourist trails
正确答案： B
解析：
友善好客的传统在美国得以广泛的保持。“Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to
strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away
from the busy tourist trails.”指出，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现
在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。文章最后一句“Yet, being friendly is a virtue that
many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.”也指
出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这
一美德。
44 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on theportrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions
that were not expressed?
A ： They would become less intense.
B ： They would last longer than usual.
C ： They would cause problems later.
D ： They would become more negative.
正确答案： A
解析：从第三段“…The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On
the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our
emotions.”可知，达尔文认为，压制人们的情感使其不表达出来将会舒缓人们的情感。
45 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, andhis habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Greeley probably felt that his greatest accomplishment was _____.
A ： rising from poverty to wealth
B ： becoming a popular political leader
C ： founding?the New York?Tribune
D ： All of the above
正确答案： C
解析：
句意：Greeley可能认为他最大的成就是建立了《论坛报》。文章第六段第二、三
句“This was his dream of many years… result of years of poverty, hard work, and
disappointments.”说明了《论坛报》对Greeley的重要性，最后一段Greeley在死前写
的一段话，说明自己希望在死后《论坛报》能够更好，因此最可能是他眼中自己最大的
成就。
46 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discoveredwhat goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A ： The new treatment for diabetes has been applied to humans.
B ： There is not much difference between mouse diabetes and human type
diabetes.
C ： The discovery of what goes wrong with a special kind of mice enables scientists
to find a way to prevent diabetes in humans.
D ： The discovery made by the research groups led by Daniel L. Kaufman and Hugh
Mcdevit is convincing.
正确答案： A
解析：
本题考查细节。根据文章第二段第二句“the researchers say they may be ready to test
their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for patients in the
early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.”可知研究者准备五年
后在人身上实验他们的技术，两年后治疗处于糖尿病初期的患者，因此这种对糖尿病的
治疗方法还没有用到人类身上。故A项说法不正确。第一句提到“mouse diabetes is
almost identical to human type 1 diabetes”，由此可知鼠类的糖尿病与人类的一种糖
尿病几乎一样，并没有太大区别，故B项说法正确。有文章第三段可知这些发现是由两
个不同的团队独立完成的，第四段提到这些研究令人信服，故D项说法正确。第一段最
后一句“...have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.”，此处的罗
伯特并不是特指叫这个名字的人而是泛指人类。故C项说法正确。
47 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but ageneration ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to _____.A ： maintain the present status among the nations.
B ： reduce legislative powers of England.
C ： create a better state of equality among the nations.
D ： grant more say to all the nations in the union.
正确答案： C
解析：
推理判断题。文章第二段第三句提到“the idea behind devolution was to restore the
balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.”为了重新建立英
联邦各成员国之间的平衡。该段后面又具体指出，一直以来，英格兰都是had bragging
rights，而这次部分立法权的转交就是为了让其它成员国有更大的发言权，这样做的目
的就是实现各成员国之间的平等，故C项符合。A文中并未提及，可直接排除。本段第五
句提到“The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by
Tony Blair...”由此可见减少英格兰的立法权并不精准，只是转移了它的立法权，并且这
并不是devolution的目的，而是一项措施，故B项也可排除。D项说法过于绝对，并不是
所有的成员，只是“to give the other members of the club-Scotland, Northern
Ireland, and Wales”，故排除D。
48 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implicationsof the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.
A ： culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B ： courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C ： various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D ： social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
正确答案： A
解析：
从最后一段中，可推测出文化能影响社会关系。“As is true of any developed society,
in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies
all social interrelationships.”是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美
国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定
了美国人的行为。
49 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedbackhypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The word “concur” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A ： estimate
B ： agree
C ： expect
D ： understand
正确答案： B
解析：
“concur”意为“一致认为”，agree意为“同意”，是一个意思。
50 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
A candle used to burn at auction sales _____.
A ： because they took place at night
B ： as a signal for the crowd to gather
C ： to keep the auctioneer warm
D ： to limit the time when offers could be made
正确答案： D
解析：
文章第二段最后一句：a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be
made while it stayed alight，拍卖商点燃蜡烛，是为了把拍卖时间限定在蜡烛燃烧的时
间内。因此，答案为D。
51 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A ： IKK∈: an appealing drug target for losing weight.
B ： Teach you how to lose weight.
C ： New researches about losing weight.
D ： Calories in versus calories out.
正确答案： C
解析：
文章通过两个试验论述了体重和饮食规律及免疫系统之间的关系，通过这些最新的科学
试验来寻求一种有效的减肥方式。C选项最恰当。A选项不正确，文章并不是只论述
了IKK∈，而且也并不是是一种有效的减肥药。B不恰当，文章并没有教人们如何减肥的，
只是探讨了影响体重的一些因素。D选项文中没有涉及。52 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author of the passage explicitly,?disagrees?with which of the following
statements?
A ： In modern society even non-artists can master techniques that great artists of
the 14th?century did not employ.
B ： The ability to represent a three-dimensional object on a flat surface has nothing
to do with art.
C ： In modern society the victory of representational skills has created a problem
for art critics.
D ： The way that artists are able to represent the visible world is an area that needs
a great deal more study before it can be fully understood.
正确答案： B
解析：考察与作者观点不同的内容，文章第一句作者就表明研究过去的大师的作品时，其艺术
和幻觉是密不可分的。在接下来的叙述中，作者就这一观点展开论述。B选项的观点与
作者的态度是相反的，选项为B。
53 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with companystock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because
_____.
A ： the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future
B ： Enron offered to add company stock to their investment
C ： their employers intended to cut back on pension spending
D ： Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan
正确答案： B
解析：
从文章第四段可知，401(k)与以往的defined-benefit plan一个重要的不同在于，前者是
让职工在很大程度上去负责自己的经济命运（比如说自己决定要不要将那些钱做进一步
的投资），而后者则是让公司来负责。而第五段又进一步指出Enron的政策“matched a
certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock”即
职工在公司401(k)上的投资量与他将来可以获得的公司股份挂上钩。由此可推知，职工
们选择Enron作为其唯一的投资对象很可能是受了公司提供的这种免费的诱惑，故B项符
合。
54 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The author most probably mentions the reactions of northern White writers to non-
Europeanized “sorrow songs” in order to _____.
A ： suggest that White writers benefited more from exposure to African American
art forms than Black writers did from exposure to European art forms
B ： contrast White writers’ earlier appreciation of these songs with the growing
tendency after the Civil War to regard Europeanized versions of the songs as more
acceptable
C ： show that the requirement that such songs be Europeanized was internal to the
African American tradition and was unrelated to the literary standards or attitudes of
White writers
D ： demonstrate that such songs in their non-Europeanized form were more
imaginative
正确答案： B
解析：
作者提到美国北方白人作家对于“非欧洲化”的黑人灵歌的反应，是为了进行对比。早
期他们很欣赏此类歌曲，在内战结束后，他们逐渐将欧洲化的歌曲视为可以接受的版本。
第一段中“It might be pointed out that…had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War.”一句指出这
些歌曲欧洲化之后才能被接受，之后一句即举了北方白人作家态度的转变过程的例子。55 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful checkon exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Fred Herschbach and Mike Pfafflin agreed that _____.
A ： mericans are friendlier than Germans
B ： German food is more monotonous than American foods
C ： German schools are harder than American schools
D ： The teacher in German is king
正确答案： C
解析：
句意：Fred Herschbach和Mike Pfafflin一致认为，德国学校比美国学校更为严格。第五
段第二句指出“School was totally different from what he had expected—much more
formal, much harder.”，可以得出Fred认为德国学校更正式和严格，第九段第二句中，
Mike评论“It was far too easy by our standards”，意思是按照德国的标准来讲，美国
的学校太宽松了。因此答案为C。56 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Scientists find that it is possible to cure diabetes by means of _____.
A ： operation on pancreas
B ： stopping the accumulation of blood cells
C ： accumulation sugar energy
D ： preventing the immune system from making mistakes
正确答案： D
解析：
最后一段最后一句提到了这种治疗的新方法“he potential new treatments would
either stop the immune system from making a mistake or suppress an existing
erroneous response.”，或者组织免疫系统出错，或者压制现存的错误反应。故选D。
57 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Rodents in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to a species of animals
including all the following EXCEPT _____.
A ： rats
B ： rabbits
C ： cats
D ： squirrels
正确答案： C
解析：
rodent指啮齿类动物。选项中只有cat不属于啮齿类动物，猫属于猫科动物。故选C。
58 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. Healone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
In the passage, the author says that every man is a philosopher. This is because _____.
A ： every man lives like a philosopher
B ： every man is aware of the importance of philosophy
C ： every man lives in accordance with his world outlook
D ： every man lives consciously
正确答案： C
解析：
第一段第一句提到“Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of
life and his special view of the universe”，由此可知每个人都是哲学家，每个人都有
自己对生命的哲学看法和世界观。后一句是对前一句的解释，因此选A。
59 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea thatconsuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
What does the word “nocturnal” mean in the second paragraph?
A ： Hungry.
B ： Nightly
C ： Healthy
D ： Greedy
正确答案： B
解析：
第二段主要描述实验对比老鼠在夜间饮食和在白天饮食是否会对新陈代谢产生影响。后
一句讲的是白天老鼠正常饮食，由此可以推断这一句指的是夜间的老鼠。nocturnal
和nightly的意思最接近，即夜间的。
60 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, forthe various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of the order because _____.
A ： he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers
B ： he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items
C ： he wants to keep certain people waiting
D ： he wants to reduce the number of buyers
正确答案： B
解析：
由文章第三段中：he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the
room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in，拍卖商不按常规拍
卖，是为了确定准买家的情况，推测他们可能喜欢的东西，再决定拍卖。B选项符合题
意。
61 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effectsof representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author suggests which of the following about art historians?
A ： They do not believe that illusionist tricks have become trivial.
B ： They generally spend little time studying contemporary artists.
C ： They have not given enough consideration to how the representation of nature
has become commonplace.
D ： They generally tend to argue about theories rather than address substantive
issues.
正确答案： C
解析：
题目中提到art historians，可定位于文章中：The very reason why the representation
of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest
interest to art historians，即那些现在被认为是司空见惯的东西本应该是艺术历史学家
最感兴趣的内容。由此推断，事实上，艺术历史学家们并没有给予足够的关注。
62 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For along period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.
A ： to improve their hard life
B ： in view of their long-distance travel
C ： to add some flavor to their own daily life
D ： out of a charitable impulse
正确答案： C
解析：
过去，拓荒时代的家庭乐意招待陌生人，是为自己的日常生活增添情趣。“For a long
period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
…and brought news of the outside world.”指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期，对许
多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调
节作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来
可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外，他们也可以因此获得外界信息。
63 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Before the Tribune was founded, news reporting was _____.
A ： honest but uninteresting
B ： distorted or dishonest
C ： almost unknown
D ： interesting but distorted
正确答案： B
解析：
句意：《论坛报》成立之前，新闻报道是歪曲的或者不真实的。倒数第六段第三、
四“Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were truthful and
accurate”，即Greeley开创了新的报道方式，他的新闻故事真实而准确。由此可以得出，
这之前的报道不真实，选B。
64 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attentionto how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
The other end of the leash most probably refers to _____.
A ： a dog
B ： a dog’s owner
C ： dog owner’s friend
D ： a dog’s rival
正确答案： B
解析：
文章第二段主要描写了被拴住的两条狗在遛弯时遇见的情景，the other end of the
leash指的是牵引它们的主人，B正确。
65 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after twomonths’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The major expense that a group sponsoring an exchange student must meet is _____.
A ： bed and board
B ： pocket money and incidentals
C ： transportation
D ： transportation, bed board and pocket money
正确答案： C
解析：
句意：进行交换生项目的组织必须为每位交换生提供的主要开支是交通费用。倒数第三
段第二、三句指出，这些组织需要支付的主要开支为交通费，食宿和零用钱由各家庭志
愿提供，故选C。
66 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization ofrepresentational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
It can be inferred from the passage that someone who wanted to analyze the
“grammar and semantics” of the language of art would most appropriately
comment on which of the following?
A ： The relationship between the drawing in a comic strip and the accompanying
text.
B ： The amount of detail that can be included in a tiny illustration on a postage
stamp.
C ： The sociological implications of the images chosen to advertise a particular
product.
D ： The particular juxtaposition of shapes in an illustration that makes one shape
look as though it were behind another.
正确答案： D
解析：
文章论述艺术和幻觉之间是密不可分的。由此可知，D选项：图像的特别设置可使得一
个身形看起来就像隐藏在另一个后面，最符合题意。
67 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea thatconsuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to Fred Turek’s research?
A ： The nocturnal mice and the off-schedule mice ate different pellets.
B ： The off-schedule mice ate significantly more and are more lively.
C ： If the nocturnal mice consume calories during the day, it should be very
harmful.
D ： After 6 weeks, the group of mice ate at night gained more weight.
正确答案： D
解析：
题目考查Fred Turek’s research，可将范围限定在第二、三段。第三段第一句清楚表明，
在六周之后，那些饮食时间不规律的老鼠体重增加了百分之二十。off-schedule表
示“不规律”。答案D正确。A选项错误，由第二段最后一句可知，其它的老鼠在白天吃
的东西和夜间吃的一样。第三段最后一句可知，那些吃猪油越多的老鼠，行动越呆滞，
排除B。实验表明只有正常的饮食才对身体有好处，C选项错误。
68 、 不定项选择题Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations had a direct effect on all of the
following EXCEPT: _____.
A ： film editing
B ： camera work
C ： scene composing
D ： sound editing
正确答案： D
解析：
A项在文中第二段有所体现，即“Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means ofcreative editing”；B、C两项均能从第一段找到对应，如“His appreciation of the
camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic effects”；只有D项，作者没有在文
中提及。
69 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Exchange students are generally placed in homes that are _____.
A ： very similar to their own homes
B ： typical of homes in the land they are visiting
C ： as different from their own home as is possible
D ： None of the above
正确答案： A
解析：
句意：交换学生通常被安置在与自己家庭情况相似的外国家庭中。文章第十一段最后一
句提到“Each student is matched, as closely as possible, with a young person in
another country whose family has the same economic, cultural, and religiousbackground.”，意思是每个同学与和自己家庭文化背景最相近的外国同学配对，然后
互换家庭，所以选A。
70 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author’s statement regarding how artists use the languages of art implies that
_____.
A ： artists are better equipped than art historians to provide detailed evaluations of
other artist’s work
B ： many artists have an unusually quick, intuitive understanding of language
C ： artists can produce works of art even if they cannot analyze their methods of
doing so
D ： artists of the past, such as Giotto, were better educated about artistic issues
than were artists of the author’s time正确答案： A
解析：
文章最后一句：艺术的语言是既明显又神秘，艺术家可以并不需要知道它的语法和语义
就运用，就像我们使用语言一样。但其他人很少知道。由此可知，艺术家是比那些艺术
历史学家更懂得如何去欣赏其他艺术作品。
71 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
Why is the end of the bidding called “knocking down”?
A ： Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.
B ： ecause the auctioneer knocks the rostrum down.
C ： Because the goods are knocked down on the table.
D ： Because the auctioneer bans the table with a hammer.
正确答案： D
解析：
由文章第一段倒数第二句：for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small
hammer on a table at which he stands可知，当拍卖成功时，拍卖商会用一个小锤子敲
一下桌子，D选项正确。72 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enroncase. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s
employees will be a landmark in business history…”?
A ： Because the company has gone bankrupt.
B ： ecause such events would never happen again.
C ： Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.
D ： Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.
正确答案： D
解析：
推断题。既然题干中提到“Enron职工的悲惨命运将是商业史上标志性的事件”，可见
此事对整个商界产生了巨大的影响。公司的破产或员工失去退休积蓄并不会对整个商界
产生影响，而是其产生的影响构成了标志性事件，排除A、C项。文中并未提及这种事情
将不再发生，B项说法过于绝对，故排除。从文章第二段可知，20世纪的一个audacious
promise就是经济安全：政府的福利制度、劳工组织的保障、以及大企业财团的产生，
让职工们普遍认为他们的工作是终身的，并且退休后肯定也有退休金。然而，从第三段
开始，作者指出了这个保险体系的decline，以及由此引发的一系列政府、企业等政策的
改变，进而最终导致的职工们一无所有的惨状。因此可以说这次事件体现了经济安全方
面的转变。故D项符合。
73 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Lastmonth Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is _____.
A ： people’s mentality
B ： pop culture
C ： town’s appearance
D ： possibilities for the people
正确答案： A解析：
细节题。文章最后一段提到Dyfan话“过去威尔士人缺乏自信，总会觉得我不能这做这
个，不能做那个，因为我只是个威尔士人”，但现在不同了，人们观念已在逐渐改变，
由此可见人们的心理发生了变化。故选A。
74 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?
A ： Favorable.
B ： Unfavorable.
C ： Indifferent.
D ： Neutral.
正确答案： A
解析：从全文来看，作者从社会和历史角度分析了美国人热情好客的原因，对此的态度也是相
当赞许的。
75 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
The best title for this piece might be _____.
A ： Human-dog Interaction
B ： Human-dog Friendship
C ： Human-dog Antagonism
D ： Human-dog Relations
正确答案： A
解析：
全文谈论的是狗对人做出的动作的反应，符合题意的应该是A。
76 、 不定项选择题The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and
big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in
_____.
A ： people’s outlook on life
B ： people’s life styles
C ： people’s living standard
D ： people’s social values
正确答案： A
解析：
本题考察细节。由文章第二段倒数第四句“The cumulative effect was a fundamental
change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that
most rank as one of the largest in human history.”可知，这一系列事件带来的是人们
对待生活（approached life itself）的根本性的转变，故A项“人们对生活的展望、看
法”，符合题意。
77 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
According to the author, we can trace the root of war in _____.
A ： the power struggle
B ： the military competition
C ： the conflict of ideas
D ： the racial contradiction
正确答案： C
解析：
本题考查判断推理。第二段提到“Wars are waged and revolutions incited because of
the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics.”，由此可知战争革命是因为意识形
态的冲突和观点的不同。故选C。
78 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he couldcontrol the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of the
following results?
Ⅰ. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for film
subjects.
Ⅱ. Audience appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with
cinematic syntax was increased.
Ⅲ. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were
shown to be really nonexistent.
A ： Ⅱ only
B ： Ⅲ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
正确答案： B
解析：
第二段最后一句指出“Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and
gave film mastery of time as well as space”，表示Griffith将维多利亚时期小说的创作
手法引入电影业的拍摄，而小说的内容则与电影主题无关，Ⅰ表述不正确；第二段第三
句表明是Griffith坚持使用“cinematic syntax”进行拍摄，而不是“other film
directors”，Ⅱ的表述也不正确；只有Ⅲ是正确的，这点从全文描述可以推断出来：正
是Griffith孜孜不倦的创新和试验才使电影拍摄技术突破传统局限，实现技术，体裁，主
题的多元化。79 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
From the third paragraph we learn that _____.
A ： the means by which we analyze a literary work cannot be applied to film analysis
B ： a good film and a good story have many elements in common
C ： we should not pay extra effort to study films
D ： using the principles of literary analysis makes no difference in film analysis
正确答案： B
解析：
第三段第三句：Literature and films do share many elements and communicate many
things in similar ways明确表明，电影和文学作品有很多共同点，文学作品的分析方法
对电影分析也有一定的帮助。80 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skinabove the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New
Guinea?
A ： They did not want to be shown photographs.
B ： They were famous for their story-telling skills.
C ： They knew very little about Western culture.
D ： They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
正确答案： C
解析：
第二段“All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western
culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.”可知，Fore部落几乎与西方文化毫无接触，
也就是很少了解西方文化。
81 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, andchronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
According to the passage, what’s Tom Maniatis’s attitude towards the second
study?
A ： Doubting.
B ： Supportive.
C ： Negative.
D ： Neutral.
正确答案： A
解析：
根据文章第六段第一句Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University
praises the study but remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈，我
们可以了解到Tom Maniatis表扬了这次试验，但是skeptical表示但仍有怀疑。
82 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realizehow wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk aboutreligion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
It is reasonable to suppose that the author wishes that _____.
A ： merican schools provided fewer outside activities
B ： more money were available to finance the exchange program
C ： the program were government sponsored
D ： visiting foreign students will completely accept the culture of America
正确答案： B
解析：
句意：以下说法比较合理的一项是，作者希望交换项目可以得到更多资金支持。倒数第
三段中，作者指出，负责交换项目的组织需要为每位学生提供一千美元的资金支持，食
宿费由各家庭支付，政府只提供一少部分资金支持，而这导致最后一段中描述的很多学
生争抢一个交换名额的情况，由此可以推断，作者希望能有更多的资金支持交换项目，
从而使更年轻人从项目中受益。
83 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shotto camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a
film was _____.
A ： 15 minutes or less
B ： between 15 and 30 minutes
C ： 1 hour or more
D ： between 45 minutes and 1 hour
正确答案： A
解析：
根据文章第三段第四句可知，1910年以前，传统的影片时长为“one reel”，又根据下
文“the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running time”，可以推
断出，一盘长的影片时长大约是15分钟，因此A项符合题意。
84 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to theyouth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of theindifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The greatest value of the program is that each visiting student _____.
A ： has a chance to travel in foreign countries
B ： shares what he learned with others
C ： learns a new language
D ： gains a new understanding of world problems
正确答案： D
解析：
句意：交换项目的最大价值在于每个交换生对世界问题有了新的认识。第十二段第三句
提到“They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair conclusions.”。意思
是学生应该通过交换项目学会自己观察、评价国外遇到的现象并得出自己对其的看法和
结论，故选D。
85 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United Statecitizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this
passage?
A ： While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in
spite of the fact the Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.
B ： Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed
or enslaved.
C ： By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of
Spanish Heritage.
D ： Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by
the United States.
正确答案： B
解析：
考察与原文内容冲突的选项，将每个选项取反，看是否在文中有定位。由文章第二段第
一句：When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed
the culture of the indigenous Indians可知，西班牙人与墨西哥人通婚，而墨西哥人也
并没有抵制或者被残杀。B为正确答案。
