HY新版专八写作100篇_英语专八真题c_专八各板块专项资料合集_B7-专八写作100篇

2016年起，英语专业八级考试(TEM8〉的题型进行了局部调整。写作部分的调整如下： 1. 试题改成了材料作文，要求考生根据材料和要求撰写文章； 2 . 写作内容改成简要概括材料观点并作出评论； 3 . 作文长度从400同缩减至300词。 面对专八新题型写作，考生最痛苦的莫过于：话题陌生，无从下笔；缺乏素材，无话可写；思路 不清，结构混乱。（专八作文》应运而生，为需要攻克英语专业八级作文的考生ft身定做。本书具有 以下特点： 7 类热点话题，全面植盖考点 一 、 从历年真题来看，专八作文的话题和国内外的热点事件紧密相关。为此，本书编者梢选出七类 易考作文话题，合共100个命题，全面租盖了专八写作的考点，预测性强。 熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。本书提供了 100篇精品范文，逻辑淸晰，表达地道，论据充 分,非常适合背诵。考生在背诵的基础上进行有针对性的写作模仿，写作能力可大大提高。 三、材料解读，专门攻克新题墦 题型调整后，作文题的最大难点在于如何槪括新增的材料文章，许多学生对此无从下手。为 此，本书根据样卷和真题作文的选材形势，闱绕当下的热点话题，提供多种形式的材料文章，帮助 考生熟悉作文新题型。还开设了“材料解读”新版块，帮助学生理解材料，更好地掌握概括材料的 技巧。 超详解析，帮助考生学以致用 本书所有范文均有超详解析，包括材料解读、谋篇布局、全文翻译、好词好句等，帮助考生读透 考题，学以致用。 令材料解读—— 概括材料大意，帮助考生总结材料内容。 令谋篇布局—— 演示如何立意构思.确定各段的写作要点。 令全文翻译—— 提供准确、流畅的译文，帮助考生理解范文。 ♦ 好词好句—— 归纳亮点词汇和句型，帮助考生写作时套用，提高表达能力和写作速度。 五、3 大写作索材归纳，方便考前储备 很多考生在写作时总是用词单调简单，无话可写，或者写不够字数。究其原因，往往与考前没 有储备充足的素材有关。因此，本书为考生精心归纳了 3 大写作素材，供考生临考突击之用。包括： 100组写作亮点词汇，110条实用句型，100条常用名言谚语。考生在考前积累一定M的实用素材， 考场实际写作时，不管是模仿套用还是即兴发挥，都有望做到文思如泉涌、下笔如有神。 编 者第 一 章 专 八 作 文 应 试 指 南 .................................................................................i 第一节大纲要求及评分标准...........................................2 第二节如何写出一篇高分作文？ ...................................... 8 —•>三段式结构................................................................................................................8 二、 如何写"引言+总结”段？ ....................................................................................... 8 三、 如何写主体论证段落？ ........................................................................................ 14 四、 如何写结尾段？ ................................................................................................... 16 五、 如何增强文章连贯性？ ........................................................................................ 16 第 二 章 专 八 作 文 1 0 0 篇 .....................................................................................18 命 校 园 学 习 I . 是否应取消标准化大学入学考试？ ....................................................................... 19 2•学术剽窃...................................................................................................................22 3 . 是否禁止教师收取任何礼物？ ............................................................................... 25 4 . 大学专业设置是否应由就业前景决定？ ................................................................ 28 5 . 有了机器翻译，是否还1 要学习外语？ .................................................................. 31 6 . 高校排名是否是好事？ .......................................................................................... 34 7 . 是否应在中小学设立理财课？ ............................................................................... 37 8 . 上大学值不值？ ...................................................................................................... 40 9 . 家长制动法..............................................................................................................43 10. 大学应否免学费？ ................................................................................................ 46 II. 幼儿园有男教师的好处................................................................................... 49 12. 是否要让学龄前儿童学外语？ ............................................................................. 52 13. 是否将体育课作为中小学的必修课？ ................................................................. 55 14. 是否有必要设立女校？ ........................................................................................ 58 15. 应否禁止游客进入大学校园参观？ ..................................................................... 61 16. 小学开展性教育....................................................................................................64 17. 大学生的心理健康................................................................................................6718. 是否自己选择舍友？ .................................................................................... 70 19. . 73 令 社 会问題 20. 紧张的医患关系............................................. 76 21. 路怒症...........................................................................................................79 22. 无条件基本收入政策....................................................................................82 23. 征收拥堵费有用吗？ .................................................................................... 85 24. 女性专用公交车是否性别歧视？ ................................................................. 88 25. 扶贫不只是捐钱？ ........................................... 91 26. 替代监禁的处罚方法......................................... 94 27. 送环卫工人到海外学习................................................................................97 28. 是否禁止西方化的地点命名？ ................................. 100 29. 选美比赛..................................................103 30. 食品安全..................................................106 31. 孩子娱乐时间太少...........................................109 32. 留守儿童问题.............................................. 112 33. 经济差距是否会彩响友谊？ ...................................................................... 115 參 道 德伦理 34. 应賦予同性恋者收养孩子的权利吗？ ............................ 118 35. 能否让儿童做广告代言？ ..................................... 121 36. 针对儿童的广告是否应受限制？ ................................................................ 124 37. 志愿工作是否应得到金钱奖励？ ............................... 127 38. 是否应强迫富翁捐钱？ ....................................... 130 39. 高调慈善...............:...................................................................133 40. 推行绿色殡葬..............................................................................................136 41. 安乐死....................................................139 42. 经济差距对友谊的影响.......................................142 43. 是否对人贩子施行死刑？ .................................... 145 44. 父母是否有权决定孩子的性别？ ............................... 148 45•仇 富 ...............................................................................................................151 46. 是否该禁止网上赌博？ .............................................................................. 154 47. 奖励拾金不昧的行为...................................................................................157 48. 第二名的意义.............................................. 160 49. 彩票是否应被取消？ ........................................ 163 2 • •令 文 化经济 50. 是否将旅游业的小费合法化？ .................................................................. 166 51. 无现金社会.................................................................................................169 52. 实体书店的前景..........................................................................................172 53. 是否有必要用法律来规定阅读？ .............................................................. 175 54. 双十一购物狂欢节......................................................................................178 55. 是否允许博物馆内举行商业活动？ .......................................................... 181 56. 幸福经济.....................................................................................................184 57. 是否该庆祝西方节日？ ............................................................................. 187 58•慢城运动....................................................................................................190 59. 约束游客的行为..........................................................................................193 60. 旅游业是拯救还是妨碍文化传承？ .......................................................... 196 61. 拆除文化遗产.............................................................................................199 62. 是否应禁播选秀节目？ .............................................................................. 202 63. 中国传统戏剧的没落 ................................................................................205 64. 国民阅读量下降.........................................................................................208 65. 农民工子女的教育问题..............................................................................211 令 科 技 环保除 66. 是否应禁止网上看病？ .............................................................................. 214 67. 众筹治病现象.............................................................................................217 68. 人工智能是否会毀灭人类？ ...................................................................... 220 69• 地球_ 小时................................................................................................223 70. 每天关机一小时.........................................................................................226 71. 电脑会取代教师吗？ .................................................................................. 229 72. 网络会降低解决问题的能力吗？ .............................................................. 232 73. 网络语言.....................................................................................................235 74. 社交网络是否让我们言行粗俗？ .............................................................. 238 75. 让游客为污染卖单？ ................................................................................. 241 ♦ 婚 恋家庭 76. 婚姻是否值得？ ......................................................................................... 244 77. 租个男（女）友回家过年..............................................................................247 78. 结婚照行业一片繁荣..................................................................................250 79. 娶妻彩礼高昂.............................................................................................253 • 3 •80. 公众场所亲热..............................................256 81. 能否接受办公室恋情？ ...................................... 259 82. 社 ......................................................262 83. 船昏......................................................265 84. 268 8S•相亲节目...................................................271 86. 经济腾起，谁来照顾老人？ .................................... 274 87. 不断攀升的离婚率.......................................... 277 88. 是否应付钱请孩子做家务？ ................................... 280 89. 有关向父母確头的争议...................................... 283 90. 祖父母照顾孙辈..........................................................................................286 91. 送年老的父母去养老院...................................... 289 92. 虎妈狼爸..................................................292 參 求 职就业 93. 不放假就违法了 ........................................................................................ 295 94. 毕业后马上创业是否明智？ ................................... 298 95•无薪实习.......................................................................................................301 96. 在大城市还是小城市？ ...................................... 304 97. 四天工作制.................................................................................................307 98. 平衡工作与生活..........................................................................................310 99•跳播...................................................... 313 100.高中生兼职................................................316 附录❶ 100组亮点词汇............................................ 319 附忒❿ 110条实用句咐.............................................322 附冶❿ 100条常用名言谚语........................................328 . 4 •__________a f c 第 _ 早 专八作文应试指南专八作文 牮研外遇 第 一 节 大 纲 要 求 及 评 分 标 准 、专八作文大纲要求 Q 测试要求： 能根据所给阅读材料和要求撰写各类体裁的文章，文章长度不少于300个单词；能做到内容切题、充实，条理 清楚，结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体。考试时间45分钟。 @ 测试形式： 本部分为作答题，采用材料作文形式。考试时间45分钟。分值20分。 轉 测 试 目的： 测试学生的书面表达能力。 01专八作文 题型介绍 二、专八作文评分标准 写作部分的评分主要从考生作文的“内容阐述能力”“篇章组织能力”及“语言运用能力"三方面对考生的作文 进行评分。其中，“内容阐述能力”满为10分；“篇章组织能力”满分为3 分；“语言运用能力”满分为7分。作文按五 个档次来评分。 分数段 内容阐述能力 篇章组织能力 语言运用能力 评分档 (整体描述） (10) (3) (7) 5 18-20 8.5-10 2.5-3 6.5-7 4 15 -17 7.5-8 2-2.5 5.5-6 3 12-14 6-7 1.5-2 4.5-5 2 8-11 5-5.5 1-1.5 3.5-4 1 1-7 1-5 0.5-1 1-3 0 0 0 0 0 分档描述表 得分 内容阐述能力 篇章组织能力 语宮运用能力 缩写部分 通顺 词汇 * 准确表述材料主题 * 缩写和讨论两个部分顺序安 » 词汇运用准确 * 准确表述材料中心内容 排合理 籲词汇丰富 * 全面准确抓住材料要点 » 缩写和讨论部分内部结构完 籲词汇运用自然 ♦ 准确描述材料间关系（如有 整 语法/句法 两份材料） * 缩写部分两份材料之间过渡 鲁语法正确 讨论部分 自然（如有两份材料） » 句式丰富多样 18-20 分 * 讨论切题，中心明确 * 讨论部分要点明确 * 句式自然 * 观点明确，有些新意 « 讨论部分要点顺序合理 书写规范 參要点陈述清晰 * 段落划分合理 * 拼写/大小写正确 « 能针对原文观点展开讨论 衔接 * 标点符号使用准确 ♦ 论据充分有力 * 全文衔接手段准确、丰富.自 ♦ 卷面整洁 * 论据种类丰富 然，有助于理解 * 结论自然完整 达到字数要求,各部分长度合 适 （缩写部分占全篇作文的 1/3,讨论部分占全篇的243) 2 • _第一章专八作文应试指南 华研外《 得分 内容阐述能力 篇章组织能力 语言运用能力 缩写部分 通顺 词汇 » 准确表述材料主题 « 缩写和讨论两个部分 參词汇运用较准确，有少摄错误， * 较准确表述材料中心内容 顺序安排合理 但不影响理解 * 材料要点有少撤遗漏 * 缩写和讨论部分内部 * 词汇世较丰富 * 较准确描述材料间关系 结构基本完整 * 词汇运用较自然 (如有两份材料） * 缩写部分材料之间有 语法/句法 讨论部分 过渡（如有两份材料） « 少量语法错误,但不影响理解 « 讨论较切题，中心较明确 * 讨论部分要点较明确 * 句式丰富较多样 15-17 分 * 观点明确，略有新意 » 讨论部分要点顺序较 * 句式较自然 * 要点陈述较清晰 合理 书写规范 * 能尝试展开讨论 * 段落划分基本合理 » 拼写/大小写较正确 « 论据较充分有力 衔接 * 标点符号使用较准确 « 论据种类较丰富 » 全文衔接手段准确、丰 * 卷面较整洁 « 结论较自然完整 富、自然，对理解有帮助 达到字数要求，各部分长度 合适 缩写部分 通顺 词汇 * 基本准确表述材料主题 » 缩写和讨论两个部分 * 词汇运用有少董错误，且对理 * 表述材料中心内容有一些 顺序安排基本合理 解有一定影响 偏差 * 缩写和讨论部分内部 ♦ 词汇虽较有限 * 材料要点部分遗漏 结构部分遗漏 * 间汇运用不够自然 * 未能描述材料间关系（如 * 缩写部分两份材料之 语法/句法 有两份材料） 间没有过渡（如有两份 « 有一些语法错误，对理解有一 讨论部分 材料） 定影响 12-14 分 * 讨论基本切题，中心较明确 * 讨论部分有要点，但不 * 句式不够丰富，仅能使用少数 * 观点较明确 够明确 种类句式，或者句子错误较多 * 部分要点陈述不清晰 * 讨论部分要点顺序不 « 句式不够自然 ♦ 能展开一些简单讨论 够合理 书写规范 * 论据尚充分 * 段落划分不够合理 » 有一些拼写/大小写错误 * 论据种类较单一 衔接 * 标点符号使用不够准确 * 有结论 * 全文能使用一些衔接 * 卷面不够整洁 基本达到字数要求，或各 手段，但较呆板，或有部分 部分长度不合适 错误，对理解帮助不大 缩写部分 通顺 词汇 * 材料主题和中心内容与原 參缩写和讨论两个部分顺 * 词汇运用有较多错误，较严重影 文相关,但有较大偏差 序安排不够合理 • 响理解 * 基本不能总结要点，仅是 » 缩写和讨论部分内部结 « 词汇ft较有限 8-11 分 罗列部分细节 构有较多遗漏 * 词汇运用不够白然 * 未能描述材料间关系（如 » 缩写部分两份材料之间 语法/句法 有两份材料） 没有过渡（如有两份材 * 有较多语法错误，对理解有较严 • 3 •专八作文 华研外遇 rem mmmmLjmm 讨论部分 料> ® 影响 * 内容尚切题.但中心不够 « 讨论部分要点不明确 * 句式不够丰富，仅能使用少数种 明确 * 讨论部分要点顺序不合 类句式，或者句子错误较多 » 观点不够明确 理 * 句式不够ft然 * 要点陈述有些混乱 鲁段落划分不合理 书写规范 * 只能展开简单讨论 衔接 * 有较多拼写/大小写错误 » 论据简单、无力 » 全文仅使用少a 衔接手 * 有较多标点符号错误 « 没有结论，或结论无力片 段，或者虽有一些衔接 « 卷面杂乱，涂改较多 面基本不符合字数要求， 手段，但错误较多，会导 或各部分长度很不合适 致理解闲难 缩写部分 通顺 词汇 籲材料主题和中心内容与原 » 缩写和讨论两个部分顺 暑间汇贫乏，基本不能运用词汇表 文相关,但有较大偏差 序安排不够合理 达意义 1-7分 * 基本不能总结要点，仅是 * 缩写和讨论部分内部结 语法/句法 罗列部分细节 构冇较多遗漏 ♦ 语法知识贫乏，基本不能写出完 « 未能描述材料间关系（如 » 缩写部分两份材料之间 整句子 有两份材料） 没有过渡（如有两份材 书写规范 讨论部分 料） * 基本无法正确拼写、使用大小写 籲讨论与话题相关，但中心 * 讨论部分要点间关系混 和标点符号 不够准确 乱 * 卷面杂乱，涂改较多 ♦ 观点不够明确 籲讨论部分要点顺序不合 * 要点陈述不清 理 参不能从正反方面展开讨论 ♦ 段落划分不合理 » 无论据 衔接 籲无结论 * 全文基本没有使用衔接 基本不符合字数要求，或 手段，或错误较多，会带 各部分长度很不合适 来理解闲难 空白，仅抄写部分考题内容， 基本没有篇章组织能力 基本没有语言运用能力 0分 仅有一些无意义文字，或内 容完全不相关 三、备考策略 0 多阅读名著和外刊，提高语言基本功 究根到底，写作考査的是学生的语言基本功。词汇tt的多少和对各种句型的灵活运用是决定作文语言表达的 关键因素由于写作与阅读密不可分，且语言输人的质和世直接影响输出成效，因此考生平时选择阅读素材应以 经典名著和英文原版朗刊为主，扩大同汇ft,注意词汇在不同语境下的使用和搭配，提高语感。不一定每读一篇文 章都要记住，但是应该做个有心人，把文章中精彩、流畅的句子作摘抄记录。还应经常整理摘抄笔记，可按体裁和 内容进行仔细分类。经常温故朗读，不仅对提高写作水平有很大帮助，而且能够提高英语会话能力。 ■ 4 ■第一章专八作文应试指南 牮研外ffi TM»W»VWaLH 0 留意国内外社会热点话题，积累主题词汇 纵观历年专八真题的写作部分，其涉及的话题多与当年国内外的热门话题或事件相关。因此,平时多关注社 会热点动态，积累相关词汇表达及与某热点相关的各方观点，都可以令考生在作文上“有话可说”及“言之有理"。 国内的热点问题可关注Cfeinaito办，闰外的热点可关注一些主流的英美报刊，如 77ie Economist,、U.S. News and World Report、TIME、Newsweelc等。此外，专八作文的话题涵盖艾化、教育、经济、 职场、婚恋、家庭等多方面，这也要求考生平时要做到know something about everything。 0 进行有针对性的写作训练，培养批判式思维 写作能力的培养是一个稳扎稳打，一步一个脚印的过程。学生在平时应进行逐阶段训练，循序渐进。可将整 个写作任务细化为材料收集、写总结性段落、举例段落、类比段落、因果段落等。写作时应特別注意，论据是否客 观、论点是否新颖、说理是否透彻、论证是否具有说服力等。 p 背诵优秀范文、句型和表达法 古人说，“熟读唐诗百首，不会做诗也会吟”。多背、多模仿是提高语言的准确性和流利程度的有效方法，它 不但可以加强记忆、积累语言素材，而且有助于定型句式和行文模式。模仿和套用漂亮地道的英语表达法或句型 并不是可耻的亊情。地道的英语不应是你所学过的词汇和语法规则按某个意思苦苦思索而编造出来的。而应该 是你把英美人对这个意思的习惯说法用到你自己的文章上来。 本书提供的100篇范文，语言地道，用词准确精练，行文结构清晰，而且每篇范文后面均总结好词好句，是学 生背诵的上佳素材。 四、考场答题步骤 0 仔细审读提示语，找出主题词或句（2~3分钟） 作文部分的提示语(Directions)是审题的关键。该部分一般会提示作文的话题以及作文中须概盖的要点。审 读Directions部分需找出题目的主题同(key words)或主题句（topic sentence)。分清什么是主要信息，什么是 次要信息。 0 阅读材料，标记主要信息和观点句（5~7分钟） 专八写作部分提供的材料长度一般为400~500同，可能是一篇iT•论性文章，或新闻报道。也有可能由两则短 材料构成。考生应采用以略读为主，精读为辅的方式迅速浏览材料。读材料时要谨记目的是尽快找出材料的中心 大意和观点。 考生可先采用略读的方式，重点关注材料的关键部分，如首M段，找到各段的主题句(topic sentence),了解 材料的结构，找出材料的中心思想等宏观信息。此时谣要略去一些细枝末节。略读过后，考生可对主题句进行精 读，提炼其观点，以方便写作时进行总结。 0 构思写作思路，确定布局（2~3分钟） 在审读完Directions及材料之后，考生可以先利用几分钟对作文进行构思。首要任务是明确自身的观点。对 于“支持或反对型"(agree or disagree)论题，明确自己是支持还是反对，支持或反对的主要论据是什么。对于“表 达看法型"(give your comment)论题，明确该针对哪方面进行评论，评论的论点主要有哪些。对于“现象问题型” 的论题，要思考有什么可行的解决方法。有必要时可先在草稿纸上列出一个清晰的提纲，从而保证写作思路淸 晰，避免跑题。 考生还可对论题的内容进行“头脑风暴"(brainstorm),把能想到的观点、例子、引言、好同好句都快速写在草 稿纸上。此外，一个淸晰的提纲也十分重要。 • 5 •专八作文 雄碾外通 T〇MiaraNMj«M 0 正式写作(30-35分钟} 有了之前的准备工作，就可以正式进人写作阶段。此时的关键是按照之前构想的提纲进行写作，不宜再试 图加人新的观点，以免导致全局的混乱。要注意写好关键主题句和运用恰当的衔接词，同时注意语言的丰富度： 词汇和句式不可过于单调，考虑使用近义词和反义词表达类似内容，并变换句子的长度和结构，以避免语句过于 单调乏味。 胃 检查修订（约3 分钟） 最后须®新通读一次作文，检査是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号 等。发现错误，及时更正。考生常见的错误包括：动词时态不一致、主谓不一致、冠词错误和介词错误等。 下面我们以大纲样题为例，说明如何运用以上步骤来完成作文，尤其注意应如何审题和总结材料。 1. 审读 Directions With the continued growth of online teaching systems and integration of massive open online courses (MOOCS) into higher education, college study will never be the s^ie^for both professore and students. The following are opinions from both sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. 分析速读Directions可知，本题的论述对象应该是online education或MOOCS“大型网络公开课"，而其中的 college study will never be the same for both professors and students 是主题句，要求考生论证的就 是网络教育或公开课对教授和学生带来的影响〇而写作的任务包括两方面：summarize briefly the opinions from both sides和give your comment,即考生的作文应首先总结教授和学生对待网络公开课 的观点，然后提出自己的观点。 2 . 审读材料 样题的材料分为两部分，分别是以华盛顿大学为代表的校方观点，和各国学生代表的观点。其中校方观点如 下： • • University The University of Washington (UW) in the US isn’t shy about the benefits and drawbacks of online education. UW concedes online courses may be more effective for self-directed learners, and students who are not organized and in possession of good time-management skills may struggle. Thus, students should ask themselves whether they are capable of learning independently before signing up for online coursework. UW also mentions online courses may not be able to accurately replicate the vibrant sense of intellectual community that has been at the heart of higher education for ages. This might lead some to miss out on learning and networking opportunities. 分析重点关注以上W线部分. 校方的观点主要是两方面：第一，承认在线教育有利有弊，对自学能力强(self- directed) 的学生有用 （more effective), 而不懂得管理时间的学生则会较痛苦 (struggle); 第二是不能完全 替代高校，让学生会错过（miss out on) —些与人交流学习和社交的机会（learning and networking opportunities) 〇 • 6 •第一章专八作文应试指南 学生方面以三名学生为例： Students 參 Jasmine Barta of Arizona State University: I take about half my classes online each semester, and I’ll tell you why: Online classes are the secret to a happier, fuller and less stressful college experience. Some students complain about the lack of social interactioii and the ease with which they can forget to meet a deadline. But for me these concerns fall flat in the face of the convenience, flexibility and independence online learning offers. Chang Hanyi of Boston University: In order to squeeze in some extra learning without taking the focus away from my mgjor, I enrolled in a pass/fail online reading and writing workshop. The coursework is actually as demanding as my other regular language classes. But what I have learned so far is beyond my expectations. My professor assigns weekly assignments each Monday, and I am required to do readings, write study blogs and take quizzes regularly. I am also required to respond to comments from my professor and classmates. So, taking online courses 立 mean ?兮m^iysical interaction with your instructors. My professor even invited me to face-to-face meetings four times to address article structure in my writing assignments. My professor also uploads video clips to review class content and audio files to clarify some thorny points. Despite the hard work, I still enjoy cyber interaction with my professor and classmates. Yang Yang of Peking University: With MOOCS, we are no longer confined to a classroom at a certain time slot. Whenever I feel in the mood to study, I take out my laptop or iPad to watch course videos. I am now taking Legal Writing and Research on Coursera, a popular MOOCS platform. Each week, four or six courses videos are released for us students to learn. Apart from the teaching sessions, there are also quizzes to assess whether I have grasped the knowledge well. Quiz scores make up 32 percent of my final score. The great thing about the quizzes is we even have them before each course. This encourages me to finish all the reading and preview the class early. Although MOOCS are improving my learning experiences, this new form of teaching cannot compete with traditional ways of learning in terms of teacher-student interaction. I used to ask questions immediately after class. But with MOOCS, we only have office hours for question and answer sessions. Most of the time, I won't bother to go. 分析| 以上画线部分是各人的主要观点所在。总结来看，Jasmine Barta的观点句是最后一句，她认为利 (convenience, flexibility and independence)大于弊（lack of social interaction)。第二个学生 Chang Hanyi主要讲述自己的经历，实际上观点很简单明确，网络教育不是零面对面交流（not... zero physical interaction),他认同网络的交流方式。Yang Yang的观点也很简单，他认为网络课程有优势（超越地点的局 限），但不能取代传统的学习方式(cannot compete with traditional ways of learning)总而言之，校方 和学生都提到网络教育的利弊.弊端在于缺乏面对面的师生交流，优势则在于方便、不受时间、地点的限 制。校方和第三名学生都认为网络教育不能替代传统的教育模式。上述要点都应该包含在总结部分处。 0 © 样 题 范 文 $ 0 My Views on Online Education The influence of online education on traditional teaching method is so huge that college study doesn’t keep fixed for universities and students. Opinions about this issue vary. Some universities, such as the University of Washington, are fence-sitters. They deem that online education stands a chance of providing a more efficient learning style for self-directed learners on the positive side, but it • 7 •a 专八作文 华研外iS might fail to achieve the same effect of intellectual community. While some students heap praise on its convenience, flexibility, and independence, others point out that online education is absent of teacher-student interaction, an indispensable part of learning process. As for myself, I am of the opinion that the advantages of online education outweigh its disadvantages. Firstly, compared with traditional ways of learning in college, online education is more flexible. Rather than being restricted in classrooms, learners can sign up for any course they are interested in as long as they have the access to the Internet. Besides, learners can take the online courses repeatedly in case they feel perplexed. A more important fact is that online education is as demanding as traditional education. On top of the teaching sessions, the lecturer also assigns homework, which is never less than that assigned in classrooms. Whafs more, various quizzes and exams are taken regularly to assess whether learners seize the knowledge taught. Last but not the least, contrary to the opponents, as for the demerit of online education, I presume that lack of teacher-student interaction exerts no major impact on study. “Lack” does not mean 4*noM. As is mentioned by Chang Hanyi and Yang Yang, the lecturer makes office hours for face- to-face meeting with students. All in all, in my view, with the further development of the Internet and mobile clients, online education will become more popular without question. We shall make the best use of the advantages of online education and bypass its disadvantages. 第二节如何写出一篇高分作文? 02专八写作技巧 - 、三段式定结构 专八作文要求的字数为不少于300词，一 般以300—320为佳。根据Directions的要求，专八作文应由三部 分组成，各部分功能不同。具体如下： 第一部分为“引言+总结”段，其作用包括引人话题、总结材料和提出观点。该部分约占全文1/3,即约100词。 第二部分为正文段，是主体部分，主要是论证自己的观点，这部分在约占到150-180词。这部分可按论点的 数世细分为两段或三段，若各论点关系紧密.也可合为一段。 第三部分为结论段，对全文作总结和概况，重申观点，呼应首段。一般为50词左右。这部分虽然很短，但作用 不可忽视，如果写不好，会给阅读卷老师虎头蛇M的感觉。 二、如何写“引言 + 总结”段？ 0 内容构成：引言—缩写/总结材料—提出个人观点 V 注意.如果在缩写/总结材料时会对事件、背景有所交待的话，引言部分可以省略， 引言的基本功能就是表明文章的主题。人题要快，建议尽ft以开门见山的方式快速人题。基本用一两句话即 可。常用的方式是介绍背景、利用数据、利用名言、利用设问、利用驳论的方式等。 缩写或总结材料是新题型的难点所在，也是重点内容，下面根据专八新大纲的要求，详细介绍如何“缩写/ 总结”材料。 P 缩写/总结材料的基本步骤 快速略读材料，确定材料的关键信息，略去次要的信息，对主题句、观点句、材料的结论句进行标记，同时 • 8 •第一章专八作文应试指南 可以在空白处写相关提示。 (2) 细读主题句和观点，对材料关键信息进行$:组合并，归纳出材料的主旨大意和观点。 (3) 构想行文方式，下笔写作。 P 缩写/,肖结浦的几大技巧 03如何确保语法 (1) 全部用自己的话完成,不要引用原文的句子，可对原文句子进行paraphrase。 多样性和准确性 (2) 删除细节，只保留主要观点。 (3) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。在总结时应删除那些突出强调的重述句。 (4) 文章中的第一人称,在总结时通常要转换成第三人称。 (5) —般采用一般现在时来总结材料，若是介绍过去某具体事件，可用一般过去时，注意整段的时态应保持一致。 (6) 在呈现別人的观点、主张时，不应过多地使用下列间句：he said、he stated、the speaker adds、the author then goes on to say、the author also thinks that,应该一开始就交待清楚，下文全是概述，之后就不必 浪费笔墨反复加以说明了。 p 缩写/总结材料实例分析 例 1 * 题目：Noise Pollution This article focuses on the growing problem and cause of noise pollution. It explores the effects of population growth, urban sprawl, and the increase of traffic and aircraft prevalence on noise levels. This article offers specific information regarding decibel measurements and risks of prolonged exposure. The author provides specific decibel levels for a variety of machines and situations. 分析这篇总结虽然提到了材料的主要内容，但更多的是“描述”材料本身，而并没有“总结”出材料的要点所在。 针对这个反例，可作如下修改。 修正版 This article provides information on the growing problem and causes of noise pollution. Population growth, urban sprawl, and increases in traffic and aircraft transportation are having a marked effect on noise levels. Escalating decibel levels and prolonged exposure increase the risks to hearing and health. In the United States, 30 million employees are vulnerable to the possibility of hearing loss because of hazardous noise levels on the job. Children and animals are also at risk to the physical effects of noise, such as stress, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Various decibel measuring machines ai'e available for various situations. In conclusion, the article shows that health and hearing risks due to combined decibel levels and extended exposures occur in everyday life. 分析相比前一篇，这篇总结能够具体地总结出材料给出几个要点，如造成噪音上升的几个因素；噪音对工人JL 童、动物的影响。敁后进行总结并附有结论标志词(In conclusion),内容完整，基本符合总结的要求。 例 2 题目：Ice Bucket Challenge [专八真题] Excerpt 1 ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Takes U.S. by Storm In the last two weeks, the Ice Bucket ChallengeTM has quite literally “soaked” the nation. Everyone from Ethel Kennedy to Justin Timberlake has poured a bucket of ice water over her or his head and challenged others to do the same or make a donation to fight ALS within twenty-four hours. • 9 •专八作文 牮研外遇 Between July 29 and today, August 12, the ALS Association and its 38 chapters have received an astonishing $4 million in donations compared with $1.2 million during the same time period last year. The ALS Association is incredibly grateful for the outpouring of support from those people who have been doused, made a donation, or both. "We have never seen anything like this in the history of the disease," said Barbara Newhouse, President and CEO of the ALS Association. With only about half of the general public knowledgeable about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the Ice Bucket Challenge is making a profound difference. Since July 29, The Association has welcomed more than 70,000 new donors to the cause. "While the monetary donations are absolutely incredible,M said Newhouse, "the visibility that this disease is getting as a result of the challenge is truly invaluable. People who have never before heard of ALS are now engaged in the fight t6 find treatments and a cure for ALS." Excerpt 2 Ice bucket challenge: who's pouring cold water on the idea? The ice bucket challenge has certainly raised awareness. Whether that’s primarily of the disease for which it is raising funds or the speed at which images of swimsuit-clad celebrities will go viral is a long-term question. More pertinent right now is whether or not the craze has reached a tipping point. As it lived by social media, so the ice bucket challenge could die by it. The state of California is currently experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. So gestures such as companies dousing their staff en masse in hundreds of gallons of icy water, come across more as wasteful PR exercises than charitable gestures—and are being called out as such on Twitter. There has been a similar reaction in China. Last week, people in drought-stricken Henan province raised empty red buckets over their heads, accompanied by the slogan *'Henan, please say no to the ice bucket challenge". China’s ministry for civil affairs, while broadly supportive, has warned citizens against the practice’s “entertainment and commercial tendencies”. But the real dampener could be the risk of bodily harm. Doctors around the world have warned of risks to elderly people, expectant mothers and people with heart conditions. 本题的材料由两篇短文章节选构成。快速浏览两篇选段，分别找出其大意。 选段一为新闻报道性质，主要讲述了“冰桶挑战”的盛行及其带来的后果。注意分别在第二段和第四段提到 “冰桶挑战”带来的具体捐款数ft,并且以making a profound difference“带来深刻改变”来总结其效果。选段最 后的直接引语也表明，“冰桶挑战”让更多人知道和了解了 ALS。故该选段一的内容其实就是“冰桶挑战”带来的 两方面好处：金钱的捐赠；大众对ALS的了解而这两方面都是积极的。 选段二的内容相对抽象，但也不难总结出其要点。首段的a long-term question和the craze就暗示该选段 对“冰桶挑战”是持怀疑，甚至是负面态度。第二、三段是两个逍受干旱(drought)的地区对“冰桶挑战"的反对，暗 示这是一种浪费（水 > 资源的公关手段，而不是善举（more as wasteful PR exercises than charitable gestures)., lii后两段提到另外的质疑，娱乐和商业倾向（entertainment and commercial tendencies)及对身体 的伤害(bodily harm〉。 综合上述对选段分析，两选段实际上是一正一反的观点。总结时将各自的支持和反对的观点具体指出即可 • 10 •第一章专八作文应试指南 华研外遇 0 0 范例及分析 ① July 29 witnessed the emergence of a sensational ①句兼备引人话题及介绍选段一的作用。 activity named the ice bucket challenge, the aim of which the aim of which引出该活动的目的， is to raise funds for a little known disease called ALS. 为下文的观点句作铺垫。 ©Within merely two weeks, the game has swept across (2)句总结选段一提到两个积极方面:gar- nering a staggering $4 million 和 the world, gamering a staggering $4 million as well as heightening people *s awareness of greatly heightening people’s awareness of ALS. ©Mean­ ALS，用语简洁，且能抓住要点。 while, the activity has also been greeted with waves of ③ 句是对选段二的总结，用Meanwhile negative concerns, like wasting water and descending to 来衔接过渡。 waves of negative con­ entertainment and commercial ends. ④ And dousing icy cerns 作总述 ，用 like... 来具体列举负面意 water may also cause Physical harm to certain vulnerable 见。 people. (Din my view, judging from the situation the activi­ ④ 句是对选段二中的负面意见的总结。 ty is sliding into, it will wind up a far cry from its origi­ ⑤ 句正式提出个人观点.为全文论述的主 nal purpose. 旨句。 例 3 题目：We See Limited Faces on Facebook Nicole EUisorty PhD， Assistant Professor of Michigan State University I believe the benefits provided by social network sites such as Facebook have made us better off as a society and as individuals, and that, as they continue to be adopted by more diverse populations, we will see an increase in their utility. Anecdotal evidence of positive outcomes from these technologies such as political activities organized via Facebook or jobs found through Linkedln—is well-known. Social technologies never have predictable and absolute positive or negative effects, which is why social scientists dread questions like these. In considering the effects of social network sites, it is clear that there are many challenges to work through—the increasing commercialization of this space, the need to construct strong privacy protections for users, and safety issues—but I believe the benefits we receive as a society provided by these tools far outweigh the risks. Kyung-Tag Lee, PhD, Pivfessor of Management at Kyungpook National University (South Korea) Social networking sites are used to facilitate studying, forming new relationships, maintaining preexisting personal ties, engaging in self-presentation, looking at photos and user profiles of other people, commenting on messages posted by others, avoiding boredom, passing the time, and procrastinating. These activities help individuals reduce loneliness and accumulate personal social capital, including emotional satisfaction, access to information, increasing one*s well-being, and so on. When people use social networking sites, they tend to establish strong ties online, and strong ties support high quality friendships and social companionship, which ultimately enhance their well-being. Susan Greenfield， Professor of University of Oxford Social networking sites might tap into the basic brain systems for delivering pleasurable experience. However, these experiences are devoid of cohesive narrative and long-term significance. As a consequence, the mid-21st century mind might almost be infantilised, characterised by short attention spans, sensationalism, inability to empathise and a shaky sense of identity. 11 • •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 Tom Hodgkinson, writer for the Guardian I despise Facebook. This enormously successful American business describes itself as “a social utility that connects you with the people around you”. But hang on. Why on God’s earth would I need a computer to connect with the people around me? Why should my relationships be mediated through the imagination of a bunch of supergeeks in California? What was wrong with the pub? And does Facebook really connect people? Doesn^t it rather disconnect us, since instead of doing something er\joyable such as talking and eating and dancing and drinking with my friends, I am merely sending them little ungrammatical notes and amusing photos in cyberspace, while chained to my desk?... Clearly, Facebook is another uber-capitalist experiment: can you make money out of friendship? Can you create comnmnities free of national boundaries一and then sell Coca-Cola to them? Facebook is profoundly uncreative. It makes nothing at all. It simply mediates in relationships that were happening anyway. 材料解读 本题的材料给出了四段关于社交媒体的评价在概括时，考生须注意总结出共性观点。 前两段分别从个人(individuals)和社会(society)的层面分析社交网络带来的益处。对社会而言，网络技术的 发展有利于组织政治活动(political activities)和就业(jobs found)。对个人而言，社交网络有益于减少孤独感 (reduce loneliness),积累社会财富（accumulate..• social capital)。社会网络作为一种有效的联系方式，也能提 高友情的质tt(high quality friendships)和社会陪伴感(social companionship)，最终增强人们的幸福感(well- being)。 后两段则以贬斥为主，主要谈及社交媒体的害处。第三段分析了社交网络的娱乐化体验（pleasurable experience)会导致人们幼稚化，集中注意力的时间变短,追求轰动效应，丧失同理心，以及自我认同不稳定。第四 段主要反驳了社交网络的社会性功能，指出它会让我们变得疏远（disconnect u s),而且毫无益处（makes nothing at all)。 范例及分析 ®In the 21st century, people are empowered by new ① 句介绍了时代背景：21世纪高科技涌 technology. ©What we do and what we think can easily be 现。 shared to anyone anytime anywhere, thanks to the all - ② 句引出了社交媒体这一主题，为下文提 powerful social media. ©That is why scholars from America 出论点做铺垫。③(D句是对前两段学者观 to Korea acknowledge the benefits brought by social media: 点的总结，指出社交媒体的好处：加强人 we ei\joy stronger ties and instantaneous connectivity. ④ 们联系的紧密型和即时性，改变了社会和 With the blessing of social media, we are able to effect 个人，给人们带来福扯。 individual and social changes, leading to our well-being. (D ⑤ 句话锋一转，用However衔接过渡，暗 However, social media is not without its problem. ©Some 示下文是不同看法。 experts argue that pleasures gained from social media make ⑥ 句总结了后两段提到的负面影响：社交 our minds underdeveloped and that virtual connection 媒体取代了人们面对面的交流机会，削弱 replaces face -to -face contact, weakening our relationships. 了人们的联系。 ⑦ As a hesitant social media user, I am inclined to agree ⑦ 句正式提出个人观点，表明支持第二种 with the second school of thoughts: social media spells 看法：社交媒体吏多的是意味着灾难而非 more disasters than blessings. 福音。 • 12 •第一章专八作文应试指南 例 4 题目：Even Teachers Are Humans Needing Material Comfort As Teacher's Day is approaching, the China Youth Daily received 1,089 reader responses from a nationwide survey. Results indicated that the teaching profession is still a respectable occupation; 91.6 percent voted that they wanted the most outstanding people to be teachers. 4tThe profession of teacher should be the most respectable occupation in our society. The group should consist of the most outstanding people, or our nation^ development will be affected,a respondent stated in the poll. Asked about which kind of teachers are the most outstanding ones, some readers answered: 4tNot all talented teachers are outstanding in their fields. An excellent teacher ought to be first of all a person of high morals, since teachers educate young people.M Even more interesting, 76.3 percent of the respondents said that a teacher is someone who influenced them most. But people’s views toward what kind of teachers are good teachers have changed. Another survey this June showed that 81.6 percent of the people admired knowledgeable teachers, 67.6 percent liked teachers who made their classes easy and interesting, and 51.9 percent preferred teachers with a good sense of humor. In short, being knowledgeable is the first and most important aspect of being a teacher, and on this basis, students clearly prefer lively and witty teachers. The bad news: recent years have seen the rapid reduction of normal universities and colleges. Many have been upgraded to comprehensive universities by name changes and mergers. Education experts worry that this kind of development will harm teacher training because these courses were conducted in those types of universities or colleges. The good news: T\\e latest government work report states that the country would provide free education for students attending teacher training universities. The policy has become a reality as a total of 11,000 students enrolled in six teacher-training universities have now begun eryoying free education as of last week. These students began registration respectively at the six universities based in Beying, Shanghai, Changchun, Wuhan, Xi'an and Chongqing on September 4. 73 percent of the readers who responded to the survey believed that the free education policy signals that the country is paying greater attention to education and teachers. 60.1 percent of the respondents said that the policy should be popularized and extended to more normal universities and colleges. Of those polled, the majority (55.6 percent) said that they wanted to be university or college teachers, because of the “high salary and low pressure, good working environment and non -fixed office hours." “Some teachers even have their own research program.” 29.5 percent wanted to be middle school teachers, 13.4 percent wanted to be kindergarten teachers, and 8.2 percent say they didn’t want to teach at all. Some respondents said that the salary of rural teachers in central and western areas should be increased. If not, even those students who er\joy free education in normal universities and love their teacliing jobs will still face the ultimate question: choose their dream job or find something better to make ends meet? 材料解读 本题的材料是一篇调査报告，主要包括社会对教师的认可和教师行业面临窘境两部分。 前四段通过调査结果说明教师的社会声誉高，大部分人都认同教师是一个值得尊重的职业（a respectable • 13 •专八作文 华研外ifl romewvwNeueN occupation),而且师资力ffl将影响到国家的发展(nation’s development)。由于教书育人这一工作性质，受访者 认为教师的师德(high morals)尤其重要。问卷中体现出学生最看®的是老师的学识(being knowledgeable),其 次是风趣幽默(lively and witty〉。 后而五段则冇关教师行业的闲难之处。由于当前师范院校减少(reduction of normal universities),政府给 予政策支持：免费教育政策(free education policy)。大部分的学生都表示想要在担任高校的教师，因为薪资高 且压力少(high salary and low pressure)。结尾强调应提高中西部乡村教师的薪酬，否则那些享受免费教育的 学生，他们还要面临在教育梦想(dream job)与现实生活（make ends meet)之间作出抉择— 范例及分析 ① The dilemma of being a teacher in China is ① 句开门见山，直接点出材料的主题是教 discussed in the above article. ② On the one hand, 师的困境。 teachers still hold the most respectable job, and the social ② 句总结前四段的观点，即教师备受尊 expectation of teachers’ morality and knowledge remains 重，同时社会对教师的道德和知识水平要 high. ®〇n the other hand, the number of teacher-training 求很高。 universities is decreasing and teachers, salary is less than ③ 句总结了后五段出现的教师行业面临 satisfactory. ® This mismatch is the very obstacle that 的问题，即师范院校减少，且教师薪酬低。 prevents many young talents from the teaching profession. ④ 句道出上述两种矛盾现象造成的后果： ®As a student, I understand how important it is to have 许多青年才俊不愿加人教师队伍。 qualified teachers in my life, so I think it is the ⑤ 句表明个人观点：由于优质师资十分重 government’s responsibility and priority to ensure that 要，政府应担负起确保教师得到应有报酬 teachers are duly rewarded. 的责任。 三、如何写主体论证段落？ Q 内容构成 主体的论述段落一般为5~8句，其基本构成是：主题句（topic sentence)-► 论证部分（supporting sentences)—*■主题强调句或引申句（concluding sentence)。 其中的论证部分是段落的主体，是对主题句的具体解释说明和论证。论证的方法多种多样，专八作文的常见 论证方法包括：例证法、驳论论证法、引用名言/专家现点、层进式推理法。专八作文中，通常不只用一种论证方式。 例如，不要只全篇只使用例证这一论证方式，这样容易让文章显得索然无味，考生可综合使用2~3种论证方式， 让文章读起来有理有据，以理服人。 P 常考的四种论证方法 U )例证法 例 5 题目：Regulatory-based Measures Are More Suitable in China 04如何写出 简洁的例子 The regulatory approach signals official resolution and commitment to reducing carbon emission, which will guide the general public to change their behavior. In fact, we had a successful precedent back in 2008. To curb the rampant white pollution, the Chinese government banned the practice of offering free plastic bags in supermarkets, groceries and stores. This policy has saved an equivalence of about 6 million tons of oil within 5 years. Ever since then, Chinese customers have grown accustomed to bringing recycle bags when shopping. • 14 •第一章专八作文应试指南 分析这一段采用了典型的正面例证法。首先第一句就是本段的主题句The regulatory approach... to change their behavior，幵门见山提出作者的论据:政策导向能彰显政府的决心和责任，从而引导大众的行为；接着 用in fact引出08年的一个成功案例，随后用两个句子详细讲述这个例子，包括政策的具体内容及其环保 成绩；最后得出结论，用Ever since then说明这一政策取得的成效—— 中国消费者养成自备环保袋的购 物习惯。例证法比较符合人们的思维认识规律，是最常见的论证方法。 (2) 驳论论证法 例 6 题目：The Main Tasks of Universities Universities should, first of all, be learning communities where knowledge is not only disseminated but also advanced. They should contrive to provide learning conditions that encourage students to remain curious, to value diversity in opinions and perspectives, and to think critically and communicate effectively. However, universities will never attain their goals if they tailor all their courses or programs to meet the needs of specific employers or occupational sectors. Today's social environment is more dynamic and turbulent than ever before. Only those graduates who possess certain personality traits and can do well in diversified situations can distinguish themselves from other job applicants. 分析第一句是本段的主题句，指出一所大学应该是一个学习社区，知识在这里不仅得到传播，还会被进一步发 展；第二句对主题句进行解释，说明大学应致力于为学生提供一个良好的学习环境，培养学生的一系列品 质；第三句用However转折，指出反面情况—— 如果大学的课程是为了满足招聘要求，那么大学的目标将 永远无法实现；最后两句针对反例进行分析，当今社会变化莫测，强调只有个人索质突出的人才能脱颖而 出。驳论论证法与例证法相似，但驳论论证主要是从反面来说，更能引起读者的思考。 (3) 层进式推理法 ______ 例 7 题目：Kids Needn’t Learn a Foreign Language in Kindergarten In my view， early language learning is an unnecessary gesture. To start with， premature contact with a foreign language could impose pressure upon the children. Childhood is a valuable period of time for carefree adventures and giving free rein to imagination. Language acquisition, though an important part, need not be excessively pursued by sending children to a fancy and pricey kindergarten. Moreover, the primary task of preschool education is to initiate children into good communication, rather than language impartation. A kindergarten provides probably the first platform in which children learn to talk, share and play with their peers. It^ a place where they are introduced to the idea of interaction and empathy. Overemphasizing foreign language skills instead of the sense of empathy at such an early age is no doubt putting the cart before the horse. 分析丨本段第一句提出观点：不必过早学习外语。随后分两个层次进行论证，To start with引出第一个层次的原 因，过早的学习外语会给孩子施加压力；接着以Moreover引出更深层的第二个原因，学前教育的首要任务 并非是传授语言。最后一句是总结句，在幼年强调让孩子学会外语而不是同理心，无疑是本末倒置之举。 (4) 引用名人名言 例 8 题目：Naked Marriage: Stripping Away the Material Protection? Secondly, huge pressure from life might induce the collapse of a marriage. As is maintained by Dr. Joyce Brothers, an American psychologist, "Marriage is not just spiritual communion and passionate embraces; marriage is also three meals a day, sharing the workload and remembering to carry out the trash.” • 15 •专八作文 牮研外诵 分析本段的主题句是巨大的生活压力可能会导致婚姻分崩离析。接下来借美国心理学家的话“婚姻不仅是心灵 的契合、激怙的相拥，结了婚还要面对一日三餐，分担家务，还要记得去倒垃圾通过引用专家的话道出 婚姻的本质，使文章更有说服力，同时也增加了文章的可读性。 ■ ^ 四 、如何写结尾段？ ^ P 内容构成 结尾段是对全文的总结，结尾虽然很短，但只要处理得当，甚至可以产生脚龙点睛的妙处。一般有三种形式： (1)总结前文论点申观点，这是最常见的结尾方式。 (2>总结前文—升华主体，呼吁采取行动或展望未来，这种结尾一般出现在劝说性文章，期待读者投人行动。 (3)总结前文—指出问题，提出建议。这种结尾多见于涉及某种社会现象的文章。 g 收好尾的技巧—— 同义反复 结尾段是对整篇文章的概括性总结 般而言，出于考试时间和作文字数限制的考虑，结尾段的篇幅无须过 ，一 长。考生基本上可使用“同义反复”的技巧，把上文提到的观点和论点用另外的表达方式再说一遍，与前文形成呼 应，结构也就显得完整了。当然，对于一些语言功底比较好，而且平时积累多的考生，也可以考虑用名言或使用修 饰手法作总结。_______________________________________________________________________________ 例 9 题目：Entry to Museums Should Be Free 开头： As far as I am concerned, museum entry should be free, which will increase public exposure to cultural knowledge and fuel the growth of the pillar industries. 结尾： In conclusion, free entry to museums is a magnet to attract public interests in cultural knowledge and an engine to drive the pillar industries. We should not attach a price tag to this valuable facility, the benefits of which are supposed to be shared by all. 分 析 注意到 increase public exposure to cultural knowledge H attract public interests in cultural knowledge .fuel the growth of the pillar industries 与 drive the pillar industries,should be free 与 should not attach a price tag这三对词组是同义反复的。此外，结尾段还用f 比喻的修辞手法，把博物馆 比喻为磁石和引擎，使结尾更具特色。 五、如何增强文章连贯性？. 连贯性（coherence) 是指 the situation in which all the parts of something fit together well，即各个部分良好地结合在一起，我们可以从两方面来理解连贯性的含义，一方 面是文章的各个段落之间紧密联系，共同支撑文章观点，另一方面是段落的句子间逻辑清晰，很 05如何做到行 好地支持段落大意；整篇文章紧扣中心论点展开。增强文章连贯性最有效的方法就是善用各种连 文连贯与衔接 接词，为此本节特意整理了常用连词和副词短语，同学们在写作时应有意识地运用这些词组。 p 表次序和时间： firstly) secondQy) thirdQy) first of all next finally eventually meanwhile gradually step by step in the future in the past recently currently first and foremost then last of all eventually lastly last but not least for one thing on the one hand... on the other hand before since as until meanwhile at the moment whenever as soon just as 表程度和附加条件： severely seriously heavily strongly possibly perhaps probably • 16 •第一章专八作文应试指南 likely obviously apparently seemingly unknowingly maybe as well may as well rarely hardly seldom also in addition furthermore moreover besides except for apart from as well as as mentioned above(earlier) including p 表相似或相反： similarly in the same way as well as again both neither although be that as it may but even though however in contrast nevertheless on the contrary on the other hand yet in spite of despite whereas in other words it seems that it appears that otherwise while whilst u 表总结和结束： to conclude all in all in conclusion to sum up in a word in brief on the whole in summary by and large in general 表结果、目的和推论: in order to(that) so…that too", to so that so as to enough to and so because of this as a consequence consequently as a result for this reason hence therefore thereby so thus p 表强调或更差： as known to all as we all know it is generally known that.. not only... but (also) it is... that above ail especially in particular indeed most importantly the most important is... surely equally important is... more importantly more centrally worse making matters worse to make it worse more worryingly p 表举例： for example for instance take …as an example one such example is... take... as an instance such as like... as a proverb says as a saying goes just as/like namely to illustrate a case in point goes to... P s 表原 或方式: because (of) for since as due to thanks to 觀 in light of in the way that... by means of via through 画 give rise to contribute to attribute A to B conform to E 險嵌3〇 concerning as regards with regard to in this regard 06对提高写作 有用的词典 the reason why owing to considering that in terms of lead to abide by 17 • •第二章 专 八 作 文 1 0 0 篇第二章专八作文100篇 1 儘泰 _ 额 雜 消 标 雜 大 学 人 学 考 试 ? Most major educational systems utilize some sort of standardized test for university admissions. The importance of these tests varies between countries. In China, the result of College Entrance Examination almost solely determines university admission. It has been suggested that they encourage standardized test schools to “teach to the test” rather than focus on the installation of pure knowledge. The followings are opinions on whether standardized tests should be abolished. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments; 2. give your comment on the issue. Wen Zhisa from rednet.cn Standardized tests are inherently arbitrary. They reduce an applicant^ entire academic career to a single one-day session. The result is an inherently unrepresentative test which fails to paint an accurate picture. What if a student has a bad day? What if they do poorly on the specific test questions? By contrast, looking at their entire academic record ensures that admissions officers will get a far more comprehensive picture of their actual ability. The law of averages means that bad days and tests will be balanced out with good ones, with the result that their academic record, the result of years of work, will reflect their true performance. Peng Xingting from Beijing Youth Daily Standardized tests are inherently in favour of high-income students. Tutoring is an industry unto itself and the resulting rise in scores among high income students turns the scale against students whose families cannot afford it. By contrast, even if the money is available, the impact that tutoring can have on a student^ academic performance is limited. A tutor cannot write papers or take tests for them, and nor can they answer questions in class, or participate in sports or other extracurricular activities. As a consequence, eliminating easily tutored standardized tests helps even the playing field between richer and poorer students. In addition, the importance attached to such tests leads to teachers actively “teaching the test.” The result is that many teachers, rather than instilling useful skills or providing a balanced curriculum, end up trying to focus on things that occur on given tests. This undermines the provision of education in the country. Wu Lihua from Zhuhai Evening News All measures applied during university admissions processes are arbitrary to one extent or another. Grades depend on the whims on individual instructors, curriculum choices, and school quality. Every single one of the flaws the proposition applies to the Gaokao or other standardized tests may well be true, but the fact is that they are true for everyone who takes them. Gaokao is the only part of the application to a university that every single applicant will likely have been taken, and therefore the only one where all applicants can be objectively compared. • 19 •E八作文 坫研外« Xiao Shizi from Xinmin Evening News College Entrance Exams is mathematical and it is therefore possible to objectively evaluate them. They provide a benchmark of comparison across the whole education system in a way that any non- standardized assessment never could. This does not only benefit universities in providing an objective measure to compare admissions candidates but it also gives the government statistics with which to measure the progress of schools. Any other form of assessment would mean switching to much more subjective factors. Tradition­ ally such factors, such as extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and even access to references are all more easily available to high income students. Opportunities may not even be offered in poorer school districts. Complaining that poorer and minority students do less well on the College Entrance Exam ignores the fact that the test provides one of their best opportunities to impress admissions of­ ficials. 材料解读 材料就“是否废除标准化大学人学考试”展开讨论。 前两段认为应该废除，并列举了标准化测试的弊端：它有其固有的任意性（inherently arbitraiy),把申请者 的整个学术生涯压缩到一天进行测试，不具代表性(unrepresentative);贫闲学生请不起优质师资，富有的学生更 有利（in favour of high-inconie students);使教师专注于应试教疗（teaching the test),而不是教授有用的技 能或提供全面均衡的课程。 后两段则认为应该保留标准化测试。首先因为这种测试的精确性（mathematical)和评估的客观性 (objectively evaluate);其次，它既是录取学生的客观测tt手段，又有利于政府评估学校的教学成绩；最后，和其 他形式的评估手段相比，标准化测试涉及更少的主观因素（subjective factors),这其实是贫闲地区的学生展蕗才 华的最好机会（one of their best opportunities)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从两方面概括受访者支持与反对标准化测试的观点。 主体：提出个人观点一在当前废除标准化测试是不明智的。并从两方面进行论证。 1. 指出标准化测试的根本作用； 2 . 说明标准化测试的优点：保证来自不同背景学生的公平以及它能培养学生的相关能力。 结尾：总结全文，并提出应将标准化测试作为评估学生的基本T.具。 _ 精品范文 On Standardized Tests Many arguments have been made in regard to whether to 关于是否要在教育体系中废除标 abolish the standardized tests in the education system. One 准化测试，一 直存在着争论。反对标准 allegation against these tests is that standardized tests for 化测试的一派认为高考只能评估学生 college admission only measure a small portion of a students 的一小部分学术成就。同时，它本身就 entire academic performance. Concern also arises about its 对经济条件较差的学生存在不公，并 inherent discrimination against financially inferior students, or 且老师的“应试教育”方式也备受诟 the tendency that teachers have to “teach to test”. However, • 20 •第二章专八作文100 & defenders for standardized tests often bring forth some of 病。然而，支持标准化测试的大多指出 their advantages and positive effects, such as objectivity and e- 标准化测试具有诸如客观性和公班平研性外通 quality. 的优点和积极影响。 As far as I am concerned, it^ unwise to abolish stan­ 在我看来，当前废除标准化测试 dardized tests at present. On this issue, I would like to point 是不明智的。关于这个话题，我首先要 out first that the fundamental function of a well designed 指出一份设计合理的标准化测试的根 standardized test is to provide an assessment of an individu­ 衣作用—— 用于评估个人对某项知识 al's mastery of certain knowledge or skill. If standardized 或技能的掌握程度。如果能够客观设 tests can be designed without bias, and to the greatest extent 计标准化测试并最大程度地确切评估 assess a student’s academic knowledge and skills precisely, 学生的知识水平和学习方法，那么毫 there seems little doubt that we should maintain it in our ed­ 无疑问我们应该继续在教育体系中使 ucation system. 用标准化测试。 Our students come from different family backgrounds, 我们的学生家庭背景各异，来自 different schools and are taught by different teachers. Only 不同的学校，授课老师也不同迄今为 standardized testing by far can equalize all these settings and 止，只有标准化测试能够平衡这些背 offer the most objective insight into many components of a 景，公正地审视学生多个方面的学习 student^ eventual performance at school. It is also important 表现、还有一点很重要，设计得当的测 to note that a well-constructed test will examine that test- 试可以评估学生运用知识解决新问题 takers* rudimentary ability or skills to apply what they have 和举一反三的能力及技巧，例如，在绝 learned to novel problems and to make connections and 大多数的标准化测试中，做题是有时 inferences. For example, as with most cases of standardized 间限制的，学生要学习如何提高自己 testing, there is a limited time frame to answer all questions. 的时间管理能力。 Students are trained to improve their time management skills. 事实上，标准化测试也有缺点，但 In reality, standardized testing has its problems, but 考虑到它当前的作用，将其废除后未 considering its current effect, abolishing it does not necessarily 必能找到一种更加客观的方法来评估 help generate a more objective way to assess the academic 学生的学业成绩。所以当下还是要把 achievement of a student. So nowadays those tests are and 标准化测试作为评估学习进步情况的 should be the primary instrument to measure students progress 主要手段。 in studying. _ 好词好句 allegation /•seli'geij"an/ /!•宣称 inherent /in’hiarent/ 仏间有的 bring forth 提出 to the greatest extent 在最大程度上 insight /insait/ w. 洞悉 rudimentary /.riKdi'mentari/ a .基本的 novel /Vmval/ a. 新奇的 primary instrument 主要手段 1. Concern arises about...(指出担心的焦点） 对......表示担忧/关注 2. On this issue, I would like to point out...(就某事提出意见） 在这个问题上，我要指出…… 3. In reality,…has its problems, but considering its current effect"• (全面地评价某一做法） 实际上，……存在问题，但考虑到它当前的作用…… 21 • •专八作文 法研外遇 学术剽窃 Plagiarism, meaning the undocumented use of another personas work, is the most serious offense in academia. Universities pursue plagiarising students, but in fact it is also a big problem among college faculties. The following news report gives a general view of the phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. When Plagiarism Is Academic This week at Durham University, professors are investigating whether a former dean of the business school is guilty of plagiarism. Professor Tony Antoniou resigned this month over allegations he copied the work of his peers for his DPhil thesis and a later journal article. He remains a professor of finance at the university. Meanwhile, at Wolverhampton University, lawyers are preparing for the tribunal of a senior lecturer who is appealing against being dismissed for plagiarism. "The cases we hear about are probably just the tip of the iceberg," say Jude Carroll, a plagiarism expert at Oxford Brookes University, and Mike Reddy, a member of the Plagiarism Advisory Service for universities, students and academics. MProbablyM is the word. No one actually knows the true scale of plagiarism among academics in the UK, or elsewhere. Scores of researchers have been funded to look into the numbers of students who may or may not have cheated on their coursework. But when it comes to their tutors, the plagiarism experts will tell you not one research project comes to mind. “There’s no proper research on this,” says Reddy. “And it’s time there was.” Plagiarism—the taking and using as one*s own of the thoughts, writings or inventions of another— comes in many guises in the academic world. It might involve the straightforward stealing of a colleague^ work or words. It could be self­ plagiarism, where similar pieces of work are sent to various journals. It might involve using teaching materials without acknowledgement, stealing the work of postgraduate students, or insisting on co­ authorship of a postgraduate^ paper without actually doing any of the work. Opinion is divided over whether it is easier or harder to do than in the past. “Of course it is easier,” says Carroll. "The resources available are phenomenal.M Staff at highly esteemed institutions, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have temptingly started to put all their lecture notes and teaching materials online, free for all to use. “But it’s a moral judgment as to whether you acknowledge the author of those resources or notes or not,” says Reddy. “And that choice has always been there.” ^It^s become easier to track violations and there is much evidence that many people are willing to invest the time to do that," says Don McCabe, from the Centre for Academic Integrity at Duke • 22 •第二章专八作文100篇 University in North Carolina. Fiona Duggan, of the Plagiarism Advisory Service, says there is now “heightened awareness of the issue” and “more efficient detection". What is not up for dispute is why academics, now more than ever, might cave in and commit the crime. The "publish or perish” environment of today*s academia means young—and not so young- academics can only scale the career ladder and build a reputation if they produce a certain number of papers in highly-regarded publications each year. “If you are expected to turn out six to eight papers a year, you can't exactly start from scratch each time,M says Carroll. _ 材料解读 材料围绕”学术剽窃”这一话题展开论述，可分为三部分。 前六段以当前发生的具体个案引出话题，并说明当前学术剽窃的严重程度。 第七、八段谈到学术劉窃的表现，指出它在学术界有许多隐蔽的形式（in many guises in the academic world )，其中涉及盗用同事的作品（stealing of a colleague’s work )，自我剽窃(self-plagiarism )，不经同意使用 他人的教学资源（teaching materials),窃取研究生的论文（the work of postgraduate students)以及单纯挂名 的论文合著(coauthorship)。 最后五段则探讨了与过去相比，现在追踪学术剽窃更加容易的两个原因。一是人们对学术剽窃的警觉更高 (heightened awareness of the issue),二是把学术笔记和讲义等放到网上使追踪学术劉窃更为有效（more efficient detection)。然而，由于“不出版即完蛋"(“publish or perish”)的学术环境，导致根除学术剽窃并不容易。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料大意，指出学术剽窃的表现及原因，并提出自己的观点—— 应该有效控制学术剽窃。 主体：分别论述学术剽窃应该被遏制的两个原因。 1. 学术剽窃影响声誉，对个人和社会均造成恶劣影响。 2 . 学术剽窃阻碍社会发展，并且会浇灭科研热情。 结尾：总结全文，重申打击学术剽窃的必要性。 _ 精品范文 Academic Plagiarism Should Be Effectively Controlled Academic plagiarism has been widely reported and the 学术剽窃的报道屡见不鲜，其严 true scale of it is alarming or even beyond our imagination. 重程度令人吃惊，甚至超乎大家的想 Jude Carroll, a plagiarism expert, says that the cases we hear 象，研究学术剽窃的专家Jude Carroll about are probably just the tip of the iceberg. Academic pla­ 表示，大家有所耳闻的案例很可能只 giarism, or intellectual stealing, may appear in various forms, 是冰山一角。学术剽窃，或称智力偷 from more conspicuous stealing of others1 work without ac­ 窃，形式多样，包括未经许可公然盗用 knowledgement to less obvious self-plagiarism where the 他人作品到形式较为隐蔽的自我剽窃 same work is sent to different journals. While presenting aca­ (即向多家期刊投递自己的同一份作 demic notes and lecture materials online provides evidence 品）等等t 虽然把学术笔记和讲义等放 for tracking violations, it is no simple task to detect and 到网上给追踪学术剽窃提供了证据， eradicate plagiaristic copying which to a large extent results • 23 •专八作文 绝研外诵 from today's "publish or perishM environment. I personally be­ 但发现并根除剽窃抄袭并非易事。剽 lieve that academic plagiarism should be effectively contained. 窃抄袭之所以如此猖撅，很大程度是 It is self-evident that no reputation is immune to stealing, 因为当前“不发表即完蛋”的学术环境。 in particular when it comes to academic stealing. It is not 我个人认为应该有效控制学术剽窃。 rare to hear that a professor or a high-level corporate leader, 偷窃影响声誉不言而喻，学术偷 once found to have plagiarized, is immediately fired. The 窃尤其如此，我们常听听说大学教授 direct impact of plagiarism is on the individual involved, since 或公司高管一旦被发现有剽窃行为就 this person has so lost his or her credibility that his or her 会被立即开除. 剽窃直接影响当事人， career may be ruined. The hidden impact is on the society 因为这种行为会使其失去信誉，甚至 because the previously prestigious person has gained notoriety 前途尽毁剽窃间接影响社会，因为这 and thus has difficulty finding a respectable job, let alone 些此前颇负盛名的人从此声名狼藉， contributing to society. 且因此难以找到体面的工作，更不用 Another reason why I am strongly opposed to academic 说为社会做贡献了 plagiarism is that it is bound to hinder social advancement. It 我强烈反对学术剽窃的另一个理 is well acknowledged that social progress is spurred by aca­ 由是它必定阻碍社会发展，大家公认 demic innovation, while plagiarism, at its best physical work, 社会进步得益于学术创新，而充其量 stifles innovation and creativity of the academia, thereby 是体力劳动的学术剽窃会扼杀学术创 pulling back the chariot of social development. And some in­ 新和创造力，因此拖慢了社会发展这 tellectuals* enthusiasm for research would be extinguished 架马车。另外 些知识分子也会失去 ，一 since academic offending is hard to detect and plagiarists 科研热情，因为学术违规难以监测而导 therefore do not receive their due penalty. 致很多剽窃者没有受到应有的惩罚.胃 In conclusion, I firmly believe that plagiarism in any form 总而言之，我确信任何形式的学术 poses a threat to both individual and society as a whole. 剽窃都会对个人和整个社会造成成 Given its negative consequences, more resources should be de­ 胁鉴于其恶劣后果，我们应该在它失 voted to effectively cracking down on academic plagiarism be­ 控前投入更多资源有效打击学术剽窃。 fore it runs wild. _ 好词好句 beyond one’s imagination 超乎想象 the tip of the iceberg 冰山一角 conspicuous /karVspikjuas/ a. 明显的 eradicate /I’raedikeit/ v/• 根除，消灭 contain /k9n_tein/ v/•控制 be immune to 不受......影响 credibility /.kredi'biliti/ ii.可信度 notoriety /.nauta'raiati/ /i. 恶名 be bound to —定会...... stifle /staifl/ v.镇压，遏制 chariot /tjaeriat/ n. 双轮马车 1 2 crack down on 镇压 1. It is self-evident that... when it comes to...(指出显而易见的现象或原因） 在......方面，.......是不言而喻的。 2. Given its negative consequences,…should be devoted to effectively cracking down on…before it runs wild.(结尾呼吁采取行动） 考虑到它的负面影响，我们应该在它失控前投入……以便有效打击…… 24 • •第二章专八作文100 娜 外 谓 是否禁止教师收取任何礼物? Some local education commissions recently announced teachers who have accepted gifts or cash from students or their parents will be disqualified from applying for professional titles. The move seeks to further curb gift-giving by parents seeking more opportunities or individual attention for their children. The following article discusses related regulations. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly, and then 2. express your opinion towards those regulations. It would be a shame for the education system—in fact, the nation as whole—if Teachers, Day were to become a time for parents to wrack their brains thinking about what gifts to give teachers to ensure that their children get “special treatment” or to prevent them from being discriminated against in class. To give or not to give gifts is a decision that puts huge pressure on parents whose children are in school. Several surveys conducted by Internet portals, forums and special survey agencies in recent years have indicated that a majority of Chinese parents had been haunted at least once by such a dilemma before Teachers’ Day. Apart from flowers, fruits, watches as well as expensive handbags, jewelry and shopping vouchers or cards, some parents have also gifted cash to teachers. A few wealthy parents have even arranged overseas trips for teachers. Surveys, however, have also shown that some teachers do not er\joy the gifts they receive from students’ parents. Quite a few teachers who responded to surveys said they usually make a painful choice between accepting and declining a gift. Last year, some 10 well-known elementary and middle schools used the Ministry of Education^ website to appeal to teachers across the country to decline gifts from students and their parents. The appeal resonated strongly across educational institutions and was welcomed by many parents. Traditionally, teachers have always been held in liigh esteem in Chinese society. Most Chinese people still believe in the maxim, “a teacher for a day is a father for a whole life”. We have also long viewed teachers as “engineers of the human soul” and “hardworking gardenersM helping “flowers” blossom for the motherland. We also know that the nation cannot fulfill its aspiration of greatness without the selfless dedication of its teachers, who nurture talents from one generation to another. Therefore, the entire society should respect teachers. And indeed it is understandable and acceptable that students give a token gift to teachers to show their respect to and gratitude toward them. But the sacred relationship between teachers and students is soiled when students give gifts to teachers with some ulterior motives—to get favors or special treatment, for example. Many people desperately wanted the education authorities to take measures to check the commercialization of dealings between teachers and parents, and that is precisely what the Ministry of Education has done. • 25 •a 专八作文 华研外« But then the creation of a series of Internet technologies and means for giving and receiving gifts， such as e-vouchers and e-cards, and WeChat red packets, have made the malpractice difficult to detect. So the education authorities, aside from passing rigorous regulations banning the malpractice, should also take stricter measures to improve the education system as a whole to ensure that there is no room for corruption. _ 材 麵 读 材料是一篇关于“禁止教师接受家长礼物”的新闻报道，可分为两部分：家长和教师对待送礼和收礼的态度； 教育部门为消除教师受贿的不良风气而采取的措施。 第一部分包括前三段，为了让孩子得到“特別关照"(special treatment)或者避免孩子受到歧视（being discriminated),每逢教师节前夕，家长都会有送礼给老师的困扰(haunted)然而教师并不喜欢这样的礼物(do not ei\joy the gifts),他们往往很难抉择（make a painful choice〉0 第二部分为后四段，分析了禁止教师收礼的原因及教育部门采取的措施。由于教师素来受到社会的尊® (in high esteem),学生送老师一份心意是可以理解和接受的（understandable and acceptab丨e),但如果送礼别 有用心则会玷污(soiled)师生关系。因此教育部采取措施严査家长和教师之间的商业化交易，但由于电子信息技 术增加了审査难度，相关部门必须用更严格的举措(take stricter measures)全面改善教育体系。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括报道中家长和教师对送礼和收礼的看法，然后总结教育部门采取的措施： 主体：肯定材料中教育部门采取措施的必要性和重要性。此外，提出个人观点：有效杜绝教师受贿问题的方 法除了教育部门加强对教师的监管之外，也要让家长意识到送礼带来的危害，才能有效抑制教师受贿问题。 结尾：总结全文，1 申教师应该拒绝受贿，抵制诱惑。 _ 精品范文 Teachers Should Say No to Corruption According to the report, both parents and teachers are faced 根据报告，家长和教师同样面 with the dilemma of gift-giving and gift-receiving respectively. 临着送礼和收礼的两难困境最近 Recent internet survey results show that on the one hand, most 互联网调查结果表明，一方面，大多 Chinese parents have experienced the mental struggle on 数中国父母都经历过这样的心理斗 whether expensive gifts or even cash would get special care for 争，他们不确定赠送教师昂贵的礼 their children, while on the other hand, a msyority of teachers 品甚至现金能否使孩子在学校得到 expressed that it is a painful choice for them between accepting 教师的特别关照；另一方面，大部分 and declining a gift from parents. In order to prohibit the 教师认为拒绝还是接受家长的礼物 corruption of teachers, the education authorities establish strict 也是一个痛苦的决定。为了防止教 regulations on the malpractice and take efforts to further 师受贿，教育部门制订了严格的违 improve the education system as a whole. 规行为规定，并努力进一步完善教 These measures taken by the authorities are of great necessi­ 育体系。 ty and importance. Being a teacher is regarded as a lofty occu­ 教育部门采取的这些措施是非 常必要以及重要的。教师是中国传 pation in Chinese traditional culture, whereas it is contrary to • 26 •第二章专八作文100篇 S the norms of ethics for teachers to accept parents’ gifts or 统文化中的一门道德职业，然而教 money, thus giving “special treatment” to certain students con­ 师收受家长的礼金从而给予某些学 sciously or unconsciously in return. Consequently, this profes­ 生“特殊待遇”的行为违背了教师的 sional misconduct will ruin the respectful image of teachers, im­ 道德规范。因此，这种不当行为会破 pact negatively on the development of moral mentality in stu- 坏教师值得尊敬的形象，对学生道 dents, and eventually lead to the serious social problem of edu­ 德心理发展产生消极影响，最终导 cation inequity. Therefore, severe punishment and rigorous su­ 致教育不公平的严重社会问题。因 pervision system are required indeed to prevent the corruption 此，需要制订严厉的惩罚体制和严 of teachers. However, in spite of their effectiveness, a perfected 格的监管制度阻止教师受贿。然而， education system, in essence, which allows no room for corrup­ 尽管这些措施很有效，但实际上，零 tion will be the guarantee of a fair education environment. In 受贿的健全的教育体系才是公平的 addition, even though the key to the solution lies in the teach­ 教育环境的保证。此外，尽管解决问 ers, parents are also responsible for this issue. Thus it wiU con­ 题的关键在于教师本身，但学生家 tribute to alleviate the problem to enhance parents* awareness of 长也有责任因此，增强家长对于送 the social drawbacks triggered by gift-giving. 礼引起的社会危害的意识，将有助 In conclusion, teachers should decline the gifts of students, 于缓解这一社会问题3 parents and resist the temptation of corruption, which can be 总之，教师应该拒绝收受学生家 ensured by rigorous regulations and a sound education system. 长的礼物，抵制受贿的诱惑，这有赖 于严格的法规和健全的教育体系s Furthermore, the cultivation of a harmonious education 此外，营造和谐的教育环境需要教 environment needs the shared efforts of teachers, parents, and 师、家长和政府部门的共同努力。 the authorities. _ 好词好句 malpractice /,mael’praektis/ n. 不法行为 take efforts to 努力做某事 a lofty occupation 崇高的职业 rigorous /Vig9ras/ at•严格的 alleviate /a’li:vieit/ v/.缓解 drawback /dro:baek/ w. 不利条件 trigger /trig9/ v/•引起 temptation /tempteijan/ n. i秀 惑 1. According to the report, ••• are faced with the dilemma of...(指出材料中的问题） 根据报道，……面临着……的困境。 2. These measures taken by the authorities are of great necessity and importance•(肯定某一做法） 教育部门采取的这些措施是非常必要以及重要的。 3. Furthermore, the cultivation of..• needs the shared efforts of...(结尾呼吁共同努力） 此外，……的营造需要……的共同努力。 • 27 •专八作文 牮研外遇 ，HP m u m 大学专业is置 是 否 应 喊 贿 景 决 定 ? Some educators believe the majors offered at higher education institutions should be based on social demands and graduate’s career prospect. However, others believe that a prospective employment rate is not the only measure by which to judge a degree’s worth. For example, despite the difficulty of finding a job in many undergraduate programs^ many programs, like philosophy and history, are still necessary in larger society. The following are two excerpts of opinions concerning this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions and then 2. express your opinion towards the main determinant of college m^jor setting. Excerpt 1 Market Needs First When planning to offer a new m^jor, universities must first have sufficient educational resources, including qualified teaching staff and classroom equipment and space, to name but a few. Lately, quite a few universities have added as many as 10 new majors to their ranks in just one year. Observers can't help worrying whether or not these schools are operating beyond their capabilities. Without a normal "recruitment system** for majors, outdated majors continue to recruit students. Similarly, when currently popular majors become obsolete in several years，time, students pursuing these degrees will find themselves in extremely difficult conditions in terms of job hunting. In most developed countries, colleges have to take market needs into account, and they are also under strict management by education authorities, which provide information on employment prospects and thus guide the programs on offer. Sometimes companies cooperate with universities in terms of student recruitment and internship or job opportunities. On occasion, students are even allowed to submit suggestions for mayors or coursework. In China, universities tend to have the final say on degrees and their curricula, and this detachment from market needs has inevitably resulted in high unemployment rates in specific areas. Excerpt 2 Wide-Ranging Education When college graduates are faced with the ever-growing pressures of employment, it*s necessary to acUust how undergraduate degree programs are designed in order to make job-hunting easier for students. However, this does not mean that universities are right to rush in the opposite direction, suddenly offering several new mayors that ei\joy high employment rates. Low employment prospects among college graduates can be attributed tx> two things: expanding student recruitment efforts over the last decade and structural problems in the labor market Even with the majors that are most saleable in the job hunt, employment rates will not always necessarily be ideal. Labor surpluses exist everywhere, most especially in cases of increasing numbers of students • 28 •第二章专八作文100篇 flocking to oversubscribed programs that promise better chances of employment. No matter how favorable a degree is in the labor market, when so many people are competing for jobs, any major can come to carry a mgjor risk of unemployment. Ifs improper for universities to expand recruitment by offering dead-end degrees and misleading students about employment prospects. However, it*s also improper to judge a degree track simply by its expected employment rate. Actually, many majors and training programs in universities silently contribute to social progress despite their graduates not er\joying promising career paths. If schools suddenly stopped recruiting students for these degrees just because employment prospects are low, the damage done to society in the long term would be immeasurable. _ 材料解读 材料闱绕当前大学生就业率低的问题，对“大学专业设置是否应考虑就业率”给出正反两种观点。 选段一表示赞同，认为应遵循市场需求(Market Needs Firet)。当学生的专业跟不上市场的步伐(obsolete), 他们找T作会十分困难。大多数发达国家的大学都会考虑市场需求(take market needs into account)，教育部 门也会进行严格的监管(strict management),并提供就业前景信息；而中国的课程设置往往由高校决定，这种和 市场脱节的做法难免会导致低就业率(inevitably resulted in high unemployment rates)。故应建立专业的••招 聘机制” (recruitment system )，及时淘汰过时的专业。 选段二则反对以就业率为标准开设专业，原因有二，一是高校扩招（expanding student recruitment >，二是 劳动力市场的结构性问题(structural problems in the labor market)。实际上很多其他专业也默默地为社会进 步(social progress)做贡献，仅由就业率来评估专业是不恰当的（improper),长期以往将会对社会造成不可估量 的危害(the damage done to society…would be immeasurable.)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：引出大学专业设a 这一话题，并总结材料中对此的正反观点。 主体：提出个人看法—— 大学应该以教育为重，而非就业。并阐述理由和提出解决方案。 结尾：总结全文，重申大学专业设s 不应重点考虑就业。 馨 精 品 范 文 Education-Oriented or Employment-Oriented? Against the background of low employment rate of 现在大学生就业率低，引发了公 university graduates in China, there have been discussions on 众的讨论：大学专业是否应该基于就 whether universities majors should be based on employment. 业率设置？有人认为应建立一个专业 Some believe that a ^recruitment system" for majors should be “招聘机制”，使市场所需的新专业得 established, allowing setting up new majors that are demanded 以开设。有些人认为低就业率不止是 by the market. Others believe that low employment rate is not only caused by majors offered by universities but more by the 专业设置引起的，更是因为大学扩招 expanding student recruitment and the structural problem of 和市场的结构性问题导致他们认为 the job market. They believe that employment should not be a 解决这类问题所考量的主要因素不 major consideration for major setting. 应该是就业率。 • 29 •专八作文 牮研外遇 TQPI I ■ I agree with the latter and believe that universities should 我同意后者的意见，大学应该以 be education-oriented instead of employment-oriented. Employ­ 教育为重，而非以就业为重。就业率 ment rate should not be a decisive element when evaluating a 不应成为评估专业的决定性因素。第 m^jor. Firstly, the aim of universities is more than nurturing 一，大学的目的不仅是培养出合格的 qualified employees for companies. Universities cultivate people 职员，更在于培养人独立思考的能 to think independently and make contribution to the world. 力，奉献社会的精神。历史、逻辑和哲 Majors such as history, logic and philosophy, despite their low 学等专业就业率一直很低，但在推动 employment rate, play a key role in advancing the society. 社会进步方面却扮演着不可或缺的 角色。第二，正如第二个选段提到，就 Secondly, as mentioned in the second excerpt, structural prob­ 业市场的结构性问题和大学扩招才 lems of the job market and high enrollment rate of universities 是就业率低的根本原因，我们应设立 in the past years are the causes for low employment rate of 更多的职业学校来解决这一问题，而 graduates, I believe we should establish more vocational schools 非仅仅就此改变大学的专北设置，通 to meet the demand of the market instead of changing the 过进一步明确以就业为导向的职业 majors in universities. By making further distinction of employ­ 学校和以育人为导向的大学，我们可 ment-oriented vocational schools and education-oriented univer­ 以解决这一问题，为学生提供更有针 sities, we will have more targeted training/education to students, 对性的培训或教育，达到预期目标。 thus achieving desirable results. Thirdly, changing majors based 第三，基于就业来改变大学专业是不 on employment is not sustainable. As employment trends vary 可持续的3 由于就业趋势时刻会变， all the time, universities will have to spend a lot of efforts in 学校要花很多时间去调研、评估和招 investigating, evaluating and recruiting new academic staff... 聘新的老师。这一切都与大学教育的 And this runs to the contrary to the effort of cultivating smart 本质相悖：大学教育应该是给那些进 people who enter the universities with transferrable skills so they 入大学学习的聪明学子提供可ii移 can be useful in every industiy when they work in the future. 的技能，让他们以后无论在哪个^行业 In conclusion, the setting up of majors in universities 工作都能绽放光彩。 should not be solely based on employment and more vocation­ 总之，大学专业的设置不应重点 al schools should be established to solve the low employment 考虑就业，可以通过设立职校来解决 低就业率的问題。 rate problem. _ 好词好句 set up 设立 recruitment /ri_kru:tmant/ n .招收（新成员） decisive /di'saisiv/ a. 决定性的 nurture /n3:tj9/ W. 培育 play a key role in 起关键作用 transferrable skills可迁移的技巧 1. Against the background of...， there have been discussions on...(开头引出话题） 在……的背景下，……成为讨论的焦点。 2. By making further distinction of...， we will…， thus achieving desirable results.(提出解决办法） 通过进一步明确......，我们将.......，从而达到理想的结果。 3. And this runs to the contrary to the effort of...(指出某种做法的副作用） 这与……（目标）相悖3 • 30 •第二章专八作文100篇 有了 麟 ，; 否还 群 习 外 语 ？ m \n m ㈣ i s The number of British universities offering specialist modern-language courses is in sharp decline. This collapse might be partly down to the rise of free translation software such as Google Translate. The following excerpt is about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. express your own opinion, especially whether automatic translation technology will eliminate foreign language learning. I hear more and more about automatic translation technology. Skype recently announced their Skype Translator Preview. This translation technology will make it possible for people to communicate via Skype across languages. Two people can speak two different languages, and the conversation is automatically translated for each person to hear in his or her own language. This technology is not surprising. Google Translate is already quite accurate for many languages, although not for all. The more closely related the languages are in vocabulary and structure, the more accurate the translations are. Recently, text-tospeech technology has greatly improved, enabling any text to be accurately voiced for someone to listen to. How is this likely to affect language learning? I recently did a Google search for articles on the subject and came across a blog post by a Benny the Irish Polyglot where he discusses a product called Vocre. Benny points out that these translations are not always reliable. To me, this is a minor problem. The quality of these translations can only improve over time, since they are based the accumulation of context examples of ever increasing quantity, and in this way the context based- accuracy improves. I already find that Google Translate is much better than it was, and usually serves my purpose. So I don't think that it is the accuracy of this technology that will be the main reason why it will not replace the need to learn languages. leather it is because language learning is not just about learning to ask for directions and ordering beer. Language learning, in my opinion, is about connecting with a different language group, getting an insight into how these people think and getting exposure to their history and culture. This new automatic interpreting technology is helpful for situations like the ones that I will face in Myanmar and Vietnam as a tourist, where I don^t speak the language, and very specific questions that I need to have answered. It is an interim communication tool. It is not a substitute for learning the language. On the contrary, if after visiting Vietnam and Myanmar, I find that one of these countries is sufficiently fascinating, I may very well want to learn the language in order to get closer to those people, their history and their culture. I may simply want to be able to interact naturally with speakers of those languages, not via some interpreting device. Just as the advent of the computer increased the consumption of paper, I tend to think that the 31 • •八作文 华研 introduction of this kind of technology will increase the interest of people in language learning, and not decrease it. It is a short-term bridge or crutch which enables communication across certain language barriers, but not a longer-term resource for really getting to know people and discovering other cultures. This new translation technology will again make our world smaller, bring people closer together, and as a result, people will want to take the next step in getting closer to people who share their world, and learn their language. _ 材料解读 材料对“翻译技术是否会减少语言学习的需求”进行了探讨，总体而言，作者认为翻译技术不会影响学习语 言的必要性。材料大致可分为两部分内容。 前三段主要讨论了翻译技术的发展，指出ft动翻译技术(automatic translation technology)日渐发展，虽然 存在翻译不够精确的问题，但随普平台数据里语境范例的积累（accumulation of context examples)将会逐渐 改善。 后六段作者论述翻译技术不会减少语言学习的原因。因为语言的学习关乎不同语族之间的联系 (connecting with a different language group)、探讨这些人的思维模式（how these people think)以及接触 他们的历史文化(exposure to their history and culture)。作为一种沟通媒介（interim communication tool)， 自动翻译技术反而有助于提高人们学习语言的兴趣（increase the interest)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料内容，指出作者现点—— 翻译技术不会减少语言学习需求。表示自己对这一观点的赞同。 主体：从翻译技术的研发、后期的审阅和了解文化的需求三个方面论证自己的观点。 结尾：总结全文，重申翮译技术不会减少语言学习笛求的观点。 _ 精品范文 Translation Technology Will Not Eliminate Language Learning The emergence of automatic translation technology, such as 自动翻译技术如谷歌翻译和讯 Google Translation and Skype Translator Preview, raises the 佳普翻译试用引起人们的争论—— debate whether it will eliminate foreign language learning. It is 这是否会减少语言学习的需求。选段 pointed out by the excerpt that automatic translation technolo­ 指出，只要平台數据里语境范例的积 gy will overcome the problem of inaccuracy if data of context 累足够，自动翻译技术就能克服准确 examples is enough. However, the author also holds the opinion 性的问题。但是，作者也认为翻译技 that translation technology will not eliminate language learning, as 术不会减少语言学习的需求。因为学 language learning is not only related to information exchange 习语言不只是为了信息的转换，更是 but also a way of knowing the essence of the culture of the 一种领悟目的语核心文化的方式c因 target language. Therefore, automatic translation technology, 此，自动翻译技术并不会减少人们学 rather than saving people the efforts in language learning, be­ 习语言的幼头，它减少了人们获取其 comes a useful intermediary which can surely arouse peopled 他语言信息的难度，成为激发人们语 言学习热情的有效媒介。我认为，翻 passion for language learning by affording them the ease in • 32 •第二章专八作文100 娜外通 receiving information from other languages. As I see it, trans­ 译技术不会减少语言学习的需求。 lation technology will not eliminate language learning. 首先，当前的“自动”翻译技术还 Firstly, the current “automatic” translation technology is still 处于研发阶段，不仅不会减少语言学 in its developing phase; instead of eliminating language 习的需求，反而还会增加语言人才的 learning, the R&D process requires more talents in language 需求。现有的核心科技如文语转换、 studies. The key technologies used, including text-to-speech, or 语音识别和语言配对都需要更多精 speech recognition, text analysis, language matching, can only 通源语和日的语的人才去完成研发。 be realized by masters of both the source language and the 其次，更确切地说，现在的翻译 target language. 技术不是“自动”翻译，而是电脑辅助 Secondly, instead of "automatic" translation, a more appro­ 翻译（CAT),因为其翻译结果需要人 priate way of calling the technology would be computed aided 去进一步编辑和校对，这些都需要更 translation (CAT) because the translation offered by translation 多精通双语的人才。 software needs further editing and proofreading before being 最后，掌握语言所传达的信息并 used, a process requiring more people who are proficient in 不是学习语言的唯一目的学习语言 both languages. 能引导人们了解另一种文化及其思 Lastly, getting the information conveyed by languages is 维方式，而只通过阅读翻译文本并不 not the only purpose of learning languages. Learning languages 能实现这一目的。 will guide people into other cultures and other ways of thinking, 综上所述，自动翻译技术不会减 which cannot be realized by only reading translated texts. 少语言学习的需求，相反，在其研发 Based on the reasons above, automatic translation technol­ 和校对阶段还会增加语言学习的需 ogy will not eliminate language learning; instead, it will boost 求。而且，对于那些想要通过语言了 language learning in the R&D process, editing process and 解别国文化的人，这将激起他们强烈 arouse strong enthusiasm for people who want to know anoth­ 的学习热情。 er culture through languages. _ 好 贿 句 eliminate A’limineit/ v•消除 inaccuracy /in'aekjuresi/ w. 不准确 recognition /rekag nijan/ w.识另丨J proofreading /’pru:f,ri:dir]/ /i•校对 proficient /pre'fiJant/ a .精通的 1 2 convey /kan’vei/ v/•传达 1. The emergence of... raises the debate...(首段引出话题） ......的出现引起了有关.......的讨论。 2. Instead of...， a more appropriate way of calling... would be... because...(揭示某事物的本质） 更确切地说，.......应更适合叫作.......，因为........ • 33 •专八作文 华研外ii 冑 猶 雜 否 是 好 事 ? m n t m Every year, various organizations and magazines publish college rankings issues in their countries. These rankings often get a lot of attention from the media, colleges and college-bound students and their parents. But are these rankings actually a good thing? The following excerpts are opinions from two American experts on this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize both opinions, and then 2. express your opinion towards college rankings. Excerpt 1 Philip Altbac7 Research Professor in the Lynch School of Education at Boston College College and university rankings are ubiquitous worldwide. Big decisions are made on the basis of rankings. Students and their families use them for deciding where to study, governments sometimes allocate funds on the basis of rankings and the academic community obsesses over its current score. In todays world of mass and competitive higher education, rankings are probably and unfortu­ nately inevitable. But what do the rankings measure? Everything and nothing. They claim to provide in a single score the essence of quality. But quality cannot be measured easily, and some aspects of educational performance cannot be accurately assessed at all. Research performance is most easily assessed; it is possible to count articles, grants, books and to measure the impact of work in the sciences. Most rankings rely a lot on measures of reputation, such as asking administrators and academics what they think about various universities. These are notoriously inaccurate. No one has wide knowledge of a range of schools, particularly if asked about institutions in other countries, and subjectivity reigns supreme. Other key variables cannot be accurately gauged. Teaching quality and learning outcomes are among the most problematical—and most important. Further, one size does not fit all in higher education. Harvard University differs immensely from Bunker Hill Community College, just a few miles away. Rankings generally measure the research universities and neglect the rest. Some of the rankings change their criteria from year to year, thus making it difficult to trace trends over time. Excerpt 2 Paul Glastrisf American journalist and political columnist I like rankings. So do most students and parents. Rankings provide a quick and easy way for normal, busy people to visually grasp the results of assessments that are often quite complex. We rely on rankings—Zagat for restaurants, Angie’s List for contractors, Consumer Reports for just about everything else—to be our arbiters of quality and value because we don*t have the time or ability to reliably figure out all the products and services in the marketplace on our own. This is especially true of colleges. Higher education is the biggest investment many people will • 34 •第二章专八作文100 ever make, and often the most fateful. College is also what economists call an “experience good”一 that is, a good or service whose quality isn't readily apparent until after youVe consumed it. Ifs al­ most impossible to buy an experience good intelligently without some reliable third party assessment. Though certainly not perfect, popular college rankings are a great way to sift through thousands of universities and find college options that are most in tune with an individual's wants and needs. In the broadest sense, rankings provide a list of top colleges. This allows prospective students to identify and expand the list of potential 4-year or online schools based on quality of degree programs, majors available, career opportunities and more. For example, if a small school is your priority, you can find a list of the top ten small schools. If you're primarily looking for a social experience, you can check out the top ten party schools. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“大学排名是否是好事”进行了探讨，两个选段正好是相反的观点。 选段一是反对的观点，指出这些大学排名的评估方式并不准确。首先，一所学校的教学质址并不能简单评估 出来(quality cannot be measured easily);其次，这些排名大多依赖学校的声脊做判断，众所周知这是不可靠 的(notoriously inaccurate), 而且这些排名多关注研究型大学而忽略其他学校，标准(criteria)也每年都不同，这 些都说明排名不可靠。 选段二则是支持的观点，指出排名能够让人们迅速便捷地了解信息，而大学可以被看作是“体验式商品"，没 有可雜第三方的评估(reliable third party assessment),人们很难作出选择c 这些排名还能让学生根据自己的 需要选择合适的大学。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结正反双方对大学排名的不同意见。 主体：提出自己观点—— 大学排名是好事，并从三方面阐述理由： 1. 大学排名能让人们直观、快速的区分世界上的众多大学。 2 . 不同的排名有不同的参考标准，这有助于客观全面地体现大学的优缺点。 3 . 大学排名可以显示全球教育资源的分配情况。 结尾：总结全文，重申大学排名不仅对面临择校的个人，而且对于公众而言都是有益的。 _ 精品范文 College Ranking Is a Blessing The college rankings published annually by various organi­ 每年由各种机构和杂志发布的 zations and magazines attract a lot of eyeballs. Whether such 大学排名都非常引人关注，而这种排 conduct is good or not? Supporters, like Mr. Glastris, take it 名是好是坏？像Glastris这样的支持 as a beneficial information as it can help students to choose 者认为这一信息十分有用，能帮助学 colleges that accord with their preferences conveniently, while 生根据自己的偏好便捷地选择大学。 professor Altbac attacks the rankings on their criteria which 而Altbac教授则批评排名的评判标 aren't scientific enough, leading to an inaccurate evaluation of 准不够科学，导致对大学的评估也不 colleges. And the criteria of some rankings vary each year, 够准确。而且，有的排名标准每年都 making it very difficult to follow the change of rankings. • 35 •a 专八作文 牮研外ii Moreover, all the current rankings generally give priority to re­ 变，使人们很难知晓大学排名位次变 search universities and neglect others. 化的原因此外，现在的排名大多都 As far as I’m concerned, college ranking is a blessing 看重研究型大学而忽略了其他类型 based on the following three reasons. Firstly, college rankings 的大学。 give people a direct and fast way of distinguishing thousands 在我看来，大学排名是好事，理 of universities around the world. As going to college is a 由有三。第一，大学排名能让人们直 major investment for most families, college rankings published 观、快速地区分全球上千所大学。上 in major media will make more data available to people who 大学对大多教家庭来说是一项重大 are intended to make sensible and efficient choices. Secondly, 选择，因此各大媒体出台的大学排名 in response to the attack on the validity of the rankings, i.e. 可以提供更多的數据，给那些想高效 the criteria chosen, I believe that different rankings must have 作出明智选择的人参考。第二，关于 considered different criteria which will provide a relatively 有人质疑排名的准确性的问题，即其 comprehensive picture on the strengths and weakness of 参考标准，我认为不同的排名有不同 universities. For example, there are also specialized rankings 的参考标准，这可以相对全面地反应 on universities such as rankings based on a specific m^jor, 出某所大学的优缺点比如，还有一 employment and student satisfaction rate. As most rankings 些特意针对专业、就业或学生满意度 have already published their measuring criteria, people can 进行的排名。大多教的排名也将其评 choose which ranking to believe based on what they consider 价指标公开，所以人们可以根据自己 the most important factor. Thirdly, rankings at universities 最看重的因素做标准，从而选择参考 around the world also reveal a distribution of quality education 哪个排名。第三，大学排名可以显示 resources around the globe. Taking a closer look at these data 出全球教育资源的分配问题。公众在 is crucial and helpful when the public is considering to improve 考虑改善诸如教育公平和南北差距 global issues such as education equality and north-south gap. 等全球议题时，进一步研究这些教据 Armed with the three reasons above, I believe universities 是至关重要的。 基于以上三点理由，尽管排名的 ranking is a blessing regardless of the uncertain criteria the 标准有不确定性，但我仍认为大学排 rankings are conducted by. It*s advantageous to both individu­ 名是好事，不仅对面临择校的个人， als who are faced with the choice of college and the interest 而且对公众利益都是有益的a of the public. _ 好词好句 give priority to 优先考虑 blessing ,blesii]/ /I. 令人高兴的亊物 distinguish /di’stn]gwiJ7 v. 区别 be intended to 打算 valid丨ty /va'丨丨dit丨/ n .有效性 comprehensive /.kmnpri’hensiv/ a. 全面的 1. ... attract a lot of eyeballs.(引出话題） ……非常引人关注。 2. As far as I’m concerned, ... is a blessing based on the following three reasons•(亮明自己支持的观点） 在我看来，……是好事，理由有三。 3. Armed with... I believe... is a blessing regardless of..•(结尾重申支持的观点） 基于……，尽管……我仍认为……是好事.， • 36 •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外11 湎 是否应在 、学 立理财课? ㈣ iS The education authorities in south China’s Guangdong Province have decided to introduce finance into the curriculum in primary and middle schools in Guangzhou. The finance course will cover basic financial knowledge, stock market investment and financial management. This decision has sparked discussions among the public. From the following excerpts^ you can find two different opinions toward this policy. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment on whether it is suitable to set up finance course in primary and middle schools. Excerpt 1 Chen Fang from Xinmin Evening News When it comes to finance, people usually focus on investment and money making. Knowing how to spend one’s money is also a part of it. In China, most children are not familiar with financial concepts. During the Spring Festival, for example, how to best put their 41 lucky money,M monetary gifts given to them by adults, to use is a popular topic of discussion, implying a need to begin financially educating young students. Such an idea is not alien to Western countries. The British, for instance, require schools to educate children in financial management at a young age, even requiring youngsters to complete compulsory courses on the topic. In China, college students5 daily expenses have gleaned discussion. Some students* excess spending is shocking. Partly, this is because they have rich families, but this is also a reflection of their poor financial common sense. Nowadays, a lot of young people spend every penny of their monthly wages without depositing anything into savings. Isn^ this a result of their poor capacity for financial management? Educating students on the proper use of money and giving them some financial knowledge will help them make better use of their allowance and plan for their lives when they mature. Excerpt 2 Pi Haizhou from finance.21cn.com Primary and middle school students should be informed of basic financial knowledge, such as what money is, the function of money and how to properly use money. A correct understanding of money will help foster positive consumption concepts and habits. However, investment topics are too heavy for such young minds. Besides, they may not have an opportunity to practice. If children are sent to the bank to deposit money, their parents and bank staff may feel uneasy. It’s all right for students in middle schools to gain financial knowledge, but it’s too risky for them to go to the stock market. Also, it will squeeze their already limited study time. Their study will be seriously affected if they are distracted by financial issues. To become a rational investor, one must know how to make a basic analysis of the stx)ck market • 37 •专八作文 牮研外ii TQ>_| I and gain a sense of the macroeconomic situation, domestically and internationally. These are difficult topics—how can you expect middle school students to cope with the stock market? A stock market investor must be capable of independently bearing risks, as speculation in this market is a risky practice. Tliere is no necessity to encourage young students to get involved in this speculative activity. _ 材料解读 材料讨论了“是否应在中小学开设理财课”的问题。两个选段的意见各不相同。 选段一是赞同的观点。当前中国学生理财观念的淡薄(not familiar with financial concepts),理财能力的 缺乏导致令人震惊的过度消费(excess spending)，由此说明在中小学开设理财课的必要性。理财课能够帮助中 小学生学会合理消费，为以后的生活做好规划。 选段二则承认在中小学传授基本理财知识(b^sic financial knowledge)是必要的，但对开设投资这类比较 严肃的课程表示质疑。因为投资对中小学的学生是有难度的，让他们学习投资有两大弊端:一是他们还没有独立 承担风险的能力（be capable of independently bearing risks);二是投资会占用他们有限的学习时间（squeeze their already limited study time)。该评论认为开设投资课程明显操之过急。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，分别总结两个选段对在中小学开设理财课的意见，随后提出个人观点—— 给年轻学生提供 理财课程总体来说是有益的，但要尽贵降低这一做法的负面影响。 主体：分两方面阐述在中小学培养学生的理财意识的益处。 1. 现在中小学的学生有更多的零花钱，因此培养其合理消费的意识有其必要性。 2 . 在经济快速发展的社会，基础的投资知识可以为学生的未来发展做准备。 结尾：重申观点，指出理财知识固然重要，但不应该影响学生学习主要课程。 _ 精品范文 Financial Courses Benefit Young Students Average people may associate financial management with 一般人可能会把理财跟投资或盈 investment or the act of making profit, while missing out on 利联系在一起，而忽略了它的另一面， the other aspect, that is, rational spending of money. As a 也就是如何理性消费.，实际上，这两个 matter of fact, these two aspects comprise the core of 方面构成了理财的核心^社会日益商 financial management. In an increasingly commercialized 业化，有些人认为向中小学的学生教 society, it is necessary, as some believe, to teach primary 授理财知识是有必要的，这在一些西 and middle school students financial knowledge, which is a 方国家已经是一种普遍做法。然而一 common practice in some Western countries. However, 些人却认为，投资对埋头学习学校课 others, admitting the benefit of basic financial knowledge, 程并缺少投资知识的年轻学生来说， contend that investment is too serious and too risky a topic 是一个过于严肃和高风险的话题，虽然 for young students who are already obsessed with their school curricula and who lack necessary knowledge of investment. 他们也承认基础理财知识有其好处。 Personally, I believe that offering financial courses to young 我个人认为，总的来说，给年轻学生提 students is basically beneficial, but precaution should be 供理财课是有益的，但必须采取措施 taken to miniiaize the downsides of providing such courses. 减少提供此类课程的负面影响。 • 38 •第二章专八作文100篇 Nowadays, children generally have more money at their 现在，孩子们普遍有更多的零花 disposal and conspicuous consumption, in this case mainly 钱，主要是出于同辈压力，摆阔消费在 caused by peer pressure, is not rare among teenagers. It is 青少年当中并不少见。这些小孩长大 not fanciful to believe that these teenagers are less likely to have a sensible consumption concept when they grow up. To 后很可能缺乏理性消费的观念，这一 foster the proper habit of consumption among young students, 断言并非危言耸听。为了培养年轻学 financial courses are essential. If financial courses are made 子的合理消费观念，理财课必不可少。 available at elementary and secondary schools, then students 如果在中小学设立理财课程，那么学 will learn how to spend their money wisely. What's more, in 生们可以学会如何理性消费，此外，在 a society of rapid economic development, fundamental knowl­ 经济快速发展的社会，基础的投资知 edge of investment, which better prepares students for their 识也是一种生活技能，它可以更好地 future development, is also a life skill. Examples abound that 为学生的未来发展做准备很多富人 many wealthy people go broke all of a sudden. Therefore, 一夜间倾家荡产的例子屡见不鲜。因 helping children to establish a positive sense of financial management is advisable and recommendable. 此，帮助孩子树立积极的理财观念是 Overall, I hold that setting up such courses as basic 可取的，也值得推荐3 financial management and stock exchange is helpful and 总的来说，我认为设立基础理财 beneficial to young students. However, the extent to which 和股票交易等课程有益于年轻学子。 such courses are implemented should be controlled and 不过.这类课程的开展程度应受到监 supervised so as not to affect the students* learning of their 管，不能影响学生学习主要课程。 m^jor curricula. _ 好词好句 comprise /kem’praiz/ v•构成 core /ko:/ /?.核心 be obsessed with 埋头于...... precaution /pri’ko:j9n/ •预防措施 at one’s disposa丨供某人自行处理 conspicuous /kan'spikjues/ a. 显眼的 peer pressure同辈压力 abound /9'baund/ W.富于，充满 1. Average people may associate... with... , while missing out on the other aspect, that is, . .. (指出认 识误区） 一般人可能会把……和……联系在一起，而忽视了另一个方面，那就是...... 2. It is not fanciful to believe that...(正文论证观点） 认为……的观点并非危言耸听。 3. To foster the proper habit of... ,••• is/ are essential.(正文论证观点/提出建议） 为了培养……的好习惯，……必不可少。 4. Examples abound that."(列举事例） ……的例子屡见不鲜。 • 39 •专八作文 _ I 懷 上大学值不值? College education or noty this is a dilemma for the graduates of high school. In terms of this issue, people hold different opinions. The following is an article about a parent’s views on whether students should receive college education. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the author's view; 2. give your comment. Is College Really Necessary for All High School Graduates? One of the biggest assumptions I read about in books and articles about financial planning for your children is the outright assumption that your child must attend a college or university of some sort after graduating from high school, so you^d better financially plan for it. To me, this assumption is one that needs to be seriously re-evaluated. Many people assume that if you don*t go to college and earn a degree, youVe destined for some miserable, failed life, earning minimum wage on a factory floor somewhere. That’s simply not true. There are many opportunities available tx> those who do not attend a post-secondary institution. For example, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, and other tradesmen do not have the need to earn a four year degree to ply their craft, and theyYe always in demand. But in fact, I know from my own experience how beneficial college can be. You can learn critical thinking skills and also get the preparation you need for certain career paths. I spent six years earning two separate bachelor's degrees and I thoroughly eryoyed the experience. After I graduated at age twenty three, I spent six years working at two different jobs directly related to my degrees, both of which I er\joyed quite a lot and both of which paid well. But the itch inside me told me that I needed to forge a different path, and now I find myself in a self-defined career as a writer focusing on personal finance topics. Fm not trained in English nor in finance, yet this is the path Tm following. The point is that college itself does not define the path that your life will follow. When you enter college after high school, youVe moving from thirteen years spent in the educational system directly into another number of years in the educational system. If you*re one of the lucky ones, youVe already figured out your internal talents and passions and—even luckier—your parents have supported and fostered those talents and passions. But most incoming college students aren’t there yet Most of them are either majoring in something that seemed vaguely interesting in high school, or are majoring in something that someone told them would earn them good money. And these were those kids in the minority that were even in college at all. Given all of this, my primary concern for my children^ educational growth is helping them find their natural talents and their natural passions. I intend to encourage their critical thinking skills as much as I can and try to expose them tx> as many areas as possible while still at home. They'll try musical instruments, various art forms, sciences of all kinds, and so on, and we’ll see where their • 40 •第二章专八作文100 块研外诵 natural magnet leads them. Fm also going to strongly encourage them to be entrepreneurs in their spare time, from selling lemonade to mowing lawns. Or maybe even starting their own blogs—Fve discovered some amazingly successful bloggers early in their teen years. _ 材料解读 材料以第一人称的口吻，结合自身的经历讨论上大学是否必要。 前两段首先驳斥了大众对上大学的误解：孩子必须上大学，没有大学学历意味着失败（miserable, failed life)。作者认为这些想法必须重新评估(re*evaluated >。 第三至五段结合自身的求学和工作经历说明大学其实不会决定学生的未来道路(does not define the path that your life will follow),但其貴•正价值所在是学会批评性思考(critical thinking skills)。 最后三段指出，现在许多学生选择大学专业时，多选择那些似乎很有趣(vaguely interesting)又或是旁人认 为是很赚钱的专业，而忽略自身的天赋和热情(internal talents and passions),因此作者建议在培养孩子时，应 注重找出其天赋，鼓励他们进行评判性思考，并鼓励他们在空余时间创业(be entrepreneur)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，概括作者的观点—— 大学教育的价值在于培养学生批判性思考的能力，从而引出自己的观 点—— 上大学终究是有所回报的。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1 . 大学是学生自我提高的平台，为学生提供r 各种专业；大学教育促使学生形成自己的价值观，引领他们探 索新知识，使他们变得成熟。 2 . 大学是强化人际交往的过渡和缓冲阶段。在大学里既能学会人际交往之道，又不至于被社会恶流所冲击。 结尾：e 申观点，总结上大学的好处。 _ 精品范文 Why Not Go to College? As the value and even necessity of liigher education is 很多人怀疑接受高等教育是否有 called into question now, the author of the article gives a 价值，甚至怀疑其必要性。文章的作者 good answer to it. Contrary to the general idea, he thinks 很好地回答了这个问题e和一般人的观 that the true value of college education lies in cultivating 念不同，作者认为大学教育的价值在于 critical thinking skills and finding out internal talents and 培养学生批判性思考的能力，以及让学 passion rather than guaranteeing a well-paid job after grad­ 生找到自己内在的才能和热情，而不是 uation. Therefore, his primary concern for children’s edu­ 保证学生毕业后有一份薪酬丰厚的工 cational growth is not pushing them to go to college, but 作^，因此，他认为孩子们的成长教育最 finding their talents and encourage them to think critically. 重要的不是强迫他们去上大学，而是 I share the author^ opinion that going to college will even­ 让他们找到自己的才能，鼓励他们批 tually pay off, even though not in an economic way. 判性思考。我同意作者的观点，上大学 First of all, higher education indeed offers students a 终究是有所回报的，即使不是经济上的 platform for self-improvement, especially for those who are 回报。 from poor areas. In universities, various majors are provided • 41 •专八作文 牮研外遇 and accessible to everyone, regardless of one’s social and 首先，高等教育的确为学生，尤其 financial background. Students can choose one m^jor they 是来自贫穷地区的学子，提供了 一个自 take great interest in and get proficient at it. College 我提升的平台。大学提供了各种专业， education enables students to become deliberate learners 人人皆有机会学习，而不受社会或经济 capable of formulating their own perspectives on issues, 背景所限制。学生可以选择一个最喜欢 helps them to explore new horizons and transforms them 的专业并精通它。高等教育可以使学生 into mature persons. 成为博学之士，能对各种问题形成自我 Besides, university also functions as a transitional 见解；也有助于学生开阔新视野，使他 phase or buffer time for students to strengthen their inter­ 们走向成熟。 personal skills. Regarded as a microcosm of society, a uni­ 此外，大学也是学生加强人际交往 versity Is filled with people of every description. By inter­ 能力的过渡和缓冲阶段。大学被认为是 acting with different people, students can learn how to po­ 社会的缩影，在这里，有形形色色的人。 sition themselves among the crowd, how to communicate 通过与不同的人交流，学生可以学会如 and cooperate with others. As an educational organization, 何在人群中自我定位，如何与他人沟通 it is to some extent shielded from the evil cruelty in the 合作。作为一个教育机构，大学在一定 harsh realities, enabling students to learn, to work and to 程度上隔绝了现实社会的残酷，使得学 生能够在压力较小的情况下去学习、工 experience without much pressure and certainly free from a 作和体验生活，也不用时时刻刻被上司 boss breathing down their neck. 监视着_ There are many things in life that cannot be measured 人生有许多事物是无法用经济因 by financial rewards. Since going to college offers infinite 报来衡量其价值的。上大学给予学生无 opportunities for self-improvement, and provides a channel 限的机会去自我提升，还能为学生提供 to develop the ability of interpersonal communication, why 锻炼人际交往能力的平台，何乐而不为呢？ not go to college? _ 好词好句 cal丨 into question 怀疑 pay off有报偿 buffer time 缓冲期 microcosm /VnaikrakDzam/ w. 缩影 shield from 防护 breathe down one’s neck 紧盯着 1. I share the author’s opinion that ...will eventually pay off•(指出某事物是有回报的） 我赞同……的意见，……终究是有所回报的。 2. Regarded as..., ••• is filled with..•(描述某事物特点） ……被看作是……，充满…… • 42 •:章专八作文100 雄研外诵 09 家长制动法 The following article is about the 'parent trigger'' laws in the US. The basic concept of the policy is that parents have the ability to intervene in their child’s school if it is performing poorly. With enough signatures from parents， any number of actions can be taken against the low performing school. These can include converting it to a charter school， replacing some of the school’s administration and faculty， and closing the school altogether. From the following article you may find there are both assent and disapproval. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize the development of the parent trigger law, and then 2. express your opinion towards the law, especially whether this kind of law can really benefit students and schools. Parent-Trigger Efforts: At a Crossroads? A Standstill? A Dead End? Seven U.S. states have passed “parent trigger” laws, which give parents the ability to petition for changes at their children's low-performing public schools. If more than half of the parents at a school sign the petition, the school district must comply with the changes. These can include hiring a new staff, hiring a public charter school operator to take over reforms, or closing the school altogether and sending students to better performing neighboring schools. Across the nation, the debate rages on among policymakers, teachers and education advocates: Do parent-trigger-type laws have the potential to turn around underperfonning schools when bureaucrats fail to act? Or should they be dismissed as a flawed tool that can do more harm than good in already struggling school communities? Parent Revolution claims that support is building for parent triggers at local levels in several states, including Tennessee and New York. Memphis Council PTA Vice President Helen Collins said she’s ramping up efforts to build support for a stronger parent-trigger law among 53 schools in Memphis and Shelby County. **We really hope that the teachers and the administrators know that our goal is not to put them out of a job; if anything our goal is to make sure that they understand weVe there to help,” she said. In New York, a loose coalition of Buffalo parents has been backing parent-trigger legislation sponsored by Assemblywoman Crystal Peoples-Stokes. Tom Casey, campaign manager for We The Parents Buffalo, a group of parents, community members and faith-based leaders, said he does have some doubts about the parent trigger, including the difficulty of getting parents to reach consensus on the changes they want to see at a particular school. But he said he supports any tools that give parents more choices of schools, including charters, and believes too often teacher contracts get in the way of overhauling low-achieving ones. “You cannot change a school when you have tenured teachers and tenured principals," Casey said. "The only way to fix it is to totally restructure it.M Critics argue the law is a corporate-backed privatization tool under the guise of parent empower­ ment; they are particularly concerned about using parent trigger to force charter school conversions, • 43 •专八作文 牮研外18 which could strip away from some schools the leadership of elected schcx)l boards. Opponents have further charged that parents have been bullied into signing petitions, though trigger advocates have al­ so accused teachers unions and other opponents of similarly aggressive tactics. Opponents insisted that there are mechanisms already in place to intervene in low performing schools. They point to school accountability committees and local school boards as the existing means for parents to be in­ volved in the operation of their child^ school. They also worry that parents may not be aware of the changes low performing schools have already made such as hiring new administration and teachers. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“家长制动法”展开讨论，可分为三部分内容。 第一段介绍了“家长制动法”的内容，这项条例陚予家长权利，允许他们请愿整改(petition for changes)表 现不佳的学校，如雇佣新教职丁.(hiring a new staff),甚至可以关闭整个学校(closing the school altogether)。 第二段提出人们对这项法律的质疑，包括它能否改善表现不佳的学校（turn around underperforming schools);它对正在面临闲境的学校社区(struggling school communities)而言弊大于利，是否应当废除？ 最后三段分析了“家长制动法”的利弊。支持者认为，这项法律通过改变学校给学生提供更好的教育，是为教 师和学校行政人员提供帮助(t〇 help),而不是遣散他们(put them out of a job)。反对者则认为这项法律是由 企业赞助以牟取私利的工具(a corporate-backed privatization tool);而且，当前已有处理表现不佳的学校的措 施（mechanisms already in place),这项法律没有必要存在。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，从两方面概括社会对家长制动法的支持与反对。 主体：提出个人见解—— 家长制动法有利于提高学校教育水平，但执行时需要透明化、公正化。并加以论述。 结尾：总结全文，家长制动法有其存在的合理性，但只有恰当落实才能真正让学生与学校受益。 精品范文 Parent Trigger Law Need Be Properly Implemented Parent trigger law, as a new legal means to enable par­ 作为一种促使家长参与学校教 ents to involve in school education, has been advocated by 育的新法律手段，家长制动法得到不 several U.S. states, which leads to a nationwide debate among 少美国州政府的支持，这引起了全国 people from all walks of life. Many people show increasing 各行各业人士的讨论。人们对这一法 support for this law, hoping to provide better education for 律的支持日益增长，希望通过改变学 students by changing schools. By contrast, opponents maintain 校来为学生提供更好的教育。然而， that the parties that sponsor the establishment of parent trig­ 反对者则认为这项法律的赞助方可 ger law would take advantage of it to reach their goals, which 能会利用它来达到私人目的，从而损 may damage the school’s functional mechanism. Furthermore, 害学校正常运作的机制。而且，他们 they insist that the law is unnecessary because there are al­ 还认为因为已经有措施处理表现不 ready existing solutions for dealing with underperforming 佳的学校，这项法律并没有存在的必 schools. As far as I can see, I fully sanction the idea of parent 要。 trigger law, which can effectively drive the school to improve 在我看来，我完全认同家长制动 44 • •第二章专八作文100&篇 education quality and thus offer better education for students 法，因为，这一法律可以让家长帮忙 with the help of parents. Based on this law, parents are 华研外ii 有效推动学校改善教育质量，从而为 entitled to supervision on the school administration. When they 学生提供更好的教育条件.，家长制动 find the school failing to meet the needs of students and no 法賦予家长监督学校管理的权利。当 prompt actions are taken by the school, they can initiate any 他们发现学校无法满足学生需求且 necessary action demanding the school make ac^justments on 没有即刻做出调整时，家长会发起必 management or teaching practices. In doing so, education 要的行动要求学校就管理与教学工 quality will be improved and students will be able to access 作方面做出相应调整，这样一来，不 better education opportunities. Yet, in order to bring the law 但教育质量得以改善，学生也能获得 into full play, it should be implemented in a transparent and 更好的教育机会。然而，为了充分发 justified way so that the suggestions for schools can be 挥这一法律效果，这些给学校的建议 actually beneficial to schools and students. Therefore, it is also 应当透明公正地执行，才能使学校和 government^ responsibility to detail the parent trigger law and 学生真正地获益。因此，政府有责任 put it into real effect. 细化该法律并贯彻实施。 To sum up, parent trigger law could be a good way to 总之，如家长制动法得以恰当实 improve teaching quality with proper implementation. Only 施，将有效改善教学质量。而只有当 合理正当地实行该法律，才能真正为 when it is conducted in a reasonable and justified way can it 学校和学生带来好处，最终为孩子的 really benefit schools and students, eventually paving the way 将来打好基础。 for the future of children. _ 好 贿 句 implement /"impliment/ 此实施 all walks of life 社会各界 take advantage of 利用 be entitled to 有权做某事 bring the law into fuH play充分发挥法律效果 paving the way for为......铺平道路 1. ... has been advocated by... which leads to a nationwide debate among people from all walks of life•(引出话题） ……受到……的提倡，这引起了全国各行各业人士的讨论。 2. As far as I can see, I fully sanction the idea of...(提出自己赞同的观点） 在我看来，我完全认同…… 3. Only when W; is conducted in... can it...(结尾强调某一做法） 只有实施……才能…… • 45 •a 专八作文 块研外18 麵 【• ■ 大学否免学费? Nearly every country in the developed world, and more and more in the developing world, provide free primary and secondary education. In the case of university education^ however, there is a great deal of disparity between countries’ education policies. The following are excerpts of opinions. Read them carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Adam Swift， author o f、’How to Reap the Benefits of College” It is a fundamental right of individuals to experience university and to have access to the knowledge it affords. University serves as an extremely valuable forum for different views, which everyone has a right to experience should they wish. The state has a duty to facilitate this development. A state can only truly be considered legitimate when an educated electorate approves it. Without a proper education, individuals cannot be effective citizens. A university education in the modem world is essential to the development of such informed citizens. For this reason, free university is a great benefit tx> a citizen as an exploration for his own development on a personal level, and with his relation to society as a whole. Thomas Kaney author of 'The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College '' There is no right to the university experience. University life is a mess-up. Students rarely take their time in university as seriously as some would suggest. Self-knowledge and genuine wisdom come from study and reflection. This can be done anywhere, not just in a university. There is no fundamental right of individuals to be allowed to take four years free of charge to learn new skills that will benefit them or teach them how to be better citizens. The state’s duty is to provide a baseline of care, which in the case of education secondary school more than provides. If individuals want more they should pay for it themselves. Christine Hill, author of 'Still Paying off that Student Loan^ A university-educated populace is of great value to any state, and provides two main benefits. The first benefit is that it provides extensive economic boons to society. By facilitating higher education, through state funding of university study, countries increase the likelihood and quantity of investment in their economies by both domestic and foreign firms, as a highly educated and skilled workforce is a country trait many businesses consider highly desirable when making investment decisions. The second benefit is the development of leaders in society. States function best when the best and brightest have the opportunity to rise to the top. The barrier to entry created by fees and other costs of university will prevent some potentially high-worth individuals from ever reaching levels of success. Free university education allows all individuals to attend university, guaranteeing that the leaders of tomorrow have the chance to show their worth. • 46 •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外遇 ，UK — I Walter Allen, author of 'College in Black and White" A highly educated populace does not provide the great economic bounties the supporters of free university education propound. Countries need educated people, including a certain amount of university graduates, but the idea that everyone having a degree would benefit society economically is unfounded. There is no economic benefit when people with degrees are doing jobs that do not require university education, and represents a substantial misallocation of resources on the part of the state. As to developing future leaders, those who are gifted or particularly driven can still rise to the top, even if university is not free, as scholarships tend to be mostly aimed at such individuals. Surely, society does not benefit at all from university being free. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“大学是否该免费”的话题给出了四个人的观点，其中第一和第三个人表示支持，其他两个人则持 反对意见。这两组人的观点针锋相对。前两人争论点在于大学教育是否是个人的基本权利（fundamental right of individuals)。 Adam Swift认为，接受大学教育是个体的基本权利，适当的教育才能造就高素质公民 (Without a proper education, individuals cannot be effective citizens),因而国家有责任提供免费的大学教 育。 Thomas Kane的观点与他相反，否认大学教育是公民的基本权利，在任何地方都可以获得知识和技能Man be done anywhere),不必拘泥于大学，国家只是提供最基本的关怀，个人应自己承担大学费用。 后两人的争论点则在于全民接受大学教育是否对经济有利，以及是否能造就未来的国家领导人。 Christine Hill认为全民上大学是必须的，可以培莽高素质和有技能的劳动力（a highly educated and skilled workforce), 而且能给国家的未来领导者(leadere of tomorrow)实现价值的机会。 Walter Allen则认为国家只需要部分大学 毕业生，若大学生从事的T-作不需要其知识，则是一种资源错置(substantial misallocation of resources);此 外，他认为即使需支付大学学费，那些未来的国家领导者也能通过奖学金进入大学学习，也能脱颖而出。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从正反两方面概括专家对免费大学教育的褒贬看法，并提出个人见解—— 大学教育不需要完全免费， 但要让人负担得起。 主体：阐述不必完全免费的原因以及使贫困生也能上得起大学的方式。 结尾：总结全文，重申解决办法。 _ 精品范文 College Doesn’t Need to Be Free At the base of the debate about the right to college 关于是否有权接受大学教育的讨论， education is the question whether college is a private or 归根到底是在讨论大学教育是否于国于 public benefit. Advocators argue that university education 民有利。支持者认为大学教育对现代民主 serves tAvo fundamental interests of a modem democra­ 国家的益处体现在两方面，一是培养受过 cy—an educated citizenry and a professional workforce. 良好教育的公民，二是输送具备专业技能 In this regard, free university is beneficial to both indi­ 的劳动力。，从这点上看，免费的大学教育 viduals and the society. However, some scholars counter 于国于民都有利。但有些学者反驳道，免 that free college is not all it is cracked up to be. The 费的大学教育没有想象中的那么好很多 fact that people with degrees are doing jobs that do not 工作实际上是不需要大学文凭的，这反映 require university education represents a misallocation of • 47 •专八作文 牮研外« ▼WMSHBLJ** resources. We agree that education should be considered 出资源的不当配置。虽然我们承认大学教 as inalienable, but the high expenses of it cannot be ig­ 育的权利不应该被剥夺，但其高昂的费用 nored. In my opinion, it is necessary to bring college 却是个不容忽视的问题。依我看来，大学 within financial reach, but not necessary to make it free 教育必须在普通民众的经济承受范围之 for all. 内，但没有必要完全免费。 Why? Making college completely free creates a moral 为什么呢？因为大学教育免费造成了 hazard problem. Students who have free access to 一个道德风险问題。免费进入大学的学生 colleges may take higher education for granted, and the 可能会看轻高等教育，很可能迟迟毕不了 likelihood that they will graduate on time will decrease 业。最后，学生对于大学教育的态度越来 even further. In the end, students become more frivolous and less choosy about the university they go. 越随意且越发不在意。 In fact, as the real problem is that the rising tuition 其实，真正的问题是昂贵的学费让一 is scaring some best but impoverished students away from 些优秀的贫困学子无法进入大学，而我们 enrolling in college, what we need to do is to keep 要做的是让这些学生也上得起大学。这才 college affordable. That is the crux of the matter. 是问题的关键所在。让人们付得起大学学 Basically, there are two approaches to affordability: 费的办法大体有二，一是增加政府补助， increasing government’s subsidy or cutting down college’s 二是减少大学的运作成本。政府政策的落 cost. The fcx^us of government policy has been on the 脚点一直在前者，所以我们更应该把关注 former and we need more of the latter. Actually higher 点放在后者上。实际上，高等教育人员臃 education organization is a bloated enterprise. Too many 肿。教授人數太多，真正教书的却大少，而 professors do too little teaching to too many ill-prepared 且许多学生的基础不扎实。此外，虽然行 students. Besides, although the size of the administration 政管理以及员工的规模不断扩大，但是这 and staff increases substantially, the benefits are suspect. 种人员增加所带来的好处是值得怀疑的。 To conclude, the efficacy of making college free de­ 总而言之，大学教育免费的作用还有 serves closer scrutiny. Instead, targeted government subsi­ 待进一步考察。保证高等教育的质量，让 dies and cost>cutting measures are more feasible ways to 寒门才俊也能上得起学，更切实的办法还 ensure quality higher education and make it available to 是依靠政府补助以及削减开支。 driven students irrespective of their family^ income. _ 好词好句 crack up 吹捧 inalienab丨e /in'eilenabl/ •不可剥夺的 hazard /haezad/ /!• 危险，公害 frivolous /frivalas/ a. 漫不经心的 choosy /*tju:zi/仏 潘慎选择的 scare away 吓跑 impover丨shed /im'pm/arijt/ a. 穷困的 crux /krAks/ n•关键 bloated /*bl8utid/ a .臃肿的 efficacy /efikasi/ n• 功效，效力 scrutiny /*skru:tini/ /t•详细检査 driven /drivn/ a•(人）发愤图强的 1. At the base of the debate about", is the question...(揭示争论的关键问題） 关于……的讨论，归根结底是…… 2. That is the crux of the matter.(强调问题的重要性） 这才是问题的关键所在。 • 3. To conclude, the efficacy of.•• deserves closer scrutiny• (总结某一做法的效果） 总而言之，……的功效仍有待进一步考察3 • 48 •幼儿园有男教师的好处 Traditionallyf teachers in kindergartens are dominantly female, but now male teachers are exceptionally popular in China. The following two excerpts provide opinions on male teachers in kindergartens, in the US and China respectively. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both excerpts, and then 2. give your comment on whether it is a good idea to hire more male teachers in a kindergarten. Excerpt 1 In recent years, education experts have converged on one big idea: Teachers matter. Studies show that years of good teaching can set a student on a good path, while years of bad teaching can do the opposite. Yet only a fraction of our teachers are the best and the brightest of their generation. Here’s a simple idea that could dramatically improve the teaching quality: Hire a few good men. Teaching now remains a female-dominated profession. This is especially true for younger children. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only 2% of kindergarten teachers are men. Why should this concern us? First, men represent an underutilized talent pool. If we could attract more males to teaching, school districts would have an easier time hiring outstanding individuals. The point is not that men are better teachers, but that highly qualified men are far less likely to apply for teaching jobs. Second, boys in particular benefit from the presence of male role models in the classroom. If we want tx) do something about boys* often sluggish classroom performance, more male teachers could be a useful step. Our children deserve the very best teachers we can find, whether men or women. We need to be more creative in letting young men know that they should consider teaching as a profession. Excerpt 2 One year ago, Hai Jun was hogging media attention for being the first male kindergarten teacher in Shenyang, but he quit earlier this month. Many suspect that his departure was caused by traditional bias against male pre-school teachers, which has forced many of Hai’s male colleagues to leave. "It seems that few of these young graduates can withstand the bias no matter how enthusiastic they were in the beginning,M says Wang Ying, deputy head of a Shenyang-based nursery school. But even as male teachers find the going tough, there is a clamour for them in many places, such as South Chinas Guangdong Province. Some kindergartens in the province, convinced that a male presence would be healthy, beg fathers to volunteer in their schools. According to statistics released by the Guangzhou education department, only 14 out of 28,422 kindergarten teachers in the city were men at the end of last year. • 49 •专八作文 华研外遇»4 rxi»were«*u It is generally agreed that having a male teacher is conducive to developing a child's character and balance women-dominated kindergartens. Not a few parents complain that their boys behave like sissies since they imitate their teachers. A male kindergarten teacher sumamed Ma says that the kids love him and that he has won much acclaim from both parents and female colleagues. *Male teachers play an important role in cultivating children^ boldness and help develop a strong will," says Wang, referring to the growing demand for male teachers. However, that is one area where males fear to tread in China* Traditionally men were considered careless, clumsy and not suited to take care of children. "Fundamentally, it’s the traditional concept that has forced these men to give up,” says Sun Hongyan, deputy director of the Beying-based Research Institute for Children. _ 材料解读 材料给出了两段选文，主要探讨了中美两国幼儿园男教师的问题。 选文一中提到，美国教育专家认为雇佣一些优秀男教师能极大提高教学质tt(could dramatically improve the teaching quality),原因在于目前幼儿园男教师非常少，不利于吸引人才（highly qualified men are far less likely to apply for teaching jobs),男孩子在课堂不活跃(boys, often sluggish classroom performance)也是 个问题。 选文二中提到，在中国，幼儿园男教师的处境艰难（going tough),但与此同时对幼儿园男教师需求很大(a clamour)。社会普遍的观点是男教师有助于培养孩子们的性格(developing a child’s character),平衡幼儿园里 女教师占主导的失衡状况(balance womervdominated kindergartens)。但由于社会存在对男教师的传统偏见， 很多男性不得不放弃这个职业(forced these men to give up〉。 综上所述，题目给出的两段选文共同探讨了幼儿园男教师不足的问题，都支持增加男教师在幼儿园的比例。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结材料内容.顺势提出自己的观点：幼儿园有男教师是有好处的。 主体：分两方面阐述自己的观点C 1. 幼儿园聘用男教师有利于对孩子的全面教育。 2 . 聘用男教师还反映了性别平等的趋势 结尾：重申上述两方面的论点，总结全文。 _ 精品范文 Kindergartens Need a Touch of Masculinity The two excerpts mainly discuss male teachers in 这两个选段主要讨论有关幼儿园 kindergartens. In the US, education experts believe that male 男教师的问题。美国的教育专家认为， teachers can make a great difference in improving the 雇佣一些男教师可以极大提高教学质 education quality as more male teachers would make it easier 量，因为这有助于吸引更多优秀的男 to employ highly qualified men and are helpful in cheering 性人才，还可以让男生们在课堂上更 boys up in classroom. In China, male teachers in 加活跃中国的幼儿园男教师们处境 kindergartens are having a tough time while at the same time • 50 •第二章专八作文100篇 in great demand. Having more male teachers, as believed, can 艰难，但与此同时对他们的需求极 contribute to the development of children’s character and 大。人们相信增加男教师对培养孩子 change the highly imbalanced male-female ratio of teachers in 的性格很有帮助，而且也能平衡幼儿 kindergartens. As far as I am concerned, the popularity of 园男女教师比例严重失调的问题。在 male kindergarten teachers is a good sign that helps to better 我看来，幼儿园男教师的流行是一 the comprehensive education in kindergartens and that reflects 件好事，它能够帮助改善幼儿园的 the trend of gender equality. 全面教育，并且反映出性别平等的 First and foremost, having male teachers in kindergartens 趋势。 is beneficial to the comprehensive education of children. 首先，幼儿园聘用男教师有利于 Unlike female teachers who are patient and loving, male 对孩子的全面教育。跟兼具耐心及爱 teachers add more masculine features to kindergarten 心的女教师不同，男教师总的来说能 education as a whole. For example, male teachers can teach 够为幼儿园教育带来更多的男性特 children sports that are apparently helpful to both the 质。例如，男教师可以教给孩子们对其 physical and psychological development of children. 生理和心理成长都有好处的运动项 Furthermore, male teachers can also teach children to be 目。此外，男教师也能教会孩子们在面 stronger and tougher when faced with problems. In a word, 对困难时更加坚强勇敢。总之，男教师 male teachers serve as a very good complementation of 是对女教师的一个很好的补充，并且 female teachers and help to better the education quality of 能提升幼儿园整体的教学质量。 kindergartens in general. 此外，聘用男教师还反映了性别 Secondly, hiring male teachers in kindergartens also 平等的趋势。社会发展的一个重要标 reflects the trend of gender equality. One important feature of 志就是人们不再因为性别而在择业时 social development is that people are no longer supposed to 受限。在（女教师占主导的）幼儿园里 be confined to particular career choices because of their 聘用更多的男教师，能够帮助孩子们 genders. Hiring more male teachers helps to establish a sense 自小就建立性别平等的意识，帮助他 of gender equality for children at an early age and helps 们意识到无论性别如何，人们都可以 children to realize that one can take the job he or she loves, 选择自己想做的工作。 regardless of the gender. 总之，在幼儿园聘用男教师是有 To conclude, having male teachers in kindergartens is 好处的，因为该做法不仅有助于完善 beneficial not only because it helps to build a comprehensive 幼儿园的全面教育，而且有助于传播 kindergarten education, but also because it helps to promote 性别平等的理念。 the concept of gender equality. _ 好词好句 make a great difference 有很大影响 better /beta/ v. 改善 comprehensive /,kDmpri’hensiv/ a. 全面的 masculine /■(Tiaeskjulin/ a. 男性的 complementation /.kompliman’teij"an/ n. 互补 be confined to 局限于 1. First and foremost, ... is beneficial to...; Secondly, ... also reflects the trend of...(提出分论点） 首先，……有利于……；此外，……还反映了……的趋势。 2. To conclude,…is beneficial not only because...， but also because". ( 结尾总结，支持某做法） 总之，......是有好处的，因为该做法不仅有助于.......，而且有助于…… . 51 •专八作文 华研n ti T〇»«erW«*UW» 評 要 让 学 龄 献 童 学 外 语 ? Some parents are sending their pre-school age children to take foreign language courses, with a view to developing their kids1 foreign language skills the earlier the better. The following are excerpts about this trend. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both articles; 2. give your comment Excerpt 1 In the first week of school, Schools Superintendent Anthony Bivona went back to kindergarten and first grade. And he learned a couple new words—in Spanish. For the first year, Center Elementary^ 500 or so kindergarten and first-graders are learning a foreign language. Brookfield is one of the few traditional public school districts in the Western Connecticut region to expand world languages to the kindergarten level. It is one of 10 in the state. Sienna Katz, the youngest daughter of multilingual school board member Victor Katz, came home from her first day at Center able to speak seven different words, including her name. On'the second day, she came home singing a song in Spanish. "At that age, they absorb it like a sponge,M said Katz, who works as a software engineer for an international company, where he is called upon to speak a variety of languages. An outspoken advocate for expanding the district's foreign language program, Katz said the benefit is unquestionable, with many studies showing proof that academic performance of children is advanced by early language learning. The National Network of Early Language Learning says acquiring those early literacy and cognitive skills helps youngsters with standardized tests, teaches them positive attitudes toward different cultures and makes it easier to acquire broader language skills later in life. Excerpt 2 Parents in South Korea who put their pre-school-age children into English language classes are wasting their money and could be slowing their educational development. This is the message delivered by an education pressure group, World Without Worries About Private Education. It has distributed 200,000 copies of booklet, assessing 12 common misconceptions about the value of starting English learning early with contributions from education experts, commentators and parents. The main message in the booklet is that very young children make little progress in English when they are put into special English-medium kindergartens by their parents. Kim Seung-hyiin, policy director of World Without Worries, says that children starting English glasses at eight or nine years can learn in six months what a child starting at five has learned in two • 52 •第二章专八作文100 years. World Without Worries recommends that children start learning English from age 10, by which time they are confident in their first language, have well-developed cognitive skills and are motivated to learn. Kim also claims that research comparing the development of children at English-medium kindergartens with their counterparts at pre-schools who eschew foreign languages supports this case. "The results showed that children who go to normal kindergartens scored higher in language ability and creativeness. The amount of time and energy children devote to English is harmful to the development of essential skills.M _ 材料解读 材料由两个选段构成，主要围绕“孩子在幼儿园学外语”的优缺点展开阐述。 选段一主要介绍孩子在幼儿园学外语的好处，包括提髙学业表现(advanced academic performance)、教导 孩子以积极的态度看待不同文化(teaches them positive attitudes toward different cultures)、将来更容易习 得更多的语言技能（makes it easier to acquire broader language skills later in life)等。 选段二则主要是基于韩国一个教育组织的观点，介绍了孩子在幼儿园学外语的负面效应，包括：浪费金钱 (are wasting their money 延缓孩子的学业发展（slowing their educational development 进步不大（make )、 )、 little progress)等。 _ 谋篇布局 开头：引出学龄前儿童学外语的现象，分别概括两段材料的不同观点，并在此基础上提出IH己的观点，即父 母不用专门让孩子在幼儿园学外语。 主体：分两点阐述理由。 1 . 过早接触外语会加重孩子的负担，并说明负担加重的理由：孩子在幼儿园应该以玩为主，不是以学外语 为主。 2 . 幼儿园教育的初衷不是学习外语，而是培养人际交往和“感同身受”的能力。 结尾：重申观点，幼儿园不是语言培训机构，父母不必操之过急。 _ 精品范文 Kids Needn't Learn a Foreign Language in Kindergarten Nowadays it has become a trend that pre-school-age 如今学龄前儿童在幼儿园学习外 children take foreign language courses in kindergartens. 语已成为一种趋势。支持者认为此举 Advocates believe that early language learning can improve 可提高孩子的学业成绩，让他们在参 children, academic performance and give them an edge on 加统一考试、培养对不同文化的积极 standardized test, developing positive attitudes to different 态度以及学习语言技巧方面都会更有 cultures and acquisition of language skills. An education 优势。然而，韩国的一个教育组织提醒 group in South Korea, however, warns that putting their pre­ 说，家长将学龄前儿童送去学外语不 school-age children into foreign language classes parents are 仅浪费钱还可能阻碍孩子的学业发 wasting their money and could be slowing children’s 展。相反，这个教育组织建议让孩子从 educational development. Instead, this education group • 53 •专八作文 TteFeweNBL** recommends that children start learning English from age 10. 10岁开始学习外语。在我看来，不必 In my view, early language learning is an unnecessary gesture 过早学习外语，因为这会使孩子倍感 which burdens children and distorts the nature of kindergarten 压力和歪曲幼儿园教育的性质。 education. 首先，过早地接触外语会给孩子 To start with, premature contact with a foreign language 施加压力。童年应该是无忧无虑的宝 could impose pressure upon children. Childhood is a valuable 贵时光，让想象力不受任何羁绊。语言 period of time for carefree adventures and giving free rein to 的习得，虽然是很重要的一部分，但也 imagination. Language acquisition, though an important part, 不需要过分苛求，把孩子送进花俏而 need not be excessively pursued by sending children to a 昂贵的幼儿园。这样做，不管家长多么 有道理、多大程度上是出于好意，都会 fancy and pricey kindergarten. This gesture, however justified 使孩子在学习外语的重压之下吃不 or well-intentioned, overwhelms children with the obligation to 消。他们在这个年纪应该多挖掘一下 master a foreign language at an age when all sorts of 其他的潜能。 possibilities remain open for equal exploration. 此外，学前教育的首要任务是培养 Moreover, the primary task of preschool education is to 孩子良好的沟通习惯，而不是语言的 initiate children into good communication, rather than lan­ 传授。幼儿园或许是第一个平台，让孩 guage impartation. A kindergarten provides probably the first 子学会与同伴沟通、分享和玩耍c幼儿 platform in which children learn to talk, share and play with 园是灌输人际交往和感同身受的地 their peers. It*s a place where they are introduced to the idea 方在幼年的时候不强调学会同感而 of interaction and empathy. Overemphasizing foreign language 强调去学外语，无疑是本末倒置之举。 skills instead of the sense of empathy at such an early age is 总之，父母迫切要把孩子培养成 no doubt putting the cart before the horse. 语言奇才，其心意可以理解，但是这往 To conclude, the parental urge to create a linguistic talent, 往会导致孩子承受很大的压力，更不 although understandable, often results in pressure on the child, 用说给家庭带来的经济负担. 因此，当 let alone financial burden on the family. Therefore, it is best to 花儿还是花骨朵的时候，我们就应让 let nature take its course when a flower is still in a bud 它顺其自然发展，幼儿园，毕竞不是语 言培训中心。 Kindergartens, after all, are not language training centers. _ 好词好句 edge /ed3/ n•优势 distort /di’st〇:t/ v•曲解 premature /prematja/ a•不成熟的 give free re丨n to 使......自由发挥 empathy /*emp90i/ /i•同情 put the cart before the horse 本末倒置 let alone更不用说 1. Nowadays it has become a trend that...(首段或正文指出一种热点社会现象/趋势） 如今……已成为一种趋势。 2. In my view, ... is an unnecessary gesture•(亮明作者观点） 在我看来，....不必要。 • 54 •第二章专八作文100 錄研外诵 是否将体育课作为中小学的必修课？ In many countries, like China and the UK, physical Education (PE) is compulsory in state schools until the age of 16. Every year, however more and more parents believe that their children shouldn’t have to participate in physical activity if they don’t want to and that it is not a conducive educational activity or environment. The followings are opinions from both educators and parents on this issue. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Educator Gwen Randally Principal of Millennium Primary School, UK Participation in sport promotes healtli. The effect on self-esteem and well-being as a product of sport can only be experienced by certain children if forced by their schools to first participate. Government is, or should be, concerned with the health of its citizens. Besides, encouraging physical activity in the young through compulsory PE fights child obesity and contributes to forming lifelong habits of exercise. In addition, physical education helps to forge character and the mutual respect required to succeed in an adult environment. Playing team sports builds character and encourages students to work with others, as they would be expected to do in most business or sporting environments. Sport teaches children how to win and lose with good grace and builds a strong school spirit through competition with other institutions. Compulsory physical education is the only means by which all children can be forced to appreciate such advantages. Parents David Batty Students should be allowed a choice with relation to their school subjects, including physical education. Children know, often from early ages, what they want to do with their life from what subjects they eryoy and those they don't. Lots of children don't want to do physical education; it is different from any other lesson—it is about what one does with one’s body. For those not confident about their bodies, why should they be forced to go through the embarrassment and stress of a PE class when they could be spending the time most constructively and happily in a classroom? Fiona Haslam Sport is a waste of school time and resources. One or two PE lessons a week make very little difference to an individual’s health—but a huge difference to a school’s budget. It creates a whole extra department in schools, wasting a great deal of money and time that could be better spent on academic lessons. It also requires schools buildings to be surrounded by a large amount of land for playing fields, making it prohibitively expensive to build new schools in urban areas. The quality of teaching is low, as students are taught in huge classes. On the other hand, the quality of teaching and of equipment goes up if there are fewer (but keener) students taking the subject. • 55 •专八作文 华研外« Kevin Brennan Successful sporting nations realise that sports, like any other specialised subjects, are best taught to selected groups that display both talent and interest in the field—forcing all to compete holds back the able and punishes the less able. The right way to go is to liberate those that don’t want to participate, and allow those that are extremely keen to go to academies that focus their talents more efficiently than a regular school ever could. Furthermore, our children are burdened enough in schools already, especially at the older end of the system, with multiple examinations. PE simply adds, needlessly, to this hectic schedule. _ 材料解读 材料主要针对“是否将体育课作为中小学的必修课”的问题，分别给出了教育工作者和家长的观点。 教育工作者支持将体育作为必修课，理由是参加体育运动有助于健康（Participation in sport promotes health >。学生可以在体育课上收获自钵（self-esteem )、健康（well-being),终身的运动习惯（lifelong habits of exercise )、互相尊 ® (mutual respect)以及团队协作精神（work with others) 〇 家长们则一致反对将体育作为必修课.David和Kevin认为应选择性地(be allowed a choice)为部分学生 开设体育课，针对那些有专长和感兴趣的学生，而不应让其他学生遭受尴尬和压力（embarrassment and stress),更不必为繁t 的课程增添负担。家长Fiona更是认为体育课更是浪费学校时间和资源。单靠一两节体育 课并不能增强学生体质，反而会给学校增加极大的负担(a huge difference to a school’s budget)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：先整合概括正反双方的观点，然后表明自己的论点一 - 支持将体育作为必修课。 主体：从三方面进行阐述。 1. 从当前年轻人的健康问题着眼，说明体育必修课是增强体质的基本一步。 2 . 反驳体育增加了学生学业负担的观点，指出体育实质上有利于提高学生的学习效率。 3 . 进一步说明体育可以增加学校课程的多样性，让学生更为全面发展。 结尾：总结全文，建议学生和家长看到体育必修课的优势。 _ 精品范文 PE Should Be Made Compulsory in Schools Although physical education has been a compulsory 虽然体育在很多国家的中小学都是 curriculum in primary and middle schools in many coun­ 一门必修课程，但对于这项政策的议论 tries, debate over this policy never ceases, with a broad 从未停止过，充斥着各种观点，有热烈的 spectrum of opinions running from enthusiastic praise to se­ 赞杨，也有严厉的批评许多教育工作者 vere criticism. Many educators endorse compulsory PE, in 支持体育作必修课，因为这不仅能促进 that it not only enhances students* health, but also culti­ 学生的健康，而且可以培养多种有助于 vates multiple qualities that will contribute to their success 学生曰后取得成功的品质，例如相互尊 in future life, such as mutual respect, team spirit and gocxl 重、团队精神和优雅风度等。然而，不少 grace. However, not a few parents air their complaint, de­ 家长却表示不满，指责体育必修课是强 nouncing compulsory PE as fetters forced upon children as 加给学生的枷锁，对学校的财政也是一 well as a huge burden to a school’s budget and suggesting 个沉重的负担，建议这个科目只面向特 that the subject be taught to selected groups. FYom my per- 56 • •第二章专八作文100 spective, PE should be made compulsory in schools. 定的学生群体。在我看来，体育在中小学 To begin with, PE is conducive to strengthening stu­ 应该作为必修课程。 dents* physical constitution. Nowadays, due to the giant con­ 首先，体育有利于增强学生的体质。 sumption of junk food and insufficient amount of exercises, 如今，由于大量摄入垃圾食品和运动量 more and more youngsters are inflicted with diseases that 不足，越来越多的年轻人患上了以前只 used to assault older people. Meanwhile, child obesity has 困扰中老年人的疾病。与此同时，儿童肥 become an alanning health issue in many countries. Making 胖症在许多国家也成为了一个严重的健 PE compulsory is a basic step towards combating these 康问题。将体育作为必修课是对抗上述 problems. 问题的基本方法。 Secondly, instead of adding to the academic burden, PE 其次，体育不仅不会增加学生的学 actually helps to promote learning efficiency. After the hectic 业负担，反而会助其提高学习效率。经历 study and examinations, physical activities will be a tonic 了繁重的学习和考试之后，体育活动对 for the exhausted mind. Doing sports is an excellent way to 于疲惫的大脑无疑是一剂良药。做运动 get the nerves eased and the mind refreshed, restoring one 是舒缓神经和消除大脑疲劳的一个好办 to a better condition and thus making the study more effi­ 法，能够使人恢复最佳状态，从而提高学 cient. 习效率。 Lastly’ physical education contributes to the diversity of 最后，体育课有助于丰富学校课程 school curricula. For most primary and middle schools, the 的多样性。多数中小学开设的大部分课 majority of subjects are of an academic nature, mainly fo­ 程都是文化课，主要致力于发展学生的 cusing on developing students1 2 3 minds. To make PE compul­ 心智。将体育作为必修课能够使学校的 sory allows the school curricula to cover both intellectual 课程涵盖身心两个方面，让学生能够更 and physical aspects, which can provide the school kids 为全面地发展 with a more balanced development. 总而言之，体育必修课的好处颇多。 All in all, compulsory PE boasts abounding benefits. Stu­ 学生和家长应看到这些优势，享受这个 dents and parents should learn to appreciate the advantages and eryoy the great fun the subject brings. 科目带来的无穷乐趣。 _ 好词好句 spectrum /spektram/ w endorse /in'do:s/ v •范 围 /.赞同 air one’s complaint denounce /di’nauns/ v 表 示 不 满 /• 指 责 fetter /fete/ ii . 挪 锁 conducive /karVdju:siv/ 仏 有 益 的 be conducive to 有 助 于 constitution /.kDnsti’tjuzJan/ w • 体 质 be inflicted with… 承 担 （痛 苦 ，疾 病 ） hectic /"hektik/ a . 忙 碌 的 tonic /tnnik/ n . 补 药 1. Debate over... never ceases, with a broad spectrum of opinions running from enthusiastic praise to severe criticism".(针对某事物的争议） 关于……的争论从未停止，充斥着各种观点，有热烈的赞杨，也有严厉的批评。 2. However, not a few parents air their complaint，denouncing...(提出不同观点） 然而，不少家长表示不满，指责…… 3. All in all, ••• boasts abounding benefits 结重申支持的态度） • ( 总 总之，……益处颇多。 • 57 •专八作文 牮研外诵 dMEm s 否 祕 额 立 女 校 ? Now China has about 20 girls9 middle schools^ most of which are owned by government. The only private one was established recently in Guangdong. Its establishment gained the support of local government. Since its foundation, it has caused a wide discussion in society at large. The following are opinions on the necessity of girls9 school. Read them carefully and write your response of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Zhong Yijun: Girls* schools are paid more attention to in developed countries. Historically, China has also had very successful schools of this kind, such as the very famous Shanghai Third Middle School. Girls' schools are able to design special courses based on the characteristics of women to make up for weaknesses in traditional education and are better for girls to take advantage of their inherent strengths. As long as these schools are well directed, they will uncover womens greatest potential and cultivate outstanding women. Wang Jiaye: In intelligence and emotional development, boys and girls have their respective features. Tailoring education specifically to girls is the essential purpose of girls’ schools. Girls’ schools today don’t go back to the closeted education of the past and they don*t just add some courses for women. Instead, the newly built girls* middle school has made it very clear from the beginning that it will teach stu­ dents based on gender. Teaching methods for some courses such as mathematics, physics and chem­ istry, would be specially designed for girls. At the same time, classes will be offered by the school based on young women’s advantages in imaginative thinking， appreciation of art and literature, and foreign language learning. Xiao Cao: In my opinion, the true purposes of setting up girls' school are: first, the use of the establishment as a brand to attract students from wealthier families; second, they want to restrain impulses of youth, which is just suppressing their emotional needs and is bad for their growth. China used to have many girls’ schools but most of them were shut down along with the progress of society. In ancient times, girls didn't have the right to go to school for education, and some were even dressed as boys to sneak into schcx)ls in pursuit of knowledge. Girls* schools ap­ peared later as a demonstration of giving them the right to education. But girls* schools have many disadvantages, and the most important one is that it isolates girls and is bad for their emotional development. That’s why there are now few girls’ schools in China. Setting up girls' schools is regressive rather than progressive. Wen Xianliang: Separating boys and girls and giving them different education is negative. A girls' school is not good for the equal rights of men and women, neither is it good for good communication between • 58 •:章专八作文100 绝研外<8 these two groups in the future. What/s worse, ifs not good for the development of children's gender identities. Separating boys and girls to avoid puppy love is a negative behavior. Cultivating gender identities from an early age is in accordance with the development trends of society. Wu Zhongkui: A girls1 middle school is not a good choice. It's very important for girls at this age to maintain contact with boys. It^s a very significant phase of life and isolating girls during this period is harmful to their emotional development since the society is mixed and there are two genders. These girls will have difficulties or psychological problems in society in dealing with boys in the future. As a transition, girls1 schools may be OK for girls to stay for one or two years, but staying there too long is definitely not good. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否应该设立女校”展开讨论，给出了五段看法，包含正反双方观点。 其中，前两段材料支持设立女校，理由如下：设立女校可以根据女生的特点有针对性地提供更合适的教学方 法（design special courses based on the characteristics of women)、发挥女生的内在优势（better for girls to take advantage of their inherent strengths)、培养杰出的女性（cultivate outstanding women)。 后三段材料反对设立女校，主要列出了设立女校的不利因素，包括压抑情感需求（suppressing their emo« tional needs)、孤立女生（isolates girls)、不利于女生的情感发展（bad for their emotional development)、不 利于男女生之间的良好交流（neither is it good for good communication between these two groups)等。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简单总结材料观点，然后提出自己的观点：坚决反对设立女校。 主体：分三点详细阐述自己的观点：首先，单一性别环境下的教育有助于提升学生的学业表现这一说法有待 商榷。其次，女校并无存在的必要。再次，女校因为把女生孤立起来剥夺了女生了解真实世界的机会。 结尾：重申观点，总结全文。 _ 精品范文 Girls, School Should Not Be Established There has long been a heated discussion on whether 关于应否设立女校的热烈讨论由 girls' school should be established or not. Advocates believe 来已久。支持者认为设立女校可以根据 that schools specifically for girls could design curriculums 女生的特点设置课程，从而挖掘女生的 based on girls, feature, and thus uncover girls* greatest po­ 潜力，培养杰出的女性，反对者则认为 tential and cultivate outstanding women. Opponents, howev­ 设立女校会孤立女生、压抑女生的情 er, argue that setting up girls, school will isolate girls, sup- 感、妨碍女生习得社会技能、不利于其 press their emotions, cost them their social skills and is bad 长远发展。在我看来，我坚决反对设立 for their development in the long term. As for myself, I 女校。 have a firm belief that girls1 school should not be estab­ 首先，单一性别环境下的教育有助 lished. 于提升学生的学业表现这一说法依然 To begin with, it is still questionable that single-sex e- 存疑。专为女生制定的课程不一定就等 ducation improves students' academic performance. Girl- • 59 •专八作文 specific curriculums do not necessarily equal to good edu­ 同于优质教育，因为尽管课程可以针对 cation. While the curriculums can be designed to be girl- 女生制定，教授课程的老师可能并未接 specific, the teachers may not have enough training to em­ 受过足够的培训以适应女生的技巧授 ploy girl-specific teaching techniques. Apart from high teach­ 课。而除了高水平的教学，优质教育的构 ing quality, the elements of good education also include fa­ 成还包括良好的学习环境、有组织的曰 vorable learning atmosphere, structured daily and classroom 常和课堂日程安排、尽责和关爱学生的 routines, and dedicated and caring support staff, etc. There­ 后勤人员等等。因此，专为女生定制的教 fore, tailoring education specifically to girls does not neces­ 学未必就能确保提升学生的学业表现， sarily guarantee better academic performance. 其次，女校实則并无存在的必要。不 Next, girls* school is indeed unnecessary. Every individ­ 管男生女生，每个学生的成长速度都稍 ual student, be they girls or boys, develops at slightiy dif­ ferent speeds, but few would thus advocate education 有不同，但极少人因此提倡为每个学生 should be tailored specifically to each of them. In fact, 独自设定课程，事实上，学校课程是很有 school curriculums are flexible enough and can be moulded 弹性的，混合学校也可以修改课程以适 to suit both girls and boys, faster and slower learners in co­ 应男生和女生、学得快的学生和学得慢 educational schools. 的学生。 Lastly, as pointed out by the opponents, girls' schools 再次，如反对者所述，女校孤立了女 isolate girls and deprive them of the real world which will 生，剥夺了她们了解真实世界的机会，这 render it difficult for girls to deal with the opposite sex. As 会对女生与异性相处造成困难在女校 it is, girls’ schools expose girls only to other girls, which 中，女生只接触女生。这意味着她们没有 means that girls do not have enough opportunities to know 足够的机会了解男生并与男生相处。这 and get along with boys. This can be detrimental to girls as 对女生很不利，因为她们长大后也许没 they might be less capable of dealing with emotional issues 有足够的能力处理情感问题，也没有足 and having healthy relationships with boys when they grow 够的能力与男生建立一段健康的关系c up. 总而言之，女校并不见得有效，并且 In conclusion, girls, schools do not prove to be effec­ 其不仅没有存在的必要，还会造成伤害。 tive, and it is not only unnecessary but harmful. Therefore, 因此我认为设立女校并非明智之举。 ifs not advisable that such schools be established. • 好 词好句 uncover /An kAV9/ v/•揭露 cost sb. sth. (j〇b/Iife/marriage>使某人(丢掉工作/失去生命/离婚) restrain /ri’strein/ v，. 阻止；抑制 segregation /,segri’geij3n/ n•隔离 legitimize /Ii’d3itimaiz/ v•使合法 sexism /seksizm/ n•性別歧视 render /renda/ v/•给予 detrimental /.detri'mentl/ a•有害的 outweigh /.aut'wei/ v•比......更重要 1. There has long been a heated discussion on...(描述某事物或现象长期受到热烈讨论） 关于……的热烈讨论由来已久。 2. It’s not advisable that...(提建议） ……并非明智之举。 60 • •第二章专八作文100篇 a ^ u m s 否 禁 雌 客 进 入 大 学 棚 参 观 ? Xiamen University， one of the leading universities in China, began to ban tour groups from entering its campus. However, individual tourists are still allowed to enter the campus after registration. In order to prevent the large crowds of tourists from affecting their cam­ pus environment and teaching order, other universities have already taken similar measures. From the following two excerpts, you can find such move seems to have received both ap­ plause and criticism. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the opinions from both sides, and then 2. express your opinion towards such move, especially whetlier tourists should be banned from campuses. Excerpt 1 It*s better for universities to moderately open their tourism resources than to ban tourists outright. Campus tourism has pros and cons, and so how to balance tourism and academic work is key. Here, we stress moderation. Tourists should be allowed on campuses but campus resources must not be over occupied by tourist groups. If schools can properly make money from tourism to supplement their daily expenses, it*s a win-win game. If university tours develop into a good project, students can have more opportunities to make money and even start their own businesses. Tourists will surely spend money on campus tours. Be­ sides, students can also serve as tour guides to present schools, culture and history to the visitors. Tourism is in nature an economic activity. Universities can charge fees for campus tours, and this to some extent helps to improve the school’s economic situation. Universities， fame and influence will be further expanded once campus tours are well developed. This is probably what all universities and colleges hope to see. With the expansion of college recruit­ ment, the competition among universities is increasingly fierce. Thus, making themselves known and appreciated by more people will be very important for universities. Meanwhile, as a kind of public education resource, apart from educating students, universities also have certain social responsibilities. By opening to tourists, universities can help ordinary people pick up some scientific and cultural knowledge. Particularly, universities, resources are unused in holidays. At that time, it*s a good idea to devel­ op these prestigious universities into education bases, receiving visiting groups and tourist groups. Excerpt 2 Nowadays, some travel agencies list prestigious universities as tourist sites. University students and teachers are greatly disturbed. Take Wuhan University in central China's Hubei Province for example_ the university is famous for its spring cherry blossoms and thus, when the flowers blossom, the campus always becomes overcrowded. Then the school decided to charge ticket fees, saying that 61 • •专八作文 牮研 the income would help the university to strengthen the management. This practice is unwise. To what extent can a 10-yuan ticket prevent people from entering the campus? How does the university spend their ticket income? Compared with Wuhan University, what Xiamen University has done is much more acceptable. Tour groups are banned from entering the campus, but individuals are still permitted to enter. If you want to feel the unique atmosphere of this beautiful university, you can go by yourself, instead of joining any tourist groups. Thus, students' normal life will not be interrupted and the school doesn^t need to worry about how to keep the campus in order. Universities are not scenic spots, but places of learning. A peaceful environment for teaching and academic work is the basic requirement. Visitors are free to appreciate the beauty of this university, but the precondition is that they should not disturb those who are studying and teaching there. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“应否禁止游客进入大学参观"这一话题给出了两种看法。 选段一认为应收取门票，适当地开放(moderately open)校园旅游资源，有以下两方面理由：首先，对于学生 而言，校园旅游的开展为学生提供了更多赚钱（make money)的机会，甚至有助于他们创业（start their own businesses)。其次，从学校的角度来看，校园旅游资源有助于补贴学校的日常开支（supplement their daily ex­ penses); 能进一步增强学校的名气和影响力 （Universities’ fame and influence); 同时，学校也能雅行其社会职 责（social responsibilities 普及科学文化知识。 选段二则反对收取门票，禁止团队游客进人校园，通过举例对比武汉大学和厦门大学的做法，说明个人游客 更能感受到独特的校园氛围（unique atmosphere),而且有助于维护学生的日常生活和校园秩序（keep the campus in order)。并强调保证宁静的校园坏境(peaceful environment)是开放校园的前提(precondition)。 谋篇布局 开篇：从两方面总结材料大意一 -收取门票适当开放校园的旅游资源和禁止团队游客进人校园，并分别指 出这两种观点的理由。 主体：提出个人见解—— 大学校园应该向游客开放，同时设立一系列的规定约束游客的行为以保护校园教 学秩序并简述这种措施的好处。 结尾：总结全文，重:申观点：校园旅游作为一种具备文化熏陶的现代旅游模式，应该被鼓励且恰当管理。 _ 精品范文 Campus Tourism Should Be Properly Managed Recently, Xiamen University has begun to keep group 最近，度门大学开始禁止团队 tourists outside its campus, which incurs different voices. Some 游客进入校园，人们对此有不同的 believe that rather than simply shun the tourists, universities 看法。有人认为与其单纯驱逐游 should make full use of their tourism resource, like charging 客，大学不如充分利用自身的旅游 tickets for campus tours, so as to create business opportunities 资源，比如收取门票，为大学与学 for the university and students within. Moreover, it is the social 生创造商业机会。而且，大学也有 responsibility of universities to embrace the public and carry 责任接纳公众并传播知识。尽管如 • 62 •第二章专八作文100篇 forward knowledge. Nonetheless, others argue that charging fees 此，也有人认为收取门票的措施并 will not effectively restrict the number of tourists, thus unable to 不能有效限制游客数量，因此不能 keep order of teaching and learning. By contrast, banning group 保证教学秩序不受干扰。相比之 tourists from campuses not only reserves the right of tourist to 下，禁止团队游客进入校园不但保 appreciating the beauty of campuses but also effectually prevents 留了游客享受校园之美的权利还 campuses from disturbance. 有效防止校园受到干扰 Universities, as far as I can see, should be open to tourists 在我看来，在设立一系列规定 on the premise that a series of systematic rules are set up to 约束游客行为的前提下，大学应向 regularize the behaviors of tourists. As a cultural base and cradle 游客开放。事实上，作为文化基地 of talents, it is of significant importance for universities to lay a 与人才培养的摇篮，大学在对公众 positive cultural influence on the public and enhance the young^s 进行积极的文化熏陶，以及增强年 desire for knowledge. Yet in the principle of campus order reser­ 轻一辈的求知欲这两方面有十分 vation, universities should make the rules for tourists. Following 重要的作用。然而，本着维护校园 rules and regulations of the campus, tourists have to behave 秩序的原则，大学应该对游客行为 themselves in campuses and also learn to preserve the environ­ 进行约束。通过遵守相关规定，游 ment while eryoying the pleasant beauty there. For instance, 客必须在享受校园风光之时管制 tourists are not allowed to linger around the classrooms while 自身行为并呵护这种氛围。例如， students are having class. Otherwise, they will be fined with a 游客不得在学生上课时接近教室2 certain amount or warning that they cannot come to the campus 否则，他们将面临罚款或被处以不 again. 得再次进入校园的警告。 My final point, therefore, rests with supporting that universi­ 因此，我认为大学应向游客开 ties should open the campuses to tourists and meanwhile lay 放，同时设立相关规定恰当管理游 down rules to properly manage the tourists. Only when the rela­ 客。只有处理好旅游与正常教学秩 tionship between tourism and normal teaching order is well 序的关系，大学和公众才能达到双 coped with can a win-win result come out for both the university 赢的局面。 and the public. _ 好词好句 incur /in'k3：/ v t.引起 make full use of 充 分 利 用 carry forward 发扬 by contrast 相 比 之 下 effectually /i’fektJ(J9li/ 有 效 地 cradle /kreidl/ n • 摇 篮 in the principle of 本 着 ...... 原则 rest with 取 决 于 lay down 制定 1. ... as far as I can see, ... should be.._ on the premise that...(指出某一做法的前提） 在我目前看来，...应以....为前提。 2. As a cultural base and cradle of talents, it is of significant importance for...(指出重要性） 作为文化基地与人才培养的摇篮，……十分重要 3. Only when... can a win-win result come out for...(结尾重申某一做法的好处） 只有...才能达到....双赢的局面 • 63 •专八作文 华研外通 小学开展性教育 m i t m Recent years have seen an increasing number of children becoming the victims of abuse. Fortunately, education on sex safety is now on the agenda in primary schools. However, the path to universal sex education is never smooth. The following article presents the current situation of sex education in China. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the main content; 2. give your comment. China is making strides on sex education in schools, according to a noted sexologist in the coun­ try. **The Chinese governments general attitude toward sexuality and sex education has been more and more open," said Li Yinhe, a leading sexologist in China and a fellow with the Institute of Sociology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. MWhen I was in Peking University back in 1988, I intend­ ed to open a course on the sociology of sex, but the university did not approve itM Li said. “But Renmin University later opened a similar course, lectured by Pan Suiming.M Pan, a well-known sexologist in China, is the founder and director of the Institute of Sexuality and Gender at Renmin University. He has run a series of courses on the sociology of sex since the 1980s, which are well received by college students. He said at the Institute of Sexuality and Gender that "sex education should be a part of the compulsory education". The panelists made some comparisons between sex education in the US and China “Students cannot start to receive sex education after entering their adolescence, because all the compulsory ed­ ucation is ‘advanced’,” Pan said. "Also, sex education should be absolutely ‘compulsory’， not only for students, but also for parents and government. "Elementary sex education on students in the US begins from primary or secondary schools,M Wang Zheng, associate professor of Women and Gender Studies at the University of Michigan, told China Daily when asked about the differences in sex education between China and the US. In the US, primary schools teach students the reproductive process, gender differences, personal hygiene and sexual morality. Among secondary schools, students will learn more about sexual maturity as well as how to protect themselves from sexual harassment. “China should learn from the experi­ ences from the US, and popularize sex education among primary and secondary schools,” Wang said. Secondary schools have attached increasing importance to sex education. 44 Recently, the Ministry of Education of China released an official document, requiring experimental courses on sexuality a­ mong secondary schools," Li told China Daily. Wang said that there are obstacles China has to overcome in order to implement universal sex education, because sex education does not receive adequate attention and resources. However, Wang also shared with Li the same vision of future sex education in China, saying that aChina has already begun to push forward the implementation of sex education.” • 64 •第二章专八作文100篇 a Starting in 2008, Zhang Meimei, director of the Sex Education Center at Beying^ Capital Normal University, worked with the Municipal Commission of Education to conduct Beying-based research on the syllabuses of sex education for primary and secondary schools. More than 50 primary schools in Beying have opened experimental sex education courses, according to China Youth Daily. **Compared to the old generations in China, teenagers in the 21st century have more access to sexual knowledge/* Li said. "The awareness of gender and sexuality has heightened to some extent, but not enough.” _ 材料解读 材料围绕“中国的性教育”这一话题进行分析，可分为三部分。 前三段介绍了中国性教育取得的进步。 一 方面，中国政府的态度越来越开放(government’s general atti­ tude... more and more open); 另一方面，八十年代后的中国大学生也能很好地接受相关课程 （well received by college students )〇 第四至六段对比了中美两国的性教育情况，主要有两方面的差异。一是学生开始接受性教育的时间不同，美 国从中小学就开始设相关课程，而中国学生在进去青春期之前都没有接触过。二是教育的对象不同，美国的性教 育不仅针对学生(students)，而且还包括家长和政府(parents and government)。 第七至十段指出中国性教育存在的问题，包括缺乏足够的重视和资源（adequate attention and re­ sources)。 虽然二十一世纪的青少年有更多的途径获取性知识，但性意识 (The awareness of gender and sexuality)仍有待加强（has heightened... but not enough)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，概述中国在性教育方面取得的进步及不足。通过中美的性教育对比，建议中国向美国学习， 在性教育方面仍需努力。 主体：提出自己的观点—— 小学性教育绝非为时过早。随后解释小学生了解性知识的好处。 结尾：总结全文，a 申正规的性教育是必然趋势，这是给与孩子最好的保护。 霸 精 品 范 文 Sex Education in Primary Schools Is ail Inevitable Trend From the 1980s, the sexologists in China have been try­ 从上个世纪八十年代开始，中国 ing to develop sex education in universities. Nowadays Chi­ 的性学家就开始尝试在高校开展性教 nese government has taken a big step to popularize sex ed- 育。如今，在性教育普及方面中国政府 ucation, including but not limited to release official docu­ 已经迈出了一大步，除了发布官方文 ments, and to open experimental sex education courses in 件，还在北京50多所小学开设了性教 more than 50 primary schools in Beying. However, a lack of 育实验课程但是，关注度不够和资源 adequate attention and resources still hinders the develop­ 不足仍然阻碍着中国性教育的发展 ment of sex education in China. We are still left far behind 中国在性教育方面还是远远落后于美 the US on sex education. We should learn from the US to 国。美国的性教育是从小学开始的，而 start from primary schools rather than universities, and to 中国是从大学才开始；父母跟政府都 get parents and government involved in, other than students 参与在其中，而不只是学生自己。这些 only. Continuing efforts is needed because of the great impor- • 65 •专八作文 牮研外遇 ，〇>,_ • 氣 _ tance and necessity of sex education. 都是中国要向美国学习的地方。中国还 It is never too early to start sex education from primary 需继续努力，因为性教育不但重要，而 schools as children are curious about sex from the age of 且也很必要。 three. It helps children to have correct view on sex and re­ 小孩从三岁开始就会对性产生好 lationship, rather than gleaning distorted information from the 奇心，所以说小学开展性教育绝非为时 internet, films and TV. With the convenient access to the in­ 过早。性教育能帮助孩子对性及性关系 ternet today, children are increasingly exposed to sexually 进行正确的认知。而不是从网络、电影、 explicit material. Sexual imagery and swearing are every­ 电视上得到歪曲的信息。在网络发达的 where. Rather than sweeping this under the carpet, ifs better 今天，儿童越来越容易接触到露骨性信 to discuss it openly and frankly at primary school level. 息。性画面，脏话到处都是。与其遮遮掩 Moreover, there is an increasing number of news about child 掩，不如大大方方地从小学开设相关课 sexual abuse and teen pregnancies. Educating children on 程。儿童性虐待，未成年怀孕的新闻越 sex much earlier might also help prevent themselves from 来越多。更早地普及性知识也许能防止 他们成为性罪犯或遭到性侵，也能防止 becoming the offender or victim of sexual crime, and sexual­ 感染性病。女孩子也懂得如何拒绝性骚 ly transmitted diseases. For girls, they would know how to 扰：比如如何对付性骚扰短信。 say no to sexual harassment, such as sexting. 综上所述，从小学开始开展得体正 From the above, decent and standardised education on 规的性教育十分必要，这也是一种必然趋 sex from primary schools is much needed and is becoming 势。因为这是给予孩子们最好的保护- an inevitable trend as it is the best protection we can give. _ 好词好句 inevitable /in’evitabl/ a• 必 然 （发 生 ）的 including but not limited to 包 括 但 不 限 于 glean /gli:n/ v •收 集 distorted /di’st 〇 :tid/ a . 歪 曲 的 explicit /ik'splisit/ a • 清 楚 的 harassment /haerasmant/ /i • 骚 扰 sexting /"sekstif]/ n • 性 骚 扰 短 信 1 2 decent /*di:S9nt/ a . 得 体 的 1. Continuing efforts is needed because of the great importance and necessity of...(强调发展某事物的 重要性和必要性） 我们还需继续努力，因为……很重要，也很必要。 2. Rather than sweeping this under the carpet, H:’s better to...(建议公开做某事） 与其遮遮掩掩，不如... • 66 •大学生的心理健康 In recent years, a handful of university students choose to commit suicide in face of love issue， academic issue or job issue. The following article provides detailed information about this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article, and then 2. share your opinion on how college students handle tremendous pressures at campus. Mental Health Problems for College Students Are Increasing Of students surveyed in the National College Health Assessment this year, 33 percent reported feeling so depressed within the past 12 months. Almost 55 percent reported feeling overwhelming anx­ iety while 87 percent reported feeling overwhelmed by their responsibilities. Almost 9 percent seriously considered suicide over the past year. Gregg Henriques, Ph.D., professor of graduate psychology at James Madison University says these numbers are clear indicators that college students are experiencing what he calls a "mental health cri­ sis/1 According to Henriques, mental health survey results from the mid-1980s indicate that 10 to 15 percent of young adults could have been characterized as having significant mental health problems. Today, he said the number is anywhere from 33 to 40 percent While depression and anxiety are the most commonly reported mental illnesses, eating disorders, substance abuse, and self-ir\jury are close behind. Jason Selby, a University of Oregon junior, experienced massive anxiety about "every little thing in life,” and he believed his anxiety was triggered by a multitude of social and academic stresses. 4 lems),二是导致大学生群体存在各种精神健康问题的因素。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简单总结材料观点，然后提出自己的观点：大学生需要学习如何减压。 主体：分三方面具体阐述大学生如何减压。 1 . 设定一个合适的目标。 2 . 转移注意力也是保持精神健康的一种有效方法。举苹果的创始人史蒂夫•乔布斯转移注意力的例子。 3 . 与人交流有利于建立正面情绪 结尾：重申观点.保持精神健康，是所有大学生都®该上的一门课 _ 精品范文 Keep Yourself Mentally Healthy The article briefly looks into mental health problems for 文章简要探讨了大学生群体存在 college students and the various factors that contribute to 的各种精神健康问题和导致大学生出 students’ mental problems, which include the pressure to 现精神健康问題的多种因素，包括求学 succeed during school, the growing number of options and 期间追逐成功的压力、选择增多但“人 lack of a clear "life path" and the growing presence of so­ 生道路”不清晰、媒体及网络越发普及。 cial media and the Internet. At a time when mental health 现如今精神健康已成为一个严重问题， has become a serious issue, college students need to learn 大学生需要学习自我减压2 to decompress themselves. 首先，学生应设定一个合适的目 Firstly, students should set a proper goal. Some college 标。一些大学生作为学校的尖子，对自 students, being elites in the school, have high expectations 身的未来期待过高，并设定了不切实际 • 68 •第二章专八作文100 华研外遇 for their future and set unrealistic goals. When the pressure 的目标。当要实现这些目标带来的压力 of realizing these goals becomes overwhelming, they simply 过大，他们就会崩溃，甚至想自杀。为了 collapse and even think of suicide. To avoid this kind of 避免这种情况，大学生应该正确评价自 collapse, college students should evaluate themselves prop­ 己，脚踏实地，找准自己的位置。 erly and find their positions with a practical mind. 其次，转移注意力也是保持精神健 Secondly, shifting one’s attention is also an effective 康的一种有故方法。比如，苹果的标志性 way to ensure mental health. For example, busy as he was, 创始人史蒂夫•乔布斯虽然工作繁忙，却 the iconic Apple founder Steve Jobs happened tx> have im­ 对音乐抱有级大兴趣，这不仅能让他在 mense interest in music, which helped him to relax after 工作之余放松身心，更能激发他开发出 work and even inspired him to develop such musical gad­ 像iPod和iTunes之类的音乐产品。除 gets as iPod and iTunes. Other than music, there are many 了音乐，生活中还有很多方式可以让人 other ways to relax oneself and let go of the dismay inside one’s heart. The key is to devote oneself to new adven­ 放松，释放心中的抑郁。关键在于积极投 tures and avoid clinging to negative emotions. 身于新的冒险，避免沉浸于负面情绪。 Last but not least, it*s very important for college stu­ 最后，大学生要与人分享自己的感 dents to share their feelings with others to develop positive 受，建立正面情绪，这是很重要的。正如 feelings. As the saying goes, worries are reduced by half 谚语所说，烦恼和别人分担就会减半。当 when they’re shared with someone else. When you’re feeling 你感觉无望、无法坚持下去的时候，就与 hopeless and unable to carry on, talk with your family, 亲人、朋友和信任的人聊聊天。学校的心 friends or people you trust. The consulting centre in college 理咨询中心也是一个好去处Q is also a good place to go. 生活充满着挫折和压力，但如果你 Life is full of obstacles and pressures, but it can be 知道如何保持精神健康，生活也可以变 easier when you know how to keep yourself mentally 得更轻松。在这个意义上，学习积极应对 healthy. In this sense, dealing with pressures in a positive 压力以保持精神健康，这是所有大学生 way to ensure mental health is a lesson all college students 的必修课。 should take. _ 好 贿 句 decompress /.di:k9m'pres/ v .使减压 overwhelming /,9UV3_welmiQ/ 压倒的 仏 iconic /ai'konik/ a•标志性的 gadget /gsec^it/ /i•电子装置 dismay /dis'mei/ w•沮丧 ding to 依附 1. The article briefly looks into... and the various factors that contribute to.••(简要总结材料内容） 文章简要探讨了……及导致……的多种因素。 2. Worries are reduced by half when they’re shared with someone else.(谚语） 烦恼和别人分担就会减半 • 69 •专八作文 m u m 是否自己选择舍友? In many countries, it is quite common that universities would assign students to share a dorm room. The following article discusses the roommate selection system in some univer­ sities in the US. Redd it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the authors opinion and then 2. express your opinion on whether college students should be allowed to choose their own room­ mates. College Housing Selection Process Should Let Students Choose Roommates Many college students have faced a roommate problem at some point in their lives. Why some universities would prohibit self-selection of roommates or assign roommates in order to get students "out of their comfort zone" is beyond me. University administrators need to be aware of the unintended consequences of such policies. Not allowing students to choose roommates interferes with the natural social relationships people build during their college years. According to a recent USA TODAY report, Stanford University stu­ dents can't choose rcx)mmates nor do they learn who their roommates will be until move-in day. En­ tering freshmen who might know people going to Palo Alto in the fall are forced to make friends with random people when they move in, possibly negatively impacting their freshman year experience. Choosing roommate combinations that place different sorts of people together, can result in awk­ ward living situations and unintended results. Most people like to choose the kinds of people they be­ friend. To pretend this does not continue after college in the "real world** is naive at best and some­ what dangerous. The tragic incident of Rutgers University student Tyler Clementi, who committed suicide just days after his roommate spied on him and bullied him, helps to prove the point that some people just don't get along with certain others. Forcing such people to coexist for at least a year can be harmful to both parties, and this policy should be pursued with caution. While creating combinations of students with different backgrounds might be what universities want, the students* preferences should still come first. Look at it this way: the student is a paying customer, using certain facilities and services—the university—with the expectation his or her experi­ ence will be an eryoyable one. Why sacrifice this in the name of artificial and forced cultural expo­ sure? Students who like to be taken out of their comfort zones will definitely seek out opportunities to do this on their own. I believe Tech*s roommate selection process is decent. Students can choose specific roommates even as incoming freshmen. Students can also choose random roommates, within certain basic criteria such as a student's smoking habits and preferences of visitation hours. This works well enough, but could improve with the help of more selection factors. Rochester Institute of Technology will begin use a software program in order to match students 70 • •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外ii TCT»»«m>ni .in with those who they are most compatible with. This approach ensures compatible people will have a chance to room together, making for, if nothing else, a more predictable freshman year. _ 材料解读 材料开篇以许多大学生面临的舍友问题引出关于舍友安排制度的探讨。 第二段明确指出大学管理层X 留意禁止学生自主挑选舍友这一制度的潜在后果。 第三至六段主要分析了应让学生自由挑选舍友的原因：迫使大学生与某个人共用寝室可能导致负面影响， 比如干扰大学生正常的社会关系（interfering with college students’ natural social relationships)、导致趟尬 的居住环境(awkward living situations);有些人本身存在与其他人相处的障碍(some people just don’t get along with certain others);大学生是付费方，理应由他们自己决定跟谁一起住（college students are paying customers so they should decide whom to live with)0 最后两段重点谈及作者认可的舍友挑选模式(Tech’s roommate selection process),并介绍了一种更先进 的挑选舍友的应用软件（use a software program in order to match students with those who they are most compatible with)。 总体而言，材料认为大学生应该有选择舍友的自由。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结作者的观点，随后提出个人观点：大学生应该拥有自由选择舍友的权利。 主体：从两方面具体论证自己的观点。 1 . 自由选择舍友更接近真实的生活模式； 2 . 宿舍生活若不和谐，势必会给学生带来不便和困扰，而舍友之间不可调和的矛盾，更是有可能会酿成致命 的悲剧。 结尾：重申观点，学校应该把舍友的选择权留给学生。 _ 精品范文 Free Choice of Roommates The author of the article as a whole argues that college 总体而言，文章作者认为大学生应 students should be allowed to choose their roommates. On 该有选择舍友的自由。一方面，迫使大 the one hand, forcing a college student to live with a ran­ 学生与随便某个人共用寝室可能导致 dom roommate could result in negative impact such as in­ 负面影响，比如干扰大学生正常的社会 terfering with college students* natural social relationships, 关系、导致尴尬的居住环境；另一方面， awkward living situations, etc. On the other hand, some 有些人就是没有办法跟其他某些人相 people just don’t get along with certain others. What’s more, 处；而且，大学生是付费方，理应由他们 college students are paying customers so they should decide 自己决定跟谁一起住。在我看来，大学 whom to live with. In my opinion, university students 生应该拥有自由选择舍友的权利。 should be granted with the freedom to choose roommates. 首先，自由选择舍友更接近真实的 First of all, the practice of choosing our own room­ 生活模式。大学生都是成年人，有能力 mates comes nearer to real life. University students are 自主抉择而学校硬性安排住宿的做 grownups capable of making independent decisions in a 法，反倒显得不成熟。大学生活应当是 manner of one’s own choosing. It is an immature act by 71 • •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 school to assign students to share a dorm room. College life 生活的预演，为学生做好迎接现实戏码 should be a rehearsal that prepares students for the full-scale 的准备 drama of reality. 其次，宿舍生活若不和谐，势必会 Secondly, an incompatible dormitory life is likely to en­ 给学生带来不便和困扰，严重的还可能 tail inconvenience, distress, or even fatal tragedies. Imagine 导致致命的悲剧。想象这样一个场景： a case scenario like this: Student A keeps a clocklike 学生甲生活规律，晚上11点前就睡觉， timetable by going tx> bed before 11 o'clock and getting up at 7:00 a.m., while his roommate Student B is a night owl 早上7 点起床，而他的舍友学生乙却是 who seldom turns in before midnight. So when A is trying 个夜描子，大半夜才上床睡觉a 当甲试 to fail asleep, B has just raised the curtain of his “prime 图入睡时，乙的“精华时段”才刚刚拉开 timeM. In this case, A*s sleep might be compromised, affect­ 帷幕。在这种情况下，甲的睡眠就会受 ing his study with a lack of rest. When the efforts of rec­ 到影响，休息不足也会进一步影响他的 onciliation fall apart, these two students might turn against 学习如果调解无效，甲乙两人很容易 each other with incessant quarrels. What's even graver is the 反目成仇，争吵度日。更糟糕的是，舍友 possibility that irreconcilable conflicts between roommates 之间不可调和的矛盾还有可能会酿成 could result in appalling murders now and then reported in 不时见诸报端的骇人听闻的惨案, the newspaper. 一般说来，只有牌性相投的两个人 Generally speaking, it takes congeniality for two persons 才能和谐生活在一起。既然脾性这种东 to live together in harmony. Since this cannot be forced or 西是勉僅不来的，那还不如让学生自己 arranged, it’s better to leave the choice in the hands of stu- 来决定和谁一起住呢〇 dents themselves. _ 好词好句 interfere with 干扰 get along with sb.与某人相处 immature act不成熟的行为 rehearsal /ri'h3: sal/ w•预演 incompatible /,inkarrTpaetabl/.fl.不和游的 turn in 上床睡觉 compromise /kDmpramaiz/ •损害 incessant /in’sesant/ a. 不断的 irreconcilable /.inrekan'sailabl/ a. 不能调和的 appalling /9’p〇:lir]/ a• 骇人的，可怕的 congenia丨ity /kan,d3i:ni’ae丨丨ti/ «.脾性相投 1. The author of the article as a whole argues that…（简要概括材料的观点） 文幸作者总体认为…… 2. College life should be a rehearsal that prepares students for the full-scale drama of reality.(描述大 学生活） 大学生活应当是生活的预演，为学生做好迎接现实戏码的准备 72 • •第二章专八作文100篇 < 6 体罚 Recently, some people argue that corporal punishment should be re-introduced to the ed­ ucation system for it was an effective way to discipline kids in schools. Some parents and education experts, however， voiced their concerns about this “brutal’’ method at schools. The following three excerpts are different opinions towards this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment on whether corporal punishment should be reintroduced in schools. Excerpt 1 Teachers are there to help children learn, not to be their friends. While teachers can maintain a convivial atmosphere in the classroom, having access to corporal punishment is simply an extra weapon in the storage of learning tools available to teachers, giving them greater control over the classroom and their students, an essential part of the teaching environment. When the teacher does not control the classroom, teaching is difficult, or impossible. Studies show that teachers, parents, and most students agree that discipline is an essential part of classroom order. In a Gallup poll last year, 76% of the public thought that discipline in US Schools was a very or somewhat serious problem. If the teacher is busy dealing with unruly children, and thus forced to divert from the lesson plan, there is less time to devote to actually teaching the students who want to learn. For the sake of students* futures they must be brought to heal, by the threat and application of force when necessary. Excerpt 2 It is often the case in classroom environments that the vast majority of students are eager, to various extents, to learn. Disruption almost always originates with one or a few students who act up for attention or to cause problems. Corporal punishment deals effectively with these unruly individuals who make learning more difficult and school time less productive for the rest of the class. Without effective disciplinary mechanisms, these troublemakers impose costs on all of their classmates. By in­ troducing corporal punishment, troublesome students are forced to internalize the costs, disincentivizing similar behavior in future. It is deeply unfair to the rest of the class that the teacher's time and effort be sapped by dealing with uncooperative students at the expense of more interested classmates. Ap­ plication of corporal punishment demonstrates a dedication to the right to education, which should not be disrupted by unruly individuals seeking to undermine the authority of the teacher. Excerpt 3 Being hit, even in a controlled environment, is a jarring experience, particularly for young chil­ dren. Even if it were effective in reducing anti-social and disruptive behavior, the negative effects of corporal punishment outweigh the benefit. Physically being struck is painful and unsettling. Bruises and- welts represent painful reminders of punishments that a student might well feel to be ui\just. The 73 • •专八作文 华研外遇 lasting pain thus makes corporal punishment a much more serious cause of resentment than do less physically taxing punishments as detentions. Furthermore, the psychological harms of such punishment can be long lasting, creating in some children resentment toward authority generally. Worse, it can create resentment and negative psychic impressions of school, and thus education generally, further weakening the ability of the school and the teacher to impart knowledge. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否应把体罚重新引人教育系统”这一问题，分别给出了不同意见。 材料一和材料二是支持的观点。材料一指出，体罚为教师掌控课堂增加了一种额外的手段（an extra weapon)。材料二则指出，课堂的中断(disruption)往往由一两个学生引起，体罚能有效应对(deals effectively with)这种影响教学的学生。两则材料都提到部分学生不守纪律(discipline)会影响教学的效率，教师不得不耗费 时间去管纪律，这对其他同学不公平。 材料三是反对的观点，认为体罚弊大于利（the negative effects of corporal punishment outweigh the benefit)。指出体罚不但会给孩子带来身体上的伤害，也会带来心理上的伤害，容易导致孩子对权威的怨恨(re­ sentment toward authority) 和对学校 的反感 （negative psychic impressions of school)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结人们对重新引人体罚的不同看法；随后提出个人观点一 不赞成教师体罚学生。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1 . 体罚会对学生脆弱的心灵造成长期的负面影响。引述心理学的观点，儿童早期若处于暴力中会发展出两 种人格：过度顺从或过度背叛。 2 . 可以鼓励老师想出更好的办法来管理学生。列举其他非体罚的方式。尽管其他方式不会立竿见影,但是对 学生不会造成身体或心灵的伤害。 结尾：重申观点，教师应该采取体罚以外的方式来教育孩子。 精品范文 No Corporal Punishment Is Allowed Voice that re-introducing corporal punishment to the edu­ 有意见认为应该重新把体罚引入 cation system has sparked an extensive debate. With the 教育体系，这引起了广泛的争议。支持 opinion that teaching would be of low efficiency and quali­ 者认为，若有不听话的学生影响课堂， ty in classes when disturbed by disobedient students, sup­ 那么教学效率和质量都会降低，因此 porters regard corporal punishment as a useful tool for 体罚是教师管理课堂的一个有效措 teachers to put the class under control. They stated that cor­ 施。他们也指出，体罚能够保障学生学 poral punishment can protect other students’ right to learn. 习的权利^然而，反对者认为，体罚会 The opponents, however, hold that corporal punishment is 对学生造成生理上和心理上的伤害。 harmful to the student both physically and mentally. When 当屈辱感和被打的疼痛让这名学生对 the feeling of being insulted and the pain of being hit lead 权成和学校产生怨恨，很可能会影响 the student to a grudge against authority and school, negative 他的学业表现e 在我看来，我们不应该 influence would be brought to the performance of education. 允许教师采取体罚。 74 • •第二章专八作文100 TO»*«V»W>UX Therefore, I persist that we should not allow teachers to ap­ 一方面，体罚会摧毁孩子们脆弱 ply corporal punisliment. 的心智，并对他们的心理健康留下持 On the one hand, corporal punishment would crush kids' 久的影响，据心理学的研究，如果孩子 delicate mentality and leave a lasting effect on their mental 在年幼时遭受暴行，他们长大后会有 health. According to the psychology, if kids are exposed to 两种可能性：大顺从或太叛逆3在第一 brutality in their youth, they might grow up into two 个情况中，孩子们后来会变成“听话” possibilities—too submissive or too rebellious. In the first case, 的学生，但他们的勇气和信心已毁于 kids would become “obedient” students, with their courage 一旦。在第二种情况下，孩子们相信 and confidence having been ruined once and for all. In the “不能摧毁我的只会让我变得更强大” second case, children are subject to the belief that “whatever 这一信念。这就是为什么他们用更加 doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”. That is why they put on 自暴自弃的行为来惹恼他们的老师。 more self-abandoned acts to annoy their teachers. 另一方面，我们可以鼓励教师想 On the other hand, teachers can be encouraged to come 出更好的办法来管教孩子。在德国，当 up with better ways to discipline kids. In Germany, when 教师要“控制”或糾正学生的行为，他 teachers want to “control” or correct students’ behaviors, 们可以选择很多其他方法，比如布置 they would choose many other ways, such as extra assign­ 额外的作业、学校服务、社区服务等: ments, school services, community services and so on. The 这些处罚也许不像体罚那样立竿见 effect of these punishments might not be as instant as that 影，但有一点可以肯定：学生知道自己 of corporal punishment, but one thing is for sure: students 做错了，也知道自己正受到惩罚，而且 understand that they have done something wrong and that 这种惩罚不会给他们的身体和心灵留 they are being punished, without the risk of leaving a scar in 下伤痕。 their body and mind, 总之，不允许体罚。诉诸体罚是一 In conclusion, no corporal punishment is allowed. Resort­ 种短视的方法，这只会给孩子造成永 ing to corporal punishment is a short-sighted solution, which 久性的伤害。教师应采取其他的手段 would cause permanent harm to kids. Teachers should rely on 来管教不听话的孩子。 other means to discipline misbehaving children. _ 好词好句 3 corporal punishment 体罚 grudge /grAd / w • 怨 恨 brutality /bru’taeliti/ submissive /sab’misiv/ a . /!•野 蛮 的 行 为 顺 从 的 rebellious /ri’beljas/ «•反 叛 的 once and for all 彻 底 的 self-abandoned a . 自 暴 自 弃 的 discipline /disiplin/ v • 管 教 misbehave /.misbi'heiv/ v. 行 为 不 端 1. Whatever doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.(俗语） 不能摧毁你的只会让你变得更强大。 2. Resorting to... is a short-sighted solution, which would cause"•(批驳某种做法） 诉诸……是一种短视的解决方法，会导致…… • 75 •专八作文 牮研外ii 紧张的医患关系 In China， violence against medical personnel is on the rise as the doctor-patient conflict gets increasingly nasty. According to statistics, violent crimes that cause severe injury or death to medical personnel have increased drastically to 27.3 cases last year. The following news report provides details of this phenomenon. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment. Why China's Doctors Are Getting Beat Up The young doctor weeps as he is pulled before the crowd. The night before, he treated a patient for excessive alcohol consumption. That patient later died. And now he is surrounded by a mob that includes members of the deceased’s family. “That’s the doctor who killed the patient,” someone yells. It takes 30 minutes for the police to break things up. Variations on this scene play out with alarming regularity in China. As the countiy^s healthcare system expands to meet the needs of an increasingly affluent, demanding populace, tensions between patients and doctors are running high. Over the past ten years, attacks jumped an average of almost 23% per year, according to the China Hospital Management Society. The causes are complex. China now provides some form of insurance to almost all of its citizens一no small feat. But the scope of the coverage is limited, the quality is uneven and the costs are still high. For many families, an emergency medical procedure means going into debt Doctors counter that they are overworked and underpaid. The number of properly trained doctors and nurses has not kept pace with demand for care, leaving hospitals thinly staffed, particularly in rural areas. And, unlike their U.S. counterparts, most Chinese doctors are considered civil servants, and are paid accordingly. Some earn less than $500 a month, a token compared to private sector salaries, which are on the rise. In most mgjor hospitals, pay depends on meeting patient quotas, ordering tests and prescribing medicine. The incentive is to focus on quantity, not necessarily the quality of care, argued Dr. Zhong Nanshan, a respected Chinese physician. “Think about this: In half a day a single doctor must see fifty or sixty patients,he said. **What does this say about patient access to a doctor and the doctor's 1 space* to practice good medicine?M When things go wrong—or when patients think they do—doctors have little protection. Quite often, a resentful patient and a terrified doctor will negotiate a settlement on the spot. If the doctor refuses to pay up, or is absent when the family comes looking, the situation may escalate. Last October, a patient angry about the outcome of nasal surgery stormed into the hospital, with a 30-cm blade. When he could not find his doctor, he charged at another doctor, who was stabbed to death. Morale could hardly be lower. ul regret very much having chosen to study medicine,M wrote a Chinese medical student in the English medical journal the Lancet. The proportion of doctors who hoped their children would enter the profession dropped from a disheartening 11% ten years ago to a dismal 7% last year, according to statistics from the Chinese Medical Doctors* Association. • 76 •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外ii TO^wrweuw At annual meetings in Bering this week, delegate Bai Yansong, a famous anchorman, suggested China establish Doctors Day to increase the public^ respect for the profession. It is not a bad idea, and was no doubt well-intentioned. But keeping Chinas doctors safe requires much stronger medicine. _ 材料解读 材料开篇以一个年轻医生遭受病人家M谴责的案例，引出“医务人员频繁遭受暴力事件”这一社会现象。中 间五段解释了这一现象出现的复杂原因：从病人方面看，医保搜盖范闱有限（the scope... is limited),医疗质M 参差不齐(the quality is uneven)且费用高昂（costs are still high),造成病人不满；而从医生方面看，他们往往 ―丁.作超负荷(overworked)且报酬低(underpaid)。此外，由于医生.T.资与就诊数•滅（focus on quantity)挂钩，导 致医疗质量下降，引起病人不满，更加剧了患者的报复心理，医生又缺乏足够的安保(have little protection),于 是选择医生职业的人更少，形成恶性循环。最后一段引用主持人甶岩松的建议：成立医生节（Doctor’s Day),提岛 公众对医生这个职业的尊重。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：结合材料.总结医患关系紧张的原因。接着提出要团结一致，努力改善医患关系。 主体：针对具体问题，给出具体的解决办法，如健全医疗体系.加强医务人员的训练，制定相关法律保障医务 人员的人身安全。 结尾：总结全文，1 申消除医生与病人之间的必要性。 響 精 品 范 文 Save the Patients, Save the Angels in White Although China has been revamping its healthcare system 在过去几十年间，中国一直都在 over the past decades, the doctor-patient conflict has alarming­ 改善其医疗体系，但医患关系却愈 ly intensified. The causes for the strained doctor-patient rela­ 发紧张。报道揭示了导致医患关系 tionship, according to the report, are on several fronts. Firstly, 剑拔弩张的几层原因：首先，高质量 high-quality medical resources are insufficient and poorly dis­ 的医疗资源数量不足，分布不均。训 tributed. The number of properly trained medical staff fails to 练有素的医护人员的数量无法满足 meet the demand for care. Doctors are overworked, as an out­ 看病治疗的需求。在大型医院，医生 patient doctor generally sees 100 to 120 patients a day in a 一天下来接诊的病人多达100 - 120 large hospital. Brief visits potentially lead to wrong treatment 人，负荷过重，且匆匆的问诊容易致 and as a result, compound patient frustration. Secondly, doctors 使误诊，引起患者不满其次，医生 are underpaid and have little protection. This harms the morale 工资低，缺乏安全保证，令人们对于 in the Chinese public, pulling people back from entering the 医生这个职业望而却步。而这也是 medical profession. A vicious circle thus begins. Aware of this 恶性循环的开始。针对这一严峻的 grim reality, I think it is high time we took actions to help 现实，我认为是时候采取措施让医 the doctor-patient relationship return to normal. 患关系恢复正常。 The government should start with accelerating the creation 首先，政府要加快健全医疗体 of a sound medical care system. More money needs to be 系，投入更多资金建设人员充足的 spent on staffing hospitals with sufficient and qualified medical 优质医疗队伍。同时，打破医生的工 资与医院利润之间的联系，这样医 workers. Also, it is necessary to break the tie between 77 • •a 八作文 华研外a doctors’ income and hospitals’ profitability, so that doctors will 生也不会因为想要提高收入而给病 not feel the need to prescribe more medicine and treatments 人开多余的药，进行不必要的治疗， than necessary to increase their income. This will go far 从而挽回医生的形象，重塑医生与 toward redeeming the image of doctors and rebuilding doctor- 病人之间的信任。其次，向公众推广 patient trust. Next, a mechanism for resolving disputes between 运用法律采取恰当举措解决医疗纠 patients and hospitals in a lawful and appropriate manner 纷的机制。立法部门可以将恶意肇 should be promoted to the public. For the legislature, it is 事定罪以打击针对医务人员的暴力 advisable to crack down on attacks on doctors by making 行为。病人应优先选择法律援助解 troubleiuaking in hospitals a criminal offence. For the patients, 决糾纷，但前提是为他们提供公正 legal assistance should be the first resort to settling conflicts. 的法律渠道解决问题。 But the premise is that patients are provided with legal 综上所述，医疗资源不足以及 channels to have their problems solved. 医生患者之间的不信任是导致医患 In conclusion, it is insufficient medical resources and mis­ 关系恶化的主要原因。针对这些问 trust between doctors and patients that deteriorate the patient- 题，我们需要对医疗体制进行改革， doctor relationship. To solve this problem, in addition to re­ 同时也有必要消除医生与病人之间 forming the medical industry, bridging the communication gap between doctors and patients is also important. 的隔阂。 _ 好词好句 revamp /,ri:'vaemp/ v• 修 改 ，改进 intensify /in’tensifai/ v .( 使 ) 增 强 ，（使 ）加剧 on several fronts 在 几 个 方 面 compound /kem’paund/ v/• 使 恶 化 ，加重 pull sb. back 把 某 人 向 后 拉 vicious circle 恶 性 循 环 grim reality 严 峻 的 现 实 redeem /ri’di:m/ v • 补 救 crack down 制 裁 ，镇 压 premise /premis/ /!• 前 提 deteriorate /di'tiariareit/ vf• 恶 化 ，变 坏 1 2 3 bridge the gap 缩 短 差 距 1. The causes for... are on several fronts•(概括指出某个问題存在多方面的原因） 引起……的原因有多方面。 2. Aware of this grim reality, I think it is high time...(结合现实，提出观点） 针对这个严峻的现实，我认为有必要…… 3. For the legislature, it is advisable to...(从立法方面提建议） 从立法而言，应当... • 78 •第二章专八作文100篇 华研n 遇 路怒症 'Road rage'\ a psychological byproduct of auto society} refers to the uncontrollable anger of a driver on the road, and it usually leads to more severe conflicts. With the number of cars booming in China, it is more likely for Chinese drivers to suffer from road rage. The phenomenon is further highlighted by a recent survey in which 35 percent of 900 respondents admitted they had been guilty of aggressive driving including sudden lane changes and overtaking by force. The following article is about road rage in China. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the main idea of the article, and then 2. express your opinion towards road rage in China. China to Its Reckless Drivers: Rein in Your Road Rage Bad driving The past few weeks, state media have reported several grievous examples of road rage across China. In early May, a BMW car driven by a young woman collided with a bus in the eastern city of Xuzhou when she tried to change lane. During an ensuing argument, the woman asked two male friends to assault the bus driver—and then verbally abused traffic policemen upon their arrival. During the same week, a Mercedes-Benz car driver ran over and killed an elderly man in the southwestern city of Kunming, after the driver tried to cut in line at a toll booth and got into an argument with the victim’s family. One of the most disturbing incidents was caught on camera on May, as a high-speed chase between two cars in the southwestern Chinese city of Chengdu only ended when the male driver forced the female driver ahead of him to stop under an elevated highway. What happened next shocked and outraged the nation: He dragged her out of the car, threw her to the ground and viciously beat her—showing no mercy even when she tried to escape. Not so fast Public opinion shifted, however, when dashcam footage from the male driver's car emerged. That video, taken before the incident, showed the female driver cutting in front of him at the last second to take a nearly missed highway exit. Many of the womans sympathizers online turned against her, stirring a national debate on drivers behaving badly and road rage—with thousands of comments calling reckless driving as appalling as wanton violence. Law of the jungle Under the watchful eyes of her instructor, Liang meticulously practiced the steps of starting a manual-shift car. Like the nearly 28 million people who received a new drivers license last year, she also had to sit through a class on how to become a “safe and civilized driver.” The class and a mandatory test on the subject are all part of the government's effort to nip the • 79 •& 专八作文 problems of bad drivers and road rage in the bud, as the authorities tighten traffic rules and increase penalties for violators. 牮研外a ■ WMiaiAkMi "Offensive driving caused by road rage is a severe violation of law that disrupts traffic order and endangers safety," said the Ministry of Public Security in a statement after the Chengdu incident. "Drivers should consciously overcome their road rage.'* Traffic police departments in cities like Beying even produce nightly television shows that air on local channels, highlighting the potentially deadly consequences of road rage through footage of horrific accidents. For now, the law of the jungle—anytMng goes—still seems to rule the streets of China, with millions of new cars and news drivers hitting the road every year that may add to the chaos, anger and danger. _ 材料解读 材料由三部分组成，可从两方面来概括：中国路怒症的现状与政府对此采取的措施。 前两部分通过三个交通案件呈现了当前中国的路怒症现状。由于驾驶不当(Bad driving)出现争执.导致殴 打公交司机（assault the bus driver )，侮辱交繁（abused traffic policemen)甚至撞死老人（killed an elderly man)等种种严1 后果。其中引起广泛关注的是男司机由于残暴殴打(viciously beat)女司机备受指责。以上案例 均说明了当前中国的路怒症现状恶劣，亟需相关部门的管制。 第三部分则说明了政府对此采取的措施，包括开设课程教育司机成为安全文明驾驶员（become a “safe and civilized driver”）、收紧交通法规（tighten traffic rules)以及加大违法惩处力度（increase penalties for violators^此外，北京市还制作夜间电视节目（nightly television)增强民众的安全意识。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料大意—— 中国路怒症的现状，以及政府对此所采取的措施。 主体：提出个人观点一 路怒症是一种病，其解决需要个人与政府的共同努力。分析路怒症产生的原因，并 提出相关建议。 结尾：总结全文，呼吁共同努力以减少路怒症的发生。 _ 精品范文 Safe Traffic Starts from Controlling Road Rage Reportedly, road rage has swept across China in the past 根据报道，路怒症已经在过去的 few weeks. Drivers got into severe physical altercations for 几周内席卷了整个中国—— 司机由于 traffic conflict such as lane cutting, fast driving and speed 换线、高速驾驶或赛车等问题陷入严 racing, which arouses serious social problems as well as a 重的肢体冲突，引发了严重的社会问 heated nationwide discussion on drivers' violent behaviors and 題。全国上下因此就司机的暴力行为 road rage. In order to prevent road rage from frequently hap­ 与路怒症展开热烈讨论。为了防止路 pening, government has kept a tight rein on the driving tests 怒症频繁发生，政府对车考与交通规 and traffic rules, and launched a more extensive campaign, 定进行了严格管制，并开展了更广泛 trying to improve drivers* behaviors through regulatory means. 的活动，试图以立法手段改善司机行 Yet with an increasing number of vehicles and drivers hitting 为。然而，随着车辆与司机数量激增， • 80 •二章专八作文100 牮研外遇 the road, road rage seems to be worsening. 路怒症现象似乎正在恶化。 From where I stand, road rage is a social illness that re­ 在我看来，路怒症是一种社会疾 sults from not only the driver himself but also the slack reg­ 病，来自于司机本身以及政府管理疏 ulation of government. On the one hand, along with the de- 忽。一方面，随着社会的发展，人们面 velopment of society, people are faced with various stresses 临各种各样的压力却无处宣泄很自 and yet have few places to let out. Naturally, drivers are in­ 然，司机们往往在马路上发泄情緒，与 clined to release their anger on the road and enter into con­ 其他司机发生冲突，导致各种交通悲 flicts with others, causing all kinds of road tragedies and 剧，甚至对行人造成潜在的危胁。因 even posing a potential threat to pedestrians. Therefore, it is 此，司机在上路前应该寻求专业帮助， high time that drivers learnt to control their stress and mood before driving by seeking for professional help. 去学习如何控制压力与情绪。 On the other hand, cars and drivers are constantly 另一方面，由于缺乏政府部门管制， increasing due to lack of governmental restraints. No relevant 汽车与司机数量不断增多。同时也没 rules are set on car purchase, leading to more vehicles and 有相关的购车限制，致使交通更加拥 increasingly crowded traffic on the road. Plus, the current 挤。而且，目前的车考未能确保每一个 driving test cannot ensure a new driver fully master safe 新司机完全掌握安全驾驶的技能。政 driving on the road. In that aspect, government shall put 府应出台更加系统的车考方案以保证 forward a more systematic driving test so that drivers can 每个司机都可以真正理解交通规则。 fully grasp traffic rules. 总之，路怒症在全国范围内引起 In conclusion, road rage has aroused social concerns 了社会关注，该问题需要个人与政府 over China, which requires mutual efforts of drivers and 的协力合作。希望不再有交通悲剧的 government on solving this issue. Hopefully, no traffic tragedy 发生，为每个人留下一条安全文明的 will happen again, leaving a safe and civilized journey on the 马路。 road for every individual. _ 好 贿 句 altercation /.3:ltekeiJan/ w • 争 执 keep a rein on 控 制 slack /slaek/ a . 松 驰 的 let out 释放 be inclined to 倾 向 于 ...... pose a potential threat to 对 ...... 构 成 潜 在 威 胁 1 2 3 grasp traffic rules 常 握 交 通 规 则 1. In order to prevent... from..., government has kept a tight rein on…（指出政府为避免某种情况而采取 的措施） 为了避免……，政府严格控制…… 2. Therefore, it is high time that... learnt to...(提出倡议） 因此，……是时候学会…… 3. Hopefully, no... tragedy will happen again, leaving… （展望未来） 希望没有……悲剧重演，让…… • 81 •a 专八作文 无条件基本收入政策 4 B 3 I What if the government simply paid everyone enough so that no one was poor? ThaVs the so called "universal basic income'' or UBI. IVs an insane idea thatys gaining an unlikely alliance of supporters. The follow excerpt provides details of this idea. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the basic idea of UBI and its justification, and then 2. express your opinion towards it, especially whether it is practical in the near future. A Universal Basic Income Is the Solution to Poverty There's a simple way to end poverty: the government just gives everyone enough money, so nobody is poor. No ifs, buts, conditions, or tests. Everyone gets the minimum they need to survive, even if they already have plenty. This, in essence, is “universal basic income ” or “guaranteed basic income”一where, instead of multiple income assistance programs, we have just one: a single payment to all citizens, regardless of background, gender, or race. It’s a policy idea that sounds crazy at first, but actually begins to make sense when you consider some recent trends. The first is that work isn^t what it used to be. Many people now struggle through a 50-hour week and still don't have enough to live on. There are many reasons for this—including the heartlessness of employers and the weakness of unions—but it*s a fact. Work no longer pays. The wages of most American workers have stagnated or declined since the 1970s. The second: it*s likely to get worse. Robots already do many menial tasks. Irt the future, they'll do more sophisticated jobs as well. A study fromO xford University found that 47% of jobs are at risk of computerization over the next two decades. WeVe approaching an era when there will simply be less to do. The third is that traditional welfare is both not what it used to be and not very efficient. The value of welfare for families with children is now well below what it was in the 1990s, for example. For these reasons and others, the idea of a basic income for everyone is becoming increasingly popular. The exact details of basic income still need to be worked out, but it might work something like this: Instead of welfare payments, subsidies for health care, and tax credits for the working poor, we would take that money and use it to cover a single payment that would give someone the chance to live reasonably. A pilot in the 1970s in Manitoba, Canada, showed that a “Mincome” not only ended poverty but also reduced hospital visits and raised high-school completion rates. There seemed to be a community- affirming effect, which showed itself in people making use of free public services more responsibly. Meanwhile, there were eight "negative income taxM trials in the U.S. in the 70s, where people received payments and the government clawed back most of it in taxes based on your other income. The results for those trials were more mixed. They reduced poverty, but people also worked slightly less than normal. To some, this is the m^jor drawback of basic income: it could make people lazier than they would otherwise be. That would certainly be a problem, though it*s questionable whether, in the future, there will be as much employment anyway. The age of robots and artificial intelligence • 82 •第二章专八作文100篇 seems likely to hollow out many jobs, perhaps changing how we view notions of laziness and productivity altogether. _ 材料解读 材料探讨了“无条件基本收人”这一话题，大致可分为两部分内容，包括提出这一想法的原因和它在试点产 生的结果。 前六段中，作者陈述无条件基本收人政策得到支持的三方面的理由。一是现在工资太低不足以维持生活 (Work no longer pays.);二是大部分工作很可能会变成计算机化(at risk of computerization),结果是可做的 工作越来越少；三是传统的福利政策也大不如前。因此，无条件基本收入政策有其合理性和必要性。 最后两段则以加拿大和美国为例，介绍该政策试行后的结果。加拿大的一个试点(pilot)说明无条件基本收入 不仅能消除贫困（ended poverty),而且能减少就医人数和提高高中结业率(high-school completion rates)。而 美国的例子则体现了让人喜忧参半(more mixed)的结果：一方面减少了贫穷(reduced poverty),但另一方面人 们却更懒了(make people lazier)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，概括支持无条件基本收人政策的原因及其影响；提出个人观点—— 无条件基本收人的政策 不现实。 、 主体：分两方'面论述无条件基本收人政策不现实的原因。 1. 无条件基本收人打破了传统的工作和报酬之间的平衡。 2. —旦懒惰被当成一种舒适的生活方式，则将削弱社会生产力。 结尾：重申观点，指出无条件基本收人违背了有付出才有收人的原则，H此难以实现。 _ 精品范文 Universal Basic Income Is Unrealistic As our society further progresses in creating wealth, the 随着社会的进步，我们创造出越 issue of poverty becomes more prominent and the elimination 来越多的财富，同时贫困问题也越发 of it is more urgent. In order to end poverty, the idea of 突出，消除贫困则越发紧迫。为了摆脱 universal basic income is put forward which proposes that 贫困，人们提出了无条件基本收入的提 everyone gets the minimum they need to live regardless of 议,建议无论贫富每个人都能获得最低 what he or she already has, with considerations of the 生活保障3 这个提议是针对工资的下 decline of salary, the computerization of work and the 降、工作逐漸计算机化以及不奏效的 inefficiency of traditional welfare system. Despite the fact 传统福利体系而提出的。尽管根据这 that policy derived from this idea has achieved quite 一想法制定的政策在加拿大和美国的 promising results in pilot towns in Canada and America, I 试点城镇都取得相对理想的结果，我 still believe that universal basic income is unrealistic. It is 仍然认为“无条件基本收入”并不现 bound to fail if universally applied. 实，而且一旦广泛应用必将以失敗收场。 First and obviously, the idea of universal basic income 首先很明显一点是“无条件基本 breaks the conventional balance between work and pay. If people reap without sowing, then there would be such 收入”打破了传统的“工作和报酬”之 individuals who would rather stroll around than work or do 间的平衡。如果人们可以不劳而获，那 anything substantial for the good of society. The reason is as 么总会有人宁愿无所事事也不愿意工 • 83 •a 专八作文 华研外ii plain as day. Working or not, all people can anyway receive 作，他们不会为社会的发展做出实质 the minimal income sufficient to support their living. As a 性的贡献。道理再简单不过，因为不管 result, laziness will spread like virus among people who see 工作与否，大家至少都能维持生计。结 through the “benefit” of not working. 果，懒楕将如病毒般扩散开来，因为大 Another argument in favor of my view is that once 家都尝到了不工作的“甜头"。 idleness is regarded as a comfortable way of living, then the 我的另一个立论是一旦啉惰被当 production of the whole society will without doubt slow 成一种舒适的生活方式，那么整个社 down. I do not deny the computerization of much work, yet 会的生产毫无疑问会减緩。我不否认 neither do I deny that robots and computers have to be 很多工作都可以由电脑完成，也不否 controlled and operated by men. Therefore, laziness among 认机器人和电脑都必须由人操控。因 the general public will, in one way or another, decrease the 此，人们的懒惰终究会降低社会的整 overall productivity of the world. And we should bear in 体生产效率。而且不要忘了，没有可持 mind that without sustainable sources of income it is a 续的收入来源，就不可能确保每个人 mission impossible to guarantee universal basic income to 的“无条件基本收入”。 everyone. 总之，我认为推行“无条件基本收 In a word, I contend that it is unrealistic to enforce 入”是不现实的，因为这违背了 “有劳 universal basic income since it violates the rule of gaining 才有获”的规则。实 际 实行“无条件 pay through work. In fact, the implementation of universal 基本收入”不仅不能消除贫穷，还有可 basic income, instead of eradicating poverty, may put more 能让更多人陷入贫穷的危险。 people at the risk of it _ 好词好句 derive /di’raiv/ v . 源于 conventional /kan’venjanal/ a . 传 统 的 reap without sowing 不 劳 而 获 stroll /straul/ v . 闲逛 substantial /sab’staenjl/ a . 数 目 大 的 as plain as day 通 而 易 见 的 spread like virus 像 病 毒 般 扩 散 idleness /"aidlnis/ n • 懒 惰 contend /kan’tend/ 主张 violate /"vaialeit/ v . 违 反 eradicate /I’raedikeit/ v •根 除 1. As our society further progresses in... , the issue of... becomes more prominent and the elimination of it is more urgent.(首段指出问題所在） 随着社会的进步，......的问题越来越突出，消除.......的任务越发紧迫„ 2. Another argument in favor of my view is that...(正文论述观点） 我的另一个立论是...... • 84 •第二章专八作文100篇 征 棚 職 有 鹏 ? Regarding the serious congestion in mega cities^ authorities proposed that government should levy congestion fees on cars entering certain sections of their city areas. Naturally, this suggestion is quick to draw fire. The following are opinions on the effectiveness of charging congestion fees. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment on this practice. Car owners Mark Hough: The reason for good traffic volume in cities like Tokyo and Paris is not that they collect congestion fees, but rather improved planning. The government is obligated to provide the public with solutions. Car owners are already subject to a multitude of taxes like the fuel tax. The levying of congestion fees is therefore uryustifiable. Moreover, the experience of certain developed countries suggests that traffic congestion fees may cause roads to become even more crowded than before. Most of the collected fees are not spent on improving the traffic situation and road planning, but are rather embezzled as administrative expenses on other items. When it comes to the management of congestion, the market rule is by no means the only principle to follow. Gila Albert: Several m^jor reasons exist for traffic congestion: underdeveloped public traffic systems, too many automobiles on the roads, and tlie concentration of central business districts. Therefore, to cope with congestion, rather than exclusively relying on charging congestion fees, other supplementary policies should be put in place. Cities are expanding while more and more families are coming to possess one or more cars. If the fees are collected, they will be the m^jor contributors. Generally, when the price for a public product is to be raised, a hearing on the issue is held, so why has this not been the case in this instance? This new fee will affect most families in cities, hence it must be planned carefully. With important issues, decision makers must lend an ear to the public before a decision is made. Traffic Experts Shi Hongju: Big cities tend to act as a magnet for job hunters owing to job opportunities as well as the various forms of welfare benefits and modem conveniences they offer. Whether or not traffic congestion fees will really enable traffic to run more smoothly, however, is a disputable point. Examples of failed schemes involving price hikes can be seen everywhere: from relieving pressure on railway transportation networks by raising ticket prices to reducing the number of visitors to scenic areas by jacking up the price of admission. Rather than being functional, these measures could easily be interpreted as similarly exploitative. Jake McGoldrick: London has applied congestion fees in central areas since 2003, but this is no excuse for all other cities to follow suit. Traffic congestion is a multifaceted problem, and though the • 85 •results of levying congestion fees in London have proven effectiveT blindly copying its model would be irresponsible. Be it congestion fees or license plate restrictions, car owners’ legitimate rights and interests are being harmed. If measures to address traffic problems come at the expense of the public interest and fail to solve the underlying causes of the problem, they will be inevitably subject to doubt and criticism* _ 材料解读 题目围绕“是否应该征收拥堵费"的话题展开讨论。材料中分別给出了普通私家车主和交通管理专家的看 法。总体而言，双方均不认可征收拥堵费这一做法3 在车主看来，他们已经承担了多数的税收，加收拥堵费是不公平的（uAjustifiable);实现交通畅通在于完善规 划（improved planning >或采取其他辅助政策（other supplementary policies);征收的费用还可能被挪作他用 (embezzled., on other items),而且决策者必须事先听取公众的意见（lend an ear to the public)。在交通管 理专家看来，不能盲目复制他人的经验，交通拥堵是个综合性的问题(a multifaceted problem)。许多错误的方 案会导致价格飞涨(price hikes);加收拥堵费有损车主的合法权益.倘若收费后还不能解决问题，必然会招致质 疑和批判（doubt and criticism)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：指出交通拥堵的现状，引出征收拥堵费的这一做法。 主体：概括材料.总结车主和交通管理专家对收取拥堵费的看法&然后提出自己的观点：用征收费用的方法 来解决交通问题从长远来看是不可行的。并利用材料给出的观点举例说明。 结尾：总结全文，重申自己的观点，反对征收拥堵费，提出应该从城市规划和城市管理的角度来解决交通 问题D _ 精品范文 Congestion Fees: Not a Reasonable Solution In metropolises around the world, the serious traffic 在世界各地的大都市T 严重的交通 congestion has always been a thorny problem. It not only 拥堵一直是个令人苦恼的问题。它不仅 brings about the low efficiency in transportation and work, 造成运输和工作效率低下，还导致了许 but also leads to many psychological problems. As a result, 多心理问题：因此T—些官员建议政府对 authorities proposed that government should levy conges­ 进入某些城市区域的车辆征收拥堵费。 tion fees on cars entering certain city areas, and London 如伦敦自2003年起就已经在中心城区 has applied congestion fees in central areas since 2003. 开始采取这一措施。 However， whether traffic congestion fees will really en­ 然而t 征收拥诸费能否真正地舒缓 able traffic to run more smoothly is a disputable issue. 交通依然存在争议。一些车主认为，由于 Some car owners believe the policy is uryustifiable be­ 他们已经承担了过多的税收，这一收费 cause they have already be taxed heavily and the public 并不公平。而且这一规定在实施前也没 opinions are often not given enough consideration before 有充分考虑他们的意见。同时一些专家 the regulation is implemented. And some experts point out 指出T 盲目照搬伦敦的模式是不负责任 的行为，因为交通拥堵是一个多方面的 that it is not responsible to blindly copy London’s mode, as traffic congestion is a multifaceted problem. 问题e ■ 86 -第二章专八作文100 华研外遇 I believe congestion fees would cause more harm than 我认为从长远来看，征收拥堵费弊 benefits in the long run. Firstly, the policy is a hotbed of 大于利。首先，这一政策是滋生行政部门 corruption for administrative departments. Instead of being 腐败的温床。被征收的费用往往被挪用 applied to traffic improvement or road planning, the money 来牟取私利而不是用于交通改善和道路 they collected is often embezzled for their own interest. 规划。其次，对一些车主而言此项费用无 Secondly, it is a real burden for the car owners to pay 疑是增加他们的负担，他们已经支付了 fees on congestion, as they are already subject to fuel tax 燃油税和其他交通费用:征收拥堵费的 and other transportation fees. The policy of levying congestion fees would certainly cause dissatisfaction among 政策必然会引起公众的不满c 第三，大城 the pubic. Thirdly, as more and more car will be on the 市路上的汽车越来越多，收取拥堵费可 roads of big cities, it is unrealistic to regard congestion 以在一定时间内缓解部分地区的交通拥 fees as a fundamental solution for they can only relieve 堵，但如果把收费当成解决问题的根本 the traffic pressure in limited areas at certain time. 方案显然是不现实的。 In conclusion, to cope with congestion, it is not rea­ 总之，完全依靠收取拥堵费来应对 sonable to exclusively rely on charging congestion fees. 拥堵问题是不合理的。应同时考虑制定 Other supplementary policies should be put in place such 其他政策，如改善城市规划和交通管理。 as improving the city planning and traffic management. As 所谓偏信则暗，通过民意调查聆听民众 heeding only one side makes one benighted, it is also signif­ 的意见也同样重要。 icant to carry out polls to hear the voice of the public. _ 好词好句 metropolis /ma'tmplis/ /I. a thorny probem 大 城 市 丨 棘 手 的 问 题 multifaceted /.mAlti’faesitid/ a be a hotbed of......... •多 方 面 的 的 温 床 embezzle /im'bezl/ v• be subject to 遭受...... 盗 用 ，挪 用 relieve the traffic pressure cope with ( 缓 解 交 通 压 力 处 理 ，解 决 难 题 ） supplementary /.SApli’mentari/ 仏 补 充 的 be put in place 落 到 实 处 heeding only one side makes one benighted 偏 信 则 暗 1. It not only brings about." but also leads to".(列举事物带来的影响） 它不仅带来......，而且会引起........ 2. However, whether…will really enable sth. to do sth. is a disputable issue•(指出问题） 然而，......能否……仍有待研究。 3. I believe sth. would cause more harm than benefits in the long run.(表明反对的观点） 长远来看，我认为某事物弊大于利D • 87 •专八作文 女性专用公交车是否性别歧视？ Female-only buses have been introduced in many countries with varying degrees of success. Some think these buses can more or less protect women from groping and harassment. But some hold that such single-sex transport is a relatively discrimination. The following two excerpts introduce the implementation of this practice in Mexico and China respectively. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the two excerpts, and then 2. give your comment on this practice. Excerpt 1 Groping and verbal harassment is an exasperating reality for women using public transportation in Mexico City, where 22 million passengers cram onto subways and buses each day. Acting on complaints from women's groups, the city rolled out 44ladies only" buses, complete with pink signs in the windshields to wave off the men. As word spreads about the buses, the women seem delighted, while some men forced to wait a few minutes longer have shown their anger. Still others have stumbled on board despite the signs, much tx> their embarrassment. On Thursday, when a man mistakenly climbed aboard on one of the female-only buses, the women immediately began teasing him and shouting that he should read the “ladies only” sign. The man blushed and mumbled an apology, then ignored the taunts until he got off several stops later. Mexico City's female-only buses run along three busy routes throughout the day for now, but the city plans to add them to 15 other routes by April, said Ariadna Montiel, who directs the public bus system. "Women were asking for this service because of the sexual harassment, especially groping and leering,M Montiel said. And while some men have complained that they have to wait longer for a bus, she said the women are thrilled: MThe women are really happy and we have been getting a lot of e-mail and letters from them." Excerpt 2 The introduction of a women-only bus, a relatively new concept in China, in Zhengzhou has riled some local men and sparked an online debate. The new summer service will run during morning and evening rush hours in the eastern city of Zhengzhou, in an effort to cut the number of groping incidents, Dahe Daily reports. The local bus company says ifll protect women from being harassed when wearing lighter clothing, and also help breastfeeding mothers feel more comfortable. Women interviewed on board the bus said they were pleased with the service. But some local men are less impressed. One tells that harassment isn’t common on public transport: “The bus company has made a fuss over it—this measure will cause men to feel humiliated." Another man • 88 •第二章专八作文100篇 complains: **I had to wait a reaUy long time for another bus to arrive because I wasn^ allowed on.M A video that has gone viral shows an elderly man remonstrating with the driver after being de­ nied boarding. “You’re discriminating against me! This is a public bus! M he shouts. Others appear unfazed, and wander off in search of another service. It^ become a hot topic of debate on microblogging site Weibo, with lots of women welcoming the idea, although one notes: “Not all men are bad, but aren’t all men being discriminated against here?” There^ support from male users too, although some think it promotes a general distrust of men. Many also feel an exception should have been made for the elderly man in the video. _ 材料解读 材料给出的两个选段分別探讨了在墨西哥和中国的女性专用公交车的做法。在两个选段中，女性基本上都 欢迎政府推出专用公交车保护她们免受性骚扰(sexual harassment),然而这一做法在实行过程中也会遇到一些 问题或受到某些男性的抗议。 选段一指出西哥城提供妇女专用公交车受到女性欢迎，她们为此感到愉快(delighted)和激动(thrilled) 但一些男性为此感到愤怒，有一些男性甚至无视妇女专用的标志直接乘坐（stumbled on board despite the signs)。 选段二中河南郑州则是为了减少性骚扰事件(cut the number of groping incidents)，同时也能让哺乳期 的母亲(breastfeeding mothere)在公交车上更自在，因而开设了女性专用公交车。但这在中国来说是个新概念， 在女性为此高兴的同时，一些男性则认为：性骚扰事件并不普遍（harassment isn’t common)，这样的举措让男 性感到屈辱(feel humiliated)和受歧视，也导致他们要花很长时间去等车。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结墨西哥和中国女性专用公交车的做法及群众的意见，提出个人观点—— 为女性提供专用公车没 有必要，而且对男性和女性都构成了歧视。 主体：分两方而论述为何不应该设立女性专用公交车。 1. 女性虽更容易成为性骚扰的受害者，但只有极少数的男性会对女性进行性骚扰。 2 . 从个人和社会权利平等的角度来看，女性也不应该享受特别的公交服务。 结尾：重申观点，说明设立女性公交车虽然保护了女性，但实际上却是对女性的一种歧视。 _ 精品范文 Women-Only Buses Discriminate Both M e n and W o m e n Sexual harassment has long been a depressing reality for 性骚扰是一直困扰着女性的问题， women and it becomes even worse with the increasing mo­ 而且随着人流的上升而变得更为严重 bility of modem people. In order to better protect females 为了更好地保护女性免受性骚扰，墨西 from being sexually harassed, the authority of Mexico City 哥城市政府推出女性专用公交车。河南 rolls out ** ladies-onlyH buses. Zhengzhou, the provincial city 省省会郑州对这个相对新鲜的做法也 of Henan, also embraces this relatively new idea and pro­ 表示欢迎，在高峰时段提供女性专用公 vides women-only buses services during the rush hours. 交车的服务。但这些出于好意的做法却 Such well-intentioned practice, however, triggers protest from 引起一些男性的抗议和对公交车公司 some men and even complaints for the bus company. My 的投诉。在我看来，为女性提供专用公 personal view is that providing single-sex buses for ladies is • 89 •专八作文 unnecessary since it discriminates against women as well as 交车多此一举，因为它不仅是对男性的 men. 歧视，也是对女性的歧视。 Women are doubtless more susceptible to be victims of 毫无疑问，女性更容易成为性骚扰 sexual harassment, but their relative vulnerability cannot 的受害者，但不能因为她们相对容易受 justify ladies-only buses services. As a matter of fact, the 到伤害就提供女性专用公交车服务。事 proportion of males who conduct sexual harassment such as 实上，通过诸如偷摸或偷瞄等方式对女 groping or leering is low. Offering women-only buses not 性进行性骚扰的男性是少数，女性专用 only causes inconvenience for men who are innocent and 公交车不仅给那些无辜的需要乘坐公 who need to use buses, but also gives them the feeling of 交车的男性造成不便，而且让他们感到 being humiliated. In addition, from the perspective of equal 蒙羞。此外，从个人和社会权利平等的 personal and social rights, women should not be given such 角度来看，女性也不应该享受特别的公 special public transport services. In other words, both gen­ 交服务换句话说，男女都应该一视同 ders should be treated equally. On second thoughts, this 仁：而且仔细一想，这一■政策也是对女 policy is also a discrimination against women. As we all 性的一种歧视3 众所周知，女性不愿被 know, women refuse to be labeled as the weaker sex, and 贴上弱势性别的标签，而且她们倡导和 they advocate and support equal rights. If there are buses 支持平等权利。如果专门为女性开设公 intended for females only, doesn't that show women are 交车，难道这不是表明女性比男性弱 weaker than men? Doesn’t that undo the efforts to rid 吗？那些为女性摘掉“柔弱”标签的努力 women of the label of “fragility’？ 不就付诸东流了吗？ To conclude, I am opposed to the proposal of providing 总之，我反对专门为女性提供专用 women-only buses services specially for women. In fact, 公交的提议。实际上，性骚扰可以通过 sexual harassment should be addressed by taking effective 其他有效的方式来解决，例如安装摄像 measures such as installing security cameras to collecting 头收集身体接触等性骚扰行为并对相 evidence of groping and penalizing those accused of sexual 关人员进行惩罚。 harassment. _ 好词好句 roll out well-intentioned fl 推出 , 出 于 善 意 的 susceptible /sa_septibal/ a vulnerability /.VAlnara’bilati/ n . . 易 受 影 响 的 易 受 伤 害 grope /graup/ v• 抚 摸 （异 性 ) leer /lie/ vi • 斜 睨 humiliate /hju:Vnilieit/ v . 使 丢 脸 undo //vn’du:/ 以 .破 坏 3 fragility /fra’d iliti/ n . 脆弱 1. My personal view is that... since…（首段提出个人观点） 我个人的观点是......因为........ 2. From the perspective of equal personal and social rights, ...(主体进行论证） 从个人和社会权利的平等的庚度来看，…… 3. To conclude, I am opposed to the proposal of...(结尾重申观点，表示反对） 总之，我反对......的提议。 90 • •牮研外遇 扶贫不只是捐钱? IVs a common misconception that poverty alleviation is all about financial aid. People regard this as the most effective way to help the poor. However， some hold that helping the poor with education is more important than donating money. The following excerpts are opinions toward the means of poverty alleviation. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your suggestions on the means of poverty alleviation. Excerpt 1 Giving money isn't even a way to help the poor if it was then the various charities should have solved the poverty problem ages ago. Here on TV every day we see terrible pictures and hear the mournful voiceover asking us to save a child from lack of clean water, starvation, or illness usually somewhere in Africa. I have heard the same pleas all my adult life and still the problem persists or has got worse, surely in nearly 60 years the people of the West have given enough money to the charities to drill a few thousand wells and buy enough food to feed the entire population... yet it goes on and on. So therefore I say whatever they have been doing and are still doing is not the answer. Educating people how to earn money for themselves is more of a help. As an old Chinese proverb goes: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. I am in favour of teaching people to fish and farm so that they learn to provide for their own. However, you cannot fish in a dry river nor farm where there is no rain... For charities to continue to sustain life where life cannot sustain itself is madness there just has to be a better way. Excerpt 2 Poverty is more than just a lack of income. Poverty encompasses a lack of money, education, resources, housing stability, safety, opportunities, etc. It is a complex issue. I worked for over a year helping to house the homeless and I now work as a self sufficiency specialist to help enable those in poverty rise above their circumstances. Wliere I work we have six categories which have shown reliability and validity when it comes to self sufficiency. Income, either fixed (disability, SSI, retirement, earned, etc), Housing (stable is required, other options are unstable and literally homeless), Food, Education, Transportation, and Health Care. If a client is lacking in any of these areas they are at risk for falling back into poverty and/or remaining in poverty. Therefore, money can make a huge impact when applied correctly. However, if all we do is pay for the current shut off and provide them with no other resources or opportunities to change the situation overall, they wall need another shut-off assist the very next month. Other ways to help the poor include volunteering at a food bank, volunteering to teach a skill you excel at such as budgeting, how to do your own oil change, writing a resume, etc. Time and knowledge are just as valuable, if not more so, than money. 91 • •专八作文 P 材料解读 材料围绕“扶贫的方式”展开讨论，两个选段分别给出了不同的看法。 选段一驳斥了捐款在扶贫中的作用，并以过去六十年里西方对非洲的捐款为例，说明捐款无济于事（is not the answer^并以中闰古语为证:授人以鱼不如授人以渔，强调教育人们（Educating people)如何赚钱产生的帮 助更大（more of a help) : 选段二则认为捐款还是有用的，但扶贫的方式不能局限于捐款。因为贫困是一个涉及方方面面的复杂问题 (a complex issue)。虽然钱款应用得当能发挥重大作用（make a huge impact),但其他方式的援助也十分重 要，而时间和知识(Time and knowledge)的重要性仅次于金钱。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中对扶贫方式的两种看法，并提出自己的观点—— 直接捐钱是M有效的扶贫方式。 主体：阐述捐钱最有效的原因，因为穷人也需要自主箪控人生的权利^ 结尾：总结全文，直接给钱能让穷人自主地决定自己的人生。 精品范文 Want to Help the Poor? Just Give Them Money Many people are disconcerted by the idea of giving 人们对直接捐钱给穷人的做法感到 money directly to the poor, afraid that without regulations 不安，担心钱会因为缺乏监管而被滥用 the money would be misused and wasted. The first ex­ 或浪费选段一对此表示赞同，并表示相 cerpt echoes this notion, suggesting that education is a 较于经济援助，教育援助才是更为有效 more effective alternative to financial aid, as teaching a 的方式，正如“授人以鱼不如授人以渔' man to fish works better than giving him a fish. Although 选段二虽然肯定了金钱的重要性，但指 the second excerpt underlines the importance of money, it 出单靠资金援助无法消除贫困，还需要 points out that money alone cannot eliminate poverty, and 其他形式的帮助，如提供资源、机会和知 there should be other types of help, such as provision of 识。我赞成考虑其他形式的援助，但我认 resources, opportunities, and knowledge. I agree that other 为财政支援，或更确切的说，直接给钱才 kinds of assistance could be considered, but financial sup­ 是扶贫的最好方式。 port, or more precisely cash transfer, is the best way to 过去几十年，我们一直认为穷人需 help the poor. 要我们为他们办好每一件事。没人相信 For decades, it was thought that the poor needed ev­ 他们可以合理开支。因此政府和慈善机 erything done for them. Few people would trust anyone to spend a large sum of money responsibly. Thus govern­ 构将所有东西都进行定量配罝，从食物 ments and charities rationed everything, from food to med­ 到医疗物资；从学校到公共交通等。穷人 ical supplies, school to public transportation, with people 根本没有权利根据他们的需求和优先事 living in poverty denied the right to make decisions about 项进行选择,、然而，我们必须要认识到， their needs and priorities. However, we should realize that 贫困不仅是资源的匮乏，还是权利的匮 poverty is as much a deficit in power as a material lack. 乏。为什么我们会觉得穷人没有能力做 Why do we think poor people cannot manage money well? 好理财这件事呢？实际上，越来越多的实 In reality, the growing practice and success of cash trans­ 践和现金捐助的成功案例表明，直接给 fer show that giving money away indeed pulls people out 钱确实能帮助人摆脱贫困。一家名为 of poverty. According to an experiment conducted by GiveDirect的慈善机构（专门通过无附带 • 92 •第二章专八作文100 a ■ GiveDirectiy, a charity trying to help poor people by send­ 条件的资金援助帮助贫困人群）做了一 ing them money with no strings attached, cash recipients 项实验，结果显示，获得金钱资助的人并 did not lavish money upon their pleasures; instead they in­ 没有将钱挥霍在享乐上，而是用于小孩 vested it in their kid’s education, health care, better food 的教育、医疗、食物甚至生意上。这进一 or even business. This further proves that giving people 步说明捐钱给穷人能让他们更好地掌控 wealth is enabling them to feel more in control of their 自己的命运。 life. 总而言之，直接捐钱给那些需要帮 In conclusion, cash transfer ensures those who we aim 助的人，能让他们做主如何把钱用在刀 to help can make their decisions about how best to use 刃上。他们进而会明白自力更生的意义， our assistance. In doing so, they recognize the need for 从而努力挣脱贫捆绑在他们身上的物质 self-reliance and autonomy, therefore unshackling the mate­ rial and immaterial fetters that poverty places on them. 和非物质抽》锁 _ 好词好句 disconcerted /,disk9n'S3:tid/ a .不安的 echo /ek9u/ v• 重复（观点） eliminate A’limineit/ vA 消除 ration /reij an/ v/•配给 deficit /defisit/ w•不足 no strings attached 无附带条件 lavish /laeviJV v/•浪费 self-reliance w•自力更生 unshack丨e /An’Jaekl/ 叱解下......枷锁 fetter /feta/ w•束缚 1. Teaching a man to fish works better than giving him a fish.(谅语） 授人以鱼不如授人以渔。 2. I agree that..., but..., is the best way to."(客观地提出自己的观点） 我同意……，但……是最好的解决方式。 3. In doing so, they recognize the need for..., therefore unshackling... fetters that... places on them. (结 尾总结某一做法的作用） 这样一来，他们能认识到……的意义，从而努力挣脱……束缚他们的枷锁。 • 93 •八作文 班W外暹 替代监禁的处罚方法 Debates over how to treat criminals have gone on since the judicial system founded. Across the world， imprisonment is the most common means to use in most countries, but the challenges to the effectiveness of prison as punishment never ceases. The follow news report provides a possible alternative to imprisonment. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment. Community Service: A Productive W a y to Punish Homeless at the age of 46, Martin **boostsM goods from New York City department stores, resells them for money to purchase a week or two at a cheap hotel, then steals again when the money runs out. This way of life often lands him in court, where he faces the standard sentences of sixty or ninety days in jail. Some judges, however, consider that a waste: Cells cost money, and Martin isn*t that dangerous. They would rather use the leverage his conviction has given them to get some honest work out of him, and the city's Community Service Sentencing Project gives them a reliable way tx> do so. That suits Martin just fine. MJail is overcrowded," he complains. And you have a lot of gangs going on in jail now... People get stabbed up, killed. But many other New Yorkers also see the benefit of his alternative sentencing: He has cleared lots for communal gardens, cleaned up a YMCA, painted low-income housing units, and performed other sundry tasks for neighborhood groups around the city. As he and hundreds of other petty criminals do such jobs under supervision of the courts, they demonstrate both the possibilities for saving on jail costs and constructive use of work as a sanction. Judges typically impose the sentences according to formula—for example, six hours of work equal one day of jail. The offenders are interviewed to determine their skills and availability, then matched with jobs at government or nonprofit agencies. The probation department handles enforcement and eventual referral of failed cases hack to the court for resentencing. It is hard to determine how much community service serves as a substitute for jail or prison. The argument for the sanction looks compelling: Sentencing a person to community service spares the huge expense of incarceration. There is some reason to believe that use of the sanction as a genuine alternative increased in subsequent years. As courts continued to feel the pressures of jail crowding, the advantages of community service appeared more obvious than ever, and judges sought ways to make the most of it. As the federal government brought pressure for tougher laws against drunk driving, for example, community service became the sentence of choice, especially for offenders with stable jobs and families. Sandy Seely, former he茲d of the National Community Sentencing Association, says that today, even drunk drivers found guilty of vehicular homicide may wind up working off their debt to society at a community service site rather then doing time behind bars. “It’s a sentence that the victim’s family usually agrees to, she says. • 94 •第二章专八作文100篇 In addition, states that impose escalating sanctions—intensive probation supervision, electronic monitoring, day treatment, restitution—that substitute for jail may include community service as part of a sentence package. And a few jurisdictions have set up programs that substitute community service for jail but call it something else. _ 材料解读 材料主要围绕”用社区服务代替监禁“展开论述。第一段以小偷惯犯Martin为例，引出社区服务这一替代监 禁的惩罚方式。第二段分别从犯人和市民的角度说明其益处—— 犯人称赞它的安全性，使他们免受被刺杀的威 胁(get stabbed up, killed);在市民看来，该方法既能节省监狱的费用(saving on jail costs),又能将犯人用于 建设性的用途(constructive use of work)。第三段和第四段从法官的角度出发，指出虽然如何tt化社区服务的 惩罚标准很难确定(hard to determine),但这种惩罚方式不仅能节省监禁开支，还能缓解监禁压力:第五段讲社 区服务的适用对象—— 那些有稳定工作和家室(with stable jobs and families)的小罪犯最后一段总结社区服 务的未来走向，它与密切观护和电子监视等一样，很可能被纳为监禁的替代方式（as part of a sentence package)〇 ， 谋篇布局 开篇：整合概括材料中各方对于社区服务的观点，然后表达自己的论点：社区服务是一种理想的刑罚方式。 主体：从三个方面阐述用社区服务代替监禁的好处 1. 社区服务能够减轻政府在监狱运作方面的开支； 2 . 与监禁作对比，指出社区服务可以让犯罪者对社会作出实质性的补偿； 3 . 社区服务这一服刑方式比监禁更具安全性。 ， 结尾：总结全文，说明社区服务对于政府开支、社会和犯罪者均有好处，并建议进一步完善这一刑罚3 精品范文 Community Service: an Ideal Means of Penalty for Petty Criminals As a traditional and the most comirionly adopted 作为一种传统的和应用最广的刑罚 punishment for criminals, imprisonment is experiencing 方式，监禁正面临着日益突出的问题，由 increasingly acute problems, for which reason a series of 此衍生了一系列替代监禁的刑罚方式。其 substitute penalties have arisen. Among them, community 中，社区服务得到了广泛的赞同。犯罪者 service has won general approval. The offenders praise its 称赞这种方式的安全性，普通民众则赞许 safety and ordinary citizens appreciate its constructiveness 其建设性和实用性e社区服务备受法院和 and utility. It is most welcome for courts and judges for 法官们的青睐，因为它具有两项明显的优 its obvious advantages of greatly reducing the budget of 势—— 大大降低监禁所需的开支和缓解 incarceration and relieving the pressure of jail crowding. 监狱人员过多的压力。另外，专业人士认 Also, it’s applauded by professionals as an apt sanction for 为这种惩罚颇适用于有稳定工作和家庭 criminals with stable jobs and families. Concerning its 的犯罪者。鉴于社区服务的多种好处，我 many benefits, I also subscribe to community service as an 也认同它对于罪行轻微者来说是一种理 ideal means of penalty for petty criminals. 想的制裁方式。 Firstly, community service eases the heavy burden of 首先，社区服务能够减轻监狱开支的 jail costs. Every year, a massive proportion of tax income 重担每年都会有很大一部分的税收用于 goes to the maintenance of prisons. This undesirable way • 95 •专八作文 igwnifi of using the tax is a problem that troubles governments 维持监狱的运作。这一不受欢迎的税收用 all over the world. By sentencing criminals tx) community 途是一个困扰着各国政府的难题。判决罪 service, a huge sum can be spared and put to more con­ 犯进行社区劳役可以节省一大笔开支以 structive uses. 投放于更具建设性的用途。 Next, undertaking community service enables the per­ 其次，承担社区服务使犯罪者可以作 petrator to make tangible compensation. Unlike imprison­ 出实质性的赔偿。监禁只是剥夺了囚犯的 ment, which merely deprives the prisoners freedom, com­ 人身自由，社区服务与之不同，可以得到 munity service yields productive results, enabling the of­ 产出性的结果，让触犯法律者对社会作出 fender to make actual contribution to the society as a compensation for the harm and loss he has inflicted. 实际的贡献，以此作为对其所造成的伤害 In addition, community service is a much safer way 和损失的补偿。 of serving a sentence compared with imprisonment. With 再次，与监禁相比，社区服务是一种 gangs of criminals gathered together, prisons have seen 更为安全的服刑方式。监狱里聚集了大量 frequent occurrence of violence and crime, which presents 罪犯，经常会发生暴力和犯罪事件，给囚 considerable risk for prisoners, especially the non-violent 犯造成了很大的危险，尤其是那些非暴力 ones. Community service averts this problem, guaranteeing 的囚犯。社区服务避免了这个问题，保证 personal safety for sentence servers. 了服刑者的人身安全。 To sum up, community service eryoys multiple advan­ 综上所述，社区服务具有多种优势， tages, whether in regard to the governmental budget, the 无论是对于政府开支、社会还是犯罪者本 society or the offenders themselves. Therefore, more mea­ 身。因此，应该采取更多的措施来完善这 sures should be taken to perfect the sentence and facili­ 一刑罚，使之得以更好地实施。 tate its implementation. _ 好词好句 petty /*peti/ a • 小 的 penalty /penalti/ /i • 处 罚 utility /ju: tiliti/ n • 实 用 incarceration /in,ka:se'reijdn/ n . 监禁 sanction /saerjkjan/ n. 制 裁 subscribe to 同意 perpetrator /*p3:pitreita/ /i • 罪 犯 inflict /nVflikt/ w . 使 承 担 avert /a v3:t/ v /.避 免 1 2 3 1. •" is experiencing increasingly acute problems, for which reason"•(介绍话題背景） ......正面临着日益突出的问題，因此....... 2. Concerning its many benefits, I also subscribe to...(提出作者的观点） 鉴于……的多种好处，我也同意…… 3. ••• have seen frequent occurrence of..• (形容某地的状态） ……经常会发生……事件。 • 96 •第二章专八作文100篇 跡 卫 工 醜 外 学 习 4 B H a Seventy outstanding sanitation workers from Yibinf Sichuan province, were sent to Singapore on a study toury which has sparked online controversy. From the following excerpts, you can find different opinions towards this practice. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 800 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment. Yu Wenjun (www.qianlong.com) In some people’s minds, overseas study tours are only a privilege for government officials or researchers, while street sweepers have nothing to do with it. The practice of the government of Yibin shows respect to ordinary workers. This demeanor shows that the social divisions of labor don't mean that any career is inferior to another. As long as people can make real contributions to society, they should get the reward they deserve. It^s a positive signal for building a harmonious society. Sending street sweepers for overseas study tours is not letting them travel at public expense. Street sweepers are important decorators of the city and the guards of the image of a city. Like anyone else, they also need some opportunities to broaden their horizons, such as studying abroad. Sending them for study tours is a change of concept. It’s narrow-minded to regard this only as a travel tour at public expense. In order to make it more effective, those street sweepers must be carefully selected. Besides, after the tour, the local government should make sure all the knowledge they have learned must be fully digested and put into good use. Study tours at public expense aren’t all corruption. If they are helpful for work, we should encourage them. We shouldn^ abandon them once and for all just because there may be corruption in such tours. Liu Chuhan (XVan Evening News) The original purpose for this study tour is said to be learning about advanced experience to improve domestic practice in this area. The purpose sounds good. But, is it really necessary to go abroad to learn about advanced experiences? Will the experiences be suitable for us? Even if they have really learned suitable experiences, can those more advanced working patterns be effectively implemented in China? Second, the tour is sponsored by the government. Tlien, is the study tour necessary? Is the input- output ratio good enough? We can^ ignore these questions just because it is street sweepers that go for the study tour rather than government leaders. The decision should be made after careful consideration and assessment and the whole process must be under strict supervision. Another possibility is that they sent out street sweepers to give them a reward for their previous hard work. Some street sweepers even say they would rather have more salary or more holiday allowance than the seemingly fancy study tours. It*s all right to give them an overseas holiday as a reward, but it shouldn’t be in the name of a study tour. If so, isn’t it a kind of corruption? • 97 •a 专八作文 华研 Overseas study tours must be strictly supervised and controlled. Traveling at public expense in the name of study tours must be stopped. No matter if leaders or ordinary workers go for the study tour, it must be put under strict public supervision. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否应该送环卫工人到海外学习”展开讨论，分别给出了支持者和反对者的意见。 材料一提支持的观点，认为送环卫工人到海外学习，体现了社会分工(social divisions of labor)里职业平等 的原则指出那些把送环卫工人到海外学习当成公费旅游(travel tour at public expense) 的观点是狭隘的 (narrow-minded)建议政府应仔细确定人选(carefully selected)，保证学习的效果，这项举措才有意义 材料二是反对的意见，首先，送环卫工人到海外学习前应考虑多方面的问题，如这项安排是否必要(neces- sary)、所学经验是否适用(suitable)和能否有效实施(be effectively implemented)等。其次，也许这也是为了犒 劳环卫工人先前的辛勤工作(a reward for their previous hard work),但相比于海外旅行，一些环卫工人更需 要加薪(more salary)和多休假（more holiday allowance),而且也不应打着学习的名号，这是另一种形式的腐 败。最后点明，为防止腐败，这样的安排应受到严格的监督和控制(be strictly supervised and controlled)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料内容，提出自己的观点一 - 派环卫工人到海外学习是有必要而且是有益的。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1. 海外学习的机会体现了社会对环卫工人的重视，也是对其工作的肯定。 2 . 海外学习能让环卫工作者开阔眼界，增长见识,学习外国先进的经验从而提升业务水平。 结尾：重申观点，指出组织环卫工人到海外学习是尊重、认可他们的体现。 _ 精品范文 A Beneficial Move Ever since a sanitation workers* study tour to Singapore 自从四川省宜宾市发动环卫工人 was initiated in Yibin, Sichuan Province, there have been on­ 到新加坡学习后，社会上质疑这项举 going disputes over whether it’s justifiable and helpful. Sup­ 措是否合理有效的声音就一直不断。 porter Ms. Yu regards this tour as recognition of the sanita­ 支持者余小姐认为，这项举措是对环 tion workers' social status, believing it can be of great help 卫工人社会地位的认可，有利于建设 to the harmonious society. She also points out that it*s inac­ 和请社会：她也指出，把这次海外旅行 curate to see this study tour as a waste of tax payers* mon­ 看作是浪费纳税人的钱的观点是不准 ey. While the opponent Mr. Liu argues that the necessity and 确的。而反对者刘先生则提出，首先应 the value of this study tour should be carefully evaluated 详细评估这样一个海外学习安排的必 first. In order to prevent corruption, tours spending public 要性和价值。为了防止腐敗，那些以学 expense in the name of study should be under control. From 习为名义的公费旅行应该被监督。我 my point of view, it is beneficial and necessary to send sani­ 认为，派遣环卫工人到国外学习是有 tation workers on an oversea study tour. 益且有必要的。 Firstly, this study tour demonstrates the society’s respect for sanitation workers as well as recognition of their hard 首先，这种学习之旅体现了社会 work. As beauticians of the city, they usually cover a 12-hour 对环卫工人的尊重，也是对其辛苦工 shift even on holidays. Unfortunately, compounding the lack 作的肯定。作为城市的美容师，他们通 • 98 •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外诵 of work protection and a slender income is the inconvenient 常每曰劳作12个小时，节假曰亦如 truth that sanitation workers are almost invisible to the rest 是 ，然而让人遗憾心酸的是，他们不仅 of the city. It is under these circumstances that the oversea 缺乏劳动保护、收入微薄，还常常被他 study tour gives a great uplift to people’s belief in a society 人忽视。正是这样，这趟出国学习使人 of equal opportunities. It is a fine example for other cities 们能更加相信这个社会机会平等。这 and industries to follow, and an endeavor to bring the whole 为其他城市和行业树立了榜样，也带 nation forward. 动了社会的进步 Secondly, a study tour will equip workers with a broad­ 其次，出国学习能让环卫工作者 ened outlook and enrich their knowledge. Singapore is known 开阔眼界，增长见识。新加坡被誉为 as "a garden cityH simply for its world-class sanitation ad­ “花园城市”，这要归功于她世界一流 ministration and urban management. A tour abroad is a great 的环卫管理和城市规划。出国学习为 opportunity for sanitation workers to learn from those ad­ 环卫工人们学习国外的先进观念和宝 vanced ideas and invaluable experience, which in turn will 贵经验提供了良机，反过来又有利于 benefit our city. 我们城市的发展。 Without doubt, the government should also provide sani­ 当然，政府也应当为环卫工作者 tation workers with better welfare benefits, such as a pay 提供更好的福利待遇，如加薪等。但我 raise. But we may take this study tour as the first step to- 们不妨把这个学习之旅当作是关爱环 wards more love and care for sanitation workers and eventu­ 卫工人、构建美好社会的第一步。 ally a better society. _ 好词好句 sanitation /.saem'teijan/ n .卫 生 dispute /dis’pju:t/ /!.争 议 recognition /.rekag'nijsn/ n .认 可 beautician /bju:’tijan/ 美 容 师 compound /kompaund/ v . 混 合 slender income 微 薄 的 收 人 uplift /Ap'lift/ 71 • 振 奋 1 2 3 equip sb. with 使 某 人 具 有 1. Ever since..., there have been ongoing disputes over...(首段引出有争议的话题） 自从……，就一直有关于……的争议。 2. It is under these circumstances that...(强调某事是在某种情况下发生） 正是在这种情况下…… 3. It is a fine example for... to follow.(正文提出建议） 这对……来说是个很好的学习榜样。 • 99 •& 专八作文 必 乂 止 西 放 隱 点 命 名 ? S 华ruv研_m外naki_ii A residential community in a small city in China has been christened Venice. Another is named Manhattan after the famous New York borough. These are just a couple of examples of the current phenomenon sweeping construction sites across China: naming them after Western landmarks. Some worry that the trend is eroding local and traditional culture as well as confusing residents. The Chinese government recently decided to standardize the naming of streets， residential communities and parks. From the following excerpts， you can find different opinions toward this decision. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. express your own opinion, especially on whether foreign style names should be banned. Excerpt 1 Guo Xilin from News.cjn.cn Today, foreign names can be seen everywhere, particularly on commercial buildings, and real estate developers are increasingly naming residential communities in an international style. Superficially, these are just names. But if you look deeper, you will see that this penetration of foreign names will have a negative impact on traditional Chinese culture. We offer our full support for the governments correction of the foreign names scattered across the country. It’s also important to hold accountable those responsible for arbitrarily selecting new names. To a large extent, the influx in foreign naming is a result of loose local government supervision. We need to learn from the rest of the world, but not in terms of names. Take big Chinese cities for example. The cities need to be run at an international level, but they shouldn’t copy foreign names. A location must have uniquel ocal characteristics if it is to be wellr emembered around the world. If we use Western names to label our streets, residential communities and so on, itTs actually a blow to Chinese culture. It is of vital importance that we stop destroying old constructions and replacing ancient names and local features with Western names, however fashionable they may sound. Excerpt 2 Tuo Xingang from Changsha Evening News The authorities’ decision to deal with weird names will easily win support, as these names obviously create problems. But how do you define ^weird" names? There are no clear standards, and when there is an absence of standards, questions will arise. Sometimes, a weird name might have a unique historical background. The judgment of whether a name is weird should be based on careful analyses, not just the characters included in the name. A place given a foreign name could have stories, legends or a historical background associated with the name. These place names should also be protected For example, Shanghai has a number of Western-style buildings that have witnessed the development of the city for abnost a century. The public long ago accepted the foreign names of these buildings. .100 ■第二章专八作文100篇 Thus, in this round of name rectification, it's important to take a prudent attitude and treat the so- called “weird” names in different ways. The government needs to give an ear to local people when cleaning up names across the country. There should also be a list for places with names of special cultural and historical significance. These names should be put on the protection list. We have already lost too much cultural heritage and no more should be lost in the process of correcting place names. Standard names are easier to remember and more convenient to use, and thus tend to be better protected, while place names that are of great historical and cultural significance but not so convenient to use or may even seem “weird” should receive more attention. The preservation of the latter is of great importance culturally. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“中国建筑的西式命名”进行讨论，给出了来自长江网和《长沙晚报》两名读者的看法。 前者认为西式的地名将对中国传统文化产生负面影响（have a negative impact on traditional Chinese culture)。外国地名的涌入是当地政府监管不力的后果(loose local government supervision)。一个地必须保 有当地的特色（unique local characteristics),使用西式地名实际上是对中国文化的冲击（a blow to Chinese culture) 〇 后者则认为对待建筑物的西式命名不能一刀切，而关键就是要确立明确的标准(clear standards)。那些具有 历史意义(historical background)的地名应予以保留。而J1，政府在清理地名时，采取谨慎态度（take a prudent attitude)也很重要，应听取当地民众的意见（give an ear to local people)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中关于西化地名的看法，提出全文观点：规范建筑物命名是必须的，但有历史和文化内涵的 名字应被保留。 主体：论述随意的西式命名的弊端，同时强调需要有明确的标准来指导命名的更改。 结尾：重申观点，应整改西化命名，但那些有历史意义的地名应该保留。 霸 精 品 范 文 Should Foreign Style Names Be Banned? The name of a place or a building usually carries cul­ 一个地方或建筑物的名字通常具 tural, social or historical significance. However, many resi­ 有文化，社会或历史意义e 然而，在中国 dential communities in China are christened Venice or Man­ 很多居民小区被房地产开发商冠以威 hattan by real estate developers obviously in order to at­ 尼斯或曼哈顿这样的名称，很明显是为 tract buyers. Such arbitrary naming after Western landmarks 了吸引购房者。这样随意地以西方地标 or cities reflects loose government supervision and will 性建筑或城市来命名反映了政府监管 erode traditional Chinese culture if it is not standardized. To 过于宽松，如果不能统一标准，这将腐 rectify Western-style names, the most important thing is to 蚀中国的传统文化。要治理这些西式命 work out applicable standards. Taking a prudent attitude is 名，最重要的事情就是制定出适用的标 also significant since some so-called 44weirdM names are in 准。采取谨慎态度也是很重要的，因为 fact historically and culturally important. I hold that regu­ 一些所谓的“怪异的”名字实际上具有 lating naming of buildings is necessary, but names with 101 • •a 专八作文 华，〇p研 —■外遇 names with historic, cultural connotation should be retained. 历史和文化意义。我认为规范建筑物的 Exotic names cause much inconvenience to people not 命名是必须的，但那些有历史和文化内 only because they are relatively difficult to remember but 涵的名字应该被保留。 also because they are in most cases used for the promotion 异国名字给人们带来麻烦，不仅因 purpose only. To be exact, besides a Western name, many 为它们比较难被记住，而且因为它们多 residential communities in China have a standard name and 数情况下只用于宣传目的。具体来说， it is this "duality" that causes confusion and inconvenience. 中国多数小区除了有西式名字外还有 FYom the cultural perspective, the mushrooming of Western- 一个所谓的标准名称，而正是这样的 style naming to some extent means cultural invasion, or loss “两重性"导致了困惑和不便。从文化的 of cultural identify. Just as young Chinese get accustomed 角度，西式命名的异军突起在某种程度 to prevailing Western foods such as Subway and 上意味着文化入侵，或者文化特征的丢 McDonald's, they are more likely to prefer Western names if 失。正如中国的年轻人习惯了赛百味和 such names become prevalent and consider Chinese names 麦当劳等流行的西式快餐，如果西式名 outmoded. If the weeping trend of deliberate naming was 字变得普遍他们也很可能偏向于这类 not reversed in time, the consequence would be more 名字并觉得中国式命名过于老土。如果 serious than expected. Therefore, it is essential to have 随意命名的风气不能及时扭转，后果将 clear standards in place to rectily arbitrary names. 不堪设想。因此，有明确的标准来规范 To summarize, the act of deliberately naming residential 随意的命名是很有必要的， areas should be banned. However, with that being said, I do 总而言之，应禁止对住宅小区的随 not mean that all buildings with exotic names should be 意命名，不过，这并非意味着所有带有 rectified. In fact, the names of those buildings which bear 外囯名字的建筑物都应该易名。实际 the memory of a historic period or some important figures 上，那些承栽着特定历史时期或重要人 should be retained. 物的回忆的建筑物的名字应该被保留 _ 好词好句 christen /"krisn/ v . 命名 arbitrary /o:bitrari/ a . 随 意 的 rectify /rektifai/ v . 纠 正 prudent /■pru:dant/ a . 审 慎 的 retain /ri'tein/ vt 保 留 connotation /.kona'teijan/ n. 内涵 exotic /ig'ZDt 丨 k/ a . 异 国 的 prevalent /"prevelant/ a . 普 遍 的 outmoded /aut’maudid/ a . reverse /ri_V3:s/ v. 过 时 的 1 2 3 使 反 向 1. Taking a prudent attitude is also significant since...(强调谨慎态度的重要性） 采取谨慎的态度也很重要，因为…… 2 . …cause much inconvenience to people not only because..” but also because".(阐述引起不便的两方 面原因） ...引起人们的不便，不仅是因为....，而且还因为.... 3. To be exact, besides..., ... that causes confusion and inconvenience.(具体分析原因） 具体来说，除了...，....也会引起困惑和不便。 . 102 .第二章专八作文100篇 选美比赛 There are a number of beauty contests across the world, the most famous perhaps being the Miss World Pageant. Some people believe that these contests are an important platform to celebrate the beauty and wisdom of women. The following are opinions from two women writers. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the arguments on both sides and then 2. give your comment on the statement that beauty contests are beneficial to women. Naomi Wolf, writer, and author of Beauty Myth The most obvious detrimental effect of beauty pageants is enforcing an inappropriate body perception for men and women. Unlike the majority of so-called 11 averagewomen, the beauty of such contests’ participants is cherished and rehearsed; this is the case when natural beauty is heavily supported by the efforts of visagistes and dressers. Though pageants represent the absolute minority of the society, their appearances set high, unrealistic standards for how women of all ages should look like. Young girls who try to live up to these standards, mature women complaining about tlieir bodies, men who demand their wives/girlfriends to look like beauty pageants—all of them are affected by the illusions propagated by beauty contests. Another perception issue arises from the very nature of beauty contests—the objectification of women. Despite proclaimed gender equality, physical attractiveness remains one of the major requirements for women today. No matter how progressive and tolerant people strive to be, they still make their first impression about other people by their appearance, and this is natural. However, the idea of beauty contests implies evaluating women solely on their physical shape, ignoring all other aspects of individuality. Interviewing, meant to show a contestants personality, is a fraud; as one of the former pageants wrote, none of the judges wanted to hear about deep problems, asking about the most challenging childhood experiences. Tliis turns a woman into a media object, or even a product, which can be assessed and then either approved or rejected; due to the popularity of beauty contests, such attitude is being widely propagated. Elizabeth Day， feature writer for The Observe In an environment where women are valued on solely on their appearance, and in which there are more opportunities for men, beauty contests give women an opportunity to improve their situations. Winning a beauty contest can be a first step toward a successful life in the future; the most attractive earn 12% more, according to a survey in The Observer. Many Hollywood actresses are former beauty queens, and they would not have reached their success without the beauty contests they won. In addition, the winners of high-profile beauty contests are able to publicize charities and causes they feel strongly about—they have a public platform they could not otherwise have gained. Beauty pageants can also empower in other ways: The Miss America competition is the largest provider of scholarship assistance for women in the world; indeed it pioneered assistance for women in higher education in the 40’s and 50’s. 103 • •专八作文 牮T〇*研ee»s外w*u《eN _ 材料解读 材料闱绕“选美比赛”这一话题，给出了两位女性杂志作者对此的看法，两人的观点相反。 Naomi Wolf持否定看法，认为选美比赛歪曲人们对身体的看法（enforcing an inappropriate body percept tion),而且会造成物化女性形象(the objectification of women)。 Elizabeth Day则主要阐述了选美比赛的好 处，认为选美比赛不仅给女性一个改善处境的机会(an opportunity to improve their situations)，提供了一个 宣传慈善（publicize charities)的公共平台（public platform),还可以带来其他好处，比如为女性提供奖学金 (provider of scholarship assistance)等〇 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中的正反观点.随后提出自己的看法，选美比赛对女性有好处。 主体：阐释选美比赛对女性的两个好处。 1. 选美比赛使女性得到重视并能提升社会地位，转变女性的形象。 2 . 选美比赛能提升荣誉感和民族自豪感，以张梓琳为例3 结尾：引用爱默生的话_®申观点，指出选美是一项有品位的赛爭。 _ 精品范文 The Benefits of Beauty Contests The two excerpts mainly present two distinct attitudes 两段选文主要展示了对选美比赛 towards beauty contests with Naomi Wolf in the first excerpt 的两种截然相反的看法：第一段选文中 maintaining a negative attitude while Elizabeth Day in the 的内奥米•沃夫持否定看法，而第二段 second excerpt is positive about beauty contests. Specifically, 选文中的伊丽莎白•泰则持肯定看法， Naomi Wolf believes that beauty pageants not only spread 具体而言，内奥米•沃夫认为选美比赛 high, unrealistic standards for how women of all ages should look like, but also contribute to the objectification of 不仅宣扬了各个年龄段女性容貌的不 women. Elizabeth Day, however, appreciates beauty contests 切实际的高评判标准，而且还会物化女 in that they open up an opportunity for women to improve 性形象 然 而 ，伊丽莎白•泰则赞赏选美 their situations, help to raise money for charities and pro­ 比赛，因为在她看来选美比赛可以为女 vide scholarship assistance for women in the world. I think 性创造改善自己际遇的机会、帮助筹集 the long-running history of the contest shows that beauty 善款、为全球女性提供奖学金支持。在 contests are beneficial to women. 我看来，选美比赛的悠久历史表明选美 To begin with, beauty contests draw the public atten­ 对女性是有利的3 tion tx> women and improve their social status. The emer­ 首先，选美使公众关注女性并提高 gence of beauty contests, such as Miss World pageant, 她们的社会地位。选美比赛，如世界小 showcases the refined attributes of women, beautiful, kind- 姐大赛，展示了女性美丽、善良、善解人 hearted, understanding and considerate. The contests, though 意和体贴的优秀品质。选美比赛间接地 indirectly, urge people, especially men, to look at women in 呼吁市民，尤其是男性，从不同的角度 a different perspective. They are confident and self-sufficient 看待女性。她们自信、自立，勇于竞争和 ladies who are brave enough to compete and make their 勇于表达自己的见解D换而言之，选美 voices heard. In other words, beauty contests lead to the 为女性树立了正面形象、并能改善她们 positive image and the subsequently improved conditions of 的处境。 women. 104 • •第二章专八作文100 华研外ifi What's more, entering or even winning a beauty contest 更重要的是，进入甚至赢得选美比 is a national pride for the contestants’ home countries. For 赛是民族自豪感的体现。例如，当张梓 example, when Ms. Zhang Zilin was crowned Miss World 琳被加冕2007年世界小姐，中国及东 2007, Chinese people and East Asians were all very proud 亚人民都感到非常自豪和兴奋，因为她 and uplifted, because she was the first Miss World of East 是东亚地区的第一名世界小姐。就像体 Asian region. Like sporting games, beauty contests give a 育比赛一样，选美比赛给世界各地人们 chance to the people around the world to compete on a fair 提供一个机会公平竞争，不受经济实力 ground, immune from the economic prowess. 的左右。 As Ralph Waldo Emerson put it, "Love of beauty is 正如爱默生所说的：“爱美是品位， taste; the creation of beauty is art ,. Beauty contests are 创造美是艺术”。选美是一项有品位的 tasteful and artistic events, because they hail the love of 艺术活动，因为比赛颂扬爱美之心，并 beauty and create a stage to celebrate it. 创造了一个舞台来讴歌美。 _ 好词好句 3 objectification /ab,d etifikeij^n/ w . 物 化 pageant /paed33nt/ /i • 庆 典 showcase /•Jeukeis/ v . 展 示 refined /ri'faind/ a . 举 止 文 雅 的 attribute /*aetnbju:t/ /i . 特 性 self-sufficient a . 自 足的 uplifted Mp'liftid/ immune from 振 奋 的 免 除 prowess /prauis/ n. 威力 hail /heil/ v• 为 … … 喝 彩 1. The two excerpts mainly present two distinct attitudes towards... with... in the first excerpt main- taining a negative attitude while... in the second excerpt is positive about..(简要概括材料中的正反看法） 两段选文主要展示了对……的两种截然相反的看法：第一段选文中的……持否定看法，而第二段选文中的 ……则持肯定看法。 2. Love of beauty is taste; the creation of beauty is art.(名言） 爱美是品位，创造美是艺术。 105 • •布nru狃 jyiuasa daodja vjb uo jouGaj siuvudBjs% 0 foop-sbja^if〇 j}S}s—2(ta oou^nuxmv^sp aiuaGvj( atavi iftDi 0jonc3p fu prtJM‘ )(ta axdi〇p!uff ncv)ajiuai〇u»{ )fta wnsqj〇ow» fjuqnap nc}^(t qjav^( ^/ia dou^ so posap iajiy jfiauijjvjs 〇 i utv^a }}； d〇it 2419 iufvuions utdivutiua• ^wuisp Zi/ta fojjonciuG uancs js〇d u djoajpas p^^wjsp tilfojwv^iou vqoni mjs i8sn9* vu )tjnP^ °f NO 13SS IHVM 〇g〇 ncoa^ iu ncitjjft non s{tonip: 1 smuiu^uza qu9〇X pia uaMS jadoyl 2 3ia8 X o m ooiuiuau^ asdappi^ ou bjq pia iuetoa D^nsas oj joop-SBja^ ousis ru 3|uu^* J°°P 〇i d 〇〇UD9JU IU 31ITUB ju 3hiiib4 Mjiaaa joop s^ja^ SDeripBjs Bja ooiuiuoudiBO^ pia dnqjiD jibaq qa acpjB D^jajnj qajoja aAdiX qi)9* gadoys oj iua^ nllao^ap Mipi s^aaoips erip nujia^qX erinups qn^oqajap joj Dousmudpou SiAa uaM Ma{3qi】0 pia djiiRsas ”qaaj nd“ erip "s!p> bs b d!S“• maaa qBAa qaau aadoys oj djoqiaius jjoiu aAaiti inp> ru pia diopnojrou Dqeru gAau BSuoip^njBI djopna‘a 只 saaius' is uo^ sbjs y qnga oj qaeri sdaon^s mss saizap Byaj piaX Maja jonup ;o doujfiu vAOixXiug eriionujs oj 〇D uj〇x nap oqaiutDBfs sqeriSimi nnsi joop 30* n‘p b snddjiaj jaBpiug jbsj joop qjerips iupnpiug ㈧；) qoubi‘p‘s MJ3 wzz^ va8J9 pisDOAdjap nsiug axdijap iua^ iu piaiJ diopnojs six oj lfia 〇D iuderiXts sauxoj axaonpAas Maaa erxas^ap• xqa jausap 〇j〇p SBjajCi qBM ooiuas ru^o ajjap ou 〇di \l erip quu8s qer&qaj dnursqiuau^ joj pia Bpnj^ajBpou oj joop iu^aupap joj onj dj^as yu eriunp DMI^ A 〇^y QDi]if snjAa^ ru jonup joop SBjajti mbs pia dnq〇n‘s ;od oouaaul ju iasdousa 30 b nsj oj oj iTja,t issnas iupnpiug qonsrug erip pia auAiJouiuau^ Li'Z dajoau^ oj jasdoupaujs serp joop s^j0^X utB^aiap iuos^ piaiu xqa udM jbm sqonjp jaqmip Doujipauoa iu pia poiuaspo joop iupnsjjX xqosa jonup ;o qBAa Bppap snqs^erioas nuji^ joj jimueri Dousmudpou ;o joop oonjp qa feriap joj nd 】〇 \q erip djopnoajs iubA jnaa yuas oj nd 〇) 〇g )ruias iqa ABjna oj piaiJ djopnojs X|i9 eruaupiuau^ iupnpas Icjoaisious joj ieripfoaps erip snddqais jonup i〇 q9 ooiudnp^ ey eriX s^ga oj pia daopnopou oqeru* iu pia Bpnj^ajBpou oj joop sqoipp ojjipBjs Miiq joop erip pia8 jaSnjB^o^ oj qa^jpi erip B3uonj)tTja pad^Mruaujs' qa jonup ua8ii80ui〇 i ni〇A iAap iu oouoaBiuiau^ 0ia^ Min «piuiuis)JBpA0 dau^jpa‘s snpi bs paiuopou oj piSIUTSSB[ jjopnDajs uom jibaq iau ^as^s ou piaiJ daopnajs' ooupno^ iaSni^j iusdaopous erip snqun^ aadoys i08\p^o〇i qopias a^i-ixaJ pus luoum' ;qa jjaiuiaj jenpap pia jaAerudap J〇〇P erip \\s „za〇j 〇^ iajeriDatt s卿⑹ na ^pAisap b ijbdjduS Mjiioq 〇M njp jaDoap erip uiouijoj pia M〇q i0 joop djopno- pou daoDas^ sqonjp qa asjHqirsqap b aids djaiuiaj erip qa^p oj b unuis^au^i joop sejajti oouiiuij^aa nup^J Hl9 S^SVd 3〇1〇1〇]1$ oe\\^p joj sjud; sndajAisxou oj joop uierinjBD^njajs erip prs^uqn^ojs ^eri8 ^eri8* eriopiaj AiDa • 109 •第二章专八作文100 & ifimnm premier, concurred with his colleague and stressed the importance of risk management. He also reminded local governments that they must assume responsibility for food quality. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce has started to draw up a black list of firms, as a stepping stone toward a system to monitor corporate conduct. An administration official said last June that better records detailing the food companies’ conduct would be kept, and they would be made available to the public to ensure an environment of honesty. _ 材料解读 材料对我国食品安全问题作了分析报道，内容大致有关三个方面。 材料前四段列举了我国食品安全方面的种种乱象，如给肉类注射激素（meat injected with steroids)、豆芽 的化学物质超标和使用过期肉类(expired meat)等. 第五至九段是食品安全法的修正内容。指出食品安全问题是公众最关心的问题(top concern),修正案涉及 对非食用化学物质(substances)的添加、食品掺假(the adulteration of food)、相关官员监管不力或同流合污等 情况的处理。 最后三段是领导人及有关部门对这一问题的态度和应对措施。表明政府对违反食品安全法的零容忍（zero tolerance )，列举了各级官员对此问题的建议，如建立食品生产跟踪系统(tracking system )，进行风险管理(risk management)等。并且国家工商行政管理局已经开始建立违法企业的黑名单 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结食品安全问题的乱象、相关法律修正的情况以及政府部门的态度与措施指出食品问 题产生的两方面原因：生产厂家利润至上的心态以及相关部门放任自流的监管方式。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1. 生产厂家利润至上的心态。以山西省优质醋制造真相为例，指出企业为逐利而牺牲消费者的安全。 2 . —些地方部门受地方保护主义思想影响，对无良厂放任自流的监管方式:，指出食品安全笛要相关部门严 格监管。 结尾：重申上述两方面的原因，并简要提出改善措施。 _ 精品范文 No More Food-Safety Scandals The repeated melodramas of food scandals in China 一再出现的中国食品安全丑闻让 undermine peopled trust in food producers and government. 人们对食品生产商和政府失去信任为 In order to protect people from hazardous and poisonous 了不让人们吃到危险而有毒的食物，政 food, the government show its determination to crack down 府通过修正食品安全法来表示它打击 the recurring food safety crimes by revising Food Safety Law, 食品安全犯罪的决心，这意味着食品掺 which stipulates food adulteration and slack regulation would 假和监管不力的行为会面临更严厉的 lead to harsher penalties. Government officials have claimed 惩罚。政府官员也声明了他们对食品安 their notolerance attitude towards food safety problems, 全问题的零容忍态度，表示建立一个有 saying that the construction of an efficient and transparent 效而透明的监管系统以及进行风险管 supervision system as well as risk management is of great 理是十分必要的。此外，国家工商行政 necessity. Moreover, the State Administration for Industry and 管理局已经开始记录企业的不良行为.. Commerce began to blacklist those conscienceless food 107 • •专八作文 华研外《 producers. As I see it, the food-safety issue is caused by the 在我看来，食品安全问题起因有二：食 profit-first attitude of food makers and the laissez-faire 品制造商“利润至上”的态度和一些地 approach to regulating the food industries in some local 方当局在规范食品行业时自由放任的 authorities. 做法。 Firstly, due to the significant amount of demands of food 首先，由于食品需求量大，一些食 products, some food makers are seeking profits at the expense 品制造商以牺牲人们的健康为代价来 of peopled health. For instance, in Shanxi Province, some of 逐利。例如，在山西省，一些备受推崇 its highly regarded “aged vinegar” is actually dosed with 的陈醋，实际上勾兑了工业酸以缩短 industrial acid to cut fermentation time. The profit-driven and 发酵时间。在利润驱动下，商家抱着更 quicker-retums attitude of manufacturers has led to many 快获取回报的态度作出各种欺诈行 cheated acts, which all pose great threats to consumers* health 为，这一切都成胁到消费者的健康和 and well-being. The integrity of food producers is tempered 安全。食品生产者的诚信因对利润的 by the unlimited desire for profits and gains. 无穷尽追求而大大削弱。 Besides, out of the petty mindset of protectionism, some 其次，一些地方当局出于保护主 local food associations or agencies choose to turn a blind eye 义的狭i1 益心理，对猖橛的肇事者视而 to the rampant wrongdoers. As watchdogs empowered by law 不见。作为法律和人民賦权的监管者， and people, local inspection and quarantine departments 地方检验检疫部门应该更积极主动地 should be more responsive and proactive to crack down any 打击任何潜在的或现有的食品违法行 potential or existing malpractice in the industry. To guarantee 为为了保证真正的食品安全，有关地 complete food safety, a more stringent and transparent mech­ 区的监管当局应该采取更严格和透明 anism should be adopted to expose and punish the illegal 的机制，揭露和惩处非法生产商。 makers. 总之，只有制造商把公众的安全 To conclude, Chinese people will only be reassured of 放在收益之前，只有有关部门进行定 the food safety, if the manufacturers put the public health 期检查和曝光，中国人民才能在食品 before their marginal gains and if relevant departments 安全问題上省心。 undertake a periodic inspection and exposure system. _ 好词好句 melodrama Anelau'drcKma/ w•轰动的事件 adulteration /a dAtareiJ an/ /I.橡假 laissez-faire •放任主义 fermentation /.f3:men’teijan/ w•发酵 rampant /raempant/ a. 娟撅的 quarantine /kworantiin/ n. 检疫 proactive /.prau’aektiv/ a .主动的 malpractice /.mael’praektis/ /i•玩忽职守 stringent /strind3ant/ a .严厉的 1. Due to the significant amount of demands of..., ... seek profits at the expense of..•(指出某种不良商 业现象） 由于……的需求量大，……以……为代价来逐利。 2 2. The attitude of... has led to..., which all pose great threats to..•(指出某种态度导致的不良后果） ......的态度导致出现了.......，这一切都成胁到........ 108 • •第二章专八作文100 孩子娱乐时间太少 A chilcVs world is supposed to be fresh and beautiful, full of wonder and excitement. Unfortunatelyy this is not the case for some kids， especially for those born and bred in cities. Their joys are dimmed and even lost to study. In the following news report， you can find more details about this phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the main idea of the news report, and then 2. express your opinion towards this phenomenon. China’s Children Too Busy for Playtime Like most other Chinese children of her age, Zhuzhu, at the age of 12, has to go to school from Monday to Friday, nine hours a day—an hour more than her parents spend at work. On weekends, she has to get up early for piano lessons on Saturday and Sunday morning, followed by private extracurricular Maths and English classes the afternoon. As a reward for her hard work, Zhuzhu’s parents let her play with her toys for one hour on Saturday and Sunday evening. Zhuzhu is not alone. According to a new survey conducted by the Chinese Youth and Children Research Center (CYCRC), increasing numbers of children in large cities across the country are expe­ riencing joyless childhoods. The CYCRC surveyed 2,500 primary and secondary school pupils across the country. The results of the survey reveal how, due to long school hours and growing pressure from parents to study hard, children are feeling unhappy about a lack of playtime. On average, China*s children spend 8.6 hours a day at school, with some spending 12 hours a day in the classroom. The survey also claimed that the majority of children spend longer hours at school than their parents spend at work. Almost all of the students involved in the survey said they had to do homework, revise and prepare for classes after school. Around half of the students* parents testified that they often don't allow them to play outside as it means less study time. The CYCRC survey also reveals that when they do have spare time for play, many children are either too tired to play or have nobody to play with—only 4 in 10 of the survey’s participants claim they had friends to play with. Indeed, Sun Yunxiao, director of the CYCRC noted that heavy study loads have exhausted children, more than half of the survey’s participants said that what they want most is, “A good night’s sleep.” Chinese students are put under ever-increasing pressure by their parents to study hard due to the country’s highly competitive market for university places and jobs. Study pressure has led to an increase in stress, psychological problems and even tragedy. Last June, a 16 year-old girl from Chengdu, Sichuan Province, committed suicide after failing to pass the entrance exam for a respected senior high school. In spite of persistent requests from the Ministry of Education asking parents to stop enrolling their children in extracurricular courses and requesting schools to limit homework time to one hour a 109 • •专八作文 牮研外通 night, primary and secondary schools have continued to offer after school Maths and English classes, with the sole aim of sending more students to good universities. "Too many students are striving for the limited places in higher education resources may be a reason for schools’ flout to the circulars,” said Sun Yunxiao. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“中国孩子的娱乐时间太少”进行了分析报道。可分为四个部分。 第一段以一个12岁的女孩为例，指出如今孩子学习负担重的现实。除了工作日每天九小时的学习时间 (nine hours a day),周末还要参加钢琴课和各种课业辅导班，而娱乐时间只有周末晚上的一个小时。 第二至五段则根据中国青少年研究中心的调査，分析了孩子们的现状。由于长时间的学校生活（long school hours)和日益增长的压力（growing pressure),孩子们都感到不快乐（feeling unhappy 而且超过一半 )， 的家长为了不影响学习时间，反对孩子到外面玩耍。 第六至九段阐述了这一现象的后果。首先会导致孩子们十分疲惫（too tired),或是找不到玩伴(have nobody to play with);其次严重影响孩子们的睡眠时间（exhausted children);最后，学业压力会导致孩子越来 越紧张(stress),出现心理问题(psychological problems)甚至是酿成悲剧（tragedy)。有孩子就因为不堪重负而 自杀（committed suicide)。 最后两段总结了产生这一现象的原因。教育部为减少学生压力禁止补课，却屡禁不止。原因在于高校资源有 限（limited places in higher education resources),而太多的学生梦想进入好的大学（good universities )。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料里中国小孩的生活现状，迫于学业压力和升学压力.他们普遍缺少一个快乐的童年。随后提 出个人见解一 •帮助孩子减负，一方面需要减少教育的竞争性，另一方面需要倡导孩子玩的权利。 主体：针对具体问题，给出具体的解决办法，如改革以成绩为导向的评选机制和招生制度，解决教育资源不 均的问题,父母改变教育方式。 结尾：总结全文，呼吁各方共同为孩子减负。 _ 精品范文 Don't Infringe on Children's Right to Play Mountains of homework and long hours of extracurricular 在中国这个视读书为成功之道的 classes among school children and adolescents are never an 国家，学龄儿童及青少年有堆成山的 isolated case in China where education is seen as a m^jor 作业要做，长时间要参加补习班，这种 pathway to social success. According to the news report, 现象并非个例。上述新闻报道指出，大 many Chinese youngsters are deprived of a happy childhood 多中国儿童被剥夺了快乐的童年，也 and are susceptible to mental problems caused by unbearable 因为学业压力过大而产生心理问题。 study pressure. Such pressure partly comes from the suffocat­ 这种压力部分来自令人室息的教育环 ing educational environment, but parents’ over-concern on 境，而家长对孩子学习和课外表现过 children’s academic and extracurricular excellence makes 分操心让孩子感到压力更大。儿童在 children feel even more stressful. Kids should be carefree at their ages instead of being pushed towards unhealthy 他们这个年纪本是无忧无虑的，却被 lifestyles. I therefore strongly suggest reducing the competi­ 推向不健康的生活方式。因此，我强烈 tive nature of education and promoting the right of children 建议减少教育的竞争性，同时倡议还 110 • •第二章专八作文100 法研外» to play. 给孩子玩耍的权利。 First of all, the general public should stop being so 首先，整个社会不应过分执着学 obsessed with academic success. Test scores should not be 业上的成功:）分数不应视为能力和智 viewed as the sole indicator of competence or intellectuality, 力的唯一度量衡。严重依赖于考试成 and the assessment and enrollment systems, which still 绩的评价机制与招生制度需要进行调 heavily count on examination results, should be ac^usted. In 整。就这点而言，作为大学录取唯一标 this regard, a fundamental change needs to be made to the college entrance exams, which is used as the single criterion 准的高考制度需要进行根本性的改 for college admissions. Otherwise, the Chinese educational 革。不然，中国的教育制度仍将以分数 system will continue to define academic success based on 定义学业成功。另外在中小学教育上， scores. For primary and lower-secondary education, the 有必要制定政策减少学校之间教学资 policies should try to reduce the pressure on students and 源的差距，这样学生和家长就不会挤 parents to compete for the limited seats in the high-achieving 破头去竞争重点学校的有限名额。其 schools by narrowing the resource gaps among schools. Next, 次，家长是时候还小孩一个无忧无虑 it is time for parents to return their children a carefree 的童年3 “不要让孩子输在起跑线上” childhood “Never let our kids lose at the starting line” is a 是很多中国家长的心声，也是他们送 common voice of most Chinese parents and it becomes their 小孩上补习班和特长班的理由。但是， very reason for enrolling their children in numerous tutorial classes and extracurricular activities. However, few may 他们忽视了一点，赢在起跑线并不重 realize that it doesn’t matter who wins at the starting line 要，重要的是赢在终点线。作业和娱乐 but who lasts until the finishing line. There has to be some 之间需要获得平衡。玩并不是浪费时 balance between schoolwork and recreational activities. Play 间，玩可以让孩子获得人生经验，也可 isn’t a waste of time, but rather gives children life 以让他们舒缓压力。 experiencesandrelievesthemfrompressure. 总而言之，要想把孩子从课业压 In short, much effort needs to be done to relieve children 力下解放出来，需要家长、学校、社会 from academic stress, and it requires the interaction between 的互相配合和共同努力。 parents, schools and society as a whole. _ 好词好句 infringe /in’frind3/ v•侵害 be deprived of 剥夺 susceptible /sa'septibl/ cr•易受影响的 suffocating /’SAfeketir]/ a .令人室息的 be obsessed with 执着于 count on 依赖 tutorial /tju:'to:ri9l/ a .辅导的 1 2 3 recreational /.rekri’eijanal/ a•娱乐的 1. ... are never an isolated case•(指出普遍现象） ……绝非个例。 2. Never let our kids lose at the starting line.(俗语） 别让孩子输在起跑线上。 3. In short, much effort needs to be done to... and it requires the interaction between... as a whole. (结尾提出倡议） 总之，要努力把……，需要……的整体努力。 111 • •& 专八作文 守儿童问题 g 牮，n»研_ 外®_丨 Over the past generation, about 270m Chinese labourers have left their villages to look for work in cities. Many of those workers have children; most do not take them along. We call these youngsters liushou ertong, or uleft-behind children". It is not hard to imagine that the damage will be felt not just by the left-behind themselves but by society as a whole. The following article analyzes the problem in details. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment. An estimated 61 million children are "left behind" by their migrant parents. Being left behind damages children in many ways. A non-govemmental organisation, Growing Home, surveyed them this year and found that they were more introverted than their peers and more vulnerable to being bullied; they also had “significantly higher states of anxiety and depression” than their peers. Being brought up by grandparents is a common experience worldwide, and by no means necessarily harmful. But China*s rapid development does make it more of a problem now than it was in the past. Unlike their parents, the left-behind children^ grandparents are often illiterate; their schooling can suffer accordingly. Lastly, left-behind children are vulnerable to sexual and other abuse. Child abuse is distressingly common anyway. An analysis of 47 studies in Chinese and English this year estimated that over a quarter of Chinese children are physically abused at some point in their lives. The left behind are among the most vulnerable to such abuse, especially those in boarding schools, because any adults who might speak up for them are far away. Leaving such broader consequences aside, the decision to leave behind a child is a hard one. Why do so many migrants make it? According to a survey, two-thirds said they would not have enough time to look after them while working in the city; half said it was too expensive to bring up children there. In principle migrants might take along their grandparents rather than leaving behind their children. But the restrictions of the hukou system make that almost impossible. The hukou or household- registration document is a bit like an internal passport, giving people access to various services. When registered in the country, grandparents get a lower pension than urban dwellers—and the money is not enough for them to live in the city. The hukou system also exacerbates things by making it very hard for children registered in a rural area to get state schooling or health care in the city. Private schools that exploit the opportunity this presents are often crowded, substandard and constantly threatened with closure by city governments. On top of this vital school-leaving exams have to be sat where a child is registered. So even if children accompany their parents to the city, they are almost always sent back again at the age of 14 to prepare for the exam. Reform of the hukou system-already under way, in a piecemeal fashion-can address some of the problems of the left-behind and those who leave them. But given the underlying factors at work a full 112 • •a 第二章专八作文100篇 response will require China to build a child-welfare system almost from scratch. At its heart, the problem of the left-behind is one of misplaced hopes. Like so many parents, China's migrants are deferring pleasure now (that of raising their children) for the hope of a better life later (to be bought with the money they earn). One result has been the stunning growth of cities and the income they generate. Another has been a vast disruption of families-and the children left behind are bearing the burden of loss. _ 材料解读 材料围绕中国留守儿童的现象展开分析。可分为三部分内容。 前四段描述了留守对儿童造成的不良影响，和同龄人相比，他们的性格内向（introverted )、软弱< vulnerable to being bullied)以及焦虑悲观（anxiety and depression),学业成绩不佳（their schooling can suffer)。 接下来的两段指出留守儿童出现的原因，家长在城市里没有足够的时间（not have enough time)照顾孩子 以及城市的消费高（too expensive 而且受到户籍制度的限制（the restrictions of the hukou system),农村 )。 老人的养老金不够维持他们在城里的生活，城里的公办学校及其医疗服务对农村孩子而言都很闲难，而且孩子 必须回到户籍所在地参加结业考试。 最后两段总结全文，指出在这一现状下留守儿童是受害者(bearing the burden of loss) _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结留守儿童存在心理、教育、受欺凌的问题。留守儿童问题存在的根源是中国的户箱制度。 主体：提出如何解决留守儿童问题，主要是从政府方面阐述解决措施，如建立信息追踪体系，发展乡镇建设， 加快户籍制度改革。 结尾：总结全文—— 解决留守儿童问题需要全社会的共同努力。 _ 精品范文 H o w to Solve the Problem of Left-Behind Children As China’s urbanization quickens its pace, more and more 随着中国城市化进程的加快，越 rural couples head to the cities in search of work and leave 来越多的农村夫妻涌向城市寻找工作 their children behind. The report explores the current 机会，将自己的孩子留在家中这篇新 situation of the left-behind children in China and discusses the 闻描述了中国留守儿童的现状，探究 causes and negative consequences. Due to parental absence, 了其中的根源以及危害，因为缺少父 these children are more vulnerable to psychological problems 母的陪伴，这些留守儿童容易出现心 as well as challenges to their personal safety and well-being. 理问题，安全和福祉也受到了成胁。留 The emergence of left-behind children is a natural result of 守儿童的出现是中国户籍制度的自然 the country’s household registration system which limits rural 结果.，户籍制度使农民工难以享受城 migrants* access to public services in the cities, and makes it 市的公共服务，高昂的费用让他们无 unaffordable for migrant parents to keep their children there. It is a pity that in the rush for economic growth, children 法将孩子留在身边。遗憾的是，我们在 are becoming victims, and there should be a solution to this 追求经济快速增长的同时却让孩子成 social problem. 为了牺牲品。这个社会问题必须得到 It is urgent for the government to create an information 解决。 system to track each and every one of these youngsters to 政府急需建立用于追踪留守儿童 113 • •专八作文 牮研外遇 ensure that safe custody is provided to all of them. A feasible 的信息体系，确保所有孩子都处在安 way may be that rural officials set up files, visit them at 全监护之下。 一 个可行的办法就是让 home and make sure their parents talk to them regularly via 村官建立留守儿童档案，对他们进行 phone or video chat. But these are short-term measures. The 家访，督促他们的家长和孩子经常通 fundamental solution is creating more jobs in small towns 话视频不过这只是一些短期措施。最 during urbanization, which will enable migrant workers to 根本的办法还是要发展乡镇经济，创 find satisfactory jobs closer to home. Meanwhile, reforming 造更多的就业机会，让农民工能够在 the household registration system should not slacken. The 家附近找到合适的工作。同时，户藉改 government should try to lower the threshold for migrant 革制度不能松懈。政府应降低农民工 workers to be registered as urban residents and create 落户城市的门槛，创造条件让他们能 conditions to make them financially capable of taking their 够有经济能力将孩子留在身边―此外， children along with them. Additionally, enterprises with 雇佣农民工的企业应该给雇员带薪假 migrant parents are encouraged to offer paid leave for 期，让他们时常看望自己的孩子；社会 employees to visit their children, and charity organizations 公益机构也应该建立相关的基金和项 can launch funds or programs to support such reunions. 目支持农民工和孩子相聚 The success of battling the problem of left-behind chil­ 要成功解决留守儿童问题需要全 dren requires joint efforts of the whole society. Many reforms 社会的共同努力。很多改革有待进行， are needed and they will not bear fruit all at once. But let 也无法取得立竿见影的效果。不过我 us not have any doubt about the direction towards which we 们无需置疑我们努力的方向：造福中 are moving: for the well-being of the nation's 61 million left- 国六千一百万的留守儿童。 behind children. _ 好词好句 vulnerable /vAlndrabl/ 〇•易 受 伤 的 househo丨d registration system 户锫登记系统 in the rush for… 疯狂追逐...... victim /viktim/ /i.受害者 custody /kAStedi/ /i. 监管 feasible /fi:Z9bl/ a. 可行的 slacken /slaekan/ v• 松弛，松懈 paid leave带薪休假 bear fruit 奏效 1. As China’s... quickens its space, more and more... head to".(描述社会现象） 随着中国……进程的加快，越来越多的……前往…… 2. The report explores... and discusses."(总结材料的主题和论点） 报道探究了……以及讨论了…… 3. The emergence of... is a natural result of...(指出某种现象出现的原因） ……的出现是……的自然结果3 114 • •华研外遇 经济差距是否会影响友谊? Some people think that financial disparity affects friendship. What do you think? The following article is discussing this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the main opinion of the article; 2. give your comment. H o w Income Disparities Affect Your Friendships When people with money are friends with people of modest means the disparities don*t typically end with the bank accounts. One person in the friendship often feels less comfortable than the other, and it tends to be the one with less money—the friend who canJt afford to join the group at the restaurant or go on the weekend trip, the one whose share may be paid for by the others. “It doesn’t disturb the rich ones to pay,” says Horst Heidbrink, a psychology lecturer at the distance-learning University of Hagen. "The rich person thinks they’re being caring. But the poorer person feels under pressure to be particularly nice.t, But a lack of balance puts pressure on many friendships. Aristotelian ethics would suggest dealing with the imbalance with increased devotion by the friend with less. Friendship expert Horst Heidbrink says he wouldn't recommend this, but his research has shown him that the give and take between friends has to be balanced. Friendships between rich and poor people are not as unusual as one might think. In a recent study by the Bremen-based Allensbach Institute, 1,624 people of different ages were asked about their friendships. Forty-four percent of respondents said they had friends who were considerably better off than they were. And 41% said they were friends with people who were considerably less well off than they were. And yet that old saying to the effect that money issues can put an end to friendship still holds for many. According to the study, friends helped each other out with moving house and renovation work, offered an ear when needed and doled out advice. But only 10% ever accepted significant loans from their richer friends. <4Many people believe that borrowing money would weigh the friendship down/1 Heidbrink says. uMost people would rather go to their parents because family relationships don*t depend on symmetry as much as friendships do.” Nevertheless, he says, **A good friendship can also withstand a credit.” Although friendships between men and women are vulnerable because they are defined by different activities. With their male friends, men play sports, for example, while women and their girlfriends often just talk when they get together. ^That's where it gets harder to leave out financial situations, and there’s more comparing,” says Heidbrink On the other hand, when two guys play soccer together, it’s not an issue if one returns to a villa and the other to a low-rent apartment. “What counts is trust,” Heidbrink says. When trust isn’t justified—when a friend refuses to help or betrays confidences—then friendships fall apart. They don't fall apart because one person has a lot of money in the bank and the other doesn’t. If the less well-off don’t suffer from jealousy or envy, .115 •专八作文 牮mm研wre外*LIJ»S« and the better-off don^t take it too much to heart if their best friend can*t join them on that spa trip, there's a good chance of a successful friendship. _ 材料解读 材料主要针对经济差距对友谊的影响进行论述。大致为三部分内容。 前三段通过研究数据说明经济差距的确会影响友谊，指出在朋友之间的交往中，经济条件较差的一方会感 到有压力（under pressure)。在圾近一项研究中，很多受访者认为钱的问题可以导致友谊的终结。 第四、五段具体分析金钱对友谊的影响,，第四段说明人们往往会通过龄听(offered an ear)和提建议(doled out advice)?S助朋友，而避免钱财往来，因为很多人相信借钱会影响友谊(weigh the friendship down)。第五段 说明男性之间和女性之间的友谊受到金钱的影响也不同。男性朋友之间的活动一般是体育运动(play sports), 较少涉及到双方的经济水平。而女性聚在一起时往往会闲聊，而经济情况则是不可避免的话题（harder to leave out financial situations),友谊就更容易受到经济条件差距的影响.. 最后一段明确指出“信任"(trust)才是友谊得以稳固的关键 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料提到的经济差距和友谊的关系，点出话题—— 经济差距会影响友谊，但“信任”才是友谊的 关键。 主体：亮出自己的观点：同意文章的论点，并就此展开论述。指出友谊需要包容、妥协、相互支持，如果是真正 的友谊，即使经济差距造成双方关系紧张，也能够克服。 结尾：总结全文，引用名言作支撑，并®申尽管经济差距会影响友谊，但是真正的友谊可以超越这样的差距。 _ 精品范文 Money Don't Make True Friends Go Money makes the mare go, and money also makes 有钱能使鬼推磨。同样，金钱能招来 friends come and go. According to the passage, financial 朋友也能断送朋友。文章指出，经济条件 disparity, to a certain extent, affects friendship, as the less 的差距在一定程度上会影响到友谊，因 rich person would feel pressured. However, as mentioned 为不那么富有的一方会感受到压力。然 by the friendship expert Heidbrink in the passage, firmness 而，在文章中，友谊专家海德布林指出， of a friendship depends crucially on trust, rather than 友谊的稳固最重要是在于信任，而非经 financial equality. 济条件平等。 I share the same idea with Heidbrink that a successful 我认同海德布林的观点，伴随着成 friendship goes along with multi-trust and understanding. It 功的友谊的是互相信任与理解不难理 is not incomprehensible at all to say that there can be a 解，若你和一个比你更富有的人交朋友， sense of insecurity and worthlessness if you associate with 你会觉得没有安全感，还会怀疑自己是 someone making more money, and consequently the 不是有资格和他做朋友。最终，两人的友 friendship between the two will be unavoidably under­ 谊会无可避免地逐漸受到破坏。但是，友 mined, but friendship involves compromise, patience, and 谊包括了妥协、耐心和支持。如果这段友 support. If the friendship is really worth it to them, people 谊对他们来说是很有价值的，人们应该 should be willing to make the necessary compromises to 在必要时妥协以维持这段友谊.当经济 116 • •第二章专八作文100 班研外通 keep it alive. When differences in wealth spur tension in a 差异导致了关系紧张，双方都应反思他 friendship, it’s important for both parties to examine their 们对金钱和成功的想法，以及寻找到消 feelings about money, success, and the root of any nega­ 极情绪的根源，这是很重要的，比如说， tive sentiments. For example, if one is overcome with jeal­ 如果一方无法摆脱对朋友的财富的嫉 ousy over a friend^ wealth, it*s important to get real with 妒，诚实面对自己是很重要的。应该将嫉 妒转化成积极的东西来帮助一个人看清 oneself. Jealousy should be turned into something positive, 自己想要什么。至于那些刚刚富裕起来 which can help one see what one wants for oneself. As 的人，不应因为生活状态的变化而感到 for the newly affluent people, they should not feel guilty 有负罪感。 about the changes in their station in life. 追溯到古时候，亚里士多德认为友 Back in ancient times, Aristotle defined three kinds of 谊有三种类型，前两种友谊分别是基于 friendship. The first two are utility and pleasure. But it is 实用和愉悦建立起来的。第三种友谊则 the third—based on friends sincerely wanting whafs best 是双方都真诚地想把最好的给对方，这 for each other一that stands the best chance of longevity. 也是最能使友谊长久的类型，除了经济 Besides financial disparity, there are many personal 差异，也有许多个人的情况会影响到友 circumstances can affect a friendship—death, divorce, 谊，比如死亡、离婚、生意失敗和法律纠 business failure, legal trouble—and solid relationships, like 纷。像友谊这样的稳固关系，应该要经受 得住所有的变化和差异。 friendship, should withstand all the changes and disparities. _ 好词好句 Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。 disparity /di’spaeriti/ /!•差异 crucially /kru:Ji9li/ 似/.至关重要地 undermine /And9.main/ v/•渐渐破坏 spur /sp3:/ v/• 激励，鞭策，促进 sentiment /sentimant/ n .情绪 get real with sb«/sth.认真对待某人/某事 affluent /aefluent/ a .富裕的 1 2 withstand /wiS’staend/ v/•经受 1. 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But members of the homosexual community are stopped from pursuing this human right by repressive and discriminatory laws. Benedict Carey from Canada Discrimination is the practice of treating people differently based not on individual merit but on their membership to a certain group. The adoption bans are a clear example. Rather than assessing same-sex couples individually, it is simply assumed that they would all make bad parents because they are gay or lesbian, while straight couples are assessed based on their individual merit. This breaches the fundamental right of all people to be treated equally under the law and it should be stopped. _ 材料解读 材料给出来自不同国家的五个人关于同性恋家庭领养孩子的讨论与评价其中，第二和第三个人持反对意 见，他们认为该话题关注的重点在于被领养儿童的最大利益（the best interest of the adopted child),政府应 当保障孩子最佳的成长环境(best environment),即在传统的家庭（traditional family)中成长；由于某一性别榜 样的缺失，同性恋家庭不利于孩子的性別角色(gender roles)认同其他三个人则重点强调组建家庭是人的基本 权 利 （a human right〉，该禁令的依据不是个人品德（not on individual m erit),而是仅凭成员构成 (membership),这是赤裸裸的歧视。他们理应在社会中获得平等权，即应同其他群体一样获得领养儿童的权利。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从两方面概括社会对同性恋家庭收养儿童的褒贬看法，并提出个人看法：允许同性恋家庭领养儿童。 主体：引用个案以及材料的观点，阐明父母的性别取向并不是培养孩子的决定因素，科学的培养方法以及父 母的爱心才是关键所在。 结尾：总结全文，社会不应对同性恋家庭持有偏见，对于他们领养的儿童应该包容和爱护，为孩子成长提供 和谐的社会环境。 _ 精品范文 No Parental Sexual Bias on the Adoptions of Children Considerable public controversy continues to surround 同性恋夫妇是否能够领养儿童的 the adoptions of children by homosexual couples. Although 问题持续引发大规模的公众争议。虽然 forbidden in many countries, such adoptions have become 许多国家禁止这种收养，但是有些国家 legal in other jurisdictions. Some criticize that lesbian and 的司法机构已经批准其合法性。有人批 gay parents play a negative role in the development of the 评同性恋父母对领养儿童的成长产生 adopted children. However, some hold that those homosexu­ 负面作用。然而，也有人认为同性伴侣 al couples should be respected and share the equal rights to 应得到尊重并且享有领养孩子的平等 adopt the kids. In this article, I argue that for purposes of • 119 •专八作文 华研外《 adoption, sexual orientation of parents should be considered 权利。在本文中，我认为父母的性别取 irrelevant. The bias on this minority group should be elimi­ 向在领养儿童的问题中并不是主要的 nated. 考虑因素，应当消除对少数群体的偏见。 Currently, many scientific researches in this area have 目前，在这一领域的许多科学研究 drawn a conclusion that offspring of lesbian and gay parents 得出结论：同性恋父母的后代在性别认 do not differ in terms of their gender identity, sex role be­ 同、性别角色行为或性别取向方面没有 haviour or sexual orientation. And they are developing in 什么差异，而且他们在各方面的发展都 positive directions. Therefore, the sexual orientation of par­ 是积极的。因此，家长的性别取向并非 ents is not a key factor of children’s healthy development. 关系儿童健康成长的关键因素。也有报 According to some reports, part of young people from ho­ 告指出，部分来自同性恋家庭的青少年 mosexual families find themselves joyful and comfortable and are easily accepted by their peers. The reasons lie in 自我感觉快乐与舒适，也很容易被同龄 that many homosexual couples are harmonious and devoted 人所接纳。其原因在于：很多同性恋夫 to the children^ welfare. In addition, they exhibit more par­ 妻相处和谐，尽心照料孩子，此外，他们 enting awareness skills. Actually, many existing studies have 还表现出更多的育儿意识及技能。事实 revealed that the young generation brought up by the het­ 上，许多现有研究表明：由两性父母抚 erosexual parents who lack of relationship quality and par­ 养长大的年轻一代，因父母的关系不佳 enting skills will usually suffer from the behavioural, psy­ 和缺乏育儿技巧，通常会产生行为、心 chological, intellectual and emotional problems. 理、智力和情感方面的困扰- There is no factual basis for claims that the adoption of 那些认为同性父母领养儿童是负 children by homosexual parents is negative and harmful to 面及不利的说法并无事实依据。相反， children. On the contrary, based on research findings, those 根据研究发现，同性恋家庭的儿童同样 children of homosexual families develop as successfully as 能和异性父母家庭的孩子一样顺利成 the children of heterosexual parents. In the best interests of 长。为了同性恋家庭领养儿童的最大福 the adopted children from the homosexual families, those 祉，那些对同性恋群体抱有歧视的人应 with discrimination on the homosexual community should 该学会如何尊重和理解他们，以便为所 learn how to respect and understand them so as to create a 有的孩子创造和谐的社会环境。 harmonious social environment for all the children. _ 好词好句 controversy /*kDntrev3:si/ /I. 争 论 ，辩 论 jurisdiction /•d3U9ris'dikj^n/ it• 司 法 （权 ) orientation /.CKrian’teiJan/ ， i• 方 向 ，目标 irrelevant A’relavant/ fl • 不 相 关 的 eliminate /i imineit/ w• draw a conclusion •丨 消 除 ，根 除 得 出 结 论 heterosexual /.hetera’sekjual/ a . 异 性 恋 的 1 2 3 1. Considerable public controversy continues to surround...(引出争议话题） 围绕……的问題持续引发大规模的争议。 2. Many scientific researches in this area have concluded that.../Some reports have also pointed out that... /Many existing studies have revealed that...(列出现成的研究发现） 在这一领域的许多科学研究得出结论……。也有报告指出……。许多现有研究表明……。 3. There is no factual basis for claims that...(否定某一观点） 那些认为......的说法并无事实依据 • 120 •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外遇 Ttaremseeuen 麟 让 儿 雜 广 告 代 言 ? Chinafs top legislature has recently implemented an amendment to the Advertising Law that states minors under the age of 10 should not be advertising endorsers. According to the amendment^ companies that use children under this age as spokespersons in advertisements will be fined. The following are opinions on whether it is proper to use children as endorsers. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment. Ye Qingcheng (Beijing Times) Despite various bans on child actors and actresses, they are always popular with the public because of their cuteness. Cliildhood, however, is supposed to be a period of time when children play and learn, and even if they are talented in acting, their talent should not be overused. Otherwise, they may end up paying for this lost time when they grow up. In this sense, a ban on children’s commercial endorsements really aims to protect minors from being negatively impacted by commercial activities. When a child has gained fame by acting in movies or in televised entertainment programs, he or she will be able to capitalize on his or her reputation. A short commercial on TV can bring in a huge amount of money. Too much entertainment engagement may be more than a child can bear, psychologically and physically, but a hefty paycheck looks attractive to the child’s family. In most cases, these child stars will be overly consumed. The proposed endorsement ban does not totally forbid children to act in commercials. They are banned only from playing the lead role and speaking for a certain product in their own names. Striking a balance between happy diildliood and the demands of being a child star is a delicate balancing act for parents and advertising agencies. We do hope that we can protect child stars’ growing years wliile the audience can still ei\joy their excellent performances. Dian Guanghun (Yanzhao Metropolis Daily) Generally speaking, children under the age of 10 possess only a simple understanding of social events. However, when they become advertising endorsers, they have to face events beyond their cognitive capacity. In most cases, they don*t actually know how the products they speak for are used. They say and do what the businesses pay them to say and do. Therefore, ifs quite doubtful whether the products these child stars speak for are reliable or not. Some companies using child endorsers intend to mislead these endorsers* peers. The products may not be as good as are exaggerated in advertisements. These businesses hope their products will impress other children when they see child stars are using them. They will then ask their parents to buy this or that product for them. 121 •. a 专八作文 华研外遇 Ye Zhusheng (The Beijing News) Endorsing an advertisement does not necessarily violate minors’ rights and interests. It’s thus improper to forbid all such commercial activities among children. The minors and their parents should be given the right to decide whether to do the job after fully analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of being an advertising endorser. Otherwise, instead of protecting minors, interests, the law will restrict their freedom and rights. Meanwhile, endorsements are usually conducted by celebrities. When it is stipulated by law that minors under the age of 10 should not be chosen as advertising endorsers, we donTt know whether only well-known child stars are forbidden or ordinary children under this age are also in the category. Therefore, in the process of implementation, there might be some specific problems. 材料解读 题目提到中国近日的一项修正案明确禁止10岁以下的儿童代言广告。材料给出三个人对于“能否让儿童做 广告代言”的看法。前两个人支持这一政策，而最后一个人则持反对意见。 前两个人之所以反对儿童做广告代言，主要有以下两方面的理由。对儿童自身而言，首先，童年本该是孩子 学习和玩耍的时光，他们的天陚不该被过度消耗(their talent should not be overused);其次，太多的广告机会 超出孩子的身心承受能力，使他们筋疲力尽(overly consumed):最后，儿童代言可能会使孩子逍受商业活动的 不良影响（negatively impacted by commercial activities)。对社会而言，由于很多广告超出儿童的认知能力 (beyond their cognitive capacity)，他们只是听任商家的要求，而没有独立的辨识能力，因此儿童代言的产品是 否值得信赖（reliable or not)有待证实: 而且，儿童代言往往会误导其同龄孩子(mislead these endorsers’ peers )〇 反对这一禁令的人则认为，儿童和家长可以权衡利弊，他们有权决定是否参与代言（given the right to decide),而这一禁令限制了他们的自由和权利（restrict their freedom and rights)。而且，禁令没有明确指明对 象是有名气的小孩，还是包括普通孩子，因此实施(implementation)也存在问题。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从广告的作用着笔，引出中国近日颁布的禁止10岁以下儿童代言的法律，由此引出文章的话题—— 能否让儿童做广告代言。 主体：概括材料中的正反观点；提出自己的看法—— 不该禁止儿竜代言，并从两方面阐释原因： 1. 广告界可以从影视界学习，找到合理的安排„ 2 . 儿童代言某些产品更有优势。 结尾：总结全.文，S 申儿童代言的合理性。 _ 精品范文 Children Speak Louder Than Adults Sometimes Advertising is one of the most important channels to show 广告是帮助消费者了解市场上 consumers new products and services in the market. Hiring a 的新产品和服务的重要手段之一。雇 spokesperson, especially celebrities, for a product will no 佣代言人，特别是名人来做代言，可 doubt add to its fame and popularity. However, China has 以增加产品的知名度. 然而，中国最 recently banned minors under the age of 10 from being . 122 .第二章专八作文100篇 advertising endorsers, which has triggered widespread attention 近出台法律禁止10岁以下的孩子 of the media. 成为广告代言人，这成了媒体广泛 This legislation has aroused discussion among the public. 关注的焦点。 Some believe that it protects children from the allurement of 公众对此产生了不同的看法。 money and fame. The legislation also gains support from those 有人认为这可以保护儿童不受名利 who hold that children under 10 are too small to tell the 和金钱的诱惑3 还有人认为10岁以 quality of the goods they advertise for, adding the possibility 下的儿童太小，无法辨别他们所代 of fraud advertising. But the opponents argue that the decision 言的产品的好坏，有可能导致虚假 is a restriction on minors, rights and freedom as minors and 广告，因此支持该立法。但反对者则 their parents should have the right to decide whether to 称这有违儿童的权利和自由，因为 endorse an ad or not. 儿童和他们的父母应该有权利决定 I believe that it is not a good idea to ban children under 是否代言。 10 years old from being spokesman. Firstly, allowing children 我并不认同禁止10岁以下的 shooting advertisements does not necessarily lead to the child's 儿童代言广告。第一，让儿童拍广告 and the family’s obsession into money and fame, in the same 并不一定就会导致儿童及其家庭深 vein, banning minors from advertisements do not necessarily 陷名利，同理，禁止儿童拍广告也不 guarantee favorable conditions free from the lure of money and 能保证给儿童一个不受名利干扰的 fame. Instead of imposing a ban, the key lies in finding a way 环境。因此重点不在禁止，而在于找 to strike a balance and avoid over consume the talents of the 到方式达到平衡，避免过度消费儿 children. Just think about the children actors and actresses in 童。影视界有很多儿童演员，我认为 TV series and films. I believe a proper arrangement can be 广告界可从中吸取经验，做出合适 found in advertisement industry as well. Secondly, children’s 的安排。第二，儿童代言人在代言某 commercial endorsements are more persuasive in advertising 些产品比大人更具说服力，例如儿 products that are designed for children, such as children’s 童饮料、衣服和玩具。拫难想象如果 drinks, clothes and toys. It is hard to imagine how many 只凭一个成人说一条7 岁女孩穿的 parents would buy a dress for their 7-year-old daughter just by 裙子很漂亮，有多少家长会买单。 watching an adult telling you how beautiM it will look like. 因此，我认为儿童代言人在某 In conclusion, I believe children spokesmen have their 些产品上更具说服力，只要合理引 advantages in promoting certain products and they should not 导，不应禁止儿童代言。 be banned from shooting ads under proper guidance. p 好词好句 ban sb. from doing sth endorser /in'dnrsa/ n . 禁 止 某 人 做 某 事 • 代 言 人 allurement /a'luamant/ n . obsession /ab'sejan/ n . 诱 惑 痴 迷 in the same vein persuasive /p9’sweisiv/ 同 理 • 有 说 服 力 的 1. ... which has triggered widespread attention of the media• ( 引出话题） ……成了媒体广泛关注的焦点。 2. I believe that it is not a good idea to...(提出作者的观点） 我并不赞同…… 3. In conclusion, I believe... have their advantages in...(总结全文） 总之，我相信……在……方面存在优势。 123 • .专八作文 牮研外« mutm 制 儿 飾 r 告是否应受限制? There is undeniably a great deal of advertising currently which is aimed at children from toddlers to teenagers， promoting not only toys and sweets but also products such as foody drink，music, films and clothing. Increasingly this practice is coming under attack from parents’ organizations， politicians and pressure groups in many countries. Some countries have currently imposed national restrictions. The following are opinions on the advertising towards children. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. James Rouse, lawmaker in the US Advertising specifically to children is unethical because they have little or no money of their own and have to persuade their parents to buy the products for them. Rather than advertising directly to parents, companies use this campaign that leads to hostility between parents and children. They rely on pester power to make adults spend money they don't have on things they don*t want to buy, and which their children may well only play with for a few hours for example. Advertising which presents products to children as 44must-haveM is also socially divisive, making children whose parents cannot afford them appear inferior, and creating feelings of frustration and inadequacy, as well as leading families into debt. Natasha Smith， British journalist Advertising has no magical power to create unnatural desires for material possessions, Children who persistently nag are simply badly brought up. Poor parenting and undisciplined children cannot be solved by banning advertising, as children have many influences upon them which can stimulate their desires for toys, particularly their friends. It is also untrue that children have no spending power of their own; many children receive pocket money, and teenagers are often able to earn a little themselves. Learning to manage money is also an important part of growing up, advertisements help assist children to not only choose what they would like but also motivates them tx) save and subsequently to learn the true value of money. Robert Quinn} parent of a ten-year-old son, Australia Advertising aimed at children brings negative social consequences, as much of it is for food and drinks that are very unhealthy. It is estimated that in the US over $10 billion is spent annually advertising fast food towards children. Encouraging children to consume so much fatty, sugary and salty food is unethical because it creates obese, unhealthy youngsters, with bad eating habits that will be with them for life. Society also has to pay a high price in terms of the extra medical care such children will eventually require, so the government has a direct interest in preventing advertisements which contribute to this problem. 124 • •第二章专八作文100篇 James 09Barr, entrepreneur from the UK Children naturally like foods that are rich in fats, proteins and sugar; they give them the energy they need to play energetically and grow healthily. It is true that eating only such foods is bad for people, but this is a problem of bad parenting rather than the fault of advertising. To suggest that the eating habits, good or bad, stay with children throughout the rest of their lives is ridiculous, when children become adults they wiU for better or for worse make their own decisions. Also if advertising to children were banned then governments would not be able to use this means of promoting healthy eating, road safety, hygiene, and other socially useful messages. _ 材料解读 材料给出了四段关于针对儿童的广告的评价，指出了其优缺点。 第一、三段分别从个人和社会两方面指出针对儿童的广告的弊端。从个人的角度看，针对儿童的广告利用没 有消费能力的孩子劝服其父母购买产品，是不道德的（unethical),这将导致亲子关系恶化（hostility between parents and children);从社会的角度看，那些无力承担的家长将产生自卑感（appear inferior),甚至带来家庭 债务（leading families into debt),导致社会矛盾(socially divisive);而且，这类广告会引导孩子形成不健康的 饮食方式，带来消极的社会影响（negative social consequences),社会最终也必须为这些孩子承担额外的医疗 服务（extra medical care)。 第二、四段则持支持意见。首先指出儿童并非都是没有支付能力的群体，许多孩子都有零花钱(pocket money),青少年还能自己赚钱；其次这类广告有助于孩子学习理财技能(manage money);最后将问题的来源归 结于失败的家庭教育(bad parenting),而不是针对儿齑的广告。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从两方面概括材料对针对儿童的广告的正反观点。 主体：提出个人观点：鉴于儿童的天性与保护儿童的需要，针对儿童的广告应该被合理管制。并从三方面提 出建议。 1. 规范广告的措辞。 2 . 增加进食指引与健康饮食方式的宣传。 3 . 进行额外收费。 结尾：总结全文，说明合理控制广告内容、正确引导儿童使用产品和提高广告制作成本可以降低针对儿童的 广告的危害。 精品范文 Advertising to Children Should Be Regulated Recently, the number of advertising ainung directly at 近日，面向儿童而非他们的父母 children rather than their parents is increasing. Whether the 的广告在日益增多，是否应限制这类 practice of this advertising should be restrained has aroused a 广告引发了热议。支持者认为这类广 heated discussion. Supporters insist that this advertising is 告是不道德的，因为它教唆儿童劝说 immoral because it manipulates children to persuade their 父母花钱购买本不想买的产品，这可 parents into spending money on undesired goods, which 能会导致亲子关系恶化，并使那些买 might generate hostility on parent-children relationship and 125 • •专八作文 create frustration for those who cannot afford the products. 不起这些产品的父母感到沮丧。政府 Government should interfere as advertising on unhealthy diets 应该加以干涉，因为不健康的饮食广 may bring unhealthy consequences to youngsters and foster 告可能给年轻人带来不利影响，令他 lifelong bad eating habits. However, defenders blame bad 们形成长期不良的饮食习惯。然而，反 parenting for children’s inappropriate reaction to the 对者将孩子对广告的不当反应归咎于 advertising. They claim that advertising can help children 失敗的家庭教育：他们认为广告能帮 learn to manage money and also promote healthy and useful 助孩子学会理财并宣传健康有用的 information. 信息。 Regarding the nature of children and the need to protect 考虑到孩子的天性和保护他们的 them, I believe advertising directly to children should be 需要，我认为应该对针对儿童的广告 regulated. To start with, children usually lack life experience 进行管制。首先，儿童一般缺乏生活经 and therefore are not as capable of resisting temptation as 验，因此不能像大人那么善于抵制诱 adults. Ads makers could take advantage of this and incite 惑C广告制作者可能会利用这一点，煽 them to force money out of their parents’ wallets. It would 动儿童迫使父母花钱。如果有相关规 be helpful if there were regulations on wording of the 定限制广告用词，比如限制煸动性词 advertising, such as limiting the use of advocated phrases and 语和夸张表达的使用，将会有利于控 exaggerated expressions. Secondly, instructions should be put 制这种影响。第二，快餐或含糖饮品的 on advertisements of products like fast food or sugary drinks 广告上应该有相关说明，以防止儿童 to protect children from overeating junk food. For example, 过度食用垃圾食品。比如说，关于产品 suggestions on daily intake of the product and guidance on 每日摄入量的建议和享受美食同时保 er\joying the food while maintaining a healthy diet should be 持健康饮食习惯的指引应该呈现在屏 shown on the screen or poster. Moreover, requesting ads 幕或海报上。此外，对针对儿童的广告 makers to pay extra fee on advertising to children may also 制作商征收更多的费用，也有助于控 assist in putting the number in control. 制这类广告的数量。 In short, with effective control on the content, proper 总之，通过有效控制广告内容，正 guidance on the use of the products and higher cost on 确引导产品的使用方法以及提高广告 advertising production, negative effects of advertising aiming at 制作的成本，将能把针对儿童的广告 children can be minimized. 的负面影响降到最低3 _ 好词好句 manipulate /ma’nipjuleit/ W hostility /hD’stiliti/ /t • 操 纵 • 敌 意 parent-children relationship 亲 子 关 系 frustration /frA’streiJ" an/ /i • 挫 败 temptation /temp’teiJan/ /i. i take advantage of 秀惑 利 用 incite /in'sait/ v . 塘 动 exaggerated /ig'zaed 3 areitid/ fl. 夸 张 的 ；言 过 其 实 的 1 2 3 intake Anteik/ w M • 摄 取 1. ... has aroused a heated discussion.(引出话题） ……引起了激烈的讨论3 2. To start with... Secondly... Moreover...(分条列举要点） 首先......第二.......此外....... 3. In short, with... , negative effects of... can be minimized (总结做法及结果） 总之，通过......，.......的负面影响将能降到最低。 126 • •第二章专八作文100篇 a 华研外ii 志 愿 工 傾 否 应 翻 金 钱 奖 励 ? A city in Jiangsu Province put a new regulation into practice whereby police authorities reward residents with certain amount of money who volunteer to make peace in neighborhood quarrels， mediate in civil disputes or, help in putting out fires. The reward system has triggered debate nationwide. The following are opinions from different media on whether voluntary services should be financially rewarded. Read them carefully and write your response NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment. XVan Evening Daily It*s understandable if people worry benevolent actions are tainted by money. But that does not mean the advocacy of high moral standards should also be separated from material rewards. Proper material rewards will attract more people to participate in voluntary services, and enable the lifting of society’s moral standards to the greatest extent. No laws forbid payment to volunteers. It’s wise for the local government to encourage more people to take part in voluntary services by offering financial rewards within its capacity. Chengdu Daily For a long time, it is taken for granted that a person should not let his or her name be known to others or ask for a return when he or she has done a good deed. But in reality, people also value the virtue of “feeling a debt of gratitude for others’ kindness.” The reward system offers an effective mechanism to ensure security volunteers themselves can also benefit from their good deeds. This practice satisfies people of high moral standards psychologically and materially and in the meantime encourages other peopled enthusiasm. When they know they^ be rewarded for their good deeds, more people will be prepared to do so and gradually the whole of society will make progress toward good order. China Daily To encourage people to offer voluntary services through rewards is well intended. But the ensuing wide participation in voluntary services is based on the incentive of money. So if material rewards fail to become a regular practice later because of the governments cutting of financial support, will the public maintain their enthusiasm? More worrying is, once moral behavior starts to become measurable in money, a series of side effects will arise. People may tend to create disputes deliberately and earn money through mediating their settlement If this happens, the government wiU have to change the policy or pay up. The government does need to encourage people’s volunteering spirit, but it seems improper to connect good deeds to cash rewards. 127 • •Sina • Volunteers are those who never care about a return when they offer help to others and contribute to society. Since they are willing to be volunteers, they don’t do it to be rewarded If they do it for money, they are not volunteers in a real sense. Benevolence can never be measured in money. When people do good deeds solely for money, can we expect volunteers to maintain noble intentions in doing so? wwiv.rednet.cn We have seen many examples of using money and material rewards to encourage good deeds. Money is employed to reinforce the sense of morality remaining in peopled hearts. The tragedy is the majority of such attempts fail. Good people deserve rewards, but a reward is not necessarily expressed in money. To connect good deeds to money is self-contradictory and will never be a good shortcut to raising peopled moral standards. _ 材料解读 材料针对“志愿T作是否应得到金钱奖励”这一话题，给出了五家媒体对此的看法。其中前两家媒体表示支 持这一做法,后三家媒体则持反对意见。 支持的理由有两方面：一是弘扬美德并不意味着要与物质奖励区分开（does not mean... be separated from material rewards),恰当的物质奖励能吸引和鼓励更多的人(encourage more people)参与志愿工作；二 是志愿者能在心理t 和物质上(psychologically and materially)得到双$:满足，同时也能带动其他人的热情，符 造良好的社会秩序（society will make progress toward good order)。 反对的理由有三点：首先，政府若停止物质奖励，民众的志愿服务热情可能将难以为继(will the public maintain their enthusiasm?);其次，可能会有人刻意制造矛盾（create disputes deliberately)用以牟利（earn money);最后，志愿者是不图回报的（never care about a return),若用金钱M化，则与志愿工作的初衷自相矛 盾 （selfcontradictory),不利于提商人们的道德水平（never be a good shortcut to raising people’s moral standards )〇 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：由江苏咨某市新出台的政策引出话题—— 志® T.作是否应获得金钱奖励。 主体：总结材料出现的正反观点，并概述理由；提出自己的看法，志愿T.作应该被奖励，但不是用钱，并进行 具体的论述。 结尾：总结全文，重申论点。 _ 精品范文 Should Volunteers Be Awarded by Money? Recently, paying volunteers for making peace in neighbor­ 近日，江苏省某市出台一项新规 hood is a new regulation of a city in Jiangsu province, which 定，对自愿协调邻里矛盾的行为给予 has aroused a national hot debate over whether volunteers de­ 金钱奖励，这一做法在全国范围内引 serve material rewards. A heated discussion also arises among 发热议：是否应给予志愿者物质奖 different medias, and their views towards this policy include 128 • •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外18 pros and cons. 励.各大媒体也对此话题进行了讨 Supporters argue that money awards will encourage more 论，并给出正反两种的观点。 people to help others and create a friendly neighborhood. 支持者认为这会鼓励更多的人 However, to most media, the disadvantages of cash awards 参与志愿工作、创造和谐邻里.但大 seem to overweight its advantages. Opponents doubt whether 部分的媒体认为金钱奖励的弊大于 benevolence may vanish when the government cut off financial 利。反对者质疑政府一旦停止资金支 support and awards would compromise the moral intentions of 持，善行是否会因此消失，而且金钱 the work of the volunteers. 会玷污志愿者的高尚美德。 I believe that volunteer should be awarded, but not by 我认为志愿工作应该被奖励，但 money. Volunteers do not help others for being financially 不是用金钱。志愿者确实不是为了金 awarded. In fact, no volunteer makes money through their vol­ 钱而帮助别人。没有志愿者通过志愿 unteering; otherwise, they are just paid to do the work. There­ 工作来赚钱，否则，志愿工作则与工 fore, money awards blur the distinction between volunteering 作无异。金钱奖励无疑会模糊志愿服 and work and will lower the happiness of volunteers, who help 务和工作的概念，将降低志愿者出于 others just out of a grateful heart. If we take a closer look at 感恩而行善的幸福感。如果我们进一 the issue of volunteering, it’s not hard to see that they con­ 步分析，不难看出志愿者服务社会是 tribute to the society because they want the world to be a 为了看到更好的社会。这种高尚的道 better place. Such morality and nobility should be acknowl­ 德应该获得社会的认可和奖励，而不 edged and awarded by the good intentions from the society in­ 是金钱。例如，可以建立一个志愿记 stead of money. For example, a track record can be built, 录档案，记录每个市民的志愿工作 recording the volunteer work of every citizen. This record, I 这份档案将有助于他们择校、求职 believe, will contribute to their school application, job hunting, 等。当地或国家电视台也可以报道宣 etc. Local or national TV stations should report and publicize 传志愿工作，这可以使志愿者得到公 the volunteer work of volunteers so that they will gain respect 众的尊重，更重要的是还能对社会道 from the public, and more importantly, exert positive influence 德产生积极影响。 on social moral. 从上述讨论可知，给志愿者提供 FYom what has been discussed above, paying volunteers is 金钱回报绝不是上策，它往往会带来 never to be the best policy as it*s prone to negative influence. 不良影响。因此，我认为志愿者应该 In conclusion, I believe volunteers should be awarded, but not 被奖励，但不是用金钱。 by money. _ 好词好句 pros and cons benevolence /bi nevalens/ n 正 反 双 方 . 善行 cut off 中 断 blur /bl3:/ v• ( 使 )变 模 糊 morality /ma’raeliti/ /i. 品 行 nobility /nau’bilati/ n • 高 贵 的 品 格 1• …which has aroused a national hot debate over...(引出话题） ……（做法）在全国范围内引发有关……的热议。 2. It’s not hard to see that...(指出明显的现象或事理） 不难看出...... 129 • •a 专八作文 牮研外《 ma:m 额应强迫富翁捐钱? As the worldys richest people, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett call on wealthy people to devote half of their wealth to public welfare and charitable causes. Some government officials even proposed it should be made mandatory for billionaires to donate money to charity. The followings are opinions on whether billionaires should be forced to donate money. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments; 2. give your comment. Yvette Cazobon from the US As a very American American, I strongly believe in freedom all the way, there would be so much uproar about people being forced to donate, that is would not be considered donating, it would be taxes that don't go to the government. There are also many millionaires/billionaires donating already, Bill Gates has donated 28 billion himself, and it seems like people think he still does not donate enough. The average American makes less than 2 million in their life, I think 28 billion is VERY generous donation. And that is just Bill Gates, don’t forget the other rich people donating. To summarize, it*s their money, they can do what they so chose, so don't try to force people to give away money, because people are already doing it themselves. Frances Snead from Mexico Every religion in the world demands caring for the poor, sick and needy. It is the obligation of the rich everywhere to help those less fortunate not only for religious and humanitarian reasons but to contribute to the economic growth and development of the country. Habitually poor people breed revolution and destruction. Millions of Mexico’s poor have no land, no job prospects and no hope of improving their life, especially the native tribal people who have been subjugated by the Spanish for centuries. It is obscene to think one man has all that wealth at his disposal and would not assist his countiy and its people. James Alex from the UK Billionaires should donate the vast majority of their personal wealth. Since much of these billionaire’s “money” is tied to stocks which they can’t really sell without their companies going down with them, it makes sense that people such as Bill Gates will still have extraordinary net-worth. But anything they don’t need for a reasonable day to day and supporting their families should go to charity. The same goes for all people. Kanhaiya Kumar from India I think billionaires should donate enormous sums of money to charity, and I do mean “charity” 130 • •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外« and not “freeloader”. Fm an idealist and I believe that to whom much is given or even of whoever earns infinitely more than he needs, much is expected. In a world where opportunity is astronomically unequal, having lots of money just for one*s self while there are millions of people in the world living in poverty just doesn’t make sense. Manala Aigbi from Brazil I believe billionaires have worked hard for their money and should not be taxed twice just because they are richer than the average person. Maybe a progressive system of taxation should be introduced and utilized by the government and in regards t» billionaires being more involved in charity. Of course, most billionaires should be interested in well being of less privileged individuals, as our care for each other is what makes us human. p 材料解读 材料罗列了五个来自不同国家的民众对是否该强迫富豪捐款的看法。其中来自美闻和巴西的民众持反对意 见，而其他人则支持这一做法。 选段一、五是反对的观点。这两个人都在首句就亮出观点：强调自由（believe in freedom)和不能被二次征 税(should not be taxed twice),他们认为强制捐钱实质上就变成征税了。材料五认为他们的钱财也是辛苦所 得(worked hard for their money)。由此可总结反对的理由因为人们有自由决定是否捐赠，且富豪的钱财也是 辛苦所得。 其他三人都赞成强制富翁捐钱：选段二认为出于信仰和人道主义(religious and humanitarian reasons),富 人有义务(obligation)帮助不幸的人。选段三首句指出富豪应捐赠大部分的个人财富。Since后解释理由是因为富 豪捐赠后仍有不菲的股票净值(extraordinary net-worth)。选段四认为独享财富是毫无意义的（doesn’t make sense)。由此可以总结支持者的理由主要有出于宗教和人道主义考虑，为了国家经济的发展，富人捐赠后仍能保 持充裕的财富以及众贫独富的无意义。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结两方对是否应强迫富豪捐款的观点，并提出个人见解—— 从人权和社会发展的角度来看，强迫富 豪捐钱不可行。 主体：列出强迫富豪捐钱不可行的理由。一是在现代民主国家，个人财产受法律保护。强迫富人捐钱可能会 导致贫富之间的仇恨和矛盾；二是强迫富豪捐赠可能会阻碍社会经济发展。 结尾：总结全文，尽管捐赠是有必要的，但强迫富豪捐赠会损害人权和社会发展。 _ 精品范文 Ifs Not Feasible to Force Donation Recent years have witnessed a growing donation by 近几年来，越来越多富豪捐款给 millionaires/billionaires such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. 慈善事业，比如比尔•盖茨和沃伦•巴 They gave away most of their money and left little or even 菲特。他们捐出大部分财产，只留很少 nothing to their heirs. Some government officials proposed it 甚至不留财产给他们的后代。有的官 should be made mandatory for billionaires to donate money 员提议要强制富人捐款。是否强制富 to charity, which has fueled a heated debate among people. 131 • •a 专八作文 华研外遇 People from the US and Brazil share the point of view that it 豪捐款引发了人们的热议，来自美国 is rich men’s freedom whether to donate, while people from 和巴西的人认为是否捐钱是富人的自 Mexico, the UK and India hold that it is the obligation of the 由。来自墨西哥、英国和印度的人却认 rich to help the poor, sick and needy. I insist it is not 为富人就应当帮助穷人和有需要的 feasible to force the rich to donate for the sake of both 人我个人认为，不管从人权还是从社 human right and social development. 会发展的角度来看，强迫富豪捐钱都 Firstly, in most modem democratic countries, personal 是不可行的。 property and fortune are protected by laws. It is human’s 第一，在大多教现代民主社会，个 basic right to cope with their own money and wealthy people 人财产和财富都是受法律保护的。如 are no exception. Since the rich have already been taxed, it 何处置个人财产是公民的基本权利， is unfair and unreasonable to force them to give away their 富人也不例外：既然富人已经纳税，再 fortune. If the rich became reluctant to help the poor, it 强制要求他们捐钱就有失公平，也不 might trigger hatred and discrepancy between the rich and the 合理。如果勉强富人捐助穷人，可能会 poor, which might result in a liigher level of crime in local 引发富人和穷人之间的仇恨和矛盾， society. 导致地区犯罪率上升 Secondly, it is important to note that forcing billionaires 第二，强迫富豪捐款可能会影响 to donate may hazard social and economic development in 社会和经济的长远发展，注意到这一 the long run. Statistics have shown that wealthy people create 点很重要有教据表明，富人为社会创 more GDP and job opportunities for the society. Under such 造了更多的国内生产总值和就业机 circumstances, compulsory donation can dampen business 会。在这种情况下，强制富人捐款可能 investment and social long-term development As there are 会影响经济投资和社会长期发展既 various means to improve the welfare of the poor, I can't see 然还有其他办法来改善穷人的福利， 所以不一定非要强迫富人捐款。 the reason why donation is mandatoiy for the rich. 当然，捐钱从宗教和人道的角度 There is no doubt that donation is needed for religious 来看是有必要的。但是，强迫富豪捐钱 and humanitarian reasons. However, compulsory donation can 损害人权，给社会和经济发展带来不 cause damage to human right and impose adverse effect on 利影响。 social and economic development _ 好词好句 feasible /*fi:Z9bl/ a•可行的 give away 捐赠 mandatory /maendatari/ a .强制的 trigger /triga/ v/• 触发，引起 discrepancy /di’skrepansi/ /i• 分歧，冲突 hazard /haezad/ 使遭受危险 under such circumstances 在这种情况下 dampen AJaempan/ v/•抑制 humanitarian /hjiK.maeni tearian/ a•人道主义的 adverse effect 副作用 1. Recent years have witnessed...(首段描述社会现象，引出话題） 近年来发生了…… 2. People from... share the point of view that..., while people from... hold that...(概括材料中出现的不同 观点） 来自......民众认为.......，而来自........的民众却持.......的观点。 3. I insist... for the sake of both... and...(提出作者观点及理由） 为了……和……着想，我坚持认为…… 132 • •第二章专八作文100篇 高调慈善 Nowadays in China, quite a handful of philanthropist choose to do charities in a high- profile manner. When they donate money and/or basic necessities, they would make sure that the camera and the press are present. The following two excerpts are two attitudes towards high-profile charity. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment. Excerpt 1 Feng Xiaogang from news.dayoo.com We shouldn't only see the motives of their donation but also see the good results. Do they really donate money or just give out rubber checks? Is the effect of helping poor people achieved? Even if they do display ostentatious altruism, we should allow people to t>rag about their good deeds. I don^ think there is anything wrong with high-profile charity. Who said charity should only be low-profile? Nowadays, if rich people don’t donate money, they will be criticized as being stingy. If they donate too much money, they will be criticized as being ostentatious. This is really not good for the healthy development of China's charitable undertakings. People argue the high-profile approach could be used for self-publicity and advertising. I think that donating money to poor people to gain fame and popularity is much better than pouring money into advertisements on TV or the Internet for fame and popularity. If all enterprises poured their money into helping poor people for publicity, poor people would be more than happy to accept it. Excerpt 2 Jin Ganglang from forum.book.sina.com.cn I strongly oppose high-profile charity. If you wander around the streets, you will see many signs asking to donate money to needy people and help the poor. You would think you live in heaven. But, with second thoughts, you realize they are just promotional activities merchants mount to make money. Here, charity is not the final purpose but a means of gaining financial profit. It^ totally understandable for merchants to take profits as their main purpose, but they should achieve this purpose from advanced technology and the good quality of their products. But if they candy-coat charity and gain profit by relying on the sympathy of customers, it^ total deception and should be denounced by all. I feel that we are now farther and farther away from true philanthropy and nearer and nearer to deception and hypocritical behavior. In todays world, the result is more important than the means. In order to achieve a purpose, any method is allowed. Therefore, people argue that, as long as a great amount of money is donated, we shouldn’t be too critical about merchants’ hidden agendas. That’s totally wrong and a twisted concept 133 • •a 专八作文 牮研外诵 of charity. As a matter of fact, charity is quite simple. The donation itself has significant meaning, not the amount of money. Whafs more important is the concept of helping others. Don't use charity as a tool for fame or profit. No one should look upon charity as an investment. The real essence of charity is treating people around you well, not being greedy and not bullying others. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“高调慈善"展开论述。选段一支持髙调慈善，选段二则持反对意见。 支持者强调以结果为主(good results)。人们总是批评不捐钱的富人吝啬(being stingy),质疑捐赠大笔善 款的窗人卖弄(being ostentatious)。这不利于中国慈善事业的健康发展(the healthy development of China’s charitable undertakings)，我们应对高调慈善给予宽容(allow people to brag about their good deeds)。 反对者在一定程度上批判了上述以结果为主的看法。 Jin Ganglang认为，那些进行髙调慈善的商人将慈善 作为获利手段（a means of gaining financial profit)〇这完全是利用消费者同情心的诈骗行为（total deception),应被谴责(should be denounced)。若人们认为，只要那些商人捐了钱，我们就不应对其意图太过挑 剔，那就是扭曲了慈善的概念(twisted concept of charity〉。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，分别列出支持和反对高调慈善的观点。提出自己观点—— 支持媒体曝光下的善举。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1. 这种高调的做法可以促使富豪和髙利润的企业为社会做出更大贡献: 2 . 从受赠者角度来看，这个高调的做法保证了捐赠金能落实到目标受赠者。 结尾：t 申观点，捐款的关键不是方式，而是捐款的真实性及持续性。 _ 精品范文 O n High-Profile Charity As reports about high-profile charity appear more often, a 有关高调慈善的报导越来越多， tremendous controversy follows. Mr. Feng from dayoo.com 巨大的争议随之而来a 大洋网的冯先 holds that the end justifies the means: high-profile charity 生认为，结果比方式重要。高调慈善尽 does produce good result, although it is performed in an 管方式招摇，但确实带来了好的结果。 ostentatious way. After all, compared with spending money on 毕竞，和把钱用于广告上相比，做慈善 ads, making donation is a far better means to gain fame and 是获得名誉和名气更好的方式。与此 popularity. On the contrary, Mr. Jin is strongly critical of the 相反，金先生强烈反对这种结果至上 result-oriented spirit, thinking high-profile charity is fraud in 的观点。他认为高调慈善实质上是诈 essence and should be denounced. People had better to make 骗行为，应该受到谜责。人们也应该弄 it clear that the concept of charity is about mutual help 清楚，慈善的概念是互助，而不是钱3 rather than money. Personally, however, I applaud the charity 然而，就个人而言，我赞赏聚光灯下的 in the spotlight. 善举。 To start with, this high-profile manner could urge 首先，这种高调的做法可以促使 millionaires and lucrative companies to contribute more to 富豪和高利润的企业为社会做出更大 the society. Profit-seeking businesses nowadays rarely consider 134 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华Tn>研—m外»M遇c__ repaying the society. If charity is brought to the limelight, 贡献现在那些竞相逐利的企业甚少 greater sense of corporate social responsibility would be 回馈社会。如果将慈善摆在众目睽睽 called upon among the corporate communities. In this regard, 之下，将会唤醒企业界的社会责任意 we should welcome more acts of benevolence to go public, to 识。在这方面，我们应该欢迎更多的 create a healthy and favorable climate for charity in China. 公开的慈善，为中国慈善事业创造一 Secondly, from the perspective of the beneficiaries, this 个健康和良好的氛围。 high-profile method guarantees that the money goes to the 其次，从受惠者的商度来看，这 intended receivers. Everything and every move are recorded 个高调的做法保证了捐贈金能落实 on camera in the press, with the whole nation watching. The 到预计的受赠者。在举国眼皮底下， watchdog role of the mass media is exercised and the 所有的一举一动都被媒体的摄像机 transparency of charity is achieved. Above all, making 记录下来：在媒体的监督下，慈善实 generosity public can ensure that those intended recipients 现了透明化，最重要的是，慈善公开 truly benefit from the donation. 化可以确保那些预计的受赠者在慈 In conclusion, we should not worry about the way in 善活动中真正获益3 which money is contributed, but rather the authenticity and 总之，我们担心的不应该是捐钱 sustamability of the donation. In this sense, doing charity in 的方式，而应该是其真实性和可持续 public, though a bit different from conventional practice, 性。在这点上，慈善公开化，虽然与传 actually urges us to contribute more and requires relevant 统做法稍有不同，实际上却激励我们 parties to be transparent. These are the two blessings in the 做出更多的贡献，促使相关各方保持 慈善透明化。这就是所谓的“高调”慈 so-called “high-profile” disguise. 善下的两个好处。 好词好句 ^Ostentatious /,DSterTtei_[as/ a .夸耀的 lucrative /*lu:kr8tiv/ a. 赚钱的 limelight /1aim,lait/ 众人注意的焦点 corporate communities 企业界 benevolence /bi'nevalans/ n. 慈善 transparency /traens'paransi/ n. 透明度 authenticity /,o:8en’tisiti/ n. 真实性 1. Personally, however,. I applaud"、（择出作者，.点 某 事 抻 ） 然而，就个人而言，我赞赏…… 2. These are the two blessings in..• (结尾总结，指出某事物的好处） 这就是……的两个好处。 . 135 •班w外« s i s a 推行绿色残葬 How we die， as well as how we live, has profound and lasting effects on the environment. China now is advocating environmentally friendly funerals, but most people still prefer traditional burial ceremonies. The following excerpt reveals the development of eco-funeral in China. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. express your opinion towards this practice. G o Green, in Death as in Life A new type of funeral—the “ecological funeral”一is being advocated by China’s government and media, with suitable memorial parks established in many areas. Ecological funerals refer to new “tree funerals”， “flower funerals”， “grass funerals” and “water funeralsM. In the first three types, the ashes of the deceased person are spread on earth in which trees, flowers or grass is planted. In water funerals, the ashes are scattered over a river or the sea. Such funerals represent China's second reform of funeral customs. In the first reform, cremation replaced burials. Now the ashes are not retained, but are returned to nature. In many ways, ecological funerals meet the needs of the times, especially in our cities. The Chinese population is getting older faster, and there is a shortage of land, so there is a risk of having nowhere to build traditional cemeteries. With the Chinese tradition of lavish funeral ceremonies, burial costs are spiralling. In some cases, a funeral can cost more than a house, and people speak of being able to afford to live, but not to die. Ecological funerals use little or no land. What they do use is not covered with a gravestone, but with plants. As it happens, Chinas Tomb-Sweeping Festival fell in April, just as plants are growing and flowering. Memorial parks will double as green spaces. Popularising this practice would save both costs and land, and increase the amount of green space. Despite all this, however, many media reports published after this year^ Tomb-Sweeping Festival showed that only a minority of people choose ecological funerals. "The old burial practices have existed for thousands of years. You can^t replace them overnight,M says Zhu Huamin, head of the Shanghai Burial Culture Institute. 441 think for some time to come, ecological funerals will only be accepted by some people/* Attachment to the idea of traditional funerals is the greatest current obstacle to ecological funerals in China Despite the earlier reforms, cremation still is not accepted in rural areas, and 50% of Chinese funerals involve burial. The success or failure of this second round of reform rests on changing those deep-rooted cultural beliefs. In order to meet targets during the earlier reforms, local governments attempted to make cremation compulsory, but to little effect. Burials took place in secret, and corruption resulted, especially in rural 136 • •第二章专八作文100篇 areas. Di Yingqi, a representative in the National Peopled Congress, argues that a funeral law should be drafted, providing for a range of funeral styles. China^ long-standing sustainable development strategy requires a shift to the environmentally friendly in the economic, social and cultural sectors. Funeral practices are no different, but using legal and administrative measures to do so will have little effect, at best. You cannot force cultural changes. It is not a matter of law and institutions, but of raising environmental awareness among the people. Then will choose more environmentally friendly ways of life—and death—of their own accord. _ 材料解读 材料是一篇有关“生态殡葬”的新闻报道，大致可分为三部分内容。 前六段介绍了生态殡葬的概念和好处。指出生态殡葬以花草树木和河海代替墓地和墓碑，使陵园成为绿地。 能够缓解我国人口老龄化，土地资源短缺，横葬花费上升的问题（The Chinese population... costs are spiralling),既节省土地乂增加绿地。 第七至倒数第二段分析了推行生态殡葬的困难及人大代表的建议。指出只有极少数人选择生态殡葬，主要 障碍是几千年来植根于群众的文化信仰(deep>rooted cultural beliefs),有些偏远地区仍是选择墓葬而不是火化 (cremation),生态殡葬因此不易被人们接受。人大代表认为应通过立法提供更多可选择的殡葬方式。 最后一段是对政府的建议和相关现状的分析。我国的可持续发展战略(sustainable development strategy) 要求各方向环境友好型方向发展，因此推行生态殡葬有其必要性。但材料也指出，推行生态殡葬仅通过法律和行 政手段(丨egal and administrative measures)收效甚微，更重要的是提髙人们的环保意识 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：引出生态殡葬这一话题，并概括材料对此的看法。 主体：提出个人观点—— 生态殡葬的目的是好的，但不应以行政或法律的手段去推行；具体分析该政策的实 行难点，并提出建议。 结尾：总结全文，重申支持生态殡葬的观点。 _ 精品范文 A n Environmental-Friendly W a y of Death In an effort to promote environmental protection, the Chi­ 为鼓励环保，中国政府正在推 nese government is advocating “ecological funerals”. Compared 行“生态殡葬”。与传统葬礼不同， with traditional burials, ecological funeral is much more environ­ 生态葬礼更环保，它不需要或只需 mentally friendly; they do not need or need very little land, thus 要很少的土地，节省了国家本就紧 saving the very limited land resources in the country. The initia­ 张的土地资源。然而这一提议却没 tive, however, is not popular among the public with very few 有得到公众的欢迎，且中国传统葬 people chose 4*ecological funerals" instead of the traditional ones. 礼已有几千年历史，使用法律或行 And legal and administrative measures aiming at promoting it 政手段推行生态葬礼收效甚微 will have little effect in front of thousands of years* burials cus­ 我认为该政策目的是好的，但 tom. 不应以行政或法律的手段去推行。 In my opinion, the policy is well-intended and should be 第一，毫无疑问，传统葬礼花费甚 promoted in ways other than administrative and legal measures. . 137 .专八作文 华研外遇 r〇mwrnrmtmum» Firstly, there is no doubt that traditional burial funerals are often 大且更占地。由于中国土地资源紧 lavish and take up more land than ecological funerals. Due to 张，墓地的价格在最近几年已疯狂 the very limited land in China, the prices for burials have been 上涨推行生态葬礼既能省下购买 rocketing in recent years. Promoting ecological funeral will save 墓地的钱，也能为国家节省土地资 people the cost of buying burials in tomb yards and will save 滹c 第二，我们应认识到几千年来 much land resources. Secondly, it should be acknowledged that 这一传统已根深蒂固，推行新的殡 promoting ecological funerals will be a difficult process as the 葬方式将困难重重。面对严重的环 burial tradition has been deep-rooted for thousands of years. The 境问题，政府应该不断提高公众对 government should raise the awareness of the public of the severe 此的认识，并告诉公众他们可以做 environmental issues we are facing, and tell people what they 些什么来改善环境，而生态葬礼就 can do to better the situation, with ecological funeral being one of 是其中之一。第三，我们应该意识 them. Thirdly, it should also be noticed that this will be a long 到这是一个漫长的过程。不要指望 process. Do not expect to reach this goal in a few years by 在几年内通用行政和立法的手段 means of administrative or legal measures, but do keep educating 解决，而应该耐心地教育公众，假 以时日也许就能实现目标c people on it with patience and the goal might be reached in a 总之，我认为生态葬礼是保护 longer term. 环境的上策，但考虑到公众的接受 In conclusion, I believe ecological funeral is a good way to 能力，推行生态葬礼将是一个道长 protect the environment, but considering the acceptance of the 且艰的过程： public, the promotion of it will be a long and difficult process. _ 好词好句 ecological /i:ka'lDd3ikal/ a initiative /I’nijiativ/ /i . 生 态 的 • 倡 议 administrative /9d ministr9tiv/fl. well-intended a 行 政 的 • 出 于 好 意 的 lavish /laevij/ a . 昂 贵 的 1. It should be acknowledged that... will be a difficult process as the... tradition has been deep-rooted for thousands of years.(指出旧事物根深蒂固，新事物推行困难） 由于……的传统数千年来已根深蒂固，我们应意识到……是一个艰难的过程。 2. ... should raise the awareness of the public of... we are facing, and tell people what they can do to better the situation, with.•• being one of them.(提出建议） ……应让公众意识到我们面临着……的问题，并告诉公众他们可以做些什么来改善环境，而……就是其中之 138 • •第二章专八作文100 E H 4 安乐死 Euthanasia is the deliberate advancement of a personas death for the benefit of that person. In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who is usually terminally ill asks to die. It can be carried out either by doing something， such as administering a lethal injection, or by not doing something necessary to keep the person alive. The following are opinions on the necessity of legalizing euthanasia. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the arguments, and then 2. express your opinion towards euthanasia, especially whether it should be legalized. Bonnie Malkin, Professor of Ave Maria School of Law Our legal system accepts that people have a legal right to choose when to die, as demonstrated by the fact that suicide is legal. This right is denied to those who are incapable of taking their own lives unaided. Legalising euthanasia would redress this balance. Our legal system also recognises that assisting a suicide attempt is a crime. Human beings are independent biological entities, and as an adult, have the right to take and carry out decisions about themselves. A human being decides who they spend their life with, their career path, where they live, whether to bear children. So what is the harm in allowing a terminally ill patient to decide for themselves whether tliey die in a hospital or in their own home? Surely a terminally ill sufferer is better qualified to decide for themselves whether they are better off dead or alive? Their disease makes them so crippled they cannot commit suicide alone. A quote from The Independent in this March stated that ,4So long as the patient is lucid, and his or her intent is clear beyond doubt, there need be no further questionsn. Human beings should be as free as possible and unnecessary restraints on human rights are strongly discouraged Luke Gormally, first Research Officer of The Linacre Centre The prestigious position of doctors could quite easily be abused if euthanasia were to become legalised. A prime example of this would be the late Dr Harold Shipman, who killed between 215 and 260 elderly women. Vulnerable, ill people trust their doctor and if he confidently suggested a course of action, it could be hard to resist. A patient and his family would generally decide in favour of euthanasia according to the details fed to them by their doctor. These details may not even be well founded: diagnoses can be mistaken and new treatment developed which the doctor does not know about. Surely it is wrong to give one or two individuals the right to decide whether a patient should live or die. On the contrary, the majority of doctors would make well-informed, responsible and correct decisions, but for those few like Harold Shipman, they can get away with murder, undetected, for 23 years. 139 • •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 Gina Barton, American journalist If a terminal patient faces a long, slow, painful death, surely it is much kinder to spare them this kind of suffering and allow them to end their life comfortably. Pain medications used to alleviate symptoms often have unpleasant side effects or may leave the patient in a state of sedation. It is not as if they are really “living’’ during this time; they are merely waiting to die. They should have the right to avoid this kind of torturous existence and be allowed tx> die in a humane way. _ 材料解读 材料_ 绕“安乐死”的话题展开讨论，分别给出教授、官员和记者对此的看法，其中教授和记者支持安乐死， 而官员则反对这一做法。 在教授看来，选择死亡是人类作为一个独立的生物体的权利（have a legal right),法律允许人们自杀，但对 于那些没有能力自杀的人，只要是他们在清醒（丨ucid)状态下表达的意愿，则应当允许他们安乐死；在记者看来， 当绝症病人面临一个漫长缓慢且痛苦的死亡时(a long, slow, painful death),他们有权结束这种备受煎熬的生 #( torturous existence )〇 而官员认为，安乐死一旦合法化，则可能会被轻易滥用（easily be abused)。因为脆弱的患者往往很信赖医 生，根据医生给出的信息来做决定，而医生的诊断有可能不是完全确切的(may not even be well founded)。一 旦安乐死被合法化，医生、病人和家丨4有可能会增加对其的考虑，放弃其他选择。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要介绍“安乐死”的概念，并总结材料中对此的正反观点。 主体：提出个人观点—— 安乐死合法化是件好事，虽有潜在的风险，但也有应对措施。从三方面阐释原因： 1. 应设立严格的医学标准、规定和监管体系，规避安乐死被滥用。 2 . 安乐死合法化可以人道地减轻病人的痛苦。 3 . 安乐死合法化可以保证人们选择死亡方式的权利。 结尾：引用“安乐死”的希腊语义.重申安乐死的合理性。 _ 精品范文 Should Euthanasia Be Made Legal? Whether people with terminal illness can be put to death 绝症患者想要结束生命时能 when they ask for it has been a pendent debate for decades. It 否答应，这一争论持续几十年仍悬 is a complicated issue that involves a series of intertwined factors 而未决。这个复杂的问题涉及到一 including human right, social ethics, professional conduct and 系列因素，包括人权，社会伦理，职 the value of life. 业道德和生命的价值。 Supporters of euthanasia believe that those patients, who 安乐死合法化的支持者认为 are suffering from the torture from the disease, should have the 绝症患者正遭受疾病的摧残，他们 right to choose whether to live on or not. Just like suicide, it 有权利选择自己的去留。对于所有 should have been an autonomy right for all independent biologi­ 独立的生命体而言，它和自杀一样 cal entities, and a legislation will help guarantee this right of 本是一项自主权利。立法将保证基 choice based on free will. However, opponents are more wor- 于自由意志的选择权利。然而，反 . 140 .第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外遇 ried about the possible abuse of this choice, either from the 对者认为安乐死如被合法化，有可 doctor or from the family. 能被医生或家属滥用。 As far as I am concerned, legalized euthanasia can be a 在我看来，安乐死合法化是件 good policy. I agree all the potential risks of doing this, but 好事。我同意这样做会有很多潜在 there are ways to counterbalance them. Provided there are rea­ 的风险，但也有应对措施.只要做出 sonable institutional arrangement and scrutinized implementation 合理的制度安排和执行监督，安乐 of euthanasia, the advantages of legalizing it will overweigh the 死合法化将利大于弊第一，应设立 disadvantages. Firstly, strict medical standards, regulation and 严格的医学标准、规定和监管体系， monitoring should be applied to ensure that this option is not 以规避安乐死被滥用，只有达到一 abused. Only when certain criteria are met can doctors suggest 定的条件，医生才能建议考虑安乐 considering euthanasia an option. Secondly, making euthanasia 死；第二，安乐死合法化可以人道地 legal is a humane way of relieving patients* unbearable pain and 减轻病人的痛苦，让病人在临终前 assuring them some quality time to eryoy the last moments in 度过美好的时光。最后，安乐死合法 the world. Last but not least, by guaranteeing peopled right to 化可以保证人们选择死亡方式的权 choose how to die, which is the main purpose of this legisla­ 利，这也是该立法的主要目的。这 tion, patients with terminal illness who are suffering from end­ 样，绝症患者能在平和中有尊严地 less pain and torture, can die in peace and with dignity. 离世。 “安乐死”一词源于希腊语，意 The word “euthanasia” originates from Greek, meaning “die 思是“在幸福中死去”，我想这正是 in happiness" literally, which, I believe, is one of the most 人文主义最重要的内涵之一。 important aspects of the very definition of humanism. _ 好词好句 terminal illness 绝 症 pendent /pendant/ a . 悬 而 未 决 的 intertwined /.int3:’twaind/ a•错综复杂的 autonomy right 自 主权 counterbalance /,kaunt9’baelans/ W. 起 平 衡 作 用 institutional /.insti'tju:fanal/ a • 制 度 上 的 scrutinized /skru:tnaizd/ a .详细审査的 humane /hjui'mein/ a .人 道 的 1. It is a complicated issue that involves a series of intertwined factors including...(指出某事物的复杂 性） 这是一个复杂的问题，涉及到一系列因素，包括…… 2. Only when certain criteria are met can".(指出某个行动可以进行的前提） 只有达到了 一定的标准，才可以…… 3. ...is one of the most important aspects of the very definition of...(总结事物本质，升华主题） ...正是……最重要的内涵之一。 . 141 .专八作文 牮研外遇 E 4 9 经 縫 距 对 雄 的 影 响 Some people think that financial disparity affects friendship. What do you think? The following article is discussing this issue. Write your article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the main opinion of the article; 2. give your comment. Money and Friendship When people with money are friends with people of modest means the disparities don^ typically end with the bank accounts. One person in the friendship often feels less comfortable than the other, and it tends to be the one with less money—the friend who can^t afford to join the group at the restaurant or go on the weekend trip, the one whose share may be paid for by the others. 44It doesn't disturb the rich ones to pay,'* says Horst Heidbrink, a psychology lecturer at the dis­ tance-learning University of Hagea "The rich person thinks they're being caring. But the poorer person feels under pressure to be particularly nice.M But a lack of balance puts pressure on many friendships. Aristotelian ethics would suggest dealing with the imbalance with increased devotion by the friend with less. Friendship expert Horst Heidbrink says he wouldn’t recommend this, but his research has shown him that the give and take between friends has to be balanced. Friendships between rich and poor people are not as unusual as one might think. Ina 2014 study by the Bremen-based Allensbach Institute, 1,624 people of different ages were asked about their friendships. Forty-four percent of respondents said they had friends who were considerably better off than they were. And 41% said they were friends with people who were considerably less well off than they were. And yet that old saying to the effect that money issues can put an end to friendship still holds for many. According to the study, friends helped each other out with moving house and renovation work, offered an ear when needed and doled out advice. But only 10% ever accepted significant loans from their richer friends. MMany people believe that borrowing money would weigh the friendship down,M Heidbrink says. “Most people would rather go to their parents because family relationships don’t depend on symmetry as much as friendships do.,f Nevertheless, he says, MA good friendship can also withstand a credit." Although friendships between men and women are vulnerable because they are defined by different activities. With their male friends, men play sports, for example, while women and their girlfriends often just talk when they get together. “That’s where it gets harder to leave out financial situations, and there’s more comparing,” says Heidbrink. On the other hand, when two guys play soccer together, it*s not an issue if one returns to a villa and the other to a low-rent apartment. “What counts is trust," Heidbrink says. When trust isn’t justified — when a friend refuses to help or betrays confidences 一 then friendships fall apart. They don't fall apart because one person has a 142 • •第二章专八作文100 lot of money in the bank and the other doesn^. If the less well-off don't suffer from jealousy or envy, and the better-off don’t take it too much to heart if their best friend can’t join them on that spa trip, there's a good chance of a successful friendship. _ 材料解读 材料给出一篇评论，主要针对经济差距对友谊的影响进行论述。 首先，第一至三段指出经济差距的确会影响友谊。第一、二段论述道，当有钱人和收人不高的人成为朋友，有 钱的一方并不会感到不舒服，而收人较低的那一方则会感到有压力，这种压力使其在两方的交往中表现得特别 友善，从而导致了友谊的天平失衡。第三段通过一项研究并辅以数据说明，对很多人来说，金钱问题可能会结束 一段友谊。 第四段是承上启下段，该段提到虽然许多人认为金钱问题会伤害到友谊，但好的友谊仍然是值得信任的。第 五段举例论证有些友谊是不受经济差距影响的。 最后，第六段明确指出“信任"才是友谊得以稳固的关键。 。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结原文大意，点出话题—— 经济差距会影响友谊,但“信任”才是友谊的关键， 主体：亮出自己的观点—— 同意文章的论点，并就此展开论述。指出友谊需要包容、妥协、相互支持，如果是 真正的友谊，即使经济差距造成双方关系紧张，也能够克服。 结尾：引用名言作支掙，并重申尽管经济差距会影响友谊，但是真正的友谊可以超越这样的差距。 _ 精品范文 Money Doesn’t Make True Friends Go Money makes the mare go, and money also makes 有钱能使鬼推磨，金钱也能左右朋 friends come and go. According to the passage, financial 友的来去。根据材料文章，经济差距在 disparity, to a certain extent, affects friendship, as the less 一定程度上影响了友谊，因为不那么富 rich person would feel pressure. However, as mentioned by 有的人会感到压力。然而，正如友谊专 the friendship expert Heidbrink in the passage, firmness of 家海德布林克在文章中提到的那样，友 a friendship depends crucially on trust, rather than financial 谊的牢固性关键取决于信任，而不是经 equality. 济上的平等。 I share the same idea with Heidbrink that a successful friendship goes along with multi-trust and understanding. It 我和海德布林克持相同的看法，成 is not incomprehensible at all to say that there can be a 功的友谊伴随着多重信任和理解t 如果 sense of insecurity and worthlessness if you associate with 你和一个收入更高的人交往，会有一种 someone making more money, and consequently the friend­ 不安全感和无价值感，这一点也不难理 ship between the two will be unavoidably undermined, but 解，两人之间的友谊将因此而不可避免 friendship involves compromise, patience, and support. If the 地受到破坏，但友谊中包含了妥协、耐 friendship is really worth it to them, people should be will­ 心和支持如果友谊对人们来说真的是 ing to make the necessary compromises to keep it alive. 值得的，他们应该愿意做出必要的妥协 When differences in wealth spur tension in a friendship, it*s 来维持友谊。当财富的差异使友谊陷入 143 • •专八作文 Tt*e*ere»eL*« important for both parties to examine their feelings about 紧张的局面时， 双 方都要审视自己对金 money, success, and the root of any negative sentiments. 钱、成功的感受，以及任何负面情绪的根 For example, if one is overcome with jealousy over a 源。例如，如果一个人对朋友的财富充满 friend’s wealth, it*s important to get real with oneself. 了妒忌，那就要真正面对自己。嫉妒应该 Jealousy should be turned into something positive, which 转变为积极的东西，它可以帮助一个人看 can help one see what one wants for oneself. As for the 到自己想要什么。对于刚富起来的人来 newly affluent people, they should not feel guilty about 说，他们不应该为自己生活地位的改变感 the changes in their station in life. 到内疚。 Back in ancient times, Aristotle defined three kinds of 早在古代，亚里士多德就定义了三种 friendship. The first two are utility and pleasure. But it is 友谊。前两种是基于功利和享乐。但第三 the third—based on friends sincerely wanting what^ best 种是基于朋友之间真诚地希望彼此都能 for each other—that stands the best chance of longevity. 拥有最美好的东西，这才最有可能实现友 Besides financial disparity, there are many personal cir­ 谊长存。除了经济上的悬殊，还有很多个 cumstances can affect a friendship~ death, divorce, business 人情况也会影响友谊，比如死亡、离婚、生 failure, legal trouble—and solid relationships, like friend­ 意失敗、法律纠纷。稳固的关系，就像友谊 ship, should withstand all the changes and disparities. 一样，应该经得起所有变化和悬殊的考验。 _ 好词好句 disparity /di'spaerati/ w• 明 显 的 差 距 ，悬 殊 insecurity /.insi’kjuarati/ /I . 不 安 全 感 undermine /Anda’m ain/ vf. 逐 渐 动 摇 ，逐 渐 削 弱 compromise /"knm pram aiz/ n . 妥 协 ，互 让 spur /sp1 2 3:/ 激 励 ，促 进 sentiment /"sentim ant/ /i . 情 绪 longevity /Inn’d3ev9ti/ n .持久 withstand /w 丨&’staend/ vA 经 受 ，承 受 ，抵 住 1. Money makes the mare go• 有钱能使鬼推磨，（引出话题） 2. share the same idea with...我与......持相同看法 I 3. it is not incomprehensible at all to say that... — 点也不难理解 144 • •第二章专八作文100篇 igfnii m 評对人贩子施行死刑？ Death penalty or not? That is a question facing judges who handle child-trafficking cases these days. Lately, calls on social media to hand down capital punishment to anyone involved in child trafficking triggered a heated debate on the appropriate punishment for such offenses. From the following excerptsy you can find that there seems to be a contradiction of opinions between netizens and jurists. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the opinions from both sides, and then 2. express your opinion towards this campaign, especially whether child traffickers should be sentenced to death. Excerpt 1 Lately, an appeal to institute the death penalty against all those convicted of child trafficking has gained a significant following online and launched a substantial debate on the subject. The campaign was initiated with a photo captioned: 44 China should change its legislation on child trafficking. People trafficking children should be sentenced to death. Why should they be given a second chance when the children they harmed don’t get any?” In less than two days, the post has been viewed more than 1.5 million times on Weibo and has been shared by thousands of supporters on WeChat. A recent poll on Sina found that 88.3 percent of the more than 21,000 respondents were unsatisfied with China's crackdown on child trafficking with 92.5 percent recommending that the same punishment imposed on traffickers should also be applied to buyers in order to stop the lucrative trade in children. Chen Shiqu, director of the anti-human-trafficking office under the Criminal Investigation Department at the Ministry of Public Security, is well-known online as China^s top official in charge of fighting human traffickers. Chen wrote in a micro blog that defendants in "m^jor child-trafficking cases should be sentenced to death to deter such crimesM. He said judicial authorities have handed down punisliment to child traffickers, resulting in rampant occurrences of such crimes. “Appropriately using the death penalty on those who commit harmful crimes will effectively curb such crimes," he said. Excerpt 2 Not all law experts and lawyers agree that the death penalty is appropriate for all child traffick­ ers. Gu Yongzhong, professor at the China University of Political Science and Law, argued that its ef­ fect would be limited t4It doesn^t mean that if we draft a special law to stipulate severe punishment, such as issuing death sentence, on traffickers, such crimes may dramatically decline,'* Gu said. Some are worried that sentencing all human traffickers to death would remove the difference of penalties for two groups of traffickers—those who trafficked children but didn^ harm them, and those who hurt and even killed victijns. 145 • •专八作文 Wang Jin, a graduate student majoring in criminal procedure laws at Renmin University of China, and a mother of a 2-year-old girl, said: "I personally hate child traffickers. But if the judicial authorities sentence them all to death, abducted children could fall into danger and the suspects may become so desperate that they seriously iryury or even kill the children, which will make it harder for the police to arrest them/' Zheng Kai, a Bering criminal lawyer, said: 44We can learn from other countries, where criminal offenses haven^t risen although they abolished the death penalty. Abolishing the death penalty is a worldwide trend.M . _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否对人贩子实行死刑”展开讨论，两则选段分别持正反观点。 选段一支持对人贩子实行死刑(should be sentenced to deathh据新浪民调显示，两万多名受访者对中国 现行的贩卖儿童的惩处表示不满，其中有超过92%的人建议对买方也应实行惩处。他们认为人贩子猖撅 (rampant occurrences)的原因在与处罚过于仁慈（relatively lenient),对他们处以死刑有助于制止此类犯罪 (deter such crimes)0 选段二则持反对意见，主要有以下四个原因：第一，实行死刑的效果有限(effect would be limited),并不能 极大地减少此类犯罪；第二，若对所有人贩子均实行死刑，则会混淆(remove the difference)针对两类人贩子的 惩处力度，包括那些单纯贩卖儿童的和虐待甚至杀害儿童的这两类罪犯；第三，会使人贩子成为亡命之徒 (become so desperate),加大警察的救援难度；第四，应当向其他无死刑的国家学习，因为废除死刑已经是世界 潮流(a worldwide trend)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结是否应对儿童人贩子施行死刑的正反观点。 主体：提出个人观点—— 不应对所有儿童人贩子执行死刑。举例说明实行死刑的效果有限，同时提出建议。 结尾：总结全文，重申观点—— 对儿童人贩子应按犯罪程度处以不同的惩罚，买家也有责任且应受到法律的 惩罚与管制。 _ 精品范文 Death Penalty Will Not Effectively Deter Child Trafficking A recent campaign has given rise to a heated discussion 最近的一个运动引起公众的热 among the public. It is argued that for the purpose of curbing 烈讨论。有人认为为了遇制拐卖儿 child trafficking, the criminals convicted of such crimes should 童，应毫不留情地对所有的人贩子判 be all sentenced to death without mercy. Furthermore, they 处死刑：而且，他们还认为买家也应 also insist that the buyers deserve punishment too. Nonetheless, 同样接受惩罚。然而，与之相反的是， as opposed to the previously mentioned opinion most jurists 大多数法律人士认为不应判处所有 ， believe that death penalty shall not be applied to all child 人贩子死刑，因为这么做并不能有效 traffickers, because it cannot in effect prevent such crime 预防此类事件：更糟糕的是，如当真 颁布这条法律，那些还未被解救的受 happening again and what makes it worse is that the victims 害人性命堪忧。 will be in great danger if the relevant law is released. 146 • •第二章专八作文100 牮研外ii Personally, I am standing on the side of not putting all 就我个人而言，我不同意对所有 child traffickers to death. For one thing, death penalty cannot 的人贩子处以死刑。一方面，死刑无 stop people from giving up the lucrative profit contained in 法让人们放弃儿童买卖的可观利益， child trading, thus unable to restrain such crimes. Take drug 所以并不能防止此类犯罪的发生。以 dealing for example. According to our law, those convicted of 毒品买卖为例，法律规定販卖毒品者 drug trafficking may be sentenced to death, which, however, 会被处以死刑，但这并不能杜绝这种 doesn’t put an end to the occurrence of such crimes. Yet I am 行为的发生。但我并不是说贩卖儿童 not suggesting that the child traffickers should be leniently 可以被饶恕。事实上，应该根据他们 punished. Actually, they must be punished in different degrees 对受害者造成的伤害程度给予惩罚。 based on the harm they do to the victims. The current penalty, 在我看来，目前的刑罚应该加重，才 as far as I see, shall be enhanced so as to beat the dog before 能达到杀鸡儆猴的效果3 更重要的 the lion. More importantly, the buyers of child trafficking 是，买孩子的人也应被处以惩罚。因 should also be penalized. It is because demand exists that sup­ 为有需求，才有供应。如果买孩子的 ply follows. If such act of buying is suppressed, child traffick­ 行为被压制了，卖孩子的也就会大大 ing will be substantially discouraged then. 减少。 To sum up, it is neither appropriate nor effective to apply 总的来说，对所有的儿童人贩子 death penalty to all child traffickers. What should be done is 处以死刑既不恰当也不有效。真正应 that the juridical department ought to aggravate punishment for 该做的是，司法部门应加重对儿童人 贩子的处罚，同时严惩买家：只有落 child trafficking and place serious punishment on buyers. With 实了这点，才能有效遏制买卖孩子的 that in force, such evil trade in children will be effectively 恶行。 prevented. _ 好词好句 give rise to 引 起 be sentenced to 被 判 刑 in effect 有 效 地 lucrative /*lu:kr9tiv/ a • 有 利 可 图 的 put an end to 终 止 leniently /li:njantli/ 宽 大 地 suppress /se'pres/ vt 压制 in force ( 法 律 ）实 施 中 1. Nonetheless, as opposed to the previously mentioned opinion".(提出反面观点） 尽管如此，与前面的观点相反...... 2. Personally, I am standing on the side of...(表明自己的立场） 就我个人而言，我赞成…… 3. ... beat the dog before the lion.(谚语） 杀一儆百，杀鸡儆猴 147 • •专八作文 华TX)F研*r*eeL*« m 父 母 縣 龍 决 棘 子 的 性 别 ? Being able to choose the sex of children in advance is nothing new —parents undergoing IVF treatment for ir\fertility have been able to cherry-pick male or female embryos for implantation at US clinics for some time. However^ there is a ban on sex selection in many countries. Stephen Wilkinson， Professor of Bioethics at Keele University， illustrates his viewpoint on the issue in the following article. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly Wilkinson's opinion; 2. give your comment. For millennia, people have sought to influence the gender of their offspring and there are numerous folk myths about, for example, the effect of different sexual positions or foods on your baby’s sex. Nowadays there are some much more reliable methods, like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This involves creating several embryos outside the body and implanting only male or female ones. Another option is sperm sorting, which involves dividing a sperm sample into **maleM and “female" subgroups. I believe that we should allow sex selection in the UK within the context of our carefully regulated reproductive medicine sector. In some other parts of the world, sex selection is available on demand, provided that you are able and willing to pay for it. In the UK, it is not. Available evidence suggests that, in Western Europe, the number of parents preferring boys is roughly the same as the number preferring girls. As well as concerns about population sex ratio, people often cite moral objections to sex selection, like saying children should be regarded as " giftsM meaning there should be no attempt by parents to pick and choose their characteristics. Others say sex selection is sexist and that allowing it here would make it harder for countries where a ban on sex selection may well be justified to resist. All of these arguments can be countered. Firstly, should parents regard their children as giftsM? Children are not literally gifts, or if they are, from God perhaps, then they are no more gifts than other positive things in life. Yet we don’t, in general, say that it’s wrong to attempt to shape life’s positive things by, for example, choosing a career, or a house, or a partner. Secondly, sex selection is not necessarily sexist. While there are no doubt some prospective parents who think that men are superior to women (or vice versa), for most the choice is just a preference. A pertinent example here is what^ called family balancing—where a family that already has three boys wants to add a girl to even things up. Finally, the fear that allowing sex selection here would open the floodgates elsewhere is unfounded. Considering that sex selection in other countries is already happening on a grand scale anyway, despite the fact that the UK does not allow “social” sex selection* Our “setting a good example” 148 • •a 华研外iS by prohibiting sex selection does not seem to be making much difference. So, while I am not a sex selection enthusiast, and certainly don't think that it should be encouraged or paid for by the NHS (except to avoid sex-linked disease) the arguments for prohibiting it are not as strong as they may at first appear. There is real cost and harm attached to the ban: some people are distressed by not being able to have the family of their choice, while others are forced to turn to seeking treatment overseas. I believe that we should allow sex selection in the UK within the context of our carefully regulated reproductive medicine sector. p 材料解读 材料围绕“父母是否有权决定孩子性別”这一话题展开论述。Wilkinson教授对英国颁布的禁令表示反对，他 认为选择孩子的性别是父母的一项权利(A right to choice)。主要有以下三个原因：首先，他认为选择孩子的性 别和选择工作、选择伴侣一样无可厚非（don’t say that it’s wrong)。其次，性别选择不是性别歧视（not necessarily sexist),而是出于家庭平衡(family balancing)的考虑。最后，英国颁布的禁令并没有什么成效(not making much difference),反而迫使某些家庭到海外寻求治疗（seeking treatment overseas)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括Wilkinson教授支持父母有权决定孩子性别的原因，并明确自己的立场—— 材料中Wilkinson教 授给出的理由不足以证明性别选择在社会学和伦理学方面的合理性。 主体：分别从社会角度和伦理角度论证自己的观点。 结尾：总结全文，得出结论:性别选择不是一个明智的选择。 _ 精品范文 The Fallacy of Sex Selection Theoretically, with the development of human genetics, 理论上，随着人类遗传学的发展， there will be a higher success rate in preselecting the sex 性别选择的成功率会更高。成尔金森教 of children. In the article, Professor Wilkinson supports sex 授在文中表示支持性别选择。他从三个 selection and counters the moral and sexist implications of 论点出发，对性别选择的道德指责和性 sex determination with three arguments. Firstly, choosing 别歧视进行反驳。第一，他认为选择孩 the number and sex of offspring is just like choosing a 子的数量和性别与选择工作、选择伴侣 career or a partner. It is all a matter of personal choice. 一样无可厚非。这完全是个人选择的权 Secondly, sex selection is adopted for the purpose of family 利。第二，性别选择是出于家庭平衡的 balancing. Thirdly, the ban of sex selection will harm the 考虑。第三，禁止性别选择会降低家庭 wellbeing of families who are unable to have the child 的幸福指数。虽然如此，这些理由并不 desired. With all due respect, 1 don’t think these reasons 足以证明性别选择在社会和伦理方面 are socially and morally adequate to justify sex selection. 的合理性。 For societal considerations, allowing sex selection will 从社会角度来看，允许性别选择会 reinforce discrimination, particularly against women. Accord­ 加深性别歧视，尤其是对女性的歧视。 ing to a social research, over 90% of the subjects suggest 根据一项社会调查，超过百分之九十的 149 • •八作文 场供外« that they want their first child to be a boy. In this sense, 人都表示他们希望自己的第一个孩子 the artificial selection of the sex of offspring affirms wom­ 是男孩。因此，人为的性别选择确认了 en^ secondary position. Another concern is sex ratio of the 女性在社会上的二等地位。另一个忧虑 population. Admittedly, the legalization of sex selection will 是性别比例。毫无疑问，性别选择的合 lead to an increase of the population of the preferred sex 法化会导致“受偏爱”性别的人数不断 and thus cause gender imbalance. The consequences, I am 增加，从而导致性别比例失衡。一 系列社 afraid, are a series of social problems such as sexual crime, 会问題恐怕也会随之而来，如性犯罪， trafficking of women and mercenary marriage. 贩卖妇女以及买卖婚姻等c For moral considerations, children are not toys. They 从伦理角度来看，孩子并非玩偶。 are not meant to be designed to specifications most conve> 他们无需为“主人”量身定制。如果我们 nient to the Mowner,\ If we allow parents to choose gender, 允许父母选择孩子性别，不久他们就会 soon some will want to choose eye color or skin color. It 要求选择孩子的眼球颜色或是肤色。显 runs obviously the risk of turning prcx^reation and parenting 然，这将把生儿育女变成消费社会的一 into an extension of the consumer society. We are, in al­ 种延伸。允许性别选择就是助长“吹毛 lowing sex selection, encouraging false ideas of "perfectionM 求疵”的错误观念—— 在一定程度上这 对其貌不扬的人是一种侮辱， —damning those that don*t look well in a certain way. 总而言之，在社会和伦理方面来 In conclusion, the argument of Professor Wilkinson for 看，成尔金森教授支持性别选择的论据 sex selection is not strong enough to make it socially and 还不足以让人信服。至少在当前阶段， morally acceptable. At least at the current stage, it is not 允许性别选择并非明智之举。 wise for us to allow sex selection. _ 好词好句 fallacy /faelasi/ /I . 谬 误 genet 丨 cs /d 3 i’netiks/ /i. 遗 传 学 implication /.impli.keij an/ n . 暗 示 for the purpose of … 为 了 ....... （目 的 ） discrimination /dis.krimi’neij an/ /i • 歧 视 artificial /.a:ti’fiJ al/ a • 人 为 的 trafficking Araefikir]/ n • 非 法 交 易 mercenary An3:sin9ri/ a . 图 利 的 1. It is all a matter of personal choice•(评论做法） 这完全是个人选择的权利。 2. With all due respect, I don’t think...(联系材料提出观点） 虽然如此，但我并不认为...... 3. The consequences, I am afraid, are a series of...(指出某种做法带来的后果） 恐怕会产生一系列……（后果） 4. The argument for... is not strong enough to make it socially and morally acceptable.(指出某论据说 服力不足） 支持……的论据说服力不足，不能在社会和伦理上让人信服。 150 • •a 第二章专八作文100 娜外诵 仇富 In China, there is a special social mentality called ''resentment towards the rich meaning the general public is, to a lesser or greater extent, holding grudge against those rich people. This resentment has been growing for the past years. The following article provides detailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the public’s resentment toward the rich; 2. give your comment, especially on the m^jor causes that lead to this mentality. Rich Getting Richer, But Poor Becoming Resentful Amid a widening wealth gap between rich and poor, a new survey has found that 96 percent of the public said they feel resentful toward the rich. The latest survey, released by the Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences, also shows that 70 percent of 1,159 respondents said they feel **a big gap" between the rich and poor in China now, with more than half of the people saying the gap will become bigger. The survey, launched in the first half of the year, was based on questionnaires handed out to 10 social groups including public servants, entrepreneurs and farmers. UI believe that the wealth gap is a much more serious problem nationwide,M said Qiu Liping, a professor of social stratification at Shanghai University. "Our society is in dire need of a platform for dialogue between the rich and poor,M he said. Such a platform, he said, will minimize the resentment against the rich. "People do not always hate the rich. People hate those who are immorally rich/* he said. But most of time, people do not make that distinction. Cherry Chang, an editor of a luxury magazine in Shanghai, said her car, a red Porsche, has been vandalized three times in the past two weeks. Her friend's Lamborghini fared no better. MI think there are many people in this city who harbor a deep resentment against the rich," she said. The wratli aimed at the wealthy has been a hot-button issue recently, and can go past vandalism to include kidnapping and even murder. Yi Zhao, a civil servant from Guangdong province, admitted that he dislikes the rich. *4Most of them collect wealth at the expense of the poor. Take those real-estate manipulators for example. They control the property market aiming for a higher price and a considerable profit,M he said. “On the other hand, I simply can’t accept the skyrocketing prices. Isn’t it unfair to the majority who are unable to afford an apartment, even if we squeeze together the savings of three generations?w However, Xiao Xiaowei, a 24-year-old self-employed from Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, said she actually respects the rich, especially billionaires. true that some of them get rich illegally or at the expense of the poor, but getting rich 151 • •专八作文 牮研外« surely requires some other qualities, such as excellent interpersonal skills. They have the capabilities that others don^t have,*' Xiao said. Chang also said she worked hard tx) buy herself an apartment and a car. "If those people have the time to hate us and envy us, why don^ they spend the time working, using diligence and intelli­ gence?” asked Chang. Zhang Qi, a 28-year-old professional in Beying, said getting rich and making money are not just about working hard. t4I haven't thought much about making a lot of money. Life is hard for me—and I am privileged with a decent job. For those who are less privileged, life must be even harder/* Zhang said. p 材料解读 材料通过一个关于仇富心理的调査开篇，引出关于仇富现象的讨论。 第二、三段进一步介绍这个调査，其中提到该调査表明70%的受访者认为贫富差距大(they feel “a big gap” between the rich and poor〉、半数受访者认为贫S■差距会扩大（more than half of the people saying the gap will become bigger)、调杏的受访者包括公务员、企业家和农民。 第四至六段介绍某专家的看法：收人差距问题严重；亟笛搭建贫富双方对话的平台以减少贫闲者对诸人的 仇视；人们主要仇视的对象是为富不仁者或非法致富的有钱人。 第七至九段阐述仇富心理的其他受害者以及仇富心理可能导致的违法犯罪行为（can go past vandalism to include kidnapping and even murder )〇 最后几段主要介绍持不同立场的人关于富人的看法，其中提到富人招人恨的原因在于牺牲贫困者的利益非 法敛财(collect wealth at the expense of the poor)。 总的说来，材料主要揭示了仇富现象的普遍性、表现、对象及成因。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要引出仇富现象，概括材料内容，并提出个人观点—— 仇富现象可以理解，成因主要有两个。 主体：从两方面具体阐述仇富现象的成因。 1. 仇富心理主要源于中国贫富差距的不断扩大。用两极分化和贫富悬殊的例子说明。 2 . 富人不受欢迎是因为他们似乎可以为所欲为。举一些富人“有钱能使鬼推磨”的例子。 结尾:结合仇富原因，提出相应的解决之道. _ 精品范文 O n Resentment Towards the Rich In recent years in China, resentment towards the rich 近些年，仇富现象在中国相当普遍。 is popular among the public. According to a survey re­ 据材料中的一项调查显示，96% 的受访民 ferred in the article, 96 percent of the public said they 众表示他们存在仇富心理a 人们憎恨的 feel resentful toward the rich. As for the target of the re­ 对象不仅包括那些为富不仁或非法致富 sentment, both those who are immorally rich and those 的有钱人，也包括奉公守法的富人—而富 law-abiding ones are hated. What people do not like about 人招恨的原因主要在于非法敛财和为富 the wealthy ones is their collecting money immorally or 不仁，日益扩大的贫富差距则是当下人们 illegally and the main driving factor mentioned for peo- 152 • •二章专八作文100 ple^ resentment is the widening wealth gap between rich 仇富心理的主要驱动因素。在我看来，人 and poor. In my opinion, the resentment towards the rich 们的仇富心理是可以理解的。这种心理 is understandable and can be attributed to two main fac­ 可以归结为两个主要因素a tors. 首先，仇富心理主要源于贫富差距的 Firstly, the hatred against the rich is principally 不断扩大。随着改革开放政策以及以市 caused by the increasingly widening wealth gap. With the 场为基础的经济模式的实施，中国经济 reform and opening-up policy as well as the market-based 取得了大幅度的增长。然而，当富人从这 economy, China has achieved great economic growth. 种增长中获利时，穷人依然在基本需求线 However, while some people have profited from such 上挣扎。中国社会贫富两极分化逐渐形 growth, others are still struggling for basic necessities. 成；人们觉得这种贫富差距是不公平的， The rich and poor are gradually polarized in Chinese soci­ ety and people feel that the gap is unfair and that the 富人奢侈的生活方式更是令人难以接 luxurious lifestyle of rich people is unacceptable, especial­ 受，尤其是部分富人无法说明钱的来源是 ly when some of them cannot really justify where their 否正当的时候。 money comes from. 其次，富人不受欢迎是因为他们似乎 Secondly, rich people are disliked because they seem 可以为所欲为，即使是违法的事。人们对 to be able to do whatever they want, even it is illegal. 以下的新闻已经习以为常了。其中一则 People are no longer surprised by the following news. 新闻是，某个富商买下了整个剧院的门 One is that a certain rich businessman bought out the en­ 票，只为了他和情人可以单独享受表演3 tire theatre tickets just to make sure that he and his mis­ 更糟的是，有另一则新闻写道，18岁的小 tress were left alone to ei\joy the show. Even worse, an- 伙子虽然是车祸的肇事者但也无罪释放， other piece of news says that an 18-year-old lad who had 因为他那有钱的老爸贿赂了官员。类似 caused a car accident was released, because his loaded 的新闻报道可谓不绝于耳。这就是为什 dad had bribed officials. Similar news coverage goes on 么普通老百姓对富人所享受特殊待遇而 and on. That is why ordinary people are amazed and then 感到惊讶并厌恶。 disgusted by the special treatment rich people eryoy. 总之，不断扩大的贫富差距以及长期 In conclusion, the growing wealth gap and the ever­ 存在的不公正都激起了民众对富人的公 present iryustice both inflame the public anger against the 愤,富人应该遵守法律，更多地回报社会， rich. Rich people should abide by laws and think more 以缓解贫富之间的紧张局面， about repaying the society to ease this rich-poor tension. _ 好词好句 resentn 丨 ent /ri’zentmant/ n• 憎 恨 ，不 满 resentful /ri’zentfal/ a . 愤 慨 的 law-abiding a . 遵 纪 守 法 的 principally /prinsipali/ • 主 要 polarize /paularaiz/ v • 使 两 极 化 buy out 买 光 loaded /laudid/ a . 富 有 的 news coverage 新 闻 报 道 inflame /in.fleim/ v • 使 愤 怒 1. In recent years in China， …is popular among the public.(指出某种现象的普遍性） 在中国，近些年的……现象相当普遍。 2. ... and", both inflame the public anger against...(总结某现象激起民愤） ……以及……都激起了民众对……的公愤 . 153 .<6 八作文 华研外《 1 是否该禁止网上赌博？ Is online gambling legal? It all depends on where you live. Last September, several U.S. lawmakers are trying to crack down on the industry by clarifying existing U.S. laws and making it easier to go after offenders. Actually, opinions vary on whether the online gambling should be banned. The following are some of the typical opinions on the issue. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Earl L. Grinols} professor of Baylor University It is impossible to stx>p online gambling. When it has been banned, people have just used sites based in other countries. It is better to legalize and regulate online gambling than to drive gamblers to poorly-regulated foreign operators. Regulation can reduce the problems identified by the proposition. For example, online gamblers can be required to give personal details when registering (e.g. occupa­ tion, income). If this information suggests they are spending more than they can afford, the company can block their credit card. In any case, most online gamblers do not get addicted. Why should they be denied an activity that they eryoy? Jimmy Doherty, dean of the Faculty of Economy at Princeton University Internet gambling is especially dangerous. Someone can become addicted very easily—they don*t even need to leave their home. This also means that they are gambling in private. They may therefore be less reluctant to wager very large sums they cannot afford. It is very hard to know the identity of an online gambler—there have been several cases of people (including children) using stolen credit cards to gamble online. Online gambling may be hard to control but that is not a reason to try- making an activity more difficult to pursue will still reduce the number of those who take it up. It is not impossible to put effective deterrent steps in place, such as the recent US ban on American banks processing credit card payments to internet gambling sites. Brad DeLong, professor of politics at U.C. Berkeley Prohibition doesn’t work. We’ve tried it before. As our history books show, the Volstead Act, which prohibited the sale of alcohol in the 1920s, closed the doors of legal, regulated businesses. In their place, it opened a Pandora’s box with unintended consequences. These consequences—criminal activity, illegal manufacturing and distribution, and more—took years and significant resources to fully combat. AU for the act to later be repealed. Le^s not let history repeat itself. Americans ei\joy entertainment, especially gambling. Gambling is woven into American history, having existed in some form since our nation's establishment Let's rely on common-sense safeguards and consumer protections. Let’s extend well-established and effective gaming regulations to the newest form, online gaming. 154 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外i吾 Rick Perry, governor of Texas Internet gambling is particularly worrisome. Evidence overwhelmingly shows that compulsive gam­ bling is three to four times more common among online gamblers than non-Internet gamblers. Online gambling is fundamentally more dangerous than other forms of gambling. The 24/7 ease of access, speed of the game, solitary nature of play and ability to play multiple games at once make it so. It’s also possible to lose more money than you have on hand. Legalizing online gambling may seem like an attractive solution to a stated budget woes. Evi­ dence, however, suggests the contrary. Gambling disproportionately impacts the poor. It diverts money away from local businesses and displaces existing sales tax revenue while fueling societal ills. Both sides of this debate agree a state-by-state patchwork of online gambling regimes will not work. Congress needs to act in the interest of families and communities. It should update the Wire Act to ensure enforcement of federal law prohibiting Internet gambling. _ 材料解读 材料给出了四个人关于“是否立法禁止网上赌博”的评论，其中第一个人和第三个人认为我们不可能完全禁 止赌博,应该通过法律的手段对网上赌博进行规范化管理(to legalize and regulate online gambling)。因为网 络赌博无法禁止(impossible to stop online gambling),与禁酒令一样，禁止网上赌博是不奏效的(All for the act to later be repealed)。第二个人和第四个人则认为网上赌博的危害很大（especially dangerous),我们不应 该使网上赌博合法化。因为网上赌博带来的问题很多，将网上赌博合法化不可取，应该更新法规(update the Wire Act),加大禁止网上赌博的力度（ensure enforcement of... prohibiting Internet gambling)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料的主要观点，并在此基础上提出个人对于网上赌博的看法一一要减少网上赌博，禁令是必 要，教育是关键。 主体：分别举例说明禁赌的必要性和方法—— 以拉斯维加斯为例说明网上赌博合法化的不可行性以及禁止 网上赌博的必要性；用美国年轻一代吸烟较少的例子来说明教育对于减少网上赌博的重要性。 结尾：总结全文，重申观点—— 政府应该首先颁布禁令，然后通过教育的方式去减少网上赌博。 精品范文 Reduce Online Gambling Through Education With the access to the Internet, people can gamble 互联网的出现让人们可以随时随 whenever and wherever they want, so the present society has 地在线赌博，因此当今社会网上赌博 witnessed a dramatic increase of online gambling. Concerning 的人数剧增。针对这一问题，一些评论 such a problem, some critics, like professors from Baylor 家，如贝勒大学和柏克莱加州大学的 University and U.C. Berkeley, suggest legalizing the online 教授，建议使网上赌博合法化并对其 gambling and regulating it properly, while the other two 进行适当管制；而上文中的另外两名 critics above advocate a strong prohibition on online gam­ 评论者则倡导强力禁止网上赌博。在 bling. For me, prohibition is necessary if we want to control 我看来，想要控制网上赌博，禁止是必 the online gambling; whatTs more, if we want to accomplish 要的。另外，从长远来说，如果我们想 the goal of reducing online gambling in the long run, educa­ 要减少网上赌博的人数，那么教育则 tion is the key. 是关键3 155 • •专八作文 华研外《 T〇»__i«MauaM For one thing, the effect of legalizing online gambling is 首先，网上賭博合法化是否秦效尚 still questionable and it is dangerous for the government to 未可知，若政府取消网上賭博的禁令则 do away with the prohibition on online gambling. Les Vegas, 很危险^ 睹博合法化的拉斯维加斯就是 where gambling is legalized, is a perfect example to illustrate 一个很好的例子。现在，越来越多的赌 this. Now an increasing number of casinos are being 场正在那里兴建。为什么？毫无疑问，最 constructed there. Why is that? Without doubt, the ultimate 主要的原因是越来越多人去那里賭博。 reason is that there are an increasing number of gamblers 网上睹博的情况也是一样的。因此，想 flocking there, and the same goes for online gambling. Thus, 要确保减少网上聚睹的情况，合法化不 to ensure the reduction of online gambling, legalization is not a reliable way. Prohibition is still needed. 是一个可靠的方式。对于这种行为的禁 For another, in order to persuade people out of 止还是必要的n gambling online, prohibition is not enough and education is 其次，要想劝服人们不参与网上緒 the key. A recent study has shown that the younger 博，颁布禁令是不够的，教育才是关键。 generation in the U.S. is less inclined to smoke than the 最近的一项研究表明，美国年轻一代的 elder generation because now the younger generation has a 吸烟倾向比他们的上一代更低，因为年 relatively thorough understanding of the harms of smoking to 轻一代更了解吸烟对他们健康所造成 their health. Likewise, we can solve the problem of online 的危害。同样地，我们也能这样去解决 gambling in the same way: tell them the harm and adverse 网上赌博的问题：在颁布禁令后，教育 consequences of online gambling on top of banning such a 大家网上賭博的危害及其不利后果. behavior. 总而言之，在面对网上賭博这一问 In conclusion, when faced with the problem of online 题时，政府首先应该颁布禁令，然后，为 gambling, the government should first place the prohibition 了取得长期的效果，政府还应该努力教 on it. Then for the long-term effect, it should strive to 育大众，特别是年轻一代。只有通过这 educate people, especially the younger generation. Only in 种方式，才能减少网上賭博的人教。 this way can the number of online gamblers be reduced. _ 好词好句 access /"aekses/ n . witness /"witnis/ w 接 近 （或 进 人 、享 用 ）的 机 会 . 目击 dramatic /dra’maetik/ a prohibition /pra’hibijan/ n . 显 著 的 . 禁 止 in the long run questionable /kwestjanabl/ a 从 长 远 来 看 . 可 疑 的 casino /ka’si:nau/ n ultimate /Vvltimit/ a • 赌 场 . 最 主 要 的 flock /flok/ w ’. 聚集 persuade sb. out of doing sth . 说 服 某 人 不 要 干 某 事 have a relatively thorough understanding of ...... ...对 有 相 当 全 面 的 认 识 1. …so the present society has witnessed a dramatic increase of...(指出社会现状） 因此当今社会面临着……的急剧增加。 2. ... is a perfect example to illustrate this.(举例说明论点） ……是一个很好的说明。 3. ... for the long-term effect, it should strive to...(提建议） 从长远来看 当努力…… ，它 应 156 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外诵 麵拾金不昧的行为 Not long before, the national government issued a new regulation on the management of lost items which encourages giving rewards for returning lost items. The following article provides detailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both articles; 2. give your comment. Giving Rewards for Returning Lost Property? In the middle of July, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress released the Property Rights Law, seeking feedback from the general public. One of the most contentious matters in the draft is whether a reward should be paid for recovered property. The draft clearly stipulates lost property should be returned to its rightful owner. After the draft law was made public, it sparked extensive debate. Some say the clause encouraging the payment of rewards must be changed, as it goes against the traditional Chinese virtue of “returning the money found without payment." The law should encourage these sound values and call on society to carry on this tradition, many think. But others argue the terms of the draft do not contradict traditional virtues. Judging from foreign legislation, the attitude appears to be that if lost property is of little value and is not State-owned, finders can be keepers. Zhao Chenguang, an official from the Wenfeng District Peopled Procuratorate in Anyang, Henan Province, said: 44From a very young age, people are educated about returning money found. However, does the new trend make this traditional virtue seem old-fashioned?" A young security guard from the countryside, who earned only 1,300 yuan a month, found a wallet containing 80,000 yuan in cash and other valuables whilst on duty, and took the trouble to return the wallet to its owner. The young man refused to accept the 5,000-yuan reward offered by the owner. The media praised the young man for his righteous act, especially in light of the fact that his father is a poor farmer and his mother has been ill in bed for a long time. The reward money would have been a huge help for him and his family. Many were inspired by the unselfish security guards actions. But others took pity on him. Some say the man was right not to take the reward, as he became a righteous hero. On the other hand, some believe he could have accepted the money with a clear conscience as it would have been proper, reasonable and lawful to do so. Indeed it would have been right for the young guard to take the money. He should be rewarded not only for returning the lost wallet, but also for his honesty and integrity. • So why did the young man refuse to accept the money? He was obviously influenced by traditional values, and of course his action was his personal choice. But in terms of encouraging people to act morally and rationally, the young man should have accepted the reward. 157 • •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 As for owners, it is up to them to show their gratitude whether materially or not. If the giving of rewards is forcibly stipulated by law, owners may be upset and violate it. As for lost property keepers, if the law says it is acceptable for them to claim a reward, things may turn sour. We should not encourage good deeds by way of offering legal rewards. We may try to preserve morality by law but will actually destroy it in doing so. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否应奖励拾金不昧的行为”展开讨论，总体而言是反对的态度。内容大致可分为三部分。 第一至三段指出，物权法(the Property Rights Law)草案有关奖励拾金不昧行为的条例引起了争议。有人 认为这样做违背了 拾金不昧的传统美德（it goes against the... virtue of “returning the money found without payment.”）。也有人根据外国法律的例子表示不认同。 第四至第九段则以一位正直的(righteous)保安拾金不昧的实例作进一步分析。收入微薄的保安拒绝了失主 对他的酬谢。在得到赞扬的同时，也有人认为他接受酬谢是合情、合理、合法的(would have been proper, reasonable and lawful to do so)0 最后两段是作者的总结。作者认为，通过法律来奖励拾金不昧的初衷是保护这种美德(preserve morality), 但若真的要这样做，事情的性质会发生变化(turn sour),反而会起到破坏作用。 * 響 谋 篇 布 局 开篇：概括材料，总结各方面人士对奖励拾金不昧行为的看法，提出个人观点—— 奖励拾金不昧是合理的。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1. 从实际的角度出发，奖励拾金不昧是有道理的。拾金不昧的人付出了时间和精力来归还物品，失主从实际 出发补偿一下拾金不昧的人，是合情合理的。 2 . 奖励拾金不昧可以鼓励好的道德风气。引述（论语》中子路的例子。奖励拾金不昧不会使拾金不昧的举动 变得不道德，相反能彰显出政府对该举动的褒扬。 结尾：重申观点，奖励拾金不昧是在实际意义和道德意义两方面取得平衡。 _ 精品范文 Rewards for Returning Lost Items Should Be Promoted Recently, the draft of Property Rights Law has stirred 最近，物权法草案中关于奖励拾 much controversy as it suggests giving rewards to those 金不昧行为的条例引起了许多争议。 who return lost items. Some people regard this rule as a 有人认为奖励拾金不昧违背了传统美 violation to the traditional virtue of giving back lost items 德，大过拜金主义。另一些人则认为这 without payment, thinking it is money-oriented. However, 一政策鼓励人们践行道德规范，诚实 others believe that giving rewards for returning lost items 做人。材料提到的那位正直的保安的 inspires people to be moral and honest. The kindness of the 善举在获得赞赏的同时，也有人替他 upright security guard mentioned above brought both 惋惜，因为他们认为接受报酬并不违 admiration and pity, as some people consider the 背传统道德。也有人指出，如果法律强 acceptance of reward would not go against traditional value. 制失主给予物质性的酬谢，很可能导 It is also pointed out that if regulations force owners to 致社会道德水平的下降，在我看来，奖 express their appreciation materially, a moral decline may 158 • •第二章专八作文100 mmnm follow. As for me, giving rewards for returning lost items is 励拾金不昧从实际性和道德两个方面 a sensible decision in both practical and moral aspects. 来看，都是合理的决定。 To start with, giving rewards for returning lost items is 首先，奖励拾金不昧十分实际当 practical. Time is considered very valuable in today's fast- 今社会生活节奏快，时间是很珍贵的， paced society. Under such circumstance, it should be 在这种情况下，人们应该明白，把拾得 understood that returning the lost item takes time and 的失物交还，需要拾物人付出时间和精 energy. It is hence natural that the kindness should be 力因此拾物人的好心受到奖励和时间 rewarded and time compensated. For the owner, he has also 得到补偿是很正常的。而对于失主而 found a way to express his thanks by giving a relatively 言，他也通过给出失物金额的一小部分 small portion of what he has got back. Viewed in pragmatic 表达了自己的谢意。从现实意义上来 lens, the suggestion is fair and sensible for both sides. 说，这一政策对双方都是公平合理的， Secondly, rewarding people for returning lost items also 其次，奖励拾金不昧同样可以鼓励 fosters a positive moral climate. Zilu, one of Confucius’s 好的道德风气。子路是孔子的学生之 disciples, saved a man from drowning. The man gave Zilu a 一，他曾救了 一个溺水的人。作为感谢， cow to show his gratitude and Zilu happily accepted it. On 获救的人送给子路一头牛，而子路则欣 hearing the story, Confucius remarked gladly that there 然接受了礼物。听到这个故事后，孔子 高兴地说，从此会有更多乐于助人的 would be more people ready to help others evev since. From 人3 从这个故事我们可以看出，给帮助 the story we can see that giving rewards to those who have 你的人奖励并不会使帮助的行为变得 helped you does not make the behavior less "moral". 不那么“道德”。 In conclusion, rewarding people for returning lost items 总而言之，奖励拾金不昧取得了实 successfully strikes a balance between practical concerns and 际性和道德两方面的平衡。它不仅补偿 moral ones. It does not only compensate the time and ener­ 了拾物人在归还失物时消耗的时间和 gy devoted in the process of returning the items, but also 精力，也能够促进良好道德风气的形成。 cultivates a favorable moral climate. _ 好词好句 stir /st3:/ v•激起 compensate /"kompanseit/ v .补偿 pragmatic /praeg’msetik/ a .注重实效 lens /lenz/ /».透镜 foster /'fDSta/ v•促进 strikf a balance 取得平衡 1. It is hence natural that..•(正文论证之后进行小结，表示支持） 因此……是很自然的。 2. View in pragmatic lens, the suggestion is fair and sensible•(正文论证之后进行小结） 从现实意义看，这个建议是公平合理的： 3. 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We don’t have to be Number One. We can be Number Two or even Seventy-three, as long as we are striving to attain personal greatness. May God grant us life and prosperity in both the spiritual and physical realms and may He guide us to become all that we can be. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“第二名的意义”展开论述，文章可分为三个部分。 第一段开篇点题,摆出“争做第一”不利于健康人格的形成(not so healthy for one’s character)的观点,， 第二、三段分别以运动场和学校的现象为例，说明人们追求第一的倾向。运动员们往往被看做是非胜即败， 因为这个社会的信条是如果你不一战成名，就一文不值(not the best... not worth much);学校所关注的也从 成绩良好的学生变成成绩最好的学生（knows things well to... knows things best)。 第四、五段分析了这一现象潜在的后果。由于成功的定义就是打败別人(be successful is to beat you),而 且使别人失败比提升自我来得容易，于是学生们只会想着打败别人(defeat someone else)。同时，对于那些基础 太差、无望夺冠的学生而言，则会丧失努力的动力。 最后三段给出了而对竞争的正确态度：我们要有竞争意识.但对象是和自己竞争（only with ourselves)。向 身边的强者学习，从而不断提升自我，比过去做得更好（improve upon our personal past performance)、. _ 谋篇布局 开篇：联系 “胜者为王”的社会现实引出作文话题，并概述自己的观点—— 不是第一也无妨。 主体：首先，总结文中给出的观点；其次，表明自己的立场—— 赞同文中的观点，并陈述具体理由—— 我们应 该承认每个人所付出的努力，闭体比赛和团队合作中尤须如此；生命不止是关于竞争，也可以是关于进步和过 程，专注于自我提升同样有意义。 结尾：重中观点，总结全文。 _ 精品范文 There Is Nothing Wrong with Not Being Number One Human beings like number ones: we can remember the 人类喜欢第一名，我们能记住世界 names of the fastest swimmer or runner in the world, but 上跑的最快的人，游的最快的人，可谁 who remember the name of the second fastest? Being num­ 又记得住第二名呢？第一名意味着超 ber one means supremacy, glory even epoch-making, but there 越，荣誉甚至破记录，但是不是第一也 is nothing wrong with not being number one. Being number 无妨。获得第二名和第一名一样光荣。 two can be just as proud-worthy as winning the first place. 文章作者认为仅仅关注第一名容 In the article the author holds that only focusing on 易忽略比赛的过程，也不利于个人的 being number one is not good for one*s character as people 性格发展我们应该看到他人取得的 might neglect the process of the game. We should see others^ 成绩，努力提升自己，而非绞尽脑汁打 accomplishments and strive to better ourselves in the game of 敗别人。比赛中只有一个第一名，可有 life instead of racking our brain to beat others. There is only 众多选手为此刻苦训练，他们理应得 one number one in the game but there are numerous players 到同样的尊重。 who have trained hard for it. They deserve the same respect. 我同意这篇文章的观点，因为我 I agree with the perspective of the article as I believe in 相信普通人的力量，也就是第一名以 161 • •a 专八作文 牮研外a TU»— the power of ordinary people, the non-number-ones. Firstly, 外的人。首先，我们应该承认每个人所 we need to acknowledge the work and effort of everyone. 付出的努力。团体比赛和团队合作中 This is especially true with team work in a competition as 尤须如此，追求第一名可以给人动力， well as in a corporation. Number one is an inspiration but 但所有人的共同努力才是目标达成的 the joint effort of all people is the fundamental reason that 最根本原因。因此，功劳不应都归第一 goals are achieved. It doesn’t make sense that number one 名:其次，生命不止是关于竞争，也可 takes all the credit. Secondly, life is not necessarily all about 以是关于进步和过程。专注于自我提 competition; it can also be about progress and process. 升同样有意义，因为提升自我比追求 Focusing on self-improvement can be just meaningful as this 第一名更能增加幸福感。在人们与自 can make life much happier than chasing being number one. 我竞争，努力在自己过往的基础上更 While they struggle against themselves and try to improve 上一层楼之时，他们会发现，真正的成 upon their personal past performance, people may find that 功可能不是赢过他人获得第一名，而 the real success might not be winning over others and taking 是在努力中突破限制，实现自己原来 the first place but break their own limitation and reach more 都不曾想过的可能性3 possibilities they have never imagined. 简而言之，我认为不是第一名也 In short, I believe there is nothing wrong with not being 没有关系， number one. _ 好词好句 supremacy /se premasi/ /I . 至 高 无 上 glory /*gl3:ri/ n •光 荣 epoch-making a . 划 时 代 的 accomplishment /a kAmpliJmant/ w •成 就 rack one’s brain 绞 尽 脑 汁 numerous /njuim eras/ a .众 多 的 acknowledge /9k’nDlid3/ vr. 承 认 ；确 认 joint effort 共 同 努 力 take the credit 居功 1. In the article the author holds that...(概括引出材料作者观点） 文幸作者认为…… 2. In short, I believe...(重申观点，总结全文） 简而言之，我认为…… 162 • •第二章专八作文100, & igwna 彩 票 縣 应 娜 消 ? Lotteries are quite popular in China and also in many other countries. Some people argue that lotteries are a form of gambling， which should be abolished. From the following article, you may find both merit and demerit of lottery. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both merits and demerits of lottery; 2. express your opinion towards lottery, especially whether national lotteries should be abolished. The Good and Bad of National Lotteries Lotteries and prize draws are big businesses throughout the world, and entice significant annual investments from individuals who dream of scooping a huge and potentially life-changing cash prize. According to the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries, Americans spent a total of $50.4 billion on lotteries last year. In actual fact, while your chances of winning the lottery anywhere are decidedly slim, the sheer size of the U.S. population and popularity of the game means that Americans must climb an even steeper mountain towards any potential windfall. This was evident to see in the formative part of this year, as the nation’s Mega Millions jackpot soared to $656 million. When the first winner was announced, an estimated 1.5 billion tickets had been sold nationwide. Americans still invested more than $1 billion into chasing their fanciful dreams of wealth and fortune. This is reflective of a growing trend, where lottery sales continue to soar despite the uncertain economic climate. There has been a significant rise in the number of syndicates that are purchasing tickets. This proves that rather than being discouraged by the seeming insurmountable odds of victory, Americans are instead looking for innovative ways to improve their chances and actively investing more into buying tickets. Now, while an estimated one in three global lotteries are won by syndicates, the likelihood of winning remains remote in the extreme. Even for those who win the lottery, their financial future or long-term happiness is not necessarily secured. Acquiring huge sums of money can inspire any number of extreme emotive reactions. There are individual state statistics which suggest that the majority of people only purchase lottery tickets when the jackpot has been steadily building over a period of weeks, with just nine to 12% of Illinois residents playing regularly. This would suggest that rather than being symbolic of a growing gambling culture in the U.S., national lotteries are in fact played responsibly and only intermittently by most participants. Another factor in favor of lotteries is the money that they generate for state funded projects, with public education bodies in particular benefiting from the investment made by participants. People who play the lottery responsibly are contributing towards local community development, which actually means that their small weekly investment at least creates some form of social change. In terms of monetary value, 34 cents out of every $1 spent on lottery tickets is invested into education, with 58 cents being awarded to winners in the form of prizes and 6 cents paid to participating retailers for 163 • •专八作文 牮研外诵 ♦or—>«WUWM sales commissions. National lotteries across the globe are always likely to be the subject of extreme opinion and controversy. Europe is looking to invest more during periods of sustained austerity. The fact remains, however, tliat participants have an individual responsibility to play the game responsibly, and spend within their means while pursuing the dream of huge cash prizes. As long as they do so, then there is no reason why they cannot eryoy the lottery while also contributing to state funded educational projects. _ 材料解读 材料主要围绕彩票的利与弊展开阐述^ 材料开篇首先明确彩票的巨大影响和经济效益（big businesses throughout the world, and entice significant annual irwestments from individuals);然后指出彩票的两大弊端：一是中奖率极低(the likelihood of winning remains remote in the extreme. 二是即使中奖也未必能保证过上富裕和长久幸福的生活 (financial future or long-term happiness is not necessarily secured);最后点明彩票的两大优势：一是大多 数人购买彩票只是偶尔为之(only intermittently);二是彩票收入的一部分用于社会公益事业，比如支持公立教 育(public education)和当地的社区发展(local community development)。 材料的结论是，只要人们本符负责任的态度（play the game responsibly)、在经济承受能力范围之内 (spend within their means)购买彩票，我们就没有理由反对。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结文章的主要内容，包括彩票的弊端和优势，随后提出个人观点：不赞成取消彩票。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 1. 彩票能给彩票购买者和他人带来希塑—— 中奖自己圆梦，中不了奖则帮别人圆梦。彩票的收入是用于慈 善事业、体育事业等，因此不会白买彩票。 2 . 彩票不会使人上瘾。上瘾的形成X要在短时间内有连续贏得高额奖金的诱惑，但是彩票开奖周期长，而且 廠得路额奖金的机率相对于赌场小。 结尾：重申观点，我们不应该取消彩票。 _ 精品范文 National Lotteries Should Be Preserved Both merits and demerits of lotteries are discussed in the 作者在文中阐述了彩票的利与 article by the author who is in favor of lotteries. In terms of 弊，并表示支持彩票。就其弊端而言， demerits, the likelihood of winning the lottery remains remote 彩票的中奖率极低，而且即使中奖也 in the extreme and there is no guarantee that those who win 不一定能过上富裕和长久幸福的生 the lottery can have their financial future or long-term happi­ 活.，彩票的优势则在于大多教彩民都 ness necessarily secured. When it comes to merits, the good 是偶尔负责地购买，且彩票销售收入 news is that national lotteries are played responsibly and only 对社会事业有益。我赞成作者的观点 intermittently by most participants and the money that lotter­ 在我看来，我们不应该取消国家彩票。 ies generate contribute to social good. I am with the author 首先，国家彩票能给一般人机会 and I do not think we should abolish national lotteries. 164 • •第二章专八作文100 华研外ifi First and foremost, national lotteries provide a chance for 圆发财梦，并为慈善贡献自己的力量。 average people to wish for a fortune and contribute their bits 不管中奖的机会有多么渺茫，彩民可 to charities. However remote the chance is, lottery-purchasers 以期盼过上一个更好的别样人生。此 can hope for a better and different life. Besides, should their 外，即使他们的梦想不能成真，他们也 dream not come true, they won't be devastated, because their 不会痛不欲生，因为花在彩票上的投 investment of lottery will go to the charity foundations which 资会捐到慈善基金会，帮助欠发达地 help out poor children in less developed areas. There is 区的贫困儿童。没有什么比投资彩票 nothing more satisfying than an investment like lotteries, 更能令人满足的了，因为此举要么改 which are able to transform our life or the life of others. 变我们自己的生活，要么就改变别人 Whilst some people are worried that lotteries might lead 的生活。 people into the abyss of addiction, they are not as monstrous 虽然有些人担心彩票可能会让人 as other forms of gambling. The frequency of national 上瘾，但彩票不像其他赌博形式那样 lotteries is usually once a week or even twice a month, and 让人受罪。事实上，国家彩票的开奖频 it is impossible for people to be on a winning streak, which 率通常是每周一次或每月两次。此外， is the root cause for being addicted to casino gambling. Up 人们也不会在短时间内连中好几 till now, there are very few, if any, reports about people 回—— 连中好几回正是沉迷于赌博的 缘由。直至现在，甚少人会倾家荡产或 taking out all their savings or even borrowing against their 者甚至拿房子去借款购买彩票。担心 houses to purchase lotteries. The concerns of addiction are 购买彩票上癌.显然是过虑了。 hence exaggerated. 总之，国家彩票既能给那些想过 In conclusion, national lotteries are both a hope given to 上别样生活的人带来希望，也能为各 those who want to live otherwise and a significant contribu­ 项社会事业做出贡献,，因此，所谓彩票 tion to various social undertakings. Therefore, it should not 上瘾的过虑担心，不足以让我们取消 be abolished simply because of the underserved concerns of 彩票。 addiction. _ 好词好句 in favor of支持，赞同 intermittently /.inte'mitantli/ at/.断断续续地 abolish /a'boliJV 付.彻底废除 devastate /’devasteit/ v/•极度震惊 transform /trsens’fo:m/ 使改观 abyss /9’bis/ /i•深渊 be on a winn丨ng streak (赌博）连藏 undertaking /•八nde'teikir]/ /i•事业 1. Both merits and demerits of... are discussed in the article. In terms of demerits, ... When it comes to merits, •••(概括材料中谈及的利与弊） 文中阐述了……的利与弊。就其弊端而言……至于其优势…… 2. Whilst some people are worried that*.., they are not as monstrous as other forms of...(陈述观点） 虽然有些人担心……，但它们不像其他形式的……那样可怕。 3. Up till now, there are very few, if any, reports about... The concerns of... are hence exaggerated. (反面论证，批驳某观点） 直至现在，甚少有关……的报道。因此，担心…… 是过虑了。 165 • •专八作文 ^研外诵 slIM ^ 縣 将 麟 麵 捕 合 法 化 ? The National Tourism Administration has recently issued a document to support the legalization of tips in the tourism industry in China. Some believe tips are necessary, as tour guides in China are paid much less than they deserve^ but others doubt the effectiveness of tips in helping boost tour guides9 incomes and worry that it will increase tourists' traveling costs. The following are opinions from three media. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment. Zhang Fengyi (XVan Evening News) Amid various disputes and inconveniences existing in the tourism industry, the state hopes to make tip payment a system that will encourage tour guides to provide better services when they have higher and more stable incomes. However, whether this will really happen is quite doubtful. Anyway, tips are only desserts after a dinner, not the main course. Besides, we in China don’t have the tradition of paying tips. Most consumers believe, after paying a certain amount of money to the travel agency, they deserve to be well served. They resist paying tips. When tips are given on free will, tourists can choose to pay or not. Once tips become a system, tourists will have to pay tips, or their tour guides will make the journey uncomfortable for them. Besides, possibilities remain that apart from collecting tips, some tour guides may continue to force tourists to shop. Therefore, before tips are legalized, a pay system for tour guides is necessary to ensure them a basic income and a decent life. Only when these worries no longer exist can tips truly play a role of encouragement. Song Guifang (www.xinhuanet.com) We have to realize that tour guides in China are struggling with their wages and social security falling far behind the rapid development of the tourism industry itself. If tour guides can expect payment that shows respect to their services, we can expect an overall improvement in the tourism industry. In China, the public treats tips as an extra payment for certain service items, and thus there is resistance to tips. Given the conditions tour guides are now in, tips actually act as a kind of compensation to them, rather than bonuses. It sometimes happens that when we want to go to certain places to know more about local customs and scenic spots, we can’t find a qualified tour guide. It’s time to think of a way to make tour guides feel that their work is respected and that they don^t need to exploit tourists to make a living. The legalization of tips may help solve the problem to some extent, but in the long run, we need to explore a new model for the sustainable development of the tourism industry. Zhu Dazhi (China Youth Daily) We worry that the legalization of tips will make a voluntary payment a compulsory system, adding 166 • •第二章专八作文100 华研外诵 to the cost of traveling. This worry is not groundless. The Chinese society is not used to the practice of giving tips, and now it is planned that a system is to be set up to force people to give tips. This is not what tips are invented for. The priority now is not to push forward the tip system but to regulate and develop the tourism industry into a healthy sector and to let tour guides earn a payment that is at least equal to their work. When the tourism sector embraces sound development, even without a compulsory system, tourists tip the guides that offer them good services. Shu Shengxiang (Beijing Youth Daily) Ideally, tips are paid to show respect and gratitude. In Western countries, although customers can choose to pay or not, giving tips has long been a common practice. The current salary system in China's tourism sector is such a mess that a large number of tour guides don’t have base pay or basic insurance. A percentage drawn from the sum tourists pay for souvenirs during the trip has almost become a mgjor income source of tour guides. Forcing tourists to shop has become a hidden rule in the tourism sector, which has seriously damaged tourists* traveling experience and affected the long-term development of the tourism industry. It is against this backdrop that some travel agencies and local governments begin to seek to set up a tip system in the tourism industry, with the intention of dragging this industry out of the vicious cycle. If tour guides can make money by asking tourists to buy souvenirs, they are likely to offer quality services on this precondition. However, once they are forbidden to accept kickbacks from shops and instead depend on tips, which are usually much lower than the brokerage given by souvenir shops, the service quality may deteriorate. Besides, it*s quite possible that the guides will be comfortable with those who have paid tliem tips, while at the same time they will be harsh to those who have not done so. As a result, something supposed to be based on free will become compulsory. _ 材料解读 国家旅游局近日发布文件支持旅游业小费合法化(the legalization of tips)。材料围绕这一话题给出不同媒 体的网民意见。新华网的网民认为这一做法在一定程度上有助于解决当前的旅游业问题(help solve the problem to some extent),因为这能让导游感到被饵重（their work is respected),减少导游利用游客（exploit tourists)谋生的行为，改善游客的出行体验。然而，大部分网民都持反对意见。 反对者认为解决当前旅游业的矛盾和种种不便，关键是保障导游的基本收人(basic income)和让他们过上 体面的生活(decent life)。在这个前提下，小费才能真正发挥它的激励作用（encouragement)。否则，小费合理化 将存在以下弊端：对于游客而言，首先，由于中国没有给小费的传统，游客会拒绝给小费（resist paying tips),那 么导游可能不会为他们安排舒适的旅行甚至强制购物；其次，小费合法化将增加旅行成本(adding to the cost of traveling)。对于导游而言，小费合法化之后他们则不能收取回扣(are forbidden to accept kickbacks),但小 费通常比回扣费低得多(much lower)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：由国家旅游局的政策引出话题：是否应将旅游业小费合法化 主体：首先概括材料中的正反观点；然后表明『=丨己的观点，并解释原因。 结尾：总结全文，1 申将旅游业小费合法化的不合理性。 167 • •专八作文 华研外遇 _ 精品范文 Legalizing Tips in Tourism Industry: Neither Fair nor Effective The National Tourism Administration has recently issued a 国家旅游局最近发布文件，支 document to support the legalization of tips in the tourism 持旅游业的小费合法化，引起了公 industry in China, which sparked a hot debate on whether tips 众的探讨：是否应将旅游业的小费 should be legalized in the tourism industry or not. 合法化？ Supporters believe that legalizing tips will help solve the 支持者认为小费合法化有助 long-standing problem of forcing tourists to shop and thus 于解决旅游业存在已久的强迫购 improve consumers1 2 experience. Tips will also make tour guides feel their work is respected. However, opponents believe that 物行为，提高消费者旅游体验。小 legalizing tips would lead to unfair treatment of tour guides to 费可以让导游觉得自己的工作受 consumers who pay tips and those who don’t They also express 到了尊敬。然而，反对者认为这会 concern that tips are usually much lower than the kickbacks tour 导致导游对给了小费和没给小费 guides get from shops so tips will not help alleviate this serious 的游客区别对待。而且小费比导游 issue. 收到的回扣低，所以无助于缓解当 I believe that tips should not be legalized in the tourism 前的问题。 industry. Firstly, it is not fair to legalize tips only in tourism 本人认为旅游业小费不应该 industry. Those who work in other industries in the service sector 合法化。第一，仅在旅游业将小费 provide quality service to consumers as well and deserve the 合法化不公平:服务行业其他产业 same amount of respect and gratitude from consumers as those 的工作人员也提供了高质的服务， who work in tourism industry do. Therefore, it is not fair to 理应得到和旅游业从业人员一样 legalize tips only in tourism industry but not in other industries 来自消费者的尊敬和感谢，因此， of the service sector. Secondly, legalizing tips is not an effective 仅将旅游业小费合法化，而非在整 solution to the wrong conduct of getting kickback from shop by 个服务业合法化是不公平的。第 forcing tourists to shop. The reason for tour guides to do this is 二，小费合法化对杜绝强迫性购物 that they are not fairly paid by their employers. As people do 收效有限3导游收回扣的根源是没 not have the habit or the mindset of giving tips in China, tour 有得到足够的报酬，而中国不是一 guides wall get less from tips than they do from continuing the 个小费国家，所以收的小费肯定少 wrong conduct of getting kickbacks. It is not hard to predict 于回扣，不难预想导游们更倾向于 which choices tour guides will make. 哪种收费。 Therefore, it is not fair to legalize tips in tourism industry 总之，仅在旅游业将小费合法 but not in other industries of the service sector and this does not 化不公平，对解决公众诟病已久的 represent an effective way to end the wrong conduct plaguing the 强迫购物问题也收效有限,， industry. _ 好词好句 long-standing a•长期存在的 kickback /"kikbaek/ /i•冋扣 alleviate /a li:vieit/ v，•缓解 service sector 服务业 mindset Anaindset/ n• 倾向，心态 plague /pleig/ v•给......造成困难（或麻烦） 1. ••• which sparked a hot debate on...(引出话題） ……引出有关……的热烈讨论。 2. ••• this does not represent an effective way to end the wrong conduct...(结尾指出问題） 对解决……问題也收效有限、 168 • •第二章专八作文100篇 无现金社会 As online shopping becomes yet more prevalent^ and prepaid credit cards take the place of more and more low-value cash transactions, cash is now on its way out， accounting for just 40% of payments last year globally and dropping. From the following excerpts^ you may find both benefits and concerns of removing cash from the economy. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the trend of cashless society, and then 2. express your opinion towards the tendency. Excerpt 1 To see how a society might operate without cash, we can look to Sweden, which is almost cashless already. In Stockholm, you don’t need to cany bills or change. You can make donations to your church using a credit card, and give money to a friend using an inter-person payment app called Swish—when splitting a restaurant check, for example. Many banks don’t accept or provide cash in their branches, and payment apps are on the rise. Swedish banks and businesses have good reason to prefer electronic payments. Stockliolm has been a heist capital, with robberies targeting banks and cash-carrying security vans. But it’s not just the banks that prefer payments that can^ be stolen. Stockholm native Peter Mathsson says that locals rarely use cash. Even the smallest transaction is made with a card. Living experiments like Sweden prove that cash-free living is not only possible, but desirable and potentially advantageous. In fact, many parts of the world are already cash free. People pay for a single cup of coffee with a credit card, often without signing or entering a PIN. People are already happy to operate without cash, and with new options like Apple Pay, which lets you use your iPhone and your fingerprint to pay with better security than an actual card, that trend is likely to accelerate. The end of cash may seem like fancy thinking, but look at how money has changed since credit and debit cards started tx> usurp cash. We already route money around with bank transfers enacted from our tablets, we pay for Uber cars with the convenience of a phone app, and we travel abroad without even thinking about buying foreign currency before we go. And PayPal, the original cashless payment system, turned 18 years old this year. Excerpt 2 Governments and their agencies love electronic transactions. Without cash, it’s much harder to hide money from the tax man. The police and government agencies like the NSA love the txackable records that cashless payments leave behind. Last year, FYance and Spain both enacted laws that limit cash transactions. The promise is that banning cash would end black markets, but for honest citizens, the end of paper cash brings many unsettling downsides. Credit card transactions are already trackable, and electronic cash could bring that lack of anonymity to every single transaction you make. Once this information exists, it will become a target of government agencies such as the police and intelligence services and trafficked to insurance companies, tax collectors, fraud squads, and even marketers. 169 • •专八作文 44When all our payment transactions are tracked," says Rainey Reitman, activism director at the Electronic Frontiers Foundation, “it creates a trove of data we have no control over. It’s easy to imagine a daring divorce lawyer or a government agent trying to gain access to our financial history to try to build a story about who we are.** _ 材料解读 材料围绕“无现金交易”进行了讨论，两个选段分别分析了这一现象的利弊， 选段一以瑞典为例指出无现金交易能带来各种让人满意的潜在好处（desirable and potentially advanta- geous),它不仅能让银行避免钱款被盗（can’t be stolen),而且当地人也乐意选择这种支付方式(already happy to operate...),很少使用现金（rarely use cash),所以现金交易可能会成为历史c 选段二主要说明了无现金交易的潜在弊端。虽然禁止现金交易有助于打击黑市(black markets),但对于诚 实的市民(honest citizens)而言则有诸多弊端无现金交易的实名制（lack of anonymity)导致了信息被追踪 (trackable).因此可能会被包括欺诈团伙(fraud squads)在内的团体利用。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料大意，概括出其中无现金交易的利弊随后提出自己对这一趋势的看法—— 无现金交易有利 也有弊。 主体：分两方面阐述无现金社会的利弊 1. 论述无现金社会的好处。 2 . 论述无现金社会的潜在弊端。 结尾：总结全文，指出虽然无现金交易给人们带来方便，但人们也应该看到它存在的弊端。在有效可靠的系 统发明之前.现金交易依然有存在的必要。 _ 精品范文 Cashless Transaction Has T w o Sides Human beings are always blessed with new inventions 人类总是在得益于新发明的同时 while plagued by the downsides of them. Cashless transactions, 受困于其弊端3 无现金交易因其方便 due to its convenience, are embraced by many modem citi­ 性受到不少人的欢迎，尤其是城市的 zens, especially urban dwellers. Those who advocate for 居民那些支持无现金交易的人认为， cashless transactions argue that a cash-free society will re­ 无现金社会将减少现金被抢的风险， duce the risk of cash robberies and improve living experience 同时通过便捷的付款方式提高生活体 by facilitating payment. By contrast, there are concerns over 验。然而，也有人担心通过电子方式付 the fact that paying by electronic means leaves behind trans­ 款会留下交易记录，而这些记录一旦 action records which, if exposed to uascrupulous personnel or 被不法人员或组织窃取，则会给无辜 organizations, will bring catastrophes to innocent citizens. In 的民众带来严重后果，在我看来，无现 my opinion, the trend of cashless society has both pros and 金社会的趋势有利也有弊， cons. 毫无疑问，电子交易有不少好处 There is no doubt that electronic transactions have many 最明显就是大家再也不用担心现金被 benefits. The most obvious one is that people are no longer worried about being robbed of cash, since they do not need 抢，因为他们无需随身携带现金。银行 to carry cash with them. Bank transactions will be made 交易也因此变得更加简单。在手机应 170 • •第二章专八作文100 :研外18 simpler by this trend. Prior to the advent of phone apps, peo­ 用软件被发明之前，为了兑换货币或偿 ple who need to convert currency or pay off their credit card 还信用卡，人们不得不在银行排队完成 have no choice but to queue in the bank to handle relevant 相关业务。然而，现在简单地按一下智 dealing. Now however, a simple touch on the smart phone 能手机就能省去这些麻烦。而且在政 will save all the trouble. On the level of governments, elec­ tronic transactions are trackable, thereby making it easier for 府看来，电子交易有迹可循，更有利于 government agencies to crack down on illegal dealing or 有关部门打击非法交易或洗钱行为。 money laundry. 然而，可追踪性恰恰是人们对无 Traceability is, however, the primary concern over a 现金社会的首要担忧，因为人们不喜 cashless society, since people hate the idea that their trans­ 欢自己的交易被监控或追踪。账户安 actions are monitored and tracked. Security of accounts is 全也是另外一个大问题。黑客可以破 another big issue. Hackers may decode the encryption key of 解银行账户的密钥，从而给个人和银 bank accounts and incur huge losses of both banks and indi­ 行带来巨大损失。谷歌曾因安全漏洞 viduals. That Google temporarily shut down its wallet system 而临时关闭钱包系统，这一案例很好 due to a security vulnerability is a good illustration of the 地说明了账户有可能会被黑客入侵。 possibility of accounts being hacked by immoral users. In ad­ 此外，普通民众无法控制储存个人交 dition, average citizens have little control over how the 易信息的数据库的运作，他们很担忧 database that stores ail the personal information would work 自身的隐私可能被非法泄露给他人。 and they are deeply concerned that their private information 总的来说，在享受无现金交易的 may be illegally given out or sold to others. 方便时，人们不应该忽视随之而来的 Overall, when eryoying the convenience of cash-free 风险。在发明健全的电子交易系统之 transactions, people should not lose sight of the accompanied 前，无现金支付依然不能完全取代现 risks. Before a sound system of electronic transactions can be 金〇 invented, cashless payment is still no substitute for cash. _ 好词好句 transaction /traen’zaekj an/ n. 交易 facilitate /fa’siliteit/ v. 促 进 unscrupulous Mn'skruipjulas/ a. 无良的 catastrophe /ka’taestrafi/ n .灾难 money laundry 洗钱罪 traceability /.treisa'bilati/ n•可追踪性 decode /di:'kaud/ v. 破译 encryption /in’kripj an/ n .加密 illustration /,ilas’treij an/ h. 例证 1. Human beings are always blessed with.•• while plagued by the downsides of it.(首段引出话题） 人类总是在得益于……的同时受困于其弊端。 2. Prior to the advent of... , people who need to... have no choice but..•(正文论述某事物好处） 在......发明前，人们想要.......就只能....... . 171 .专八作文 牮研外ifi m svm 雜 书 店 的 前 景 IIP Bookstores are disappearing in cities and town, both big and small, while online sellers like Amazon, e-readers and other evolving technologies threaten both physical books and the brick and mortar venues. The following article is discussing the prospects of physical bookstores. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the articled main idea; 2. give your comment. Two of the worlds largest bookstore chains—Barnes & Noble and Borders—are in danger of being forced into bankruptcy; their plight raises the broader question of whether bookstores will survive in any significant number. There are two clear threats, both Internet-related, to the bookstore. The newest is the e-book, in which the contents of a book are transmitted over the Internet to an electronic reader owned by the book’s buyer. No bookstore is involved Slightly older is the sale, as opposed to the delivery, of a book online; Amazon is the principal seller in this market. No bookstore is involved unless Amazon doesn’t have the book in inventory. A possible third threat is diminished appetite for books. It seems that the amount of entertainment and instruction available online is so great that online substitution for reading books must have reduced the demand for them. At the same time, however, the demand for books should be stimulated by the fall in cost when books are bought online, cutting out the middleman—the bookstore. It seems inevitable that the number of books sold through bookstores will plummet Books bought through bookstores are more costly not only in price (to cover the costs of the bookstore), but also in customers’ time—the time required to travel to and from the bookstore, find the book one wants to buy, and complete the purchase. The only offsetting advantages of the bookstore are the opportunity it provides for browsing and the fact that the customer can see and handle the book before buying it. But these advantages are offset to a considerable extent (doubtless more than offset, for many customers) by the use by online sellers of artificial-intelligence programs to recommend books to their customers, by the much vaster inventory of an online seller like Amazon, by ease of search, by the reader reviews that the seller presents, and by the sellers ability to allow customers to look inside the online book before ordering it, much as if he were leafing through a printed book in a bookstore. At present fewer than 30 percent of all books are bought online (either in hard copy or as an e­ book), This figure is estimated to grow to 75 percent within a few years. Very few bookstores will have enough customers to survive if bookstore sales fall from 70 percent to 25 percent of all book sales, except those bookstores specializing in out of print books—whose customers will largely be online. In time, moreover, with more and more publishing electronic, there will be fewer and fewer “out of print” books. As technology continues its forward march, online booksellers will find it increasingly feasible to • 172 •第二章专八作文100篇 duplicate and indeed improve on the point-of-sale services that bookstores offer. Bookstores will decline, and perhaps vanish when the current older generation, consisting of people habituated to printed books (as to printed newspapers), dies off. Yet this may well represent genuine economic progress, just as department stores and supermarkets represent progress though they cause the demise of countless small retailers. _ 材料解读 材料开篇以最大的两家实体书店所面临的困境引出话题—— 实体书店是否走向没落。 第二、三段总结了实体书店面临的三大威胁，前两个是和互联网相关的电子书（e-book)和网店销售（sale of a book online),第三个是读者对书籍的兴趣下降(diminished appetite for books)第四段介绍了实体书店在 价格(price)和时效性(time)方面都处于劣势，且其本身的优势如可实时浏览(browsing)也正在被网店的人工智 能项目所取代(are offset)。最后两段用数据呈现出实体书店衰亡的现状，最后指出在在高科技不断进步的形势 下，大世小型零售商将面临消亡的厄运，但这很好地说明了经济的发展（represent genuine economic progress)〇 由以上分析可知，材料的论点是实体书店必然走向没落。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结文章大意，材料列举三种威胁对实体书体的影响，以此说明实体书店前景黯淡。 主体：首先提出个人观点，支持实体书店积极改革，而不是直接断定实体书店将消亡，指出问题的关键在于 顾客需求的变化。其次，进一步指出实体书店为摆脱困境和谋求发展，必须采取以顾客为中心的做法，结合文章 和现实举例论证。 结尾：总结全文，鼓励实体书店了解顾客耑求并围绕顾客采取必要措施。 _ _ 精品范文 Customer Centricity Is the Future of Physical Bookstores In discussion about the somber prospect of physical 文章在论及实体书店令人堪忧的 bookstores, the article states that these bookstores are im­ 前景时，明确指出实体书店面临三种 periled by three threats: the rise of online book sellers, the 成胁，分别是网络书店的兴起、电子书 adoption of e-books and diminished interest in books. Sales 的使用还有人们对书籍的兴趣下降- of online bookstores and e-books are expected to grow sig­ 网络书店和电子书的销量预计将在未 nificantly within a few years, imposing tremendous pressure 来几年内迅速提高，这给大大小小的 on physical bookstores, large or small. It is not surprising 实体书店带来了巨大的压力文章的 that the author of the article see the brick-and-mortar 作者认为实体书店将难以为继，这也 bookstores difficult to maintain their operation. 不足为奇。 • However, I would rather support the positive transfor­ 然而，我宁愿支持实体书店积极 mation than claiming the demise of physical bookstores as I 转型，也不会断言实体书店的消亡。正 believe, also explained by the article, the driving force be­ 如上文所说，我认为这些成胁的源头 hind those threats is us, the customers. Given the advances 来自于消费者本身_ 鉴于数码技术令 in digital technology that undo the conventional advantages 实体书店的传统优势黯然失色，消费 of brick-and-mortar bookstores, no one will argue that con­ 者不逛书店也能买书，这是不可否认 sumers can buy books without a physical bookstore. An e- 173 • •专八作文 book offers the customer experience of easy access and 的事实。电子书给消费者带来了便利的 convenience, and in most cases, a lower price. All these in­ 体验和低廉的价格，这些都说明了实体 dicate that the plight of physical bookstores is rooted in the 书店的困境根源在于顾客期望和需求 changes of customer expectations and demands. 的变化3 To address this plight, physical bookshops have to 为了摆脱这一困境，实体书店必须 provide service in a customer centric way. For one thing, 提供以顾客为中心的服务3 首先，必须 they must improve the experience of buying books. A 改善购书体验。例如，书店可以在顶层 bookstore, for example, can incorporate a bar or caf^s on 经营酒吧或咖啡馆，或用许多其他方式 the top floor, or many other ways to encourage customers 促使顾客逗留更长的时间，花费更多。 to linger longer and spend more. For another, a bookstore 其次，要欢迎各种形式的图书：珍本书、 should embrace books of all forms: rare, second-hand, 二手书、电子书和自印书等等，让读者 digital，self-printed and so on, offering option of buying 自由选择到底是买纸质书还是电子书。 printed books or e-books in-store. To survive and thrive, 为了生存和发展，书店必须全力以赴地 bookstores must go all out to acquire, engage and retain its 发展、吸引和留住顾客 customers. 总而言之，实体书店的未来建设基 In short, the future of physical bookstores lies in cus­ 于客户中心化，现在就行动起来，了解 tomer centricity, so it is high time for physical bookstores to figure out what customers expect and how to address it. 客户需求并找到解决办法: _ 好词好句 customer centricity 以 顾 客 为 中 心 somber /sDmba/ a . 严 峻 的 ，暗 淡 的 imperil /im’paril/ v •危 及 diminish /di.minij/ v/• 减 少 ，减 小 ，降低 brick-and-mortar a conventiona advantages . 实 体 的 丨 传 统 优 势 plight /plait/ n to survive and thrive • 困 境 为 了 生 存 与 发 展 go all out 全 力 以 赴 1. It is not surprising that...(描述某一现象） ……是不足为奇的。 2 3 2. Given... no one will argue that..•(指出某一论点的原因） 鉴于……没有人会不同意…… 3. For one thing... For another...(分条陈述要点） 首先......其次....... 174 • •第二章专八作文100 牮研外诵 是否有必要用法律来规定阅读？ It is reported that Chinese lawmakers are considering regulations to promote reading among the public. The news has caused concern over what exactly a new policy regarding reading might entail, but some do believe that the measure could help promote the average literacy rate across China. The following are excerpts of opinions. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Ye Zhurong from Beijing While entertainment and leisure magazines are extremely popular, traditional publications are no longer well received. People read books more flippantly. With the increase of soap operas and other TV shows, fewer and fewer people are attached to reading. Although electronic media help spread information, it still defers the traditional practice of reading. Raising the overall literacy rate is no easy target. With reading not stressed at all, efforts to stimulate public interest will have to be plentiful. For example, schools should create encouraging atmospheres for reading and allow students to fall in love with books to eventually affect all of society. Furthermore, it’s important to set up more libraries. At some existing facilities, most books are old, procedures outdated and borrowing fees absolute. To boost national literacy, implementation is the key. We need to put into practice all kinds of effective measures to promote reading. Jia Zhiyong from Chotigqi While a reading law places emphasis on national literacy levels, it also reflects the worrying fact that reading has yet to be encouraged among the Chinese public, which likes to boast about its 5,000- year-old history and rich culture. People read for certain purposes, including making money or conducting research. It is also a leisurely pastime to be eryoyed in one^ spare time. No matter what type you are engaged in, reading is helpful for both personal and social progress. A lack of reading could well damage the advancement of an innovative culture or civilization. In whatever form, reading is meant to make people feel good, improve personal qualities, tap into potential capabilities and promote innovation. How to develop and promote such a culture remains the key question. Qiu Shi from Shanghai To determine the necessity of a law we need to first ascertain what it entails. Officials claim the regulation would protect peopled right to read, while it remains unclear as to what would happen to those who do not er\joy books. Relevant authorities should provide sufficient investment in libraries and balance the distribution of reading materials across different areas, while ensuring people get enough time to read within a conducive environment. With a serious shortage of public facilities geared toward reading, laws are required to redress the matter. 175 • •专八作文 Mao Jianguo from Qingdao A nation*s literacy rate to a large extent affects its future development potential. When it comes to reading, we have to look at two problems. First, the public must be provided with quality books, not trash ones on the market. Because pay is low, many writers can only survive by churning out as much of the latter as possible. Is it possible to better support authors in writing books with more lit­ erary value? Second, it*s important to make reading more convenient, which requires the construction of more libraries. In some cities, such facilities lack books or are remotely situated. If people could have bet­ ter access to quality reading material, surely public interest in books would increase. Therefore, at present, what we need is not a law, but more investment in facilities to boost en­ thusiasm for reading. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“是否有必要用法律来规定阅读”给出不同人的看法。 大部分人表示赞成，并提出具体的办法来提卨人们的阅读首先，创造鼓励阅读的氛闱(create encour­ aging atmospheres for reading),形成崇尚阅读的文化是关键(the key question〉. 其次，给公众提供优质图书(quality books),完善相关的公众设施(public facilities),包括建立更多的图书 馆(set up more libraries)。最后，强调政策的实施，让所有措施落到实处才是关键（implementation is key) 同时，也有人质疑这一法律，立法初衷是保障人们的阅读权利（protect people’s right to read),但并不适 用于那些不喜欢阅读的人(those who do not er\joy books〉。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：介绍当前国民的阅读情况，引出规定阅读的法律，总结材料对此的看法。 主体：提出自己的观点—— 为阅读立法的初衷值得肯定，但并不合理；从两方面说明理由，一是法律的本质 是规范基本行为规范而不是发展需求，二是其他方式如发行优质图书和完善设施更有助于鼓励阅读。 结尾：总结全文.呼吁采取其他方法鼓励阅读3 精品范文 A Reading Law or a Reading Population? Lured by TV series, movies and various reality shows, 在电视剧、电影和各种真人秀的 people nowadays spend far less time in reading than in old 诱惑下，现代人的阅读时间越来越少。 days. Being aware of this situation, Chinese lawmakers are 中国意识到这种情况，正在考虑是否 thinking whether to promulgate a law that promotes reading. 要颁布一条鼓励阅读的法律。大多数 Most people believe that this will greatly improve the reader­ 人认为这会极大地鼓励阅读，但也有 ship in the country but some also expressed their concerns. 人表示担忧，例如，有些人就是不喜欢 Some people concern what will happen to those who do not 读书怎么办。有人理性分析了情况，并 eryoy books. Some reasonably analyse the situation and pro­ 提出要鼓励出版更好的书和提供更好 pose to provide better books and reading facilities to create 的阅读设施，打造良好的阅读环境。 the atmosphere for reading. 我认为颁布法律鼓励阅读的目的 I believe a law to promote reading is well-intended but the necessity of enshrining the goal by a law should be dis- 非常好，但是否要以法律的形式有待 176 • •第二章专八作文100 场研外遇 cussed. Firstly, a law should be the minimum code of conduct 商榷。第一，法律应该是公众的最低行 for each and every one of the public instead of raising higher 为准则，而非对公众提出更高的要求， requirements, which fall into the domain of social ethics, con­ 否则就成了社会道德、惯例和文化。将 vention and culture. The proposed law, however, tries to leg­ 阅读这一本该完全基于自由意志及个 islate the conduct of reading which should be totally based 人习惯的行为立法，不符合法律的根 on free will and personal habits and therefore violates the 本精神，法律是基本行为准则而非道 basic spirit of laws: the minimum code of conduct instead of 德准则。第二，我认为优质的书和更完 moral motivation. Secondly, I believe better books, better fa­ 善的基础设施能更有效地鼓励阅读 cilities will be more effective to develop readership. Despite 尽管现代的娱乐活动颇具吸引力，我 the attraction of modem entertainment, we have witnessed 们看到了一些受到大众推崇的优质 the popularity of quality books such as The Three-Body Prob­ 图书，如《三体》和诺贝尔奖得主莫言 lem and works of Mo Yan, a winner of Nobel Prize. Commu­ 的作品。应该建设社区图书馆，而非 nity libraries, instead of one big fancy library should be es- 只是建设一个富丽堂皇的大图书馆， tablished so that the public will have easier access to book 人们可以更容易接触到书，也会更愿 and therefore more likely to read. 意读书。 In conclusion, whatever the solution, we should open up 总之，不管怎样，我们应当为热爱 more reading avenues for those who are keen on books. I 读书的读者开辟更多的阅读途径。我 believe the law is well-intended but there are other far more 认为该立法目的是好的，但通过更有 effective ways to promote a reading population in the coun­ 效的方式培养一个阅读社会更重要。 try. _ 好词好句 lure /ljua/ promulgate /promlgeit/ v• ) 冰 引 诱 颁 布 （法 令 well-intended a . enshrine /in]rain/ v ...... 好 意 的 • 把 奉 为 神 圣 the minimum code of conduct fall into 最 低 行 为 准 则 分 成 convention /kan’venjn/ w •惯 例 1. Being aware of this situation, ... are thinking whether to promulgate a law that…（？丨出立法背景） 意识到这种情况，……正考虑颁布……法律。 2. I believe... is well-intended but the necessity... should be discussed.(提出观点） 我认为……的初衷是好的，但……的必要性有待商榷。 3. In conclusion, whatever the solution, we should open up more... avenues for...(总结全文） 总之，不管用什么办法，我们都应该为……打开更多的途径。 177 • •专八作文 牮〇研n 遇 T»eer*ii*uW« 双十-购物狂欢节 Unmarried men across China used to spend Nov. 11 lamenting their single status with a drink. Now that unofficial holiday has become the worlds largest online shopping event. The following two excerpts are about this online shopping carnival. Though it sees record breaking sales every year} it causes many concerns meanwhile. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the development of Double-11 craze, and then 2. express your opinion towards this festival, especially whether consumers are truly benefiting from it. Excerpt 1 At one second after midnight, when the calendar flips to November 11th, millions of Chinese shoppers will start clicking themselves into a frenzy of consumer excess. Through their smartphones, computers and tablets, they will take advantage of steep discounts and other incentives offered by China’s biggest online retailers, who have been busily laying the groundwork with advertising campaigns and assiduous logistical preparations. By the time midnight rolls round the following day, shoppers will have spent billions of yuan, and many of the hundreds of millions of packages that they ordered online will have been delivered to their doors. How did a frivolous and informal Chinese holiday evolve into the world’s biggest single-day retail event? November 11th is M Singles* Day^ in China, a holiday that now occasions these massive movements of merchandise. Since the 1990s it has been observed casually and playfully by unmarried Chinese to celebrate—or perhaps bemoan—their single status. The date was chosen because of the four ones it contains (11/11). It is the Alibaba Group that claims the credit for transforming Singled Day into a shopping orgy. In 2009, one of its executives was trawling the calendar for an autumn date to serve as the foundation for a Chinese shopping day that could rival America’s Black Friday— the day after Thanksgiving that marks the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. The goal was to use discounts and other one-oflf promotions to lure China*s already-avid consumer class into online retail. The promotion was an immediate success and has grown since: shoppers spent more than 57 billion yuan via Alibaba alone last year. That dwarfs the $1.5 billion spent by Americans online during last year’s Black Friday. Excerpt 2 “I like 4 Double Eleven*. Everything is cheap on this day. This year, Fm only buying clothes. They are much cheaper online than they are in shopping malls. But the thing is, youVe got to be careful on this day. You need to compare the prices offered in different shops, because some shops will raise prices first before they lower it on Singled Day." said Li Jianhua, a customer in Bering. One issue which tends to crop up every year is the availability of products people want to buy. Zhao Ping with the Ministry of Commerce says they’ve found a growing number of retailers, particularly those selling products online, are simply using Singled Day as a way to promote their own site. 178 • •第二章专八作文100 法研外» "The 4 Double Eleven* shopping spree is more complicated than it seems. Many online shops are involved in the promotion. But their supplies often don^ meet the demand. Many people have found that the low-price products theyVe set their sights on are gone almost instantly. Many businesses use this trick to attract customers to their online shops, benefiting only a very small number of their customers.M The Commerce Ministry is also warning consumers to be wary of certain k bargains/ noting many retailers will begin increasing the prices of their products in advance of Singled Day to try to fool shoppers into thinking they’re getting a good deal with the Single’s Day price-cut. _ 材 麵 读 材料围绕“双十一购物节”给出两篇选段，分別讲了“双十一”的现状和由来、成功的原因以及存在的问题。 选段一描述了“双十一”疯狂的购物现象及其由来。11月11日前夕，上百万的中国消费者在网上疯狂点击购 买商品（a frenzy of consumer excess),此前商家也做好了充分的宣传（advertising campaigns)和物流准备 (logistical preparations)。这个购物狂欢节(a shopping orgy)实际上是从单身节(Single’s Day)演变而来，阿里 巴巴的团队受美国的“黑色星期五”启发而促成这个购物节，但阿里巴巴570亿的交易额远超过美国的15亿。 选段二则分析了“双十一”取得如此成功的原因主要有两个 是实惠的价格（cheap)，二是购买方便（the ，一 availability of products)。但也存在一些问题，包括有些商家会刻意事先提价(raise prices first)再降价；促销的 供给量少，不能满足顾客需求（don’t meet the demand)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：根据材料内容，总结双十一购物节在中国的发展现状，然后提出个人看法一 •双十一购物节对于消费 者来说其实是弊大于利。 主体：提出在“双十一购物节”购物的一些弊端及隐患，并从三个方面进行论证。 1. 商家在推广过程耍花招。 2. 消费者易受广告影响，冲动消费。 3. 整个购物过程的体验欠佳^ 结尾：总结全文，提醒人们理性消费，理性看待“双十一购物节”。 _ 精品范文 Does Consumers Truly Benefit from Double-11 Craze? Only several years ago, November 11th was just, an 仅仅在几年前，11月11号只是中 unofficial festival that enables unmarried Chinese to make fun 国未婚一族用来自嘲单身状态的一个 of their single status. However, it today strikes people as 非官方节日但是现在，这个日子几乎 almost the synonym of online shopping, a carnival known as 变成了网购的代名词，变成了消费者和 “Double 11” for both consumers and retailers as the low 商家的“双十一”狂欢，那时的商品价格 price and the availability of commodities, but after these 低廉，购买方便。但几年之后，精明理智 several years, a sensible and shrewd consumer should have 的消费者应该已经看穿了 “双十一”购 already seen through the trick of this “Double 11” shopping 物热的把戏。商家的获利远比消费者 craze. It benefits the retailers far more than the consumers. 要大的多。 The worst part of the u Double 11M shopping spree is that “双十一”购物狂潮的最大弊端就 many retailers actually cheat in their promotion. They either 179 • •专八作文 华研n il rc* ■ aMauax raise the prices of certain products beforehand and offer a 是很多商家会在活动推广过程中作弊 discount on November 11th or mix products that are on sale 耍花招。他们或是提前抬高商品价格， with very similar products that don’t have any discount. 在“双十一 ”再降价打折，或是把打折 Consumers have to be wary of tricks in disguise, or they 商品和类似的正价商品混在一起消 could easily end up spending more money than they normally 费者要非常警惕这种花招，否则可能 should. Also, with all the promotion and advertising for the 会比平时花更多的钱买同样的东西 “Double 11” as an incentive, people are inclined to be 而且，在“双十一”的各种广告推广的 influenced and make orders on an impulse. Whether 刺激下，人们很容易受影响，随之冲动 something is useful doesn't seem to bother people any more. 购物。这个时候一件商品是否有用已 Whether it is worth buying is all that one takes into account. 经不重要了，人们只考虑这个东西是 So consumers would congratulate themselves on getting good 否划算。所以消费者可能11月11号 bargains on November 11th, and feel sorry for squandering so 时还在为捡到了便宜而高兴，12号就 much on things they have no use for on November 12th. In 开始后悔把这么多钱挥霍在没用的东 addition, the fun of shopping doesn’t only come from 西上了。另外，购物的快乐不只在于买 discounts; instead, the whole shopping process matters. 到了便宜的东西，整个购物的过程都 Limited supplies of low-price products and deferred delivery 是很重要的。所以，“双十一”诸如低价 of November 11th would definitely contribute to an 商品货源不足和配送不及时的问题都 unsatisfied shopping experience. 可能使你的购物体验欠佳。 From where I stand, the “Double 11" shopping spree 在我看来，“双十一"购物血拼不 should not be overly promoted. Consumers should learn to 应该被过度推广.，消费者应该学会理 make rational decisions when it comes to shopping. Think twice 性购物，下单前三思而行3 before make an order. _ 好词好句 synonym /sinenim/ n . 同 义 词 shrewd /Jru:d/ a • 楮 明 的 spree /spri:/ /i •狂 欢 be wary of 堤 防 ...... on an impulse — 时 兴 起 take into account 考虑 squander /skwode/ v•浪 费 1. ••• have already seen through the trick of.. 明看穿某事） • ( 说 已经看穿了……的把戏。 2• …should learn to make rational decisions when it comes to..•(发出倡议） 面对......问题时，.......应该学会作出理性的选择a 3. Think twice before make an order• ( 建议三思而行） 下单前三思而行。 180 • •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外诵 評 允 许 獅 馳 举 行 商 业 活 动 ? The recently increasing number of commercial activities in museums has caused widespread concern in China. People worry that this trend will tarnish the image of muse­ ums as respected cultural venues and also threaten the cultural relics and classic objects in museum collections. Others, however, disagree. From the following excerpts, you can find two journalists’ opinions on this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment on this trend. Excerpt 1 Zhu Changjun from news.163.com When the Narying Museum in Jiangsu Province was used as a venue for promoting a real estate project, it significantly altered the public’s perception of such institutions. Opening museums to commercial activities poses potential risks to the collections and also betrays the nature of museums as public property. Should museums distance themselves entirely from commerce? The answer is: no. Regulations issued by the Ministry of Culture encourage museums to engage in dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, development of cultural products, and provision of professional training on a for-profit basis. Arranging commercial activities in moderation to benefit museum operations is actually a common trend globally. Commercialization of museums is not necessarily a bad thing; the key is the degree to which museums should be open to business. In recent years, admission to more and more museums has become free, as these institutions have gained recognition as providers of public cultural goods and services. Concurrently, though, lack of revenue, which adversely affects museums’ short- and long-term operations, has become an increasingly prominent issue. In these circumstances, moderate commercialization can help to make up for funding shortages. Commercial operations, though, must be standardized, as preventing excessive commercialization from staining the reputation of museums and eroding their public nature is crucial. Excerpt 2 Xia Zhenbin from Guangzhou Daily Museums around the world are engaged in commercial activities. Regulations and relevant policies in China encourage the financing of protection and research of cultural relics tlirough various channels and paid services. Museums are supposed to make profits by respecting basic principles and bottom lines. What principles can rein in museums^ commercial activities? Actually, a consensus already exists. Regarding safety, for example, commercial activities must pay full attention to the protection of cultural relics. Unfortunately, however, safety consciousness is often lacking in the minds of those who manage such events, which puts valuable objects in hazardous conditions. Commercial activities must accord with and serve the museums’ heritage protection and educational functions. These institutions are supposed to select business activities to host in a discerning way, so as not to 181 • •专八作文 华研外《 associate themselves too closely with commercial organizations. Ifs acceptable for museums to generate income to improve their operations, but rules exist that dictate what museums can and cannot do. State-owned museums, theoretically, need approval from administrative watchdogs in order to host commercial activities. In reality, however, this procedure is often neglected. And even if applications are submitted to supervisory bodies, the criteria used for as­ sessment and who has the final say of approval remain ambiguous. As museums belong to the public, the aim of commercial operations should not be to feather the nest but to re-invest proceeds in improving and developing the institutions. Although museunis, busi­ ness activities ought to be transparent to the general public, in many cases, commercial revenues are not publicly disclosed, and this creates circumstances that have the potential to facilitate corruption. In any case, commercialization is a general trend, and standardizing rather than trying to curb it would be prudent so that museums can gain funding to improve their operations, which is in the public interest. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“博物馆商业化”这一趋势给出两名记者的看法。 选段一认为博物馆商业化并不一定是坏事（not necessarily a bad thing),关键在于其商业化的程度（de­ gree)。 同时也有规定允许 博物馆举办商 业活动 (provision of professional training on a for-profit basis 而 )。 且，近来越来越多的傅物馆免费开放，缺少收益（lack of revenue)影响了其运作，因此适度的商业化(moderate commercialization)能够解决博物馆资金短缺（funding shortages)的问题。但前提是商业活动必须规范化 (must be standardized) 选段二也认为适当商业化是大势所趋(a general trend),同时指出了当前存在的问题。一是相关人员在安 排商业活动时缺乏文物保护意识（safety consciousness);二是活动审批流程复杂，标准不一(criteria used for... remain ambiguous);三是活动收益不透明（not publicly disclosed 有可能滋生腐败（facilitate corrupt )， tion )〇 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料对博物馆商业化这一趋势的意见，提出个人观点—— 博物馆可以从受监管的规范化商业活 动中获益。 主体：分两方面论述博物馆适度举行商业活动的好处: 1. 举行有回报的商业活动既可以缓解博物馆的资金短缺，又能保障令人满意的展览， 2. 商业活动能够给博物馆带来更多的参观者。 结尾：重申观点，同时强调在博物馆举行商业活动应该以不影响博物馆的运营为前提。 _ 精品范文 Moderate Commercial Activities Are Blessings to Museums Museums, regarded as places to increase the sophistica­ 作为一个提升公众素养的场所，博 tion of the public, are associated with collecting, preserving 物馆收集、保存和展示具有艺术性、科 and displaying items of artistic, scientific and cultural signifi­ 学性和文化价值的物品。由于博物馆涉 cance. As museums get involved in commercial activities for 及盈利性的商业活动，人们担心这样的 profit purposes, there is concern that this trend may alter 182 • •第二章专八作文100 块研外遇 the public perception of museums as institutions of diffusing 趋势可能改变人们对博物馆的看 and advancing the knowledge of mankind. Moderate com­ 法------个传播和发展人类知识的机 mercialization is believed by some to be a positive trend 构 ，有些人认为适当的商业化是有益 since it provides more funding for the operation of museums. 的，因为这为博物馆提供了运作资金。 There are others who are concerned about the protection of 也有些人担心文化遗产的保护会受此 cultural heritage and the use of proceeds gained from such 影响，以及这些商业活动收益的使用情 commercial activities. In my opinion, museums can benefit 况。在我看来，博物馆可以从受监管的 from standardized and supervised commercial activities. 规范化商业活动中获益」 It is common that public-funded museums are running 因为很多公立博物馆都是免费的， short of funding as most of them are free of charge and the cost of protecting and exhibiting art works becomes ever 而且展览成本不断飙升，所以博物馆常 higher. Without doubt, governmental funding is not always 常面临资金短缺的问题。毫无疑问，政 sufficient for running a high-quality museum. Therefore, hold­ 府资金并不足以维持高水平的博物馆 ing commercial activities on a profit basis has become a 的 运 转 因 此 ，在盈利的基础上举行商 global trend, which relieves funding shortages and meanwhile 业活动已经成为一种全球趋势，因为这 guarantees satisfactory exhibition. Another obvious benefit is 既能缓解资金短缺，又可以保障令人满 that such activities will bring more visitors to museums. It is 意的展览：另一个明显的好处就是能够 self-evident that in order to maximize the impact of the ac­ 给博物馆带来更多的参观者：很明显， tivities, the organizer will take pains to reach as wide an au­ 为了使活动的影响最大化，主办方会千 dience as possible. As more and more people visit museums, 方百计地把活动信息扩散到更广的受 museums will better fulfill its mission of disseminating 众。越来越多人参观博物馆，这也有助 knowledge and the overall quality of citizens will be im­ 于博物馆完成传播知识的使命，从而提 proved. 升公众的整体素质。 In short, it is feasible for museums to fully exploit the 总之，博物馆充分挖掘商业活动的 benefits of commercial activities and in the meantime avoid 好处是可行的，同时'也应该尽量避免由 the potential drawbacks. The process of approving commer­ 此带来的潜在影响：审批商业活动的流 cial activities should be standardized and the bottom line is 程也应该标准化而且，任何商业活动 that no commercial activities should adversely affect the op­ 都不能违背其作为提升公众素养的机 eration of museums as institutions to make active contribu­ 构这一底线。 tion to the advancement of public quality. _ 好词好句 sophistication /safisti’keiJan/ w•教养 diffuse /di’fju:z/ v•传播 proceeds /prausiidz/ n. 收益 on a profit bas丨s 在盈利的基础上 funding shortages 资金短缺 take pains to 煞费苦心 disseminate /di'semineit/ v/.传播 adversely /aed’V3:sli/ 不利地 1. …is believed by some people to be...(首段总结观点） ……在一些人看来是…… 2. It is self-evident that...(正文进行论证） ……是不言而喻的。 3. It is feasible for... to fully exploit the benefits of... and in the meantime avoid...(结尾重申观点） 对……来说，充分发掘……的好处并且同时避免……是可行的。 183 • •in^BUMTMi 幸 蛰 购 ^j/ia iilfjnauoa of ftajp〇 / ,,ynddivass a〇j vowiostt is duoncmd- ^vuif oojdojvitovs uonc 3u\d\o\f yvddtuass ofXfjajs^ nup utoop^jvj^iuG dajsounj paatj9S vja GwwuG iu dodnivujif- gni souxa svif bnvu^ffifiud yoddtuass ou\if \avp^%〇 vvxia^^ vs tupncipnvis ovu^ % ,V3{t}9a9tw c/idj is vu tuyajauiiif 9tnsjic9 /aajivG• vu °f NO 13SS IHVM 〇g〇 n〇c jp»( iu ncyjjy ifon syon]p: \ snuiuiBuza quaji^ j(ia iueru ipae oj >fia ^jjrp^ erip iqau z axdaass ^onj odiinou ^OMexps pia jjaup4 asdapBjiA Mqapiaj q^ddiuass is b qappiX 3〇bj joj sopajti Q〇ut^ jdjsouip b lf^iji^ueri )f〇^| goouoiuisjs qHAa sdau^ iuos^ oj pia g〇pi Dau^mti i3uouu3 dsXoqoioSX' dosipAa oj opiauAisa gn^ piaaa is h gia^i paef oj aiudqesis ou q〇M q^ddiuass oeri sqcda 3i〇q^i aDouoiuias' oj—ou b siuBjiaj sopa—snDDassjip qnsiuass dJBDpoa xjus is puAau* iu der^' qX b jjaup iu M iu9Bsnuu3it dosipAa auiopous* iuosp^i so jfiaX oeri qa odpiuizap Nanoospaups^ joj axerudi^ pernr i〇 qa Bqja sdaoijio aiuopo^ snoq bs q^ddiuass oj prsefcdoiuquau^ iu der^iDnjBi Biaes oj pia qjeru ^aoiiuojogias' snaq bs sdiJ^ ojjaj pBjF-puAau npAiDa ou q〇M jxc japnoa sjxass H^ddiuass iupio^ojs bj9 iuDjaBsiuSjX nsap bs b qesis ^ierisjouii oj pispd]iua iupiAipnBis \A3 era uo jougaj fns; paBixuS Mipi ， ,jiBddmass“ iu b dqiiosodqiDBi oj aoiueripo sausa—i^ qns qaooiua souiapuug oeri qa uioui^ojap erip iuaesnjap' niojnpiuS onj qaqB\L〇j4 nsa oj sodi^i iuapiH erip qopii^ iupiDBjxcjs snoq hs dnjsa JB^a erip j^pe[ axdjassious xqaaa is uo^qiug Hnioiu^iDBuX sruis^aj ^qon^ pas \xsup gn^ is MOiuap pia qnsruassas erip axdays puAiuS pia bneripganpou oj iiBddxuass periu q^Aa onj qas^ iu^aaasjs sv qa^ oyau Douoa^iiuS jfiarj omu ngaupes iu )fia djODass ju pia MOJibcjBoa' jiHddX moj|>9js bj3 AiaMap bs b va〇j>i qaDoutas uioja djaBseri^ erip auidjoXaas' iuoaa djopnpiAa gn^ ^qis is uom qdiuS dm&nap )fij〇n8q pia nsa oj dajjouuerioa-aABjnBpuS vA0Bj«qia snoq es nmueriAza oj 八!jgm jnjsa‘ qopi oj Mqioq iuoui^oj dqXsio^i sigus oj sjxass erip ^op\L)A ^OM^jp iqa gop oj iuojaBSiug djopnpiAijti• 〇ipas snoq bs Qnqer* Mqroq qns diapgap qaaoiua piaM jiHddias^ p^i ru pia Mopp/. pjaeru nd aAaj-ui〇ja aj^qo^a erip iuqasiA9 mbXs oj 〇〇ijaDpu8 puiB ou M^n-qaiug—^o pia doiu^ Mqaaa ^jiaja is uom \e[\y oj nsiu8 D3XA oeruaius jxc iuouijoj jcp^i axdjassious iu dnq]iD siccoas mbXs oj pa^apiug auiopous eid qijiiuS )fia uibj>i p B[[ pia piua: 〇ua ooiuderi^ ga^oup Aajq^i' biius D^jDirj^a uioops 3〇UAaXap iu b dqoua o〇UAaiSB)rou' do^aup^nX vAilfionj )fid jdiova刊pga oj 讲 oud oj ma d^jppderi^s yup j«oaqo〇i> pauiousqR^ap ibs; snuiuiaj oonjp niunauoa orj aiuopous pijongq ^Ma^fpuS onj u9ms jaaps—odauiug )fia pooj aA9J-iu〇ja }Fjg9；ap iuerulup^pou iu BpA〇jpsiu8 erip nijineuoa ys pia spauoa 8joms iuoaa sodqrspoBjdp erip iaojiuoioSias qoooiua iuoaa ruinu^a Mipi onj ifiongqjs erip qopias' b paBJ )X9up is aiuaj8ni8 Miiaja jiBddruass nipi〇B；〇js m0J9 ouoa nsap bs st qesis \a aajouu soDiajCi' 〇|iBj[au8iu3 pia oqsassiou Miiq uiouaX \f\sv 〇*a*d iudHsnjaiudu^ duiJduoqas' )fiaA bjo • I 枸 •第二章专八作文100篇 increasingly used as a basis to transform or discipline individuals. Happiness becomes a personal project, that each of us must now work on, like going to the gym. Since the 1970s, depression has come to be viewed as a cognitive or neurological defect in the indi­ vidual, and never a consequence of circumstances. All of this simply escalates the sense of responsi­ bility each of us feels for our own feelings, and with it, the sense of failure when things go badly. A society that deliberately removed certain sources of misery, such as unsteady and exploitative employment, may well be a happier one. But we won*t get there by making this single, often fleeting emotion, the over-arching goal. _ 材料解读 材料围绕社会对“幸福”的不懈追求进行论述，可分为两个部分。 前两段论述了人类情感尤其是幸福感，逐渐被M化与监测的情况。在幸福感逐渐被M化的趋势下，经济学家 认为幸福感有助于商业实践的成功(successful business practice)。而可穿戴传感技术（wearable technolo* gies)的发展也让人们的情感能够被监测。 后七段则指出幸福感指标被用于推动经济发展与改变或约束个体成长(transform or discipline individu­ als) 。 并列举 了两个 例子， 一是如 今职场 上通过 可穿戴 传 感技术 进行绩 效评价 (performance"evaluating), 二是迪 拜通过各种途径监测人们的幸福感t 最后得出结论：幸福的社会并不会(won’t get there)因为人们这些单一的、 转瞬即逝（fleeting)的情感就能实现。 总体而言，材料的作者并不赞同进化幸福。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结文章大意—— 人类情感逐渐被M化与监测；幸福感指标不但被用于推动经济发展，还被用来改变 或约束个体成长。 主体：提出个人观点—— 赞成幸福世化，从个人和社会两方面阐述原因。 结尾：总结全文.幸福It化对个人与社会发展皆有益。但不能只是纯粹域化幸福，真正贯彻与落实才能长期 推动社会进步。 精品范文 Quantification Helps with Happiness Pursuit A recent trend is that positive emotions, which are not 从最近的趋势看，有关积极情绪的 merely limited to psychological area, have picked up atten­ 研究不再限于心理层面，经济学家也注 tion among the economists who believe that happiness can 意到了，他们认为幸福感有助于经济发 contribute to economic development. Experts have put for­ 展。专家通过不断关注人们的思想与肢 ward a lot of methods to monitor, measure and even opti­ 体语言，提出了很多方法来监测、衡量 mize the level of happiness by putting constant emphasis on 甚至优化幸福指数。各种幸福指标逐漸 people’s thoughts and bodies. Various happiness indicators 被用来促进个人成长，并应用于更为实 are increasingly used to drive individual growth and, more 用的领域—— 经济发展。尽管有人会担 practically, economic development Although some would worry 心幸福量化其实更多地是为了实现功 that the continuing quantification of happiness is more often 利目标，但它确实曰渐成为完善或约束 employed to reach utilitarian goals, it does gradually become 个人的好方法。 an amazing means to help better or restrain individuals. • 185 •八作文 牮研外遇 Personally, I am in favor of the idea of happiness quan­ 我个人支持幸福量化的做法。从 tification. On a personal scale, it can contribute to individual 个人层面来看，幸福量化有助于个人 growth. Happiness used to be an intangible matter that oth­ 成长。幸福原是其他人看不到的东西 ers cannot see. Nonetheless, with various ways to quantify 然而，现在有各种方法可以量化幸福， happiness, people are able to perceive their own moods and 人们就可以感受到自己甚至是他人的 even others*. In doing so, they can seek for useful means to 情绪。这样一来，他们就可以找到有效 avoid negative emotions, gain happiness and become better. 的方法去避免不良情绪，获得幸福以 On the social front, happiness could be a healthy goal for 及成为更好的人。从社会层面来看，幸 society. In the principle of happiness, the society will show 福可以作为社会发展的健康目标。追 more care for individual development and go forward to a 求幸福的社会更注重个人发展，同时 more humane direction with track of peopled emotions. Yet 随着对人们情绪的追踪，社会将朝着 the focus of the society should be put on how to make peo­ 更加人性化的方向发展。但是，关键在 ple happy in practice instead of looking for as many ways 于如何使人们感到幸福而非单纯寻找 of quantifying happiness as possible so that people who live 众多量化幸福的方法，如此一来社会 within can lead a really happy life. 大众才能真正过上幸福的生活。 To conclude, it is quite helpful to quantify happiness for 总的来说，量化幸福对个人与社会 individuals and society. Acquiring happiness, however, is 而言都是有益的，但获得幸福则更为 much of significance. Taking that as a goal plus actual ef­ 重要。将此作为目标并切实为之奋斗， forts to realize it, the society will center more on people, 社会才会更加以人为本，从长远上推 which would push social progress and harmony over the long 动社会进步与和谐：； haul. _ (好词好句 monitor /monita/ v•监测 optimize /Dptimaiz/ v/•优化 indicator Andikeita/ n•指标 be in favor of 支持 intangible /in’taend3ib9l/ a. 无形的 perceive /pa’si:v/ v•察觉 over the丨ong hau丨从长远的观点看 1. A recent trend is that...(首段总结现象） 最近有一项趋势... 2. On a personal scale... On the social front...(分别从个人和社会的角度论证观点） 从个人的层面上看……从社会的层面上看…… 3. Yet the focus of... should be put on... instead of..•(提出建议） 然而，更应把重点放在……而非……。 186 • •第二章专八作文100 圖 蕊 縣 紐 涵 方 节 日 ？ Chinese are no longer strangers to Western Festivals. Many Chinese people now celebrate the Valentinefs Day、Christmas， Halloween and even Thanksgiving Day. Some people think it is absurd for Chinese to observe these Western Festivals, The following are excerpts about this issue. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 800 wordSy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both excerpts, and then 2. give your comment on whether we should discourage Cliinese to celebrate Western Festivals. Excerpt 1 Citizens, schools and even whole towns in China are attempting to curb Christmas celebrations amid a backlash against what is seen as the increasing influence of Western culture. Schools in the city of Wenzhou in China’s Zhejiang province have been forbidden from holding any Christmas-related events, after authorities issued an official ban. An education official in the city, which is home to one million Chinese Christians, told the paper “We are not suppressing western festivals, but we hope schools can be more balanced on this. Students can learn about western festivals but they should not be over-enthusiastic about it.M In addition, Modem College of Northwest University, located in Xi’an, has banned Christmas celebrations, according to reports, choosing instead to have students attend screenings of what were described as propaganda films about Confucius on Christinas Eve. In another protest, college students in Hunan took to the streets to protest against Christinas celebrations. Xinhua news agency noted that celebrating Christmas has become trendy among young Chinese, who see the festival as a time to shop, party and dine with friends, but that proponents of traditional Chinese culture have warned against cultural invasion. Ironically, despite the authorities’ hostility to Christmas in China, the country manufactures 60 percent of the worlds Christmas decorations, according to The Guardian. Excerpt 2 Many Westerners may be surprised at the way Chinese people have made Christinas a festival of their own. Today's youths are under great pressure—either from work or studies—and don^t get enough time to spend with their families or friends. And western festivals like Christinas provide them a good opportunity to make up for that loss. The popularity of western holidays in China shows that an increasing number of Chinese people are pursuing individuality and are ready to spend money to buy more quality leisure time. The increasing popularity of western festivals, however, has drawn the anger of nationalists. A few years ago, 10 scholars from prestigious Chinese universities wrote an open letter asking Chinese people to boycott Christmas celebrations and resist the invasion of foreign soft power. In a recent online survey on what netizens think of Chinese-style Christmas, 39.2 percent of the 187 • •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 TJPWlf L»l respondents said they merely use Christmas as an opportunity to celebrate an occasion. But there is no denying that many of the Chinese people, especially the youth, who celebrate western festivals don’t know why they are celebrated or observed. In contrast, most Chinese know full well the origins and importance of Chinese festivals. This is the power and unconscious influence of traditional culture and that cannot be erased by the influence of western festivals. The seeming "invasionM of foreign culture, to a certain extent, poses a threat to traditional Chinese culture. But Cliinese culture, rooted as it is in thousands of years of history, can ward off the evil in­ fluence of foreign cultures and absorb the merits of exotic cultures to become even richer. _ 材料解读 材料给出的两段选文主要介绍了国人对西方节日的抵制情绪，其中第一段选文暗含对此种抵制情绪的嘲 讽，第二段选文则明确提到无需惧怕外国文化的人侵，因为中国文化能取其精华去其销柏，进一步丰富自身。 具体说来，选文一提到，中国的一钱学校、民众乃至地方政府对圣涎节持抵制态度（curb Christmas cele­ brations), 因 为他们认为圣诞节代表着西方文化影响越 演越烈 （increasing influence of Western culture)。 选 文二指出，西方节日是年轻人一个释放压力、和亲友团聚（spend time with their families or friends)的机会， 但是有些学者认为这是外国软实力的入侵(invasion of foreign soft power)，事实上，很多年轻人并不清楚为什 么要庆祝西方节日，但大多数中国人很清楚中国传统节日的缘由和®要性(origins and importance of Chinese festivals)。虽然外国文化的入侵可能对中国传统文化造成威胁，但中国文化可以取其精华去其糟粕（ward off the evil influence of foreign cultures and absorb the merits of exotic cultures),变得更加丰富多彩。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结两段材料的内容，并在此基础上提出个人观点：不赞成阻止人们过西方节日。 主体：分两点具体阐述自己的观点。首先，庆祝西方节日只是国人找机会做点特别的事。其次，庆祝西方的节 日可以促进消费。 结尾：重申观点，我们不应试阁打消国人庆祝西方节日的想法。 _ 精品范文 O n Celebrating Western Festivals As om* life is increasingly globalized, it is not uncommon 随着我们的生活日益全球化，国 to see Chinese celebrate some of the western festivals. How­ 人庆祝一些西方节日的例子并不少 ever, people do not always see eye to eye on this. As men­ 见 ，然而，对此人们所持看法不尽相 tioned in the excerpts, owing to the concerns for the inva­ 同。根据选文，由于担心西方文化入 sion of foreign culture, there were both protests and boycotts 侵，中国出现了反对和抵制西方节日 against celebration of western festivals, typically Christmas. 的声音，矛头尤指圣诞节。尽管年轻人 Although youths may see western festivals only as a chance 大多仅把西方节日当作和亲友维系感 to maintain relationships with their families and friends or 情或者放松自己的机会，一些学者却 er\joy themselves, some scholars see a potential threat to 从中看到对中国传统文化的潜在成 Chinese traditional culture. However, with its thousands of 胁。然而，通过对外国文化取其精华去 years of history, Chinese culture is able to continue its 其糟粕，拥有几千年历史的中国文化 prosperity by warding off the evil influence of foreign cul­ 将会生生不息。在我看来，尽管有人对 tures and absorbing their merits. As I see it, despite the le- 188 • •第二章专八作文100篇 gitimate skepticism of celebrating foreign holidays, we should 庆祝外国节日提出合乎情理的质疑，但 not discourage Chinese to do so. 我认为我们不应阻止国人过西方节日 To begin with, Chinese, by observing western holidays, 首先，中国人过西方节日，是为了 are looking for more reasons to do something special. For 寻找更多理由做一些特殊的事情。例 instance, people send out “thank-you” messages via social 如，感恩节时人们在社交网络发“感 network on Thanksgiving Day to express their gratitude. 谢”信息以表达感激之情。人们在情人 Those who present a bouquet of red roses to their girlfriends 节为女朋友送上一束红玫瑰，是要借 on Valentine’s Day are seizing another chance to assert their 机来表现自己的爱和承诺。我相信在 love and commitment. I am sure on Qbd Festival, or better 七夕节，亦即中国的情人节，情人对爱 known as the Chinese Valentine’s Day, lovers will be no less 侣的承诺和浪漫也不会少。 committed and romantic to their partners. Furthermore, western festivals are another occasion to 此外，西方节日是促销和刺激消 boost sales and promote consumption. As China is restructur­ 费的时机。中国正在调整经济结构，而 ing its economy, domestic consumption is yet tx> be spurred. 内需尚未发展成熟。在此背景下，西方 In this context, western festivals are a good reason for peo­ 节日是让人们消费的好借口 在节日 ple to spend money since various promotion campaigns dur­ 期间，各式各样的促销活动可以吸引 ing such occasions can attract the customer traffic and drive 客流和带动业务如果我们不鼓励过 business. If western festivals are discouraged, the consump­ 西方节日，消费品行业将失去一些催 tion industry will lose some of the catalysts to stimulate peo­ 化剂，难以刺激人们的消费 ple to consume. 总而言之，我们不应阻止国人庆 To conclude, we should not discourage Chinese to cele­ 祝西方节日。相反，我们应该让人们有 brate western festivals. Instead, we should provide people 更多的机会去感受节曰的气氛，以促 more chances to have a festive mood and to contribute to the 进国内消费。在某种程度上说，过西方 domestic consumption. To some extent, observing western fes­ 节日可能是我们国家迈向包容的一 tivals could be a step forward to a tolerant nation, which em- 步，从而学会包容世界文化的多样性 braces cultural diversities. _ 好词好句 see eye to eye (对某事物）看法一致 boycott /boikDt/ 抵制 ward off防止，避开 legitimate /Ii'd3itimit/ a. 合情合理的 express one’s gratitude表达某人的谢意 bouquet /bau kei/ /i. 花束 boost /bu:st/ v. 提高 restructure /.ri:_st「AktJa/ v• 调 整 组 spur /sp3:/ W.激励，促进 customer traffic 客流 cata丨yst /kaetalist/ n. 催化剂 a festive mood节日气氛 1. As..., it is not uncommon to see...(指出现象） 随着......，.......的例子并不少见 2. 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It’s a concept that 环保、可持续的生活这个概念对中国 Chinese people are rarely acquainted with. Least known is 人来说可能很陌生，而更鲜为人知的 the fact that Gaochun in Jiangsu Province has become the 是，江苏省的高淳区成为了国内第一座 first “slow city” in China. However, on the other hand, the “慢城”。然而，从另一个角度来看，这种 relaxed manner of living may not equal to a better life as it 悠闲的生活方式并不等于更好的生活， tends to keep people away from the real society. Worries 因为它倾向于让人们远离真实社会也 that the booming tourism may destroy the unspoiled local 有人担心，高淳区获选“国际慢城”后 ， cultural and natural heritage of Gaochun also came after the 繁荣的旅游业也许会破坏当地完好的 honor. As for me, the Slow City Movement is a hopeful 自然和文化遗产。依我之见，慢城运动 return to self, nature and tradition. 是一个回归自我回归自然回归传统 To begin with, for residents of a slow city, they are blessed with a calming and healthy way of life. The 的有利之举。 movement encourages people to take an afternoon nap 首先，对于慢城的居民来说，这项 every day and eat only naturally-grown food. Apart from 运动使他们得以平静健康地生活。这项 • 191 •专八作文 华研nui better health, peace of mind is easily sought, thanks to an 运动鼓励人们坚持午睡习惯，只食用自 anti-pollution and anti-noise proposition limiting the number 然生长的食物。除了拥有健康的体魄， of industrial establishments and the use of cars. The Slow “馒城”人也更易寻得心灵的平和，这就 City Movement has turned down the volume in peopled 得益于限制工厂数量和车流量的反污 busy, noisy and complicated modem life. 染、反嗓音行动。慢城运动将现代人从繁 Moreover, slow cities are granted with a green and 忙、喧闹、冗杂的生活中解放出来c beautiful environment. All slow cities are equipped with a 其次，慢城将拥有绿色美丽的生活 noise control system and a sewage treatment mechanism. 环境。所有的慢城需配备嗓声管理系统 Besides, the number of billboards and neon signs is kept to 和污水处理机制。此外，广告牌和霓虹 a minimum. Sustainability comes first in filtering potential 灯的数量也是降到最低。在招商过程 business investors and eliminating those with environmental hazards and high energy consumption. Following a path of 中，可持续发展是重中之重，凡高污染、 ecological conservation and development, the once-barren 高能耗的项目都坚决抵制。走生态保护 hillside of Gaochun City was transformed into a green gem. 与生态发展之路，让昔日高淳区的荒山 With the interest of future generations in mind, people there摇身一变，成为如今的绿色宝地。人们 strive to strike a balance between nature and economic 时刻为子孙后代的利益着想，在自然和 progress. 经济发展之间追求平衡点。 Last and most importantly, the Slow City Movement 最后，也是最重要的一点，慢城运动 helps to preserve a unique local culture. It underlines 保护了独特的本土文化。它注重保持城 keeping the cultural and natural personalities of a city, 市的文化及自然特性，尤其是要保存具 especially saving products or customs signifying a local 有地区象征性意义的产品和风俗以高 taste. In Gaochun, for instance, the handicraft industry is 淳为例，当地濒临失传的手工业得到了 rescued from the danger of extinction, saving not only the 保留，这一行动拯救的不仅是当地手工 livelihood of local craftsmen but also an invaluable cultural 艺人的生计，更是无价的文化遗产。 heritage. 夜生活和都市的喧嚣造就了一个充 Nightlife and urban excitement fashion a city coated 满年轻活力的不夜城，但我们最终需要 with sleepless youth and vitality. But what we eventually 的，却是一个平静安宁的家园，心灵的 need is a final home of peace and tranquility, a shelter for 屁护所，这正是慢城的意义所在。 our souls, which is what slow city is all about. _ 好词好句 initiate /I’nifieit/ v•发起 unspoHed /An'spDild/ a•未受破坏的 be granted with 被授予 sewage /su:id3/ n .污水 neon signs览虹灯 sustainability /sa’steinabilati/ /i.持续性 filter /filta/ v•筛选 signify /*signifai/ v• 表示，象征 vitality /vai’taelati/ w•活力 tranquility /traeq’kwiliti/ /i•宁静 1. As for me…is a hopeful return to...(首段表明观点） 依我之见，……是一个……的有利之举c 2. With the interest of... in mind, ••• strive to strike a balance between... and..•(指出在两事物之间寻求 平衡） 本着为……的利益着想，……在……和……之间追求平衡点。 192 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外诵 触游客的行为 m s K m Chinese visitors are received with mixed feelings by overseas destinations. On the one hand, Chinese visitors are the largest portion of luxury consumers in the world. On the other hand, they are usually noisy, tacky and uncivil. The following article illustrates Chinese visitorsf misbehavior. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment, especially on what measures could be taken to regulate Chinese tourists' behavior. Watch Your Behavior Overseas, Chinese Tourists Told The number of Chinese tourists—the world's biggest tourism spenders—visiting Indonesia last year exceeded Australians, who over the years have been ranked third after Singaporeans and Malaysians. Chinese tourists have been reminded by overseas embassies to behave well and respect local laws, regulations and customs as the National Day holiday approaches. In a security notice on its website, the Chinese embassy in Canada reminds Chinese tourists visiting the country to dress well, avoid loud arguments and to refrain from drawing graffiti “When flights are delayed, these tourists should do their best to understand and cooperate/1 the embassy said. The Chinese embassy in Thailand released a similar notice on its website, saying that anyone traveling overseas with a condescending attitude would Mruin their own imageM. Every Chinese tourist should represent the country's image, the notice said, adding, 4tIt is true patriotism to respect other people and behave civilly.” Chinese tourists have a longer vacation this year, with Sunday’s Mid-Autumn Festival falling close to the National Day holiday. Travel agencies including Ctrip.com, China Youth Travel Service and Lvmama.com all reported outbound bookings during the holiday increasing by at least by 150 per cent year-on-year. But amid the boom, some Chinese tourists have triggered controversy with reports of bad behav­ ior, including four visitors who vented their anger in Bangkok on last montli after an announcement that their return flight to Chongqing would be delayed by about nine hours because of bad weather and technical issues. China Central Television reported that many scenic areas in Thailand have put up signs in Chinese reminding Chinese tourists to be well behaved. In April, the China National Tourism Administration started to keep records of bad behavior. So far, 11 incidents have been reported on its website, including six related to tourists in Thailand. Ctrip, China’s leading travel service provider based in Shanghai, said it had introduced a mobile app and videos to help guide its clients, especially individual travelers. Yan Xin, a publicity officer at the company, said, "Much bad behavior is caused by misunder­ standings, language barriers and lack of overseas travel experience. Some incidents could be avoided if 193 • •a 专八作文 牮研外《 homework was done in advance••’ Dai Bin, director of the China Tourism Academy, said more legal measures should be introduced to regulate tourists' behavior. "Some behavior cannot just be categorized as uncivilized behavior, such as drawing graffiti on ancient relics. Such behavior should be punished according to laws or regula- tions，" Dai said. _ 材料解读 本篇材料可分为三部分，前两段呼应材料的标题，以加拿大和泰国大使馆为例，指出各海外大使馆纷纷呼吁 中国游客在国外注意言行，遵守当地法律法规和习俗(reminded by... to behave well and respect local laws, regulations and customs)。第三至五段是文章的过渡部分，介绍大使馆这样做的背景：随着国外游人数的增长， 部分中国游客出国旅游的不良行为已造成很多负面影响，尤其是在泰国。最后五段为社会各界对于引导、约束游 客行为的措施和意见。主要包括：记录下游客的不良行为（keep records of bad behavior)、利用手机应用和视 频加以引导（introduced a mobile app and videos to help guide its clients)以及呼吁采取更多的法律措施 (more legal measures should be introduced)〇 总结材料时应包括以上三大部分的主要内容，尤其是最后一点社会各界提到的建议和措施。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，指出中闰游客的出国旅游的现状以及社会各界给出的建议，随后提出个人的建议。 主体：从两个方面阐述改变中国游客形象的建议 1 . 向中国游客介绍外阔旅游景点的文化风俗和举止规范由于文化差异，游客在出国前应学习目的地的礼 仪规范。 2 . 制定规章制度，规范中国游客在外国的行为。一旦有人违反，就要受到一定的惩罚。 结尾：总结全文，指出约束游客行为，提升国民形象需要共同努力。并指出对游客进行出闰前的教育是首 要措施。 _ 精品范文 Three Steps Towards Civilized Tourists As the number of Chinese tourists traveling abroad 正如文章所说，随着出国旅游的中 keeps soaring year by year, their uncivilized behavior has 国游客数量逐年增加，他们的一些不文 provoked discontent and anger in the host country, espe­ 明行为在当地引起了不满，尤其是在泰 cially in Thailand, as the article reports. As a result, over­ 国因此，各海外大使馆纷纷提醒中国游 seas embassies remind Chinese tourists of behaving civilly 客出国旅游时要举止文明，遵守当地法 as well as abiding by local laws. The article also quotes 律法规。同时，国内相关部门开始记录中 several measurements and suggestions to tackle the prob­ 国游客的不良行为。文章也提及了一些 lem, like blacklisting tourists behaving badly abroad, offering 解决措施和建议，比如把在外国旅游时 tourists guides through apps and videos, and enforcing laws 行为恶劣的游客加入黑名单，通过手机 and regulation to punish misbehavior. To save our national 应用和视频对游客加以引导，以及通过 image from falling, it is high time that we worked out some 法律法规惩罚行为不当的游客。为了挽 methods to regulate the behavior of Chinese tourists abroad. 194 • •■ 第二章专八作文100 〇 T»pe«r*«ek*M My suggestions are as follows: 救我们下滑的国民形象，是时候制定 Firstly, we should teach Chinese tourists the cultural 出一些方法来制约中国游客在国外的 norms of overseas destinations and the suitable manners to 行为了s 我的建议如下： adopt. Cultural discrepancy contributes to the wide diver­ 首先，我们应该向中国游客教授外 gence of courtesy behavior and standards in every place. For 国旅游地的文化风俗规范和适宜的行 example, most Chinese like to flock together on any bustling 为举止。文化的差异使得各地的礼貌行 and festive occasion to create a jubilant and delightful 为和标准大相径庭。例如，大多数中国 scene, believing the noisier, the merrier. This, nonetheless, 人喜欢在热闹和喜庆的场合聚集在一 could come as an impolite manner to foreigners. Therefore, 起，形成喜悦欢乐的场景。他们认为越 before going abroad, tourists should be educated with the 吵闹就越开心。因此，在出国前，游客应 other countries’ decency and urbanity, so that they can be­ 该接受一定的教育，了解其他国家对于 have well in their overseas destinations. 得体和斯文举止的表现，这样他们就能 Secondly, consistent with Dai Bin's comment in the ar­ 在国外目的地做到言行得当。 ticle, rules and regulations should be set up to stipulate be­ 其次，正如戴斌在文章里的评论那 havior of Chinese tourists in a foreign land. Any tourist who 样，应制定法律法规来规范中国游客在 breaks the rules and arouses complaint from local people 外国的行为。如果有游客违反了这些规 should be given punishment which prevents him from apply­ 定，并引起当地人投诉，该游客就应得 ing for his next trip abroad successfully. In this way, Chi­ 到惩罚，使他下次无法申请出国旅游。 nese tourists will be aware of the fact that they might suf­ 这样，令国的旅客就会意识到自己行为 fer the consequence of their wrong-doings. 不端可能要承担相应的后果， In conclusion, it takes the endeavor of both tourism 总而言之，需要旅游管理部门和游 management and tourists themselves to save our national 客自身的共同努力来挽救我们下滑的 image from falling. Among the measures, educating tourists 国民形象。其中，游客的出国前教育是 before they go abroad should be regarded as the most im­ 重点措施，并应不遗余力地推行。 portant one and be implemented with no efforts spared. _ 好词好句 national image 国民形象 discrepancy /di’skrepansi/ /!•差异 divergence /dai'v3 ： d3ans/ n .分歧 courtesy /ksitisi/ /丨.礼貌 flock together 聚集在一起 jubilant /"d3U:bil9nt/ a. 喜洋洋的 stipulate /stipiuleit/ v. 保 证 1. To..., it is high time that we worked out some methods to...(首段或结尾提出建议） 为了……，我们是时候制定一些方法来…… 2. In conclusion, it takes the endeavor of both... and... to...(结尾进行号召） 总之，需要……和……的共同努力来…… . 195 •专八作文 S 麟 业 讎 还 是 綱 化 传 承 ? As flourishing tourism brings economy interests to many places while also destroying their local cultures, some people are calling on restriction for it. However^ some hold that tourism, to some extent, can also help to save local cultures. From the following excerpts, you can find different opinions towards tourismys influence on local cultures. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides, and then 2. give your comment. Excerpt 1 In a town along a river cutting between green mountains, men and women spin and stamp feet to the beat of drums. One dancer waving a knife is wrapped head-to-foot in leafy branches, his flashing eyes barely visible through the mask. This traditional dance reflects the Jamaican Maroons, specialty: the ambush. It was once a secret ritual of the fierce bands of escaped slaves who won freedom by launching attacks and repelling invasions of their forest havens. But on this day, descendants of those 18th century escapees are performing for tourists in a fenced dancing yard in Charles Town, a Maroon settlement in eastern Jamaica that seemed destined to lose its traditions until revivalists gradually brought it back. Maroons in the Caribbean are increasingly showcasing their unique culture for visitors in hopes that heritage tourism will guarantee jobs for the young generation and preserve what remains of their centuries-old practices in mostly remote settlements. "For a long time, ifs been very difficult to keep the young people because they tend to leave for the cities to seek work. But now we can train tour guides and our people can sell their crafts, their banana and coconuts,” said Fearon Williams, the leader one of Jamaica’s semi-autonomous Maroon region. An annual Jan. 6 celebration draws thousands of visitors to the isolated town, which sits among rocky cliffs and stone towers in northwestern Jamaica "Tourism is making us stronger." Excerpt 2 Bali, which is known as M the island of gods,,f is threatened to the point that it could soon be unrecognizable. 44In the beginning, Bali was mostly cultural tourism. Today, we are witnessing mass tourism. And that's the very problem! ” says Wayan Suardana, a manager at the Walhi NGO, which fights to preserve the environment. “We used culture like merchandise,” says Ketut Yuliarsa^ a poet from Ubud. “The Balinese are people who are still deeply attached to their religion and culture, they spend a lot of time in temples, they respect the rites. But mass tourism is disrupting their practices: the diversity of local cultures and the specificity of rituals is being unified, homogenized. We offer a standardized ‘package’ to foreigners. One example: tourist guides use Polynesian practices, like giving out garland of flowers to new arrivals—as though it was a Balinese custom! ** The difficulty in curbing these excesses is all the more difficult since tourism does have positive 196 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外遇 aspects. u People have gotten richer, standards of living have increased. Many Balinese aren't aware of the current changes: most of them say they are satisfied with the evolution of things,” says Ketut Yuliarsa. Audrey Lamou, former director of the FYench cultural center, has been observing this phenomenon for several years. “Balinese people are increasingly obsessed with easy money. Institutions like the gamelans—traditional orchestras—are disappearing and the Balinese language is slowly yielding to Indonesian. With this spectacular evolution, one wonders if the Balinese are culturally driving straight into the wall/' she says. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“旅游业是促进还是阻碍文化传承”给出了两个选段，分別是正反观点。 选段一褒扬旅游业对文化传承的积极意义旅游业给牙买加的年轻一代带来了工作机会(guarantee jobs), 而且通过演出等方式向游客展示他们的独特文化(showcasing their unique culture),传统文化因而得以保存 (preserve what remains of their centuries-old practices)。 选段二则贬斥旅游业对文化传承与发展造成的负面影响。过度兴旺的旅游业使巴厘岛文化商品化（like merchandise),甚至把各种文化统一成一套供给外国游客的标准模式(a standardized ‘package’），导致当地多 样的文化、独特的仪式趋于同质化(the diversity of... being unified, homogenized)。但是由于旅游业带来了好 处，抑制这种过度的旅游业困难重重，3 地人越来越着迷于唾手可得的金钱（increasingly obsessed with easy money)，而忽视了文化被逐渐破坏的现状. _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，从正反两方面概括旅游业对文化传承的影响，并表明自己的态度—— 旅游业对于文化传承 利大于弊。 主体：分两方面进一步阐述旅游业如何促进文化传承。 1. 旅游业作为当地就业与收入的稳定来源，在经济上刺激文化传承。 2 . 旅游业是宣传与弘扬地方文化的有效途径。 结尾：总结全文，指出传统文化的变异总比传统文化的消逝好, 精品范文 Tourism: A Conservation Tool Rather Than a Conservation Threat How tourism impacts cultural heritage remains a con­ 关于旅游业对文化传承的影响一 troversial topic. Some people believe that tourism con­ 直存在争议有人认为旅游业有助于传 tributes to the revitalization of traditional customs, handi­ 统习俗、技艺和节日的发杨光大；倘若 crafts and festivals tliat might otherwise have been on the 没有旅游业，这些传统文化很有可能衰 decline. However, opponents argue that tourism erodes the 亡。然而，反对者认为旅游业为了迎合 authenticity of traditional cultures by commercializing them 游客的期待而将传统文化商品化，破坏 to meet tourist expectations. As a cultural travel enthusiast, 了传统文化的真实性3 作为一个文化旅 I am more inclined to support the former. Tourism, if care­ fully managed, may serve more as a conservation tool than 游爱好者，我更倾向于前者的观点。只 as a conservation threat. 要管理得当，旅游业是传统文化保护的 The potential of tourism to enhance conservation efforts 而不是成胁。 工 具 is reflected in two major aspects. Firstly, it provides a 旅游业能加大文化保护的力度，这 197 • •a 专八作文 华研外ifi ▼〇B MI MNauMN strong economic incentive for cultural conservation by being 主要体现在两方面c 其一，旅游业作为 a stable source of employment and income for local people. 当地就业与收入的稳定来源，能在经济 The jobs created by tourism act as a very important moti­ 上有力刺激文化传承。旅游业能创造大 vation to reduce emigration from rural areas. Local people 量的就业机会，从而减少农村人口外 can improve their earnings prospects through tourism-related 流。当地人民能通过与旅游业相关的工 professions and businesses. For example, they can make full 作和生意提高收入。例如，在开发旅游 use of their cultural heritage including traditional arts and 业的过程中充分利用传统艺术与技艺。 crafts in tourism development. When local communities real­ 当人们意识到文化旅游带来的经济利 ize the economic benefits that cultural tourism brings, they 益时，他们就会积极捍卫传统文化。其 will fight for conservation. Secondly, tourism is a vigorous and effective means for communicating and promoting local 二，旅游业是宣传与弘扬地方文化的有 culture. This not only helps to raise local awareness of the 效途径这不仅有助于当地居民认识到 value of historical and cultural heritage, but also stimulate 历史文化遗产的价值，还会增强当地人 civic pride that drives people to preserve and protect their 的自豪感，促使他们自觉地去保护和传 culture and traditions. Indeed, social involvement is an im­ 承民族文化。民众参与是文化传承的重 portant condition for cultural conservation, and this is ex­ 要条件，这恰恰是旅游业所能促成的„ actly what tourism can contribute to. A good example is 举例来说，在某些欠发达的国家，很多 that in some less developed countries, many young people 年轻人对传统习俗逐渐失去热情，而 have a waning interest in traditional practices, and it is 支撑他们守护文化遗产的动力正是旅 tourism that sustains them to safeguard their cultural her­ 游业。 itage. 总的来说，当居民意识到他们特有 In conclusion, tourism has positive impacts on society 的文化传统能招徕游客时，就会努力地 and culture when the inhabitants realize that its unique tra­ 保护传统。这正是旅游业对于社会与文 dition attracts tourists and therefore the effort is made to 化的积极意义。发展文化旅游项目能鼓 preserve that tradition. Developing culturally geared tourism 励目的地民众认同与弘扬其独特文化。 programs encourages destinations to embrace and promote 尽管有人认为这种文化保护破坏了文 what distinguishes their communities. Although some people 化的真实性，但变异的文化体验总好过 criticize the “inauthentic" preservation of culture, these “in­ authentic” cultural experiences are better than none at all. 什么都没有吧。 好词好句 revitalization /ri:VaitalaizeiJan/ n erode /i_raud/ v • 复 兴 • 侵 蚀 authenticity /,o:8en’tisiti/ /i . 真 实 性 enthusiast/ /in’8ju:ziaest/ w . 爱 好 者 incentive /in’sentiv/ /i • 刺 激 vigorous /Vigaras/ a • 强 有 力 的 have a waning interest in 对 ...... 逐 渐 失 去 热 情 embrace /im'breis/ v • 欣 然 接 受 1. As a... , I am more inclined to support.. 段提出观点） • ( 首 作为一个……，我更支持…… 2. This not only helps to raise local awareness of... , but also stimulate civic pride that...(正文论述某 事物的作用） 这不但有助于提升……意识，也能增强当地人的自豪感…… 198 • •第二章专八作文100 华研外遇 獅 文 化 遗 产 In the rapid process of urbanization in China} many cultural relics have been torn down to make room for high-rise buildings. Some people think that this leads to social progress and increasing living standard. Some argue that the cultural essence of China is rooted outf with the depletion of the historical sites. The following news report introduces a dispute over this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the news report; 2. give your comment on whether cultural relics should give way to urban development. Historic Buildings Threatened The Republic of China era (1911-1949) buildings have become the focus of dispute in Narying, capital of East China's Jiangsu Province. "Architecture from the period has a high profile, the buildings possess high academic and historic value, and their demolition is truly unwise/* said Zhang Hong, an architecture professor from Southeast University (SEU). During the 1911-1949 period, Narying was China's capital city, and site of some of the era's most ambitious architectural projects. According to a group of architecture experts from SEU, who have banded together to protect the city^ heritage, many buildings from the period have already been tom down to make way for urban construction. Starting in 1988, the group has listed more than 200 buildings of significant historic, architectural and cultural value. More than 40 have already been lost. According to Zhang, buildings from the time represent the transitional period of contemporary Chinese architecture, shifting gradually from a pure Western style to a combination of both Western and traditional Chinese styles. Zhang Yan, another architecture expert, says that because of Narxjing's central location, there is a mix of both northern and southern architectural styles. The public^ view on the preservation of the buildings is not so clear. Wang Huisheng, a 74-year-old local resident, is a strong advocate of protecting the architecture he grew up with. "These buildings are an irreplaceable record of that period of history," said Wang. His grandson, Wang Qiang, disagrees. "Those old buildings, usually in commercial districts, should give way to urban development which is crucial to the improvement of our daily lives,M said Wang junior. “I don’t think they have much historical importance compared with other relics from ancient dynasties.” The local municipal government has shown some commitment to protecting the buildings. More than 500 million yuan has been invested in preserving the buildings since 2000 with 134 designated provincial-level protected cultural relics, including Sun Yat-sen^ Mausoleum and the Presidential Palace. But this is just a drop in the ocean for a city with more than 1,000 buildings from the relevant period. "The majority of buildings cannot be included on the protection list and have not received enough protection. Often, buildings are removed by real estate companies without notifying the government，” said a member of staff, sumamed Wu, from the city’s Urban Planning Bureau. 199 • •八作文 牮研外诵 But, according to Wu, the bureau is working on a detailed record of all the remaining 1,000-plus buildings from the 1911-1949 period, including those of former foreign embassies and the residences of then celebrities. The bureau is calling for joint protection efforts from individuals, non-government organizations and relevant departments of the local government. _ 材料解读 材料以民国时期建筑成为争论焦点开篇，引出南京保护民国时期建筑的一些情况。 第二至四段主要谈及民国建筑的价值及其遭到毁坏。民国建筑的价值主要体现在此类诖筑具有极商的学术 和历史价值(possess high academic and historic value),代表了当代中国的建筑风格从纯西式到中西结合式 的过渡期(transitional period)。同时，由于南京处于中心地带，这些建筑也融合了中国南北方的建筑风格。 第五至七段主要介绍百姓们对保护这些建筑的看法并不一致(is not so clear)。 第六段转而谈到当地政府为保护民国建筑所做的努力及其不足：为此投人5亿元，却只是杯水车薪(just a drop in the ocean)。 第七段则谈到南京城市规划局号召个人、非政府组织和政府的其他相关部门携起手来，共同保护民国诖筑 (joint protection efforts) 概括而言，材料主要向读者传达了南京民国建筑处境不妙、当前保护力度不够，有待加大保护力度这一 信息。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料大意，并提出个人观点—— 不应当牺牲历史古迹来实现城市发展 主体：分两大方面阐述原因。 1. 将经济利益置于文化保护之上的行为是对历史文化的不尊1 。文化古迹不是玩具积木可以随便推倒和重 建》历史文化遗产有些时候是无法复制的。 2 . 拆除文化古迹为现代化让路，是一种以牺牲文化多元化为代价的短视行为。举广州的骑楼、北京的四合院 为例，与千篇一律的写字楼和商品房相对照。 结尾：重申观点，呼应开头。 精品范文 Civilization on Bulldozers The article mainly shows us a discouraging fact that the 文章主要向读者传达了这样一 Republic of China era buildings of high academic and historic 个令人气馁的事实：具有很高学术和 value are in danger. On the one hand, many such buildings 历史价值的民国建筑正遭遇危机。一 have been tom down to make way for urban construction. 方面，许多此类建筑已被推倒，为城 On the other hand, government’s protection of such buildings 市建设让路另一方面，政府对此类 is far from enough in that only a small number of historic 建筑的保护力度远远不够—— 只有 buildings are included on the protection list while the 少量的历史建筑被列入保护名单，而 msyority of these buildings are left out and have not received 大部分建筑则未得到有效保护。此 enough protection. Besides, not all local residents are in 外，并不是所有当地居民都赞同保护 favor of protection of historic buildings. Ifs my belief that 历史建筑。我认为我们不应当为了城 200 • •第二章专八作文100 historic relics should never be sacrificed to make way for 市化发展而牺牲历史古迹。 urban development. 首先，文化古迹的无形价值是独 Firstly, intangible values of cultural relics are unique and 特的，因此难以复制妨碍现代化进 thus difficult to replicate. In reality, historic buildings in the 程的文化古迹往往被贴上残破失修 way of modernization are often labeled as ruined and 或危楼的标签，坚决予以拆除，拆除 dangerous and condemned to reckless demolition. Once the 一旦引起公众注意，有关部门就会公 demolition draws public attention, the relevant departments 布重建计划以平众怒。但是，文化古 would try to appease the public anger by announcing a 迹不是小孩子玩的积木，可以随便推 project of restoration. But cultural relics are not toy building 翻，随时重建。它更不是砖头瓦块的 blocks that can be pulled down and rebuilt, nor are they 简单组合，而是负栽着历史意义的遗 simply an aggregation of bricks and tiles, but monuments that 址一段重新堆砌出来的历史，再逼 carry historical significance. A restored history, however 真，再壮丽，也不过是赝品。 convincing and splendid, is at best a replica. 其次，通过拆除文化古迹为现代 Secondly, tearing down historic buildings to give way for 化让路，这是以牺牲文化多元性为代 modernization is a short-sighted act at the expense of cultural 价的短视行为。历史地理风貌的千姿 diversity. Because of the historical and geographical differ­ 百态造就了不同城市独特的建筑风 ences, cities are blessed with their own architectural styles 格和结构。例如，分布在广州老城区 and structures. For example, Qilou buildings flourished in the 的骑楼建筑，便是由当地高温多雨的 old city areas of Guangzhou due to hot and humid climate, 气候所衍生的，而北京则以依照风水 while Beying was famous for its courtyards designed to go 而建的四合院著称。将本土历史建筑 with the fengshui principles. Replacing local historic architec­ 物以清一色的商业大厦和住宅楼房 ture with uniform commercial and residential blocks will 取而代之，将最终使风格各异的众多 eventually transform hundreds of culturally diverse cities into 文化城市变成千篇一律的社区。 the banally identical communities. 总而言之，文化古迹应该得到保 In conclusion, cultural relics should be preserved. They 护。未来的一代可以从鲜活的文化古 are the living history, from which our future generations are 迹了解到他们的缘起和身份， able to make sense of who they are and who we were. _ 好词好句 make way for 为......让路 historic relic 历史古迹 intangible /in’taend3ab3l/ a .触摸不到的 replicate /replikeit/ v.仿造 reckless /Veklis/ a .魯莽的 demolition /,dema_lij"3n/ n.拆除 appease /9’pi:z/ v•平息 aggregation /.aegri'geijan/ n.组合 replica /Veplika/ n. 复制品 at the expense of 以......为代价 be blessed with幸运地享有 1. It’s my belief that... should never be sacrificed to make way for...(指出实现某事不应栖牲其他事物） 我认为我们不应当牺牲…… 来实现…… 2. ... is a short-sighted act at the expense of...(指出某行为缺乏远见） ......是以牺牲…… 为代价的短视行为。 . 201 .a 专八作文 牮〇研外i 4 S TM«wrSNac^> 評 赠 雖 秀 节 目 ？ m w m During the past decade, talent shows have been quite popular among Chinese audience. Despite the phenomenal response from the grass root Chinese, shows of this kind are often criticized as vulgar and profane ones. The following are three excerpts of opinions towards talent shows. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 800 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. express your opinion towards talent shows, especially whether talent shows should be restricted on TV channels. Excerpt 1 I don^t think the mass popularity of talent shows is a bad thing, but the precondition is that there must be enough originality, creativity and differences between such programs. Since the overwhelming success of Hunan TV Station's talent show Super Girl in 2005, talent shows have hit m^jor TV stations across China The artistic presentation of these contests, with their unpredictability, has attracted a large number of viewers. However, at the same time, the similarity of such shows makes TV quite inanimate. Program producers must realize that not everyone is interested in such programs, with some needing a richer choice. Although no such programs have been labeled as “piracy,” it’s obvious that most draw from similar programs broadcast abroad, with little originality and creativity. In order to win more viewers, some TV channels have directly purchased the copyright of popular overseas reality talent shows. Copying successful products is not a problem existing in the entertainment market alone. It might have something to do with a current lack of creativity in current Chinese society. Vitality of the cultural industiy comes from originality and creativity. To always follow and copy others will turn the Chinese entertainment market into another 44workshop" of simple and low value-added products. Excerpt 2 In recent years, talent shows, like singing contest programs, have produced some excellent programs and uncovered many talented stars, like singers and actors. It provides opportunities for such once unknown singers, which is a good practice for Chinese TV. However, we must realize that due to the excessive production of such programs that are quite similar to each other, there is a huge waste of resources and a waste of audience time. Excerpt 3 To deal with talent shows on TV, the best way out is not the application of administrative interference, but market rules. Many TV programs, including reality talent shows, flashy TV serials and dating shows, always manage to thrive despite relevant regulation and control. Some authorities hope to guide TV programs in a proper direction and hope that screens will not be packed with similar entertainment programs. 202 • •第二章专八作文100 班研外11 Nevertheless, such kinds of interference seem unnecessary. As long as they stay within the law and social moral standards, enough tolerance should be given to these programs. Excessive adminis­ trative interference might lead to a monotony of programs and affect audience ratings. Apart from singing shows, we need to have more other reality talent shows, so that more people will have the opportunity to present themselves and chase their dreams. _ 材料解读 材料给出了针对选秀节目的三种不同看法。 选段一认为，选秀节目的流行并非坏事.然而前提(precondition)是这些节目要有足够的原创性(originality) 和创造力（creativity),缺乏原创性是中国社会普遍存在的问题，电视节目多为抄袭外国节目或买进版权 (copyright)，不利于娱乐产业的发展。 选段二指出，选秀节目确实发掘了一些有才华的无名歌手，但这类节目同时也浪费了资源和观众的时间 (waste of resources and... audience time)。 选段三认为，对于泛滥的选秀节目，政府部门的管理不是最好的方式，要靠市场法则（market rules 管理部 〉。 门过度的干预(interference)会导致节目千篇一律除了歌唱比赛，还应有其他形式的选秀节目以便于更多的人 展示才华。 总体来看，前两个材料实际上都对选秀节目持反对态度。材料三则反对政府出面限制选秀节目，不管选秀节 目质id如何，自有市场决定其去留。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中对选秀节目的三种不同看法，并清楚表达个人观点一 -应该限制“选秀”节目。 主体：分三方面阐述原因。 1 . 中国的选秀节目通常是以绯闻、丑闻为噱头，而不是真正展示才华，这样对观众的影响不好。 2 . 选秀节目的泛滥引起不健康的偶像崇拜。举身边的例子说明一些“粉丝”的肓目行为及其害处。 3 . 选秀节目的泛滥让年轻人容易做“明星白日梦”，缺乏实干精神。 结尾：重申观点，要限制选秀节目的数tt和其噱头的运用，使中国的选秀节目做得有质量且能真正带来良好 影响。 _ 精品范文 Should Talent Shows Be Restricted on TV Channels? Following the success of Super Girl a decade ago, 自从十年前“超级女声”这一选秀节 Chinese TV producers have competed with one another to 目获得成功，各种类似的节目层出不穷。 stage more than a dozen similar programs so far. Accord­ 由第一段摘录可知，这些节目缺乏原创 ing to the first excerpt, these shows are similar to each 性和创造力，大多十分类似，导致公众对 other with little originality and creativity, and public ex­ 这些节目反应平淡。因此，有人在第二段 citement has abated as a result. Therefore, some people, 摘录表示，这些节目虽然为尚未嶄露头 represented by the second excerpt, argue that although 角的人提供了机会，但它们既浪费资源 these shows can provide opportunities for potential tal­ 又浪费观众时间。对于管理部门的限制， ents, they are resource-wasting and time-wasting. As to 第三段摘录认为政府的干预是不必要 administrative restriction, Excerpt 3 contends that govem- • 203 •专八作文 mental interference is iinnecessaiy since the market itself 的，因为市场本身会决定这些真人秀的走 would determine the fate of reality shows. Different from 向。和这一观点不同，我认为电视台应当 this opinion, however, I believe we should restrict talent 限制选秀节目。 shows on TV channels. 首先，中国的选秀节目多数是以绯 To begin with, talent shows in China usually feed on 闻、丑闻为噱头，而不是真正展示才华，这 gossip and scandals instead of real talents, which exerts a 对观众会产生负面影响。事实上，选秀节 negative influence on viewers. As a matter of fact, talent 目已经沦为一场高度商业化的马戏表演， shows are now turned into highly-commercialized circus 重在娱乐而非启发。 shows, to entertain ratlier than to enlighten audience. 此外，选秀节目的流行触发了不健康 Moreover, the popularity of talent shows has sparked 的偶像崇拜。许多所谓的粉丝其实是经 off unhealthy idol worship. Many so-called fans are in fact 过收买的、事先安排好的“粉丝”。甚至支 “fans”, bought and prearranged. Different support groups 持对象不同的歌迷群体会互相攻击，诋毁 even attacked each other by discrediting the “idol” the 彼此的崇拜“偶像'电视上光鲜亮丽的背 other group worsliiped. This distorted dynamism behind 后，竟是这种扭曲的机制，我想这理由已 the glamour and glory on TV is an enough reason to cut 足够充分，让电视台削减选秀节目，尤其 down on the number of talent shows, especially those 是泛滥的歌唱比赛类节目。 rampant singing contests. 最后，选秀节目的泛滥造成一种功名 Finally, the prevalence of talent shows creates a delu­ 唾手可得的错觉。那些几乎难以脚踏实 sion of readily-available fame. Young people, who hardly 地的青年人现在更成天幻想着一夜成 keep their feet on the ground, now dream of a sudden 名。而一夜之间轰动全国的名人，比如超 leap to stardom. Their flames of fantasy are further fueled 女李宇春，更使这种白日梦愈演愈烈。具 by overnight sensations such as Li Yuchun in Super Giii. 有讽刺意味的是，参加选秀节目的人不一 In a talent show, ironically, not everyone is gifted. It is 定个个都才华橫溢。持有实干精神是十 essential to stay realistic. What our society needs is cool­ 分必要的。我们的社会需要的是具有真 headed talents with substantial competence. 才实干、沉着冷静的人才。 In short, talent shows in China are mostly of ques­ 总而言之、中国的选秀节目大多质量 tionable quality and misleading concepts. Therefore, we 不高，且误导观众。因此，我们要限制选秀 should restrict the quantity and the gimmicks which have 节目的数量和其泛滥的噱头。 plagued the shows. _ 好词好句 scandal /*skaendl/ n•丑闻 spark off直接导致某車 dynamism /dainamizam/ n. 机制 delusion /di lu:3an/ /!•错觉 a sudden leap to stardom —步登天 gimmick /*gimik/ /!•花招 1. To begin with,…usually feed on…， which exerts a negative influence on...(正文引出第一个论点，反 对某事物） 首先，……多数是以……为噱头，这对……会产生负面影响。 2. ••• is an enough reason to cut down on the number of 某事物的理由 ..•(说 明 取 消 ） ...是足够充分的理由去削减.... 3. In short,…are mostly of questionable quality and misleading concepts.( 结 尾 总 结 观 点 ，指 出 问 題 ） 总之，……大多质量不高，且具误导性。 • 204 •中国传统戏剧的没落 Among the 518 items of national nonmaterial cultural heritages currently published by the Ministry of Culture, 92 are Chinese traditional opera. In recent years， however， traditional opera is facing an unprecedented crisis as many of these time-honored arts are disappearing. The following article gives details of this phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the current crisis Chinese traditional opera is facing, and then 2. express your opinion towards it, especially whether we should try to save the disappearing opera Struggling Chinese Opera Almost all disciplines of traditional Chinese opera have battled difficulties of the shrinking market The repertoire stops developing and fans gradually disappear. Statistics shows that the number of unique traditional Chinese opera styles had decreased from 368 to 267 by last year, with one or two disappearing each year. And half of them lack any video or audio documentation. Although Bering is home to more than 150 movie theaters, the capital hosts only a handful of stages for opera performance, such as the National Center for the Performing Arts, Chang?an Grand Theater and Meilanfang Grand Theater. The massive disproportion evidences the marginal situation of traditional Chinese opera in the nation's modem cultural market. Although it is the cradle of Peking Opera, Beying even lacks substantial venues to appreciate its indigenous performing art. And even when the curtain does go up, the spectators are always foreigners. Lack of demand from the Chinese public has resulted in a waning market. In a city as large as Shanghai, only a few hundred Kunqu Opera fans remain, and only about a hundred can be found in Narying. Presently, not a single theater dedicated to Kunqu Opera remains anywhere in China. A production costing hundreds of thousands or even millions of yuan would close after only one or two performances because of meager attendance. Local opera troupes disbanded one after another. For instance, in Zhejiang Province alone, the number of Yueju troupes is down to 20 from over 100. Squeezed by modem and foreign culture and entertainment such as movies, TV programs and pop music, traditional Chinese opera has been severely marginalized. Elderly opera fans pass away while young ones are non-existent. The well-maintained traditional aesthetics of Chinese opera also deter many young people. Featuring local characteristics and performed with dialects, traditional Chinese opera is characterized by sublime singing skills and performance, which can be difficult for laymen to appreciate. And their stories of ancient times are considered out-dated by the young. 14You need to practice three years for every three minutes on the stage," goes a saying illustrating the necessary devotion to become a proficient Chinese opera performer. The daunting work isn’t attractive to youngsters considering the profession. Today, fewer children can bear the hardships. Presently, students recruited to learn opera often come from poor families. Parents send them here to find a way out. The modem **mass productionM teaching mode does not work for teaching opera, which requires more one-on-one and face-toface instruction. It leads the long circle of the training. So, an opera 205 • •专八作文 华研外« performer can seldom er\joy over-night fame like a pop star or a film actor might. Restless yearning for quick success contributes to the m^jor decline in those willing to learn opera performance. Because of the market slump and low salaries, traditional Chinese opera practitioners are finding other work one-by-one, as are many directors and playwrights. For example, the number of Kunqu Opera practitioners is still decreasing 10 years after its acceptance to the World Intangible Cultural Heritage list. The brain drain inhibits development of new repeitoires. In an era of fickle audiences, it^s hard to draw more spectators with familiar old repertoires. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“中国传统戏剧的没落”展开，说明了传统戏剧的现状及其原因。 第一段说明了传统戏剧的现状：市场份额不断缩减(shrinking market),戏剧类型（opera styles)减少，保存 工作不到位，将近一半的作品没有视频或音频保存文件。 第二段则开始分析传统戏剧没落的原因：其一，即使是在北京也仅有几家可供戏剧表演的舞台（only a handful of stages),缺乏大tt的表演平台（substantial venues)。其二，公众对戏剧的需求量少（Lack of demand),稀少的观众(meager attendance)并不能支持高昂的制作费其三，受到现代文化和外国文化的冲击， 传统戏剧严重边缘化(severely marginalized)。其四，传统戏剧后继无人，有以下三个原W 首先,排练的艰辛使 人们望而却步(daunting work)，其次浮躁的年轻人渴望快速成功(quick success),最后是因为市场缩水和工资 待遇低（market slump and low salaries),从业人员严重流失（brain drain) _ 谋篇布局 开篇：从两个方面总结材料内容，传统戏剧的现状和产生这一现状的原因。然后提出个人见解—— 应努力挽 救中国戏剧。 主体：指出中国戏剧作为传统文化的重要成分，具有不可替代的意义；从政府和个人的角度提出解决办法： 政府应加强对中国戏剧的扶持与宣传，个人应学习了解传统戏剧，保护传统文化。 结尾：总结全文，重申应从政府与个人角度保护中国传统戏剧。 _ 精品范文 Chinese Opera Calls for Reservation and Protection According to the article, the traditional Chinese opera is 由文章可知，中国传统戏剧在现代 undergoing a hard time in the tide of modernization. Faced 化浪潮中步履维艰。面对市场需求锐 with shrinking demand for this traditional culture, it suffers 减，中国传统戏剧曲目更新停滞，市场 from stagnant change of repertoire and waning market share. 份额下降。同时，现代外来文化的渗透 Worse still, the penetration of modem and foreign culture 使其劣势地位更加难堪。由于市场缩水 has pushed traditional Chinese opera into an awkwardly dis­ 与工资待遇低，传统戏剧人也被迫寻找 advantaged position. Due to the descending market and low 新的谋生方法,：加上传统戏剧学习耗时 salary, the practitioners are forced to find another way out, 耗力，一定程度上阻碍了年轻人对此类 trying to make a living. In addition, that learning traditional Chinese operas takes much time and efforts also, to some 文化的理解与弘扬，导致戏剧保护异常 degree, hinders the young from understanding and carrying 困难。 forward, rendering its reservation abnormally difficult. 中国传统戏剧之于我们的民族有 Traditional Chinese opera is to our nation what water is 如水之于鱼:作为传统文化的精髄，它 206 • •第二章专八作文100. to fish. As the quintessence of traditional culture, it is 被视为民族的文化象征与珍贵的精神 deemed as a cultural symbol and invaluable spiritual asset of 财富。一方面，它承栽了前人的智慧与 the nation. On the one hand, it carries the wisdom and spirit 精神，记录着过去的生活轨迹a 另一方 of the predecessors, recording the traces of the past life. On 面，它有助于陶冶性情，净化心灵。如果 the other hand, it helps cultivate our character and purify 有一天它真的消失了，会给整个民族的 our mind. Should it disappear one day, there will be a hole 心灵留下不可弥补的空洞.因为没有了 in the heart of the nation that cannot be filled, because 这个史化的承栽物，年轻一代就元法真 without this carrier of culture, the young generation will not 正完全理解我们的文化，更不用说文化 be able to understand our culture comprehensively, let alone 传 承 因 此 ，我们应不遗余力挽救这些 carry it forward. Therefore, we shall spare no efforts to save 正在消失中的中国戏剧。作为学生，我 these disappearing Chinese opera. As a student, I believe it 认为了解中国传统戏剧以及学会欣赏 also important for us to learn about the traditional Chinese 戏剧的美十分重要。 opera and appreciate its beauty. 毋庸置疑，中国传统戏剧无论遭受 Undoubtedly, the importance of traditional Chinese 何种打击，其重要地位都是不可撼动 opera, whatever strikes it may suffer, remains intact. Despite 的。除了我们的个人努力之外，从经济 our individual efforts, it is more of the government’s 上与政策上保护中国戏剧更是政府的 responsibility and priority to support the Chinese opera 责任与工作重点。只有当我们为中国传 development financially and politically. Only when it acquires 统戏剧提供足够的支持与理解，它才能 enough support and understanding, can the traditional 以新的血液和精神重新煥发生命力 Chinese opera be revived with new blood and new spirit. _ 好词好句 stagnant /staegnant/ a. 不景气的 repertoire /Vepatwa:/ /!•曲 目 wane /wein/ v丨•.衰落 penetration /pem'treijan/ n. 渗 透 practitioner /praek'tijana/ n. 从业者 make a living 谋 生 carry forward 发扬 quintessence /kwin’tesans/ /».精华 intact /in'taekt/ a. 未受损伤的 1. According to the article, ... are undergoing a hard time in the tide of modernization. (由材料引出话题） 由文章可知，...在现代化浪潮中步履维艰。 2. ... is to... what water is to fish.(指出两者的重要关系） ...之于....有如水之于鱼。 3. Undoubtedly, the importance of...， whatever strikes it may suffer, remains intact.(结尾重申重要性） 毋庸置疑，……无论遭受何种打击，其重要性都是不可撼动的n • 207 .专八作文 华研外《 目 關 读 量 下 降 Despite rising education levels and the convenience of buying books online, Chinese of every age are reading less and less these days， according to an analysis released by Chinese Academy of Press and Publication. The following article gives detail information of this phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly; 2. give your comment. I W h y Aren't Chinese People Reading Books Anymore? While the supply of books has exploded in China in recent decades, peopled interest in them has not kept up. According to a survey result published by the Chinese Academy of Press and Publication in February, Chinese people read 4.39 books per capita in the past year, a figure that trails far behind mgyor developed countries. And, on average, Chinese people allocated just over 15 minutes a day to reading, compared to almost 100 to watching television and over 45 for using the Internet. Why are the Chinese turning away from reading books? The question has prompted soul-searching among the country's intellectuals. Zhang Lyia, a freelance writer based in Beying, reminisced fondly about people’s passion for reading: “I often had get-togethers with friends where we talked about politics and discussed the books we were reading," she recalled. "There was such a strong spirit of inquiry.M That spirit disappeared, Zhang says, by China's single-minded pursuit for economic prosperity, which has left its people with little regard for anything else. "People are too restless, too utilitarian,M she reflected. 44You need some peace in mind in order to be able to sit down with a book.** Zhang's opinion is echoed by a number of longtime professionals in the book industry, who, since the early days of the industry's market-driven reform, have kept close watch of the public's changing preference in books. Some of them point out that in addition to turning away from books, Chinese people have also abandoned more serious and intellectually enriching stories in favor of easy reads. **In the last decade, best-sellers in China have less intellectual content and have become increasingly practical,” said He Xiongfei, a well-known publisher of popular books since the early 1990s. Best sellers in China today, He says, consist mainly of "child-rearing manuals, cookbooks, health and fitness guides, test-preparation books, thrillers, and romance novels." Chinese people now have flocked to the Web for more light-hearted fare. According to a 2012 report from the China Internet Network Information Center, almost 200 million Chinese read online literature, although the term lacks a clear definition. A survey by the Chinese research firm iResearch shows that the ten most popular Chinese literature websites receive a total of 12.2 million visitors on an average day. These websites run the gamut of genres, from romance and horror to science fiction and fantasy, and reader interest helps carve them into more specific niches, like military fantasy novels, “officialdom” literature, and stories about time travel. Some websites require readers to pay a small fee, usually less than 5 RMB (80 cents), to access the most popular serialized novels. • 208 •第二章专八作文100 牮研外语 TnfWlTiUll *> I In the U.S., readers who used to buy physical books now flock to digital stores to find content. China^ online readers, however, are choosing e-books for precisely what print books lack: critical and realistic depictions of society, and, more often, a cheap form of escape that, not unlike video games and television, offers them a refuge from the complications and concerns of the real world. _ 材料解读 材料指出了中国阅读现状堪忧的问题，大致有关两方面内容，包括阅读量和阅读质M。 前两段分析了国人阅读M减少的现象。指出国人的读书时间减少、数tt下降。这种情况源于求知精神(spirit of inquiry)的缺乏和浮躁（too restless )、功利（too utilitarian)的心态。 后三段则反映了国人阅读内容的质M下降。指出国人现在倾向于读一些实用性较强(practical)但缺乏褚神 内涵的书籍(have less intellectual content)。材料也指出，中国读者蜂拥至网上阅读轻松的读物很多读者选择 电子书是因为缺少相应的纸质书，而且这些题材的电子书能让读者逃避现实社会的复杂问题(a reftige from the complications and concerns of the real world)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇 ：概 括材料，总结中国阅读现状堪忧的问题，提出自己的观点—— 这一现象有其潜在的原因。 主体：分两方面进行阐述 1 . 阐述阅读时间减少的原因：如今生活节奏加快，人们的日程安排较满，加之消遣方式越来越多样化，导致 看书时间减少。 2. 阐述阅读质M下降的原因：对经济发展的过度关注催生了 一种以物质为导向和高压力的社会氛围，导致 实用性和娱乐性强的书籍较受欢迎。 结尾：总结全文，:®:中阅读现状有其根源，呼吁人们引起关注并采取更多的应对措施。 精品范文 Why Are the Chinese Reading Less? In spite of the exploding supply of books in the Chinese 尽管现在中国市场上获取书籍的 market nowadays, China is witnessing a dreadful drop in 途径越来越多，国人读书的数量和时 the number of books read by its citizens and the time they 间却呈现出惊人的下降,，伴随着这种 spend on reading. This trend is accompanied by another 趋势的还有一个令人沮丧的现象，那 gloomy phenomenon that the Chinese are becoming more 就是：国人变得更加浮躁和功利，偏爱 restless and practical, tending to prefer utilitarian books 阅读那些实用且缺乏精神内涵的书籍。 lacking in profundity and intellectual sense. This is indeed a 这样的现象确实让人遗憾，但有其潜在 sorry spectacle to behold, but it has its underlying causes. 的原因。 On the one hand, the dwindling of people’s reading time 一方面，国人阅读时间减少可以归 can be attributed both to the increasingly fast pace of life 因于生活节奏加快以及娱乐活动的增 and to the growing variety of diversions. Nowadays, the 多。如今，大部分人整天不得闲，每一天 majority of people are fully occupied all day long, with each 都有各种各样的活动占去他们的时间。 of their days packed with various activities. Their schedules 他们的日程安排得如此之满，以至于阅 are so tight that reading, a seemingly non-urgent task, is 读这种表面上看似不紧急的事情，就经 often reduced to a secondary consideration. In addition, • 209 •a 专八作文 牮研n a thanks to the rapid development of technology, there have 常被归为次要任务了3 此外，由于技术 cropped up numerous recreational electronic gadgets, which 的迅速发展，出现了许多娱乐性的教码 consume a large proportion of the already limited free time. 产品。人们的空闲时间本来就有限，却 Both factors conspire to encroach on people’s time for 大多耗费在这些教码产品上了这些因 reading. 素共同蚕食了人们的阅读时间。 On the other hand, the dropping quality of the reading 另一方面，社会对经济繁荣的痂迷 materials can be blamed on the material-oriented and high- 导致了其物质至上和高压力的氛困，这 pressure social atmosphere bred by the obsession with 也造成了读物质量的下降。在一个经济 economy prosperity. In a country whose economy is 快速发展的国家里，人们急着要积累物 rocketing, most people are anxious to accumulate material 质财富，忽略了精神境界的提高。此外， wealth, with little attention paid to spiritual improvement 快速发展的社会让人们倍感压力，于是 Besides, the enormous stress brought about by the fast- 不断寻找让他们放松的消遣，他们对深 developing society leads to a constant seeking of relaxation, 度阅读的热情从而消减。因此，那些实 which further dilutes the enthusiasm for deep reading. 用性和娱乐性的书籍最受欢迎. Therefore, it is the books with utilitarian and entertaining 总之，中国国民的阅读现状有其深 contents that excel in winning people’s favor. 刻且复杂的根源3 需要有更多的人留意 In conclusion, the status quo of Chinese people’s 到这个令人沮丧的趋势，并且要付出更 reading has deep and intricate roots. It is imperative that 多的努力去扭转它。 more people heed the distressing trend and more efforts be made to reverse it. _ 好词好句 dreadful /"dredfal/ a . 可 怕 的 utilitarian /,ju:tili’tearian/ a . 实 用 的 profundity /pra’fAnditi/ /i.( 理 解 上 的 〉深 刻 spectacle /spektakl/ /i. 景象 behold /bi'heuld/ WL 见到 underlying /.Anda'laiir]/ a • 潜 在 的 dwindle /"dwindl/ v•衰 落 conspire /kan’spai9/ v • 密 谋 encroach /in’krautJV v .侵占 dilute /dai'lu:t/ v/. 稀 释 status quo 现 状 intricate Antrikit/ fl. 错 综 复 杂 的 heed /hi:d/ v .留 意 到 distressing /di’stresif]/ a • 使 人 痛 苦 的 1. This is indeed a sorry spectacle to behold, it has its underlying causes 段提出观点） • ( 首 这样的现象确实让人遗憾，但有其潜在的原因。 2. ••• can be attributed both to the... and to the...(主体分析原因） 可以归因于......以及 3. Both factors conspire to..•(主体分析后进行小结） 这些因素共同导致了... . 210 •牮研外ii 农民工子女的教育问题 As Chinafs economic development and urbanization spur the largest human migration on the planet， millions of laborers are leaving rural areas to find jobs in the cities. The children of these migrant workers have fallen into a conspicuous gap in the provision of public education. From the following excerpt, you can find the problem of educating migrant’s children. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the situation of education for migrant children, and then 2. give your comment. Educational Challenges—Education for Migrant Children In recent years, the government has gradually begun to pass laws and design policies to protect the rights of migrants. Migrant children are now allegedly entitled to attend urban schools in their local school districts. Schooling in urban areas is supposed to be free. However, despite the change in the official line, migrant children’s access to education is still far from routine, and considerable barriers remain. A survey conducted in Beijing recently showed that 25 percent of children whose families have lived in Beying for at least six years attend public schools, compared to only 5 percent for families who had lived in Beijing for one to three years. Until very recently, public schools charged high fees for migrant students. In addition to Financial constraints, migrants also face other barriers to enrolling their children in urban public schools. Since migrants tend to live on the outskirts of the city where rent is cheaper, transportation to public schools located in the urban centers can pose a major problem. High demand for enrollment in good public schools also creates serious capacity constraints. According to interviews, even if migrant children are able to attend public schools, it is clear that they often face discrimination and are very conscious of unfair treatment as "second-class citizens/* The difficulties migrant children face enrolling in urban public schools have led to the emergence of privately-nin migrant schools, which struggle to fill the educational gap. These migrant schools一 unlike urban and rural schools (wliich are relatively high quality or at least improving)—are generally plagued by poor teaching, poor facilities, undeveloped curriculum, and high tuition. Migrant schools were first started in the early 1990s by retired teachers and other concerned individuals because of the need for a viable alternative for migrant children. At first, they were quite informal. Migrant schools were all private and funded themselves by collecting tuition. As the number of migrants rose, the potential profitability of meeting the growing demand for migrant schools attracted all kinds of entrepreneurs—including some without any background in teaching. Because migrant schools were privately run and mostly unregulated, there were no standards, and education quality varied tremendously across individual schools. Teachers in migrant schools are generally second market, those who did not have adequate credentials or experience to obtain jobs in public schools. Many teachers only accept positions at 211 • •八作文 华研外« 'OaaaiaMMLA* migrant schools to gain experience and resign as soon as they find better work’ causing disruption in their classes when they leave before the end of the school year. Migrant schools desperate for teachers rarely have credential requirements and can only offer very low wages, harsh conditions, very basic food, crude living quarters, and heavy teaching burdens. The quality of facilities in migrant schools varies widely, but is mostly poor, especially compared to urban public schools. Migrant schools are often overcrowded and use second-hand desks, chairs, and even buildings bought cheaply from public schools. _ 材料解读 材料对城市农民工子女人学难、受教育条件差的教台问题作了分析报道，大体有关三方面内容。 材料首段槪括了农民工子女的教育现状。尽管政府近年来出台了一些法律和政策保障农民工权益，但是农 民T.子女人学仍未走上常规道路(far from routine),仍面临笤相多的限制（considerable barriers remain) 第二段分析了农民工子女人读公立学校的障碍。一是学费卨昂（high fees);二是从郊区到市区的上下学交 通（transportation)不便；三是大M的入学X求造成了严格的人学数扯限制（serious capacity constraints);此 外，作为“二等公民"（“second-class citizens"),他们还可能逍受歧视(discrimination)和不公对待（unfair treatment) 〇 第三至最后一段则介绍了私立农民工子弟学校的不足之处。由于缺乏标准和规范，各种私人学校的教育质 tt参差不齐(quality varied tremendously);师资水平低下，大都是无证或无经验的老师，他们来这里教IS只是 为了积累经验以便跳W(gain experience and resign);教学设备老旧（mostly poor)，远不及城里的公立学校。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，从公立学校和私立学校两方面概括农民工子女所逍遇的教育问题；提出个人见解一 •政府 应当从社会和经济发展角度，推进教疗公平 主体：分两方面进行阐述政府如何推进教育公平。 1 . 从社会发展角度来看.政府应给予农民T子女政策倾斜或兴建公立学校，积极推行义务教育 2 . 由于城乡经济发展不平衡导致城乡二元对立，只能通过打破固有的户锫制度，才能实现真正的教育公平。 结尾：总结全文，1 申农民工子女也是城市未来的主人，也应当享受高质tt的教育。 _ 精品范文 Improve the Equity of Education for Migrant Children Under the tendency of increasing migrant workers, the 在农民工不断增长的趋势下，农 population of migrant children has shown a dramatic increase, 民工子女的数量急剧增加.因此，农 and thus the education of migrant children has become a 民工子女的教育问题已成为一个严 serious social problem. As is presented in the article, migrant 峻的社会问題，如文章所述，农民工 children are charged extra-paid fee to attend public schools in 子女入读城里的公立学校要支付额 urban areas while still facing the problems of transportation 外的费用，同时还要面临交通问题以 and discrimination in schools. Moreover, because of the 及在学校受歧视的问題此外，由于 limited quota in public schools, many children turn to private 公立学校的名额有限，许多孩子转而 schools for help. However, these private migrant schools 到私人学校就读然而，这些民办农 cannot offer quality teachers and facilities for children. In my 212 • •第二章专八作文100篇 opinion, \Vs urgent for the government to improve the equity 民工子弟学校缺乏优质的教师和设 of education for migrant children from the perspective of 施。从社会和经济发展的角度看，我认 social and economic development. 为提高农民工子女教育的公平性是政 Firstly, Chinese government should put more efforts and 府的当务之急。 implement policies to improve the equity of education. From 首先，中国政府应该更加积极落 the news coverage, despite government efforts, education be­ 实政策以提高教育公平性。从新闻报 tween migrant and urban students is still far from equal. 道可知，尽管政府已付出努力，但农民 Therefore, more proactive approaches in implementing the 工子女和城市学生的受教育条件仍非 compulsory education policy are necessary. For instance, more quotas for migrant children should be available to meet their 常不平等C因此，在落实义务教育政策 needs. Furthermore, government should invest to build more 时，有必要采取更多积极有效的办法。 public schools on the outskirt of the city where many mi­ 例如，给农民工子女更多的配额以满 grants live. 足其需要。此外，政府应在农民工聚居 Secondly, the educational problems of migrants children 的郊区投资建立更多的公立学校。 are caused by unequal economic development between urban 其次，农民工子女的教育问题是 and rural areas, and therefore equal practice should be upheld 由城乡经济发展的不平衡造成，因此 through the government decentralization of education practice, 为了实现公平，应将教育改革权利下 putting decision-making power in the hands of the local munic­ 放到地方政府手中，打破以户口制度 ipalities and reforming the institutional hukou system that per­ 为支撑的城乡居民二元系统，这种二 petuates a system of a dual division of urban and rural resi- 元系统是目前我国社会福利制度的结 dency, which forms a structural basis for the social welfare 构基础。只有这样，农民工子女才能在 system in China Only in this way can migrant children eryoy 农村和城市都享有平等的教育机备。 equal educational opportunities both in rural and urban areas. 虽然要实现教育公平还有很长的 Although there is a long way to achieve equity of educa­ 路要走，我们要牢记的是，农民工子女 tion, we should bear in mind that migrant children are also 也是城市未来的主人。我们没有理由 hosts of the city in the future. We have no reason to deny 不给他们获得高质量教育的机会 their access to high-quality education. _ 好词好句 quota /*kw9ut9/ w.配额 implement /implimant/ W•实施 outskirt /’autsk3:t/ /!•郊区 decentralization /di:,sentralai’zeijan/ /i•权利分散 municipa丨ity /mjunisi’paeliti/ //•市政当局 perpetuate /pe’petjueit/ W•保持 dual /"dju:al/ 仏双重的 1. In my opinion, it’s urgent for... to improve the equity of... from the perspective of...(首段提出观点） 从社会和经济发展的角度上看，我认为提升……的公平性是……的当务之急。 2. Although there is a long way to..•, we should bear in mind that...(结尾重申观点） 尽管......还有很长的路要走，我们应牢记…… . 213 •ef $ 3 舳 珣 爵 濉 I h ll rh 雜 a ? Nowaaaysy many people turn to tfie Internet to solv 负 a multitude of m t( dicai quandaries》 extending evs matter sa of how to find ct docfor a/laacces 龙 me&ca/freafmenf. concerrun QC vatients bein QC defraudefi of money arui sometimes having their condition worsen owing fo incorrect diagao cc 负 的 y the g o s< € 3 m ^( a t a/l/louaced that medical diagnosis a/l& treatment will be forbidden online. The hard stance ^las proved controversial. The following are opinions fromlfoth sides. Head the excerpts carefully and write your response L n s s i n :2 o THAN OOI QQ words, in which you should: L summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment Medical Service Providers Wu Jie: oontrary to popular belief, this field is nothing new. Since the late 1990s, some Western countris have operated online medical treatment systems on a trial TC asis. The practice was once also banned -5 Britain, -o ut Anally the QO ovemment haato recognize medical treatment websites facing the rising tide of the Intemetzowadays, online treatment is helping more and more patientsinWestem countries. Of course, online medical treatment also bias s rr ortcomings. Sometimes patients need to liave a thorough physical examination, which is near impossible to cany out online. However, if the 彐 edical treatment system is not well 3anaged, problems may occur even when patients attend rc rick- and-mortar hospitals. Online hospitals are still relatively new in China and thus many areas arein need of improve3ent However, this does not justly a wholesale rc an on online medical treatment It should be the market that tests whether this "new product: is valid or not, rather than it being at the sole discretion. Li Keji: While the traditional medical system is probably overly elaborate and regulated, the Internet is an unknown quantity, carrying risks. Caution is 鉍 prerequisite in the process of employing the Intemetinsedical treatment The government means to steer online 3edical treatment toward accountability and transparency as well as enable it to progress stably. A well-developed online medical treatment syste 彐 will bepgreat help to the ongoing 彐 edical reform, people-s health is directly correlated with the quality of healthcare they receive, so prudence is a necessity. The governments cautious attitude toward Internet medical treatment is understandable and alsointhe interest of pu rc lic health. Patients wan QO Junrong: Surprisingly, inthis day and age, the government is preventing the public^i accessing 30&oal -q eatment online. Surely the government should standardize and regulate online 3edical treatment, instead of banning it outright. Besides, it is not something you can easily ban. According to iiMe&a research, now, the mobile health industryinChina had an estimated worth of s o o minion. According to its predictions, this figure will reac -s $ 2 rc iuion over the next two years. Banning s u cr= a lucrative growth area will prove no easy feat Also, isn-t it necessary to first ask the patients whether it-s OK to stop online medical treatment? 214第二章专八作文100篇 Mao Jianguo: It's natural to see deficiencies in newly bom technologies. While there might exist various problems and worries in terms of online medical treatment, is it possible to eradicate all the problems by simply banning it? The government allows online consultation on health, but no medical treatment is allowed. How can you clearly discern medical consultation from medical treatment? What if the treatment is carried out under the guise of consultation? A ban is certainly not the only way to solve the problems plaguing the sector. Concerns about online hospitals tend to center on the capabil­ ity of doctors. Thus, if tougher regulations are put in place to punish online doctors who wrongly di­ agnose patients as is the case in the traditional profession, online hospitals will become much more reliable. Under these circumstances, a ban would not really be necessary. _ 材料解读 材料就“是否禁止网络医疗”的话题给出医疗工作者和病人的不同观点。网络医疗支持者包括医疗工作者 Wu Jie和病人Wang Junrong 他们认为网络医疗作为一种新事物有待完善（in need of improvement),且中 ， 国的网络医疗市场作为盈利发展潜力巨大的领域(such a lucrative growth area 应由市场决定是否可行(the )， market that tests whether this “new product” is valid or not);且应更好的规范和监管（should standard- ize and regulate 网络医疗，提前听取病人的意见（first ask the patients)而不应简单地禁止。 〉 其他二人是反对者，他们认为网络医疗仍是未知数，存在风险(carrying risks 政府应将网络医疗引向责任 )。 制和透明化（accountability and transparency),谨慎是必要的（prudence is a necessity),政府下禁令可以理 解（understandable) 〇 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：提出网络医疗的概念，并引出中国政府近日颁布的网络医疗禁令。 主体：总结材料内容，概括网络医疗支持者和反对者双方的理由, 随后提出自己的观点—— 网络医疗不可行 也不可靠。从以下两个方面论述，即农村网络覆盖率不高，不利于城乡资源的均衡发展；很难监管网络医疗且易 受医药商家的不良影响。 结尾：总结全文，重申观点—— 反对网络医疗。 精品范文 Online Medical Services: Neither Viable nor Accountable There has long existed discussion on the influence of In­ 人们一直在讨论互联网和智能设 ternet and smart devices on people’s life and interpersonal 备给人们的生活和人际关系带来的影 relations, but online medical treatment system seems to 响，由于网络医疗与人的健康息息相 arouse more debate as it concerns peopled life and well-be­ 关，引起了更多的讨论中国政府近日 ing. The Chinese government lately issued an injunction a- 颁布了一则关于网络医疗的禁令，对 gainst online medical treatment, which has received both crit­ 此有人支持有人反对。 icism and appreciation. 医疗服务提供者和病人代表都对 Both representatives of medical service providers and pa­ 网络医疗系统的可靠度表示关切，并 tients expressed concern on the accountability of the system 提出要进一步规范该系统：有人认为 and proposed to further regulate it. Some believed that online 网络医疗市场盈利前景巨大，应由市 medical service is a huge and lucrative market, so ifs up to the patients and market to decide whether to ban it. Howev- 场和病人决定是否该禁止c 然而，有人 . 215 •a 专八作文 牮研外遇 rt^ee»s*e»*» er, some supported a ban and believed that it is for the con­ 也对禁令表示支持，认为这是出于对 sideration of public health. 公众健康的考虑。 Despite the convenience online medical treatment has 虽然网络给人们带来许多方便， brought to people, 1 favor the government’s ban and do not 但本人赞同政府的禁令，不支持开展 support conducting medical services online, mainly for two 网络医疗，原因有二：第一，网络医疗 reasons. Firstly, it is not viable. China faces a severe shortage 并不可行。中国现在面临“医生荒”，特 of doctors, especially in rural areas, where few people have 别是在农村地区，大部分农村人口都 Internet access. Therefore, the government should better allo­ 没有网络该数字鸿沟会加剧医疗资 cate the limited medical resources more efficiently and fairly 源分配不公的问题，因此政府应该更 to fill the gap between strong demand and shortage in supply 公平高效地配置医疗资源，以缓解尖 instead of allowing online medical treatment, which would 锐的供需矛盾，而非允许网络医疗，第 aggravate the situation due to this digital gap. Secondly, it is 二，网络医疗不可靠：提供网络医疗服 not accountable. It*s very difficult to censor the qualification 务的医生的资质很难审查。在医院，医 of the debtors providing treatment online. In brick-and-mortar 生的每个治疗和处方都经过两三次检 hospitals, every treatment and medicine prescribed is double 查，但这点在网络上很难做到，导致误 or even triple checked. However, this can hardly be realized 诊风险增加。此外，互联网的特性决定 online, adding to the risks of wrong diagnosis. In addition, 了网络医疗很容易受到医药商家的游 the nature of Internet has made online medical treatment 说影响。 more vulnerable to the lobbying of medical representatives. 总之，网络医疗的风险大过益处， In conclusion, the risks of online medical treatment over­ 本人认为应该禁止。 weight the benefits and it is necessary to impose a ban on it. _ 好词好句 viable /"vaiabl/ a . 可 行 的 injunction /in’d3Ai]kJan/ n •禁 令 accountabili 丨 y /a,kaunta’biliti/ n . 有 责 任 lucrative /*lu:krativ/ a . 有 利 可 图 的 aggravate /"aegraveit/ vf. 加 軍 ，加剧 censor ,sensa/ vf.审 査 brick-and-mortar fl. be vulnerable to ...... 实 体 的 （常 用 来 比 喻 传 统 企 业 ） 易 受 的 伤 害 impose sth. on ...... 对 施 加 影 响 1_ There has long existed discussion on...(描述某事物或现象受到长期的讨论） 人们一直讨论... 2. sb. expresses concern on."(概括材料主体对某一话題的关注） 某人对……表示关切 3_ Despite..., I favor..., mainly for two reasons•(亮出作者的观点） 虽然……，但是出于这两个原因，我支持…… . 216 .羞 第二章专八作文100篇 賴 治 病 聽 Both at home and abroad, more people are turning to crowd funding sites to ask friendSy and friends of friends, for help with medical bills, accident costs and much more. An estimated $2.8 billion was raised by all types of crowdfunding websites last year globally. The following article provides more details on this phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. Crowdfuncling isn't just for businessman anymore; it*s moving into all kinds of other spheres, from startups to research to personal causes. And increasingly, people felled by illness or ii^juiy are using these sites to raise money for their health care. One site that^s capitalized on personal-cause crowd funding is GoFundMe. CEO Brad Damphousse says last year alone, the site's users have raised more than $6 million for medical causes, and Medical, Illness & Healing is the site’s most popular category, attracting 17 percent of the site’s total donations. Some GoFundMe campaigns in the medical category range from modest requests for $1,000 to cover gas cards for parents to visit, their baby son in the NICU, to ambitious goals to raise $200,000 for a medical trust fund. Damphousse says most users raise funds tlirough people they know and their friends because the site makes it easy for them to broadcast their cause on Facebook and Twitter. And the bigger the social network, the easier it is to reach the goal. But not everyone succeeds. People with small social networks tend to have more trouble meeting their fundraising goals, he says. According to statistics, it appeared that tlie people who are closest to their goals have at least 200 Facebook friends. Media coverage can also make a big difference. The story of Farrah Soudani, one of the victims of the Aurora theater shootings, attracted enough publicity that thousands of strangers were inspired to donate. So far 6,8 strangers have sent Soudani money through GoFundMe, much of it in $5 to 〇〇 $20 increments, according to Victoria Albright, a family friend who created the GoFundMe page the night of the shooting. “It’s a very easy vehicle to raise money,” Albright says. Soudani^ page has gotten her $171,540 in donations, still shy of the $200,000 goal. The money so far has gone to pay Soudani^ cellphone bill and a shower chair while she recuperates in the hospital; the rest will go toward any medical expenses Soudani incurs that aren^ covered by public assistance. One reason Damphousse thinks strangers help each other on his site is that people like to see the direct impact of their dollars. "If youYe donating to a big nonprofit, you don?t know exactly how your money will be utilized, but on our site you might be thanked personally by the recipient,” says Damphousse. But are these sites ripe for fraud? **We do have cheaters signing up," Damphousse admits. He has an internal team that vets every page, looking for hucksters, and shuts them down. One user of GoFundMe managed to fool the company—along with his friends and family—and raised $2,000 around 217 • •专八作文 达，0研__丨丨丨外通 ■ a false claim that he had cancer. The site also encourages transparency by revealing the email account associated with the payment account. Potential donors can also see who else has donated lately. Medical institutions are getting into the crowd funding spirit, too. As Business Week has reported, the Rare Genomics Institute is helping children with mysterious illnesses solicit money online to pay for the sequencing of their genes. p 材料解读 材料围绕当前的“众筹治病现象”进行分析，文章可分为三部分。 第一部分(第一段)指出众筹平台的使用主体的变化：越来越多的病人利用它筹集善款。 第二部分（中间十段）以GoFundMe为例，说明众筹治病的资金来源、众筹治病的优点及潜在的弊端首先， 资金来源主要有两方,一是社交网络(social network)的熟人圈子 是在媒体的影响力下（Media coverage)的 ，二 陌生人。其次，众筹平台具有直接性的特点，方便病人直接进行筹资，而捐赠者往往倾向于看到善款的直接作用 (direct impact of their dollars),并且众筹平台鼓励增强善款走向的透明度（encourages transparency)最后， 众筹平台也存在弊端，它引来一些欺诈团伙 fraud),为此专门有一支内部团队对此进行打击（shuts them （ down )〇 第三部分讲了众筹精神（the crowd funding spirit)扩展到对医疗机构（Medical institutions)的影响，有些 机构也采取众筹方式筹集研究经费。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料提到的众筹治病的现状及利弊 主体：提出自己的看法，并以具体的理由支持自己的观点。如例文认为是否该推广有待讨论，急需解决的问 题是可靠性问题和分配不公平的问题这两个问题都是基于材料分析得出的： 结尾：第三段可对全文进行总结。 _ 精品范文 Crowd Funding: a Helping Hand or a Trouble Maker? Crowd funding, once a way of attracting funds for busi­ 众筹原指创业者筹集资金的一 ness starters, has now become a way for ordinary people to 种方式，现在已经成为公众的个人需 raise money from the public out of personal needs: medical 求集资的方式，包括医疗，意外开销 bills, accident costs and much more, among which medical 等，而医疗支出占大多数。一些众筹网 costs represent a majority of the fund raised through crowd 站如G o F u n d M e 认为网上众筹为人 funding websites. Crowd funding websites such as GoFundMe 们提供了便利，与向慈善机构捐钱不 believe that online crowd funding offers convenience for peo­ 一样，网上众筹具有直接性：另外，医 ple and attracts funds through its directness as compared with 疗机构也在用这种方式为他们的研 donations to large charity organizations. Besides, medical insti­ 究和疾病治疗筹集资金但是，从另 tutions are soliciting money to fund their research and treat­ 一方面看，众筹容易受到骐子的利用。 ment of certain illnesses. But on the other hand crowd funding 尽管众筹非常流行，我觉得这种 is vulnerable to fraud. 方式有几点需要考量第一，很难去 Despite the popularity of online crowd funding, I have 辨别每个案例的真伪和保证它的透 several major concerns on this new way of raising money from 218 • •第二章专八作文100 a 华研mg the public for personal causes. Firstly, it is difficult to 明度。网上注册和传播虽然使信息传 authenticate every case and ensure transparency. Online 播的速度加快，但匿名制降低了它的 registration and broadcast, though bringing speed of spreading 可靠性有些人会用假身份信息注 the message, grant anonymity and decrease credibility. There 册，编造案例来筹集资金这一切需 are cases that people use fake ID information and create 要人们加强防范意识，并强化审核系 unreal cases to raise funds, calling for public awareness and 统 第 二 ，网上众筹将会加剧捐款分 the strengthening of the screening system. Secondly, the 配的不公平 GoFundMe网站也提 popularity of online crowd funding will aggravate inequality in 出，最成功的众筹者是在社交网站上 receiving the funds. As mentioned by GoFundMe, the most 受欢迎的人。因此，那些不喜欢上社 successful fundraisers are those who are popular on social 交网站但真正需要帮助的人通过网 network. Therefore, those who are not Facebook lovers but 上众筹只能得到少量的帮助.如果公 indeed in need of the assistance will get less money through 众更愿意捐钱给众筹网站而非慈善 crowd funding. It will only make it worse for these people if 机构，这种不公平将会加剧 the public is more willing to donate to online crowd funding 总而言之，网上众筹以其巨大的 websites instead of charity organizations. 影响力和透明度备受称赞，但推广网 In conclusion, online crowd funding boast its great 络众筹仍然任重道远，在其普及之前 influence and transparency, but there is still a long way to go 还应思考如何解决已存在的问题。 as there are several rn^jor issues that crowd funding systems 恰当的指导和保证公平性是必不可 should address before it is popularized. Proper guidance and 少的。 equality are needed on this subject. _ 好词好句 represent /.repri’zent/ vt 作 为 ...... 的 代 表 solicit /S9'lisit/ v• 恳 求 （某 人 ）给 予 ( 钱 ) be vulnerable to 易 受 ...... 侵 害 authenticate /orSentikeit/ 鉴定 transparency /traens'paransi/ /i.透 明 度 anonymity /.aena'nimati/ n. 匿名 screening system aggravate /aegraveit/ w 审 核 系 统 •加 剧 1. Despite the popularity of..., I have several m^jor concerns on this new way of...(指出存在的问题） 尽管……非常流行，我觉得这种方式有几点需要考量。 2. In conclusion,…boast its." but there is still a long way to go".(总结话題的利弊） 总之，……以其…… 备受称赞，但……仍然任重道远。 3. 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Unfortunately, Dr Armstrong points out, mankind has spent thousands of years debating morality and ethical behaviour without coining up with a simple set of instructions applicable in all circumstances which it can follow. Imagine then, the difficulty in teaching a macliine to make subtle distinctions between right and wrong. "Humans are very hard to learn moral behaviour from," he says. “They would make very bad role models for AIs.” _ 材料解读 文章围绕“人工智能有可能毁灭人类”进行论述，可分为三部分内容。 第一段指出人类即将面临的问题，牛津大学的阿姆斯特朗博士的预言：人T.智能最终将取代并掌控人类 (eventually make us redundant and take over)。 第二到第五段分析了这一问题可能出现的原因：人工智能的发展速度飞快，将与人类大脑相当（at speeds inconceivable to the human brain);涉及的领域扩大，包括整个运输系统（entire transport systems)、国民经 济(national economies )、金融市场(financial markets)等等；发展方向具有不确定性，不能分辨是往良性方向还 是恶性方向（in a benign or deadly direction);越来越实用和不可或缺（useful and indispensable〉，人丁.智能 也许会有逻辑地发挥所有功能(logically take over all functions)。 最后四段从引领人工智能的发展方向出来，提出解决方案，即给人工只能安装道德模式（teach super computers a moral code)。但由于是非尚未有一套适用于所有情况的标准（a simple set of instructions applicable in all circumstances),这一措施很难实施。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：首先总结文章大意—— 阿姆斯特朗博士称未来机器可能会导致人类的毁灭，因此他逑议人类加速创 造安全的人丁.智能。接着明确本文的立场：人工智能不会毁灭人类。 主体：分两方面阐述原因 1. 人工智能的发展是一个漫长的过程 2 . 机器还十分依赖人类，人与机器之间是合作而非对抗关系。 结尾：总结全文—— 我们不要夸大技术的作用，也不要小看人类自身发展的可能性。 |_精 品 范 文 Artificial Intelligence W o n ^ Destroy Humanity There are exciting advancements in the field of artificial 人工智能领域的发展振奋人心，它 intelligence and they could make our world a better place. 们让我们的世界更加美好u但并不是 However, not everyone agrees with that. Dr. Stuart Armstrong 所有人都这么认为斯特亚特•阿姆 says in the article that the rise of super intelligent machines 斯特朗博士在文章里称超级智能机 which are likely to be smarter than humans could spell the 器的崛起预示着人类的毁灭。因为无 end of humanity. As it is not clear whether artificial 法确定人工智能是往好的方向发展 intelligence is moving towards a benign or vicious direction, 还是往坏的方向发展，人类需要加速 he says, mankind must create “safe AI” before it is too late. 创造安全人工智能在我看来，虽然机 In my view, although machines are getting better and faster, 器变得越来越强大，越来越快，但不至 that doesn’t mean our future will be akin to some sci-fi scene • 221 •专八作文 牮研外诵 ■ 圓_| where machines destroy us. 于说未来就像科幻小说里描绘的那 Firstly, we might have overestimated the likelihood that 样，机器会毁灭人类胃 machines will be as intelligent as human beings. In reality, 首先，我们夸大了机器能够变得 the development of artificial intelligence is a slow and time­ 和人类一样聪明的可能性。现实情况 consuming process, and there are many fundamental 是，人工智能的发展是一个非常漫长 discoveries away from machines being endowed with the 的过程要让机器能够学习、想象、推 abilities to learn, imagine and reason. It is very unlikely that 理还需要进行不断的研究。人工智能 an AI would be smart enough to devise a way to flatten us 会毀灭人类的前提是，它要意识到人 without being smart enough to understand why we would be 类对它而言是一种威胁。其次，即便超 a threat. Secondly, machines with superhuman intelligence, if 级智能机器存在，它们也需要人类，和 they ever exist, will need us as much as we need them. Just 我们需要它们一样。我们不妨想想人 consider what an AI would employ to ensure its survival. If it 工智能依靠什么存活如果是靠计算 is computer based, maintenance may remain dependent. You 机，那么它的维修就得依赖于人类。或 might imagine more robots being created to perform these 许你会说，可以创造更多的机器来执行 upkeep functions, but we are nowhere close to having this 这些功能，但是就目前的水平来看，我 kind of general-purpose robots. Unless there are majors 们还没有办法创造出这种全能型的机 breakthroughs in robotics, machines are going to depend on 器除非有真正意义上的突破，不然机 humans for supplies and repairs. So rather than having a 器会持续依靠人类。因此机器和人类 relationship that would be adversarial, a cooperative 关系与其说是对立还不如说是合作。 relationship would be more likely to ensure. 我们担心人工智能会取代甚至毀 I think our trepidation about whether artificial intelligence 灭人类，主要是因为我们夸大了技术 will take over and eventually wipe human race out is caused 的作用，以及小看了人类自身发展的 by an overestimate of the impact of the technology as well as a lack of vision about how mankind will prosper. 可能性。 _ 好词好句 spe the end of humanity benign /bfnain/ a 丨丨 预 示 人 类 的 终 结 . 良 性的 vicious /ViJ as/ a be akin to ...... • 恶 劣 的 与 类 似 sci-fi scene 科 幻 场 景 likelihood /laiklihud/ /i . 可 能 性 be endowed with…被賦予...... devise /di'vaiz/ vr • 想 出 general-purpose a . 多 用 途 的 adversarial /.aedvasearial/ 仏 敌 对 的 trepidation /.trepi deij an/ n. ttlE wipe out 消 灭 1. There are exciting advancements in the field of...(描述某个领域的现状） ……领域的发展振奋人心。 2. In my view, although machines are getting.", that doesn’t mean...(提出观点） 在我看来，机器虽然……，但这并不意味着…… • 222 •第二章专八作文100 任研外埋 地球一小时 Earth Hour participation has grown by leaps and bounds since its inception in 2007. Advocates claim it saves energy and raises awareness of the issue. Naysayers dismiss it as worthless and paranoiacs dismiss it as a conspiracy. The following article introduces the basic information of Earth Hour and peopled opinions to it. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. This Saturday night, a global effort is set to take place to promote energy conservation—the Earth Hour. To join in on the effort, simply turn off your lights from 8:30 〜9:30 pm in your local time zone. This worldwide effort is designed to demonstrate that each person has a choice in their energy consumption—and at any time can simply choose to use less. Some 2,400 cities in 82 countries have signed up to participate, six times more than last year. Some of the landmarks scheduled to go dark include the Great Pyramids and Sphinx in Egypt, Acropolis in Greece, Broadway Theater marquees, etc. Earth Hour began in Sydney in 2007, when 2.2 million homes and businesses switched off their lights for one hour. In 2008 the message had grown into a global sustainability movement, with 50 million people switching off their lights. This year, however, Earth Hour has been transformed from being just a sign of solidarity regarding energy conservation, to a “global vote.” The organizers of this year’s event are publicizing participation in the event as a vote "For Earth and Against Global Warming *. According to Earth Hour sponsor the World Wildlife Fund(WWF), **For the first time in history, people of all ages, nationalities, race and background have the opportunity to use their light switch as their vote—switching off your lights is a vote for Earth, or leaving them on is a vote for global warming. WW are urging the world to VOTE EARTH and reach the target of 1 billion votes, which will be presented to world leaders at the Global Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. Some scientists are confident that the temperature increases we are experiencing are all within normal heating and cooling trends that have been occurring for centuries, long before industrialization was ever an issue. Other scientific bodies have stated unequivocally that global warming is occurring, and people are causing it by burning fossil fuels—and the only debate about global warming is about how much and how fast warming will continue as a result of heat-trapping emissions. As a result of this controversy, not everyone agrees with the message of Earth Hour—and at least one counter-protest is planned for Saturday. Suburban Philadelphia ice cream shop owner Bob Gerenser, 56, believes global warming is based on faulty science and calls Earth Hour ”nonsense. “ The resident of New Hope, PA, and owner of Gerenser^s Exotic Ice Cream planned to illuminate his store with extra theatrical lighting. **rm going to get everyone I know in my neighborhood to turn on every light they possibly can to waste as much electricity as possible to underline the absurdity of this action... by being absurd." Despite the controversy over “global warming” or climate change, I personally think that energy • 223 •专八作文 华研外iS tow conservation is never a bad thing. So the lights will go out in our house for an hour on Saturday, for no other reason than to remind my family that at any time we can choose to reduce our energy usage by simply flicking a switch. _ 材料解读 材料是一篇关于“地球一小时”活动的新闻报道。 前段介绍了今年的地球一小时活动的情况，来自82个国家的2400个城市参加了活动，而且今年还以此 作为一种投票的方式(global vote),鼓励人们对抗全球变暖， 第四、五段指出有人反对这一做法，并不是所有人都相信地球一小时所传递的信息（not everyone agrees with the message of Earth Hour).有人认为全球变暖是科学谬论（global warming is based on faulty science),地球一小时的活动敁得无意义（nonsense > „ 文章最后一段总结，尽管存在全球变暖还是气候变化的争议.节约能源总是好的（never a bad thing),地球 —小时的目的就娃提稱人们节约能源(reduce our energy usage)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：槪括材料中关于全球变暖和“地球一小时”活动的主要争议所在，然后提出自己的看法：全球变暖是一 个严®的问题，但是提高公众节约能源意识却有很多比“地球一小时"更好的方法。 主体：首先论证全球变暖的严重性，然后提出“地球一小时”活动可能造成的负面影响及其有限的影响力，最 后提出一些更好的方法。 结尾：总结全文，并呼吁人们从日常小車做起节约能源。 精品范文 Conserving Energy: More Than One Hour a Year The article discusses this year's Earth Hour movement 文章主要讲述今年的“地球一小时” to call for energy conservation by encouraging people 活动。今年的“地球一小时”把关灯一小时 switching off their lights for one hour and vote for Earth 作为投票的一种形式，以鼓励人们保护地 to fight against global warming. However, scientists and 球，对抗全球变暖。但是一些科学家和民 citizens who are convinced that global warming has far 众认为全球变暖的情况被过度夸张，并不 been over-exaggerated don’t seem to appreciate this effort. 支持这项活动对我来说，全球变暖是真 For me, Global warming is a real problem whose enormity 实存在的一个问题，它的严重性是不容低 and seriousness cannot be underestimated, but there 估的：但是，的确可以有其他更好的方法 definitely are better ways to arouse people's awareness of 来引起人们对节约能源的重视： conserving energy. 单是问问我们的父母这几年的气候 Simply asking our parents how much warmer it has 比他们小时候变暖了多少，我们就能理解 become these years than the time when they were chil­ 全球变暖到底意味着什么。而且，在各种 dren we can understand what global warming means to us. Plus, all those pictures and research studies on disap­ 照片和研究中，我们看到了不断融化消逝 pearing icebergs, melting glaciers, and the desperate polar 的冰川，以及失去了柄息地的绝望的北极 bears that have lost their habitats are hard proof of it. It 熊。这些都是全球变暖的铁证。所以环保 makes total sense that environmentalists try to arouse peo­ 主义者想要引起人们的重视也合乎情理 ple's awareness, but urging everyone to switch off their 但是如果非要人们在某一个固定的时间 . 224 •第二章专八作文100 — lights at a certain time is too much to ask. First, that one 关灯就有些过分了。第一，那一个小时的 hour may be very important for small businesses and peo­ 时间对一些小企业或者是当天有特殊安 ple with special plans on that day. The inconveniences 排的人来说可能是非常重要的。这样关了 this event brings about might lead to people’s repulsion 灯会造成诸多不便虽然初衷是好的，结 and resistance in spite of its good intentions. Furthermore, 果反而让人们产生厌恶和抵触。再说，如 if energy conservation is only promoted once a year in 果每年只是以这样的方式推进节约能源 this way, it’s very likely that people only participate for 的话，人们很可能在一年里只花这一个小 one hour a year and go back to their daily routine of 时参与到活动中来，然后又回到了以前每 wasting energy again. Energy conservation should not be 天都浪费能源的生活状态节约能源不应 only about an activity or demonstration. It should become 该只停留在一个活动或者一个展示的层 a habit. To achieve this, more public service advertise­ 面，而是应该成为一种习惯为了做到这 ments can be made to remind people of the significance 一点，可以制作更多的公益广告来宣传节 of preserving energy. Also, courses need to be added to 约能源的重要性。另外，也应该把相关的 elementary school curriculum so that kids get to know the 课程纳入小学生的教学体系中，这样孩子 threats of global warming and form a good habit of saving 们从小就可以了解到全球变暖的威胁，养 energy at an early age. 成节约能源的良好习惯。 总结来讲，要想战胜全球变暖，就应 In conclusion, to fight global warming, more can be 该让节约能源成为人们日常生活中一种 achieved when people participate in energy conservation 自愿的甚至是无意识的行为。 willingly or even subconsciously in everyday life. _ 好词好句 over-exaggerated a. 过度夸大的 appreciate one’s effort 支持某一行动 be hard proof of.........的铁证 bring about 产生 repulsion /rfpAlJan/ n•反感 demonstration /.deman’streij an/ w•示范 subconsciously /SAb'knnJasli/ •潜总识地 1. ...is a real problem whose enormity and seriousness cannot be underestimated.(描述某一问题） ……是一个真实存在的问题，其严重性不容低估。 2. It makes total sense that...(评价某一做法） ......非常有道理/完全是情理之中的事 3. ... is too much to ask.(评价某一做法〉 ……（要求）太过分。 225 •专八作文 华研篇n遇 ■•|>_| _ I 每天关机-小时 Electronic gadgets such as smartphones are so overused in daily life that the relation­ ships such as those between husbands and wives, parents and children, have been affected to varying extents. Thus, the All-China Womens Federation (ACWF) has put forward a pro­ posal, calling on cellphone addicts to switch off their devices at least one hour a day and spend more quality time with their families. The following are different opinions on this proposal. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words} in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments from both sides; 2. give your comment. Chen Guangjiangy physician in Suzhou Central Hospital Just like Earth Hour, a global initiative for environmental awareness that encourages people all around the world to turn off the nonessential lights for an hour on the event day, cannot tangibly reduce energy consumption, this proposal constitutes a modest suggestion. In certain cases, however, the power of such a symbolic action should not be underestimated. It is likely that switching off one^s phones may help people to view things in a different light and maybe even to reevaluate their priorities. Besides, in my humble opinion, the fact that many people keep their smart phones on all day long may just mean they are deluding themselves into thinking that they are more important than they actually are! Ran Yu, Graduate Student at the University of Kansas People tend to spend a large amount of time on their smartphones, time that might otherwise have been spent on communicating within one's family or participating in social gatherings, leading to a sum decline in the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Given this, the ACWFs proposal to put one’s mobile phones to one side for at least one hour every day is eminently reasonable. However, in this era of the mobile Internet, what an impractical idea it is! In any case, if the happiness some couples experience in their married life hangs on them switching off smartphones, their marriage is in the first place quite fragile. While it is indeed true that smartphones have caused conflicts between couples, the side effects of the use of such devices should not be so exaggerated. Liu Yunxiy Associate Advisory at KPMG Whether or not this initiative will really help to bolster familial connections remains a moot point. I, for one, do not hold high expectations. Apart from playing with our cellphones, we have at our disposal a multitude of other ways in which we can kill time. Those who turn off their phones will not necessarily spend the time with their family. They may go out to meet friends or spend the time reading instead. The key to improving family relationships lies not in switching off our phones, but in our desire to spend time with family members. If people are willing and able to be together with their loved ones, even their phones will not prove sufficient distraction. Placing the blame for the deterioration of • 226 •牮研外诵 family relationsliips solely on electronic gadgets is surely going a step too far. Wang Chuantao, journalist from Workers9 Daily: The ACWF's proposal is more of symbolic significance than of actual practical use. The message the ACWF seems to be trying to convey is that smartphones are distracting users from the real life and that life will still go on, and maybe even improve, if you power off your smartphones for one or more hours a day. This proposal does not mean to deny the convenience brought by modem hi-tech products, but people should remember that they are not the slaves of electronic devices, but rather should be the masters. _ 材料解读 为了改善家庭关系，全国妇联(ACWF)倡议每天关机一小时。材料给出了社会各界人士对此的看法。大家都 认为过度沉溺于手机不利于人际关系（decline in the quality of their interpersonal relationships),但他们对 于“每天关机一小时’’的做法有不同的看法。 第一个人（陈医生）和最后一个人（王记者）都认为这一做法有象征性意义(symbolic significance),这有助 于人们采取不同的视角（view things in a different light)去重新审视生活的取心（reevaluate their priori- ties);关注现实的生活(real life),做电子设备的主人(masters)而不是奴隶(slaves)。 中间两个人则不看好这一做法(do not hold high expectations)。首先，他们认为在移动互联网时代，每天 关机一小时并不可行（impractical),不能过度夸大手机的负而影响（side effects... should not be so exagger- ated);其次，手机只是人们打发时间的其中•种丁.具，改善家庭关系的关键不是关掉手机，而是与家人相处的想 法(desire to spend time with family members),将家庭关系恶化简单地归咎于电子产品并不合理(going a step too far)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：由妇联倡议的“每天关机”一小时引出话题，并介绍反方观点 主体：首先，反驳反方观点，说明关掉手机并不是解决方案，只能为人们提供与家人相处的可能性；其次，详 细阐述我方观点。 结尾：总结全文，重申“关掉手机，打开可能性”的观点 藝 精 品 范 文 Switch off Your Phone and Open up a Possibility It seems smart gadgets are eroding our life, like the 智能设备似乎正在侵蚀我们的生 quality time with our family. The All-China Women's Feder­ 活，比如我们和家人相处的有效时间。 ation, aware of this situation, proposes to switch off cell­ 全国妇女联合会意识到这一问题，提出 phones one hour every day. This symbolic gesture attracts 每天关机一小时的倡议，这一象征性的 attacks as well as support. Opponents believe that smart­ 举动引发讨论，有人支持有人反对.反 phones are not Hie most important factor that influences 对者认为智能手机不是影响家庭关系 family relationship. People might choose other ways to kill 的根本原因，人们也会做其他事情消磨. the hour instead of spending time with their family. 时间，而非与家人相处： I believe the attack holds water to some extend but is 我认为该观点有些许道理，但不是 not 100% true. Switching off cellphone does not have an • 227 •专八作文 緣研外诵 _丨 _丨 absolute correlation with improved family relationship but at 完全正确关掉手机确实与更好的家庭 least provides an opportunity for people to do things other 关系没有直接联系，但至少给人们机会 than playing with smartphone, and spending time with fami­ 去做别的事情，而与家人相处也是一种 ly may be a choice. Therefore, the suggestion is not a cure 选 择 因 此 ，该提议并不是一个解决方 but providing a possibility. 案，而是提供了 一种可能性， I support this policy which may be beneficial in a cou­ 我支持该倡议，它对人们的益处颇 ple of ways. Switching off phones will remind people that life still goes on without phones. Imagine yourself sitting on 多。关掉手机会提醒人们没有手机生活 your sofa after a day’s work, you just scroll down the 还是会继续.想象你在完成了一天的工 screen without any purposes. There is no new emails, no 作后坐在沙发上，刷着手机，但实际上却 messages; you are just used to holding your phones and 漫无目的，没有新邮件、新信息，你只是 spending hours on it If you switch off your phones, you 习惯了，拿着手机消磨时间。关上手机 will certainly do other things to kill time. You can read a 后，你可以读点书，和屋里的人说说话或 bit, talk with the people in the same room or watch a TV 一起看电视当你重新开机时，你会发现 show together. When you switch it on, you will probably 其实还是没有新邮件、新信息或未接来 find that there are no new emails, no messages, and no 电。这时你就会意识到没有手机生活还 missed calls. Till then, you would realize that life goes on 是会继续。一旦有了这点认识，你将会在 without you staring at the screen all day. With this realizatioa 手机上花少一点时间，而去做更多你感 you would spend less time on your phone and more on other 兴趣的事情.比如和家人和朋友相处 things interest you, such as being with family or friends. 因此，我支持该倡议，并不是因为它 Therefore, I support this idea not because it provides a 是改善家庭关系的有效方案，而是因为 cure for improved family relationship but at least a possi­ 它至少给我们提供了一种可能。 bility. _ 好词好句 gadget /gaed3it/ n•小器具 erode /i_raud/ V.侵蚀 correlation /"knri’leijan/ n .关联 scroll down附动（屏辟） provide a cure for给......提供改善方案 1. This symbolic gesture attracts attacks as well as support•(评论某一做法） 这一象征性的举动引发讨论，有人支持有人反对c, 2. I believe the attack holds water to some extend but is not 100% true.(分析反对者的看法〉 我认为该反驳有些许道理，但不是完全正确。 3. With this realization, you would...(强调认识的重要性） 有了这种认识，你将…… . 228 .IgWjHffl 电脑会取代教师吗? Human intelligence technology has been thriving over the past decade. Now, we have super-computers that even beat humans in go. Some experts say that one day computers will replace teachers in the classroom^ believe it or not. The following article provides detailed information about this prediction. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment on whether computers will replace human teachers. Could Computers Ever Replace Teachers? In the early 1960s, Professor Donald Bitzer, an electrical engineer at the University of Illinois, was creating one of the worlds first teaching machines. But with its growth came speculation and apprehension—could a computer replace a teacher? Fifty years on, this question is still being asked. Fiona Hollands, senior researcher at Columbia University's Teachers College, says computers are now being used for several distinct reasons in the classroom: they help face-toface teacher instruction in “blended learning" models; they can be used to supplement educators in “hybrid” teaching models; and replace teachers in “virtual” classrooms. t4A few states and districts have created their own virtual schools with Florida Virtual School being the best known/1 says Hollands, adding that a recent study claimed not only can students do just as well with this approach, but there may also be cost savings. In the US, Rocketship schools have cut overheads by introducing more online classes and employing fewer teachers. They have attracted global attention through their “blended learning” approach in which a quarter of a student's school day is taught by a computer. Teachers without credentials supervise online sessions while qualified teachers focus on critical thinking. Any savings are used to pay existing teachers more. Hollands argued that Rocketship schools provide a lower quality education to deprived children. He believes it is hard, for example, to work alone online if your English reading skills are weak and if you are easily distracted. Tricia Kelleher, principal of the Stephen Perse Foundation, warns that technology should not spell the end for teachers. Rather, it should be seen as a useful tool in the teachers annoury. This May, Mitra did a Ted talk on the “school in the cloud” where he discussed his hole in the wall experiment. Mitra placed a computer in a kiosk in a Delhi slum and allowed children to use it freely. He found that many of them, lots who had never seen a computer, could teach themselves all on their own. "Teachers often ask me, am I going to lose my job? I say no because your job will get harder. It will become a different job. It will go from being a master standing at the front of class to a helpful friend at the back." He adds: "There will have to be a dramatic change to teacher programmes but we are no where near that yet.” One thing that is going to change, however, is the need for teachers with technological skills. Jose Picardo, the assistant principal of Surbiton High school, says teachers who can use technology • 229 •a 专八作文 牮研外ii will replace those who cannot. He adds that tools like video now allow children to learn at any point, and teachers need to make the most of this. _ 材料解读 材料开篇以世界上首台教学机器(the world’s first teaching machines)的诞生、发展及人们对此的思考和 担忧(speculation and apprehension)展开探讨。 第二至四段主要阐述电脑在课堂的运用、发展及优点，包括：电脑以几种不同原因进人课堂(computere are now being used for several distinct reasons in the classroom);将电脑引入课堂的学校，不仅其学生学业表 现没有变差（students do just as well with this approach),还能节省费用（there may also be cost savings) 〇 接下来几段主要围绕电脑进入课堂的影响展开，包括有研究者认为引进电脑的学校，弱势学生的学习质ffl 会降低(provide a lower quality education to deprived children)、教师会担心自己的饭碗不保等等。 总的来说，这篇阅读材料的结论是电脑不会取代教师(computers will no replace teachers),但教师及教 学项目需做大调整（there will have to be a dramatic change)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结材料的内容，然后提出自己的观点—— 电脑不会取代教师。 主体：分两方面具体阐述原因。 1 . 电脑缺少面对面的互动，只有师生互动，才能帮助学生更好地消化、吸收知识。 2. 其次，电脑还缺少必要的灵活性.很难做到因材施教。 结尾：S:申观点，电脑少了点“人情味”，因此无法在课堂上取代教师。 精品范文 Teachers Won't Be Replaced The article mainly discusses the growth of the world’s 文章主要谈论教学机器的发展及 teaching machines and people’s speculation and apprehension. 人们对此的思考与担忧。就电脑的发展 As for growth, computers have found their way into 而言，它已走进课堂并且学生运用电脑 classrooms and are doing well with good student performance 的表现不错，同时还能节约费用。从人 and cost savings. As for speculation and apprehension, 们担忧的方面看，呀究人员及学校管理 researchers and school administrators generally believe 者大体认为电脑不会取代教师，但教师 computers wall not replace teachers but there will have to be a dramatic change both to the teachers and teacher 及教学项目需做大调整。在我看来，电 programmes. As far as I am concerned, computers cannot 脑不会取代教师。 replace teachers. 首先，电脑缺少面对面的互动。我 First of all, computer lacks face-to-face interaction. The 们的课堂之所以需要教师，并不仅仅因 point of the presence of a teacher in the classroom is not 为他可以传授自己的知识以及重复课 only that he can impart what he knows and repeat what has 本上的话，更重要的是，他可以面对面 already been written in the textbook, but more importantly 地和学生进行讨论。如果学生对某个话 that he can discuss things with students in person. When 题存在疑问，可以向他提问。如果学生 they have questions about a certain topic, they can ask him 对课本中的观点有质疑，也可以向他 for an answer, when they have doubts concerning a point . 230 •第二章专八作文100篇 牮研外IS T0>MnVNSUaM stated in the textbook, they can challenge him in order to 质疑，以深化理解。教师以真人出现， gain deeper understanding. The fact that the teacher appears 能够让学生更好地消化所学内容:这 in flesh and blood makes it easier for the students to digest 是电脑很难做到的。 what they are learning. All these would be very difficult for a 其次，电脑还缺少必要的灵活性。 computer to achieve. 中国最伟大的教育家孔子曾经说过， Furthermore, computer also lacks necessary flexibility. 老师应该因材施教。诚然，灵活性在教 Confucius, the greatest educator in China, once remarked that 育中至关重要，因为教师面对的是活 one should always teach students in accordance with their 生生且随时变化的学生所以教师职 natural aptitude. Indeed, flexibility is vital in education be­ cause what a teacher faces is living and constantly changing 责的一个重要部分也就是随时改变自 students. A very significant part of the teachers role, there­ 己的教学计划来适应学生的学习进 fore, includes frequently altering his teaching methods in or­ 度 ：教师也必须要了解每个学生的背 der to suit the new progress of his students. A teacher will 景情况而一台预先编程好的电脑能 also have to understand the background of each student. It is 否承担起这些责任，这一点是十分令 highly doubtful that a pre-programmed computer would be 人怀疑的。 able to shoulder such responsibilities. 总之，虽然近几十年电脑技术获 To sum up, although computer technology has advanced 得了长足发展，但离取代教师还有距 greatly over the past decades, it is still far away from replac­ 离或许电脑就是少了那么点儿“人 ing teachers in the classroom. Perhaps it simply lacks a bit 情味”。 of “human touch”. _ 好词好句 speculation /.spekju leij an/ rt. 思索 apprehension /.aepri henj sn/ /i.忧虑 dramatic /dre'maetik/ a. 引人注目的 face-to-face interaction 面对面的互动 impart /im'pa:t/ v•传授 flesh and blood 肉体 digest /dai’d3est/ v•吸收 flexibility /.fleksi’biliti/ 灵活性 in accordance with 依照 aptitude /*aeptitju:d/ /i•能力 shoulder respons丨bHity 承担责任 human touch 人情味 1. The article mainly discusses...(简要总结材料内容） 文章主要谈论... 2. It is highly doubtful that.•• would be able to shoulder such responsibilities•(表示对某事物的杏定） ……能否承担起这些责任，这一点是十分令人怀疑的。 3. To sum up, although... has advanced greatly over the past decades, it is still far away from…（结尾 总结现状） 总之，虽然近几十年……迅速发展，但离……还有距离。 231 • •专八作文 牮研外遇 嶋会降低解决问题的能力吗? As Internet have been quite popular, some argue that peopled problem-solving ability will deteriorate， because they are adapted to 'Google'' the solution, instead of thinking of one by themselves. The following article provides information about how the internet effects students’ way of doing research. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment on whether the internet worsens people's problem-solving ability. How Teens Do Research in the Digital World Three-quarters of college teachers say that the internet and digital search tools have had a “mostly positive” impact on their students， research habits, but 87% say these technologies are creating an “easily distracted generation with short attention spans” and 64% say today’s digital technologies “do more to distract students than to help them academically.” These complex and at times contradictory judgments emerge from an online survey of more than 2,000 middle and high school teachers drawn from the Advanced Placement (AP) and National Writing Project (NWP) communities. Overall, teachers who participated in this study characterize the impact of today’s digital environment on their students' research habits and skills as mostly positive. Yet, when asked if they agree or disagree with specific assertions about how the internet is impacting students* research, their views are decidedly mixed. On the more encouraging side, virtually all (99%) AP and NWP teachers in this study agree with the notion that the best students access a greater depth and breadth of information on topics that interest them; students can take advantage of the availab出ty of educational material in engaging nmltimedia formats; and many become more self-reliant researchers. At the same time, these teachers juxtapose these benefits against some emerging concerns. Specifically, some teachers worry about students* overdependence on search engines; the difficulty many students have judging the quality of online information; the general level of literacy of today*s students; increasing distractions pulling at students and poor time management skills; students1 potentially diminished critical thinking capacity; and the ease with which today^s students can borrow from the work of others. Perhaps the greatest impact this group of teachers sees today's digital environment having on student research habits is the degree to which it has changed the very nature of "research** and what it means to **do research." Teachers and students alike report that for today’s students, “research” means “Googling.” As a result, some teachers report that for their students **doing researchM has shifted from a relatively slow process of intellectual curiosity and discovery to a fast-paced, short-term exercise aimed at locating just enough information to complete an assignment In response to this trend, many teachers say they shape research assignments to address what they feel can be their students* overdependence on search engines and online encyclopedias. Nine in ten direct their students to specific online resources they feel are most appropriate for a particular • 232 •第二章专八作文100 场研外通 TOOUVknMUflH assignment, and 83% develop research questions or assignments that require students to use a wider variety of sources, both online and offline. The vast majority of these teachers say a top priority in today's classrooms should be teaching students how to “judge the quality of online information.n As a result, a significant portion of the teachers surveyed here report spending class time discussing with students how to assess the reliability of the information they find online, and how to improve their search skills. _ 材料解读 材料以一项网络调査的结果展开网络对学生在学术方而的影响的探讨。 第二段主要介绍网络调查对象的情况。 第三至六段主要谈及教师对网络之于学生的研究习惯及研究技巧的影响的看法： 一方面，教师们认可网络对学生做研究的积极影响（Overall, teachers... characterize the impact... as mostly positive) ; 另一方而•教师们又发现 了不少需要关切的点(juxtapose these benefits against some emerging concerns)，比如学生过度依赖网络搜索（students’ overdependence on search engines)、学 生 別 网络信息的质M有闲难(the difficulty many students have judging the quality of online information)、学生 的评判性思维能力可能会降低(students’ potentially diminished critical thinking capacity)等等( 最后两段主要阐述教师为应对网络对学生的负[ffi影响纷纷采取的应对措施。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结材料内轾，随后提出个人观点—— 互联网并不会降低学生解决问题的能力。 主体：从两方面具体阐述自己的观点。 1. 互联网并不全能，不会导致学生解决问题能力的降低。 2 . 由于有剽窃机制的制约.互联网实际上能锻炼学生解决问题的能力。 结尾：引用牛顿的名言作结。 精品范文 The Internet Is Not the End of the Academia This article is mainly about the impact of the internet 文章主要谈及网络对学生的研究 on students* research habits and skills, and more important­ 习惯及研究技巧的影响，更重要的是教 ly, teachers’ corresponding judgment and response. On the 师们对此的看法以及应对措施「一方 one hand, teachers surveyed generally believe that the Inter­ net is having positive influence since students are enabled 面，接受调查的教师们普遍认为网络发 to access more learning materials. On the other hand, they 挥着积极影响，因为学生能接触到更多 also spot some concerns that students may depend too 的学习材料；另一方面，教师们有些担 much on search engines and fail to distinguish good infor- 心学生会过度依赖搜索引擎、不会鉴别 mation from bad one. To deal with such concerns, many 网上信息的好坏，对此，许多老师纷纷 teachers try varied means. As far as I see it, the Internet is 采取不同的应对措施。在我看来，互联 not the end of the academia and won’t worsen students’ 网并非学术界的末日，它并不会降低学 problem-solving abilities. 生解决问题的能力。 Firstly, the internet is hardly omnipotent. The internet 首先，互联网并不全能。互联网为 provides a quicker and more efficient option of problem- • 233 •专八作文 华研外遇 solving for students, but it doesn’t apply to all problems. 学生提供了一个更怏、更高效解决问题 Google, for example, may be helpful when students are 的选择，但它并不适用于一切问題例 trying to search for background information or browse 如，谷歌虽然在学生们搜索背景材料和 through studies, but it may prove unhelpful when, say, a 浏览学术研究时帮助很大，但如果学生 student attempts to tackle one particular issue in his 想要解决自己实验过程中的某个独特 experiment. Even when students are solving a lot of 问题，可能谷歌就帮不上忙了，即便学 problems by using Google, they will still have to deal with 生用谷歌能解决许多问题，对于那些新 the unique, original and in most cases most significant ones 的、独特的也往往是最重要的问题，他 by themselves. Secondly, the Internet actually trains students* ability of 们还是得自行解决 problem-solving since it pushes them to be more original 其次，互联网实际上能锻炼学生解 and innovative. Nowadays, due to very strict rules concern­ 决问题的能力，因为它让学生变得更具 ing cribbing in higher learning institutes, students will have 创新能力由于高校对抄袭有非常严厉 to skim through and screen different materials, and try to 的规定，学生们不得不浏览和甄别各种 come up with differentiated findings that do not resemble 信息，然后得出自己与众不同的结论， any of the works found. In this manner, students will natu­ 以便自己的研究不会和前人的类似。这 rally sharpen their skills of sorting out information and de­ 样一来，学生便能锻炼其筛选信息的能 veloping their own ideas upon the materials concerned. 力以及基于现有材料的独立思考能力。 As Newton so rightly puts it, **If I have been able to see 牛顿曾有言：“如果说我看得比别 further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of a 人更远些，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀 giant ". The internet is not the end of the academia, but 上。”互联网并非学术界的末曰，而是肩 rather a shoulder for us to stand on. The worry that the 膀：担心互联网会降低学生解决问题的 internet may worsen students’ problem-solving ability is 能力是过虑了。 unnecessary. _ 好词好句 academia /.aek9’di:mia/ /i. 学 术 界 omnipotent AurTnipatant/ a . 万 能 的 crib /krib/ v • 抄 袭 skim through 浏 览 screen /skri:n/ v • 筛 选 differentiated /.difarenJYeitid/ a . 不 同 的 resemble /ri’zembl/ v ...... sharpen /7a:pan/ v•提 i〇5 • 与 类 似 1. This article is mainly about...(简要总结材料内容） 文章主要谈及…… 2. As far as I see it, ••• is not the end of... and it won’t worsen...(亮出作者的观点） 在我看来，......并非.......的末日，它并不会降低....... 3. If I have been able to see further， it was only because I stood on the shoulders of a giant.(名言） 如果说我看得比别人更远些，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。 • 234 •第二章专八作文100 华研外ii ▼OPWVNMk^* m fum 网络语言 Along with the widespread use of the Internet comes the cyber language, which arouses a bitter controversy. Experts denounce that cyber language is diluting the quality of language. Internet users，however， think that language is evolving all the time and rigid standards should not be enforced in the daily use of language. What is your view on this? The following are excerpts about this issue. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS TRAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both articles; 2. give your comment. Excerpt 1 Is Internet English Debasing the Language? Online writing, you see, is destroying the purity of English as we know it and threatening to dumb us all down into a herd of screen-jabbing illiterates. Some people are worried about the abuse and impoverishment of English online (notably, in blogs and emails) and the overall crassness of English prose in the age of global communications. But is it really true that English is being abused and impoverished in "blogs and emails"? I suppose it depends what kind of blogs one reads—the New Yorker's Page Turner blog or Crooked Timber seem pretty well-written—and what kind of email correspondents one is blessed with. As for the “overall crassness” of internet prose, there is an increasing amount of very fine essay-writing going on for online-only publications such as Aeon magazine and Matte)\ Of course there’s a lot of bad writing on the web, but there’s a lot of very good writing too. There’s just more writing at all levels of quality. Arguably, thanks to internetworked electronic communications, people are wilting more than ever before in history. This does not by itself seem adequate cause for dejection among the literati. Moreover, against the claim that the internet is impoverishing our language must be set the truth that it is expanding it with new and entertaining means of expression. Take, for instance, the “facepalm”. This splendidly economical way of indicating ironic despair—sometimes accompanied by an image of Captain Jean-Luc Picard covering his face with his hand—is just one of the useful lexical innovations the internet offers to those who actually read it. Excerpt 2 Cyber Words Make Language Lively Cyber language is popular among Chinese netizens, who create Chinglish words to reflect phenomenon in society. One example is “antizen”， which refers to college graduates who earn a meager salary and live in small rented apartments, like tiny and laborious ants. Da\dd Tool, a professor in the Beying International Studies University, said it*s very interesting to combine Chinese with English to create new words. Sergey Dmitriev, a senior student from Russia studying at Liaoning University, believed the words are a way to learn more about Chinese society. “In Russia， similar words were created， as well,” he 235 • •a 专八作文 牮研n遇 rnr_l_ ■ said, adding that creation of new words showed greater influence and more of an opening of China to the world. Netizens also created Chinese words and expressions. Take Suan Ni Hen for example. This three- character expression originally meant **you win^. However, as the first character carried the same pronunciation as garlic in Chinese, netizens used it to satirize the soaring garlic and food prices this winter. Some of these words and expressions were even used in serious media reports. On November, People's Daily carried a front-page news story with the headline "Jiangsu geiiivable cultural province". Wu Zliongmin, a professor at the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, saw the phenomenon of word creation as a natural response of young people to social issues. "Cyber language is more vivid and it shortens the distances between people," he said. _ 材料解读 材料由两个选段构成，主要围绕网络语言的影响展开阐述。 第一个选段主要阐述了网络语言的两大方面影响，包括：第一，网络语言无甚害处一 它的出现并未导致糟 糕的写作增多或精良的写作减少（there’s a lot of bad writing on the web, but there’s a lot of very good writing too),只是不同质水平的写作增多 了而已（There’s just more writing at all levels of quality) 第 二，网络语言可以带来更多新奇冇趣的表达(expanding it with new and entertaining means of expression)。 第二个选段则主要强调网络语言使语言生动这一事实，其中举了 antizen"蚁民”、Suan Ni Hen“蒜你狠”、 geiiivable “给力”等为人们熟知的网络语言为例3 综上所述，可以ft出，两个选段主要阐述了网络语言的积极影响，都倾向于支持使用网络语言。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：简要总结两段选文的中心大意，并顺势提出观点—— 网络语言有其存在的价值。 主体：分两方面阐述观点。首先，网络语言不仅与教科书语言相比更能拉近人与人的关系，还能用冇趣的方 式来宣泄社会情感，其次，没有专家可以当语言的判官，网络语言的留存应该让使用语言的普罗大众来决定。 结尾：_®屮观点，网络语言有存在的必要性，宜疏不宜堵。 _ 精品范文 Don't Say "NoM to Cyber Language When it comes to cyber language, people tend to 当谈及网络语言时，人们往往持不同 have varied views. While it is true that some people may 看法。尽管有些人会为网络语言的负面 worry about its negative impact, the excerpts are positive 影响而担忧，选段则对网络语言持支持 about cyber language. According to the first excerpt, 态度。在第一个选段看来，网络语言无甚 cyber language is doing no harm in that it leads to no 害处：它的出现并未导致糟糕的写作增 more bad writing on the web than good writing—there's 多或精良的写作减少，只是不同水平的 just more writing at all levels of quality. What’s more, cyber language can help to bring about more new and 写作增多了而已。此外，网络语言可以带 entertaining means of expression. The second excerpt 来更多新奇有趣的表达第二个选段则主 mainly stresses the fact that cyber words make language 要强调网络语言使语言生动这一事实。在 lively. In my opinion, cyber language should be kept as it 我看来，网络语言不会损害语言的纯洁 • 236 .第二章专八作文100 场« 外谓 is not destroying the integrity of language, but spicing up 性，反而能使人们沟通的方式变得更有活 the way people communicate with each other. 力，故应保留。 For one thing, cyber language entails vivid expres­ 一方面，网络语言表达生动，更加容 sions which are more approachable. Contrary to the frozen 易让人接受与教科书中既不吸引人也不 textbook language which is not attractive or vivid, cyber 生动的僵硬语言不同的是，网络语言琅琅 language is catchy, trendy and above all lively and open 上口、时髦且充满活力，能敲开陌生人的 doors for strangers and helps its users to establish a 门，并为使用者搭建桥梁此外，网络语言 bond. Moreover, cyber language has its uniquely amusing 有其独特而有趣的表达方式，能释放被压 way to release the pent-up emotion in the society. In this 抑的社会情绪。由此，我们可以这样认为： regard, it is fair to say that cyber language is a worthy 网络语言是一种有价值的媒介，能让公众 vehicle, through which public emotion could be shared 的情绪瞬间共享，并能生动地感受到这些 and felt instantaneously and vividly. 情绪。 For another thing, it is understandable that experts 另一方面，我们可以理解语言专家担 worry cyber language might threaten the standard language. 忧网络语言可能会威胁到“标准”语言但 But language itself is just a tool for communication and 语言本身只是沟通的工具，也没有任何一 no expert is authoritative enough to serve as a language 位专家能充当语言的权威判官-如果一种 judge. If one expression is accepted by the m9jority of 表达被大多数人接受，经过时间的沉淀， people for a long time, the phrase will settle down as one 该表达会固定为一个国家的语言体系的 item in the nation's linguistic system. If not, it will come 一部分。否则，流行的网络语言也会稍纵 and go. There is no need to worry too much about it. 即逝。因此，没有必要过分担心。 In short, we should be more tolerant with cyber 总之，我们应该更宽待网络语言，因 language, because it offers a colorful alternative to the 为它提供了与标准语言不同而又丰富多 standard language. Accepting the diversities and dynamics 彩的替代品。接受语言的多样性和变化比 of language is more important than denying the fresh 否定新生语言来得更为重要 expressions. _ 好词好句 spice /spais/ v•为......增添趣味 approachable /a’preutjebal/ a •亲切的 catchy /’kaetji/ a. 朗朗上口的 pent-up a .被压.抑的 authoritative /o:’0Dnt9tiv/ a. 权威的 diversity /dai’v3:siti/ w• 差好;多样性 dynamics /dai'naemiks/ n .动态 1. In my opinion, ... should be kept as it is not..” but.••(首段提出观点） 在我看来，……不是……，而是……，故应保留。 2. In this regard, it is fair to say that...(正文例证之后小结观点） 在这一点上，可以说...... • 237 •专八作文 牮研外ifl 时 醜 縣 让 細 言 行 粗 俗 ? A new survey shows that social networks have become a hotbed of offensive words and name calling. Is social networking making us rude? The following are opinions about this issue. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Mario Canseco (vice-president, public affairs at Insights West) Technology was blamed by more than 80 percent of people surveyed by Insights West as the cause of our growing incivility, making it the No. 2 reason that people think we are becoming less civil to each other. When we didn't have this type of technology, we seemed to get along much better. We were probably saying good morning to the guy at the coffee shop. Instead we’re hidden behind our cellphones and other gadgets, tweeting, posting, texting and SnapChatting with our virtual friends while ignoring the world around us. Or worse—letting the door slam in their face. Dr. Joti Samra (adjunct professor in psychology at Simon Fraser University) When weYe not face-to-face, there is much lost in our interactions. The predominant component of our communication is non-verbal. It could be the tone of our voice, body posture, or other signals that can only be picked up when we are talking, not texting, tweeting or interacting online. Added to that is the speed and brevity of texts and online posts. In the Twitter age we are communicating a message in 140 characters. We are losing the art of conversation, we*re learning to communicate in very short sound bites. All of these factors can contribute to incivility and disrespect. Erinne Paisley (16, user of several social softwares) When you’re on social media you’re not saying something to a person’s face, so it’s a lot easier to be rude. I don’t think we can blame social media for people’s rudeness. It’s not like those thoughts are created from social media but they are voiced through social media, which gives an easier platform to voice those thoughts. Peter Chow-White (communication professor from Simon Fraser University) Social media just give us a forum to show our true colours. I bet people who are jerks online are jerks in real life. It says more about the personality than it does about the communication itself. Rather than being separate from the way people behave in real life, online behaviour only reflects attitudes that are now more hidden. But social media give more avenues for people to express meanness, absolutely. Peopled perception that technology and social media are eroding our civility also reflects the fact that the technological changes are still fairly new to us. • 238 •丨第二章专八作文100篇 Naima Salemohamed (a student at the University of Victoria) When it comes to our obsession with technology, behaviours that once might have been considered rude are now the norm. If you are sitting in a class at university and texting or using yoiir phone, nobody is going to say anything to you, it has just become the norm. We are so attached to technology—I don’t think it’s us being rude, it’s just how the culture has become. _ 材料解读 材料给出了五个人对“网络是否让人们的言行变得粗鲁”这一话题的不同看法。前两个人赞同“网络让人们 的言行变得粗# ”，而后三个人反对这种说法。 赞同者认为技术是人们变得日益粗# 的原因（the cause of our growing incivility)，让我们无视周围的世 界（ignoring the world around us);人们缺少面对面的互动，交流就会失去非语言(non-verbal)因素如语凋，身 体语言等其他信号的辅助，取而代之的是在线交流的回复速度(speed)和简洁度（brevity)，这让我们丧失了谈话 的艺术（losing the art of conversation) 反对者认为人们的确变得缺少礼貌和尊®，但并非社交网络造成(not like those thoughts are created from social media),粗魯与否是由个人修养(personality)决定；社交网络只是给人们提供了一个发出自己的声 音的平台（an easier platform to voice those thoughts.)，反映出人们隐藏的态度（only reflects attitudes that are now more hidden);甚至还有人认为现在人们的行为举止不箅是粗鲁，这只是体现了社会行为准则的变迁 而已(just how the culture has become) _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括总结不同人对于这个话题的看法，并提出个人看法—— 社交网络不是人们变得粗&的根源，但的 确是对社交网络的依赖比人们缺乏对身边人的关怀和礼貌， 主体：用具体的例子阐述人的行为举止从根本上不是由社交网络决定的，但是社交网络的广泛应用的确使 人忽略了对身边人的礼貌和尊甩. 结尾：重申个人观点，提出正确对待社交网络的逑议, 精品范文 Social Networks: the Source of Incivility? A hotly debated topic centers on whether the develop­ 最近，大家热烈讨论这一话题—— 社 ment of online social networks are eroding our civility, 交网络的发展是否让我们的言行变得粗 making people rude and disrespectful to others. Some are 鲁。有些人认为社交网络应该对人们的粗 convinced that social networks should bear the blame for 鲁和冷漠负全责。其他人则觉得社交网络 people’s rudeness and indifference. Others consider it just 只是一个让人们表达真实看法的平台而 a platform that reveals people's true attitude. There are al­ 已。同吋，也有一些人从另外的角度出发， so people who take a different perspective and argue that 他们认为科技重新定义了在我们的文化 it*s the technology that has reshaped the standard of rude­ 中粗鲁的标准。以上看法从某种意义上说 ness in our culture. All the above views are justifiable to a certain extent. Personally, I don't think social networks 都有些道理。我个人认为社交网络不应该 should bear all the blame, yet it's true that people are 背负让人们变得粗鲁的全部罪名，但人们 overly obsessed with the virtual world, thus showing less 过分沉溺于虚拟的世界，因而对周围的人 concern and respect to people around. 没有足够的尊重和关怀，也的确是事实。 • 239 •专八作文 牮研n 遇 r〇»eere«*uew People with good manners and those who lack respect 任何时候都有文明的人和不尊重别 to others are present at all times. It has more to do with 人的人这更多的是和教育有关，而不是 education than with the influence of new technologies. If a 受新科技的影响决定。如果一个人在现 person is polite and considerate in real life, he/she is most 实生活中就很有礼貌，很细心体贴，那他/ likely to remain so when chatting or tweeting online. On 她在网上聊天或使用微博时也肯定会同 the other hand, for a person who doesn’t behave properly in everyday life, no one would expect him/her to show 样有礼貌。相反，一 个平曰里就举止不当 good manners on social media either. So it is unreasonable 的人，在社交平台中大概也不会展示出 to have social networks fully shoulder the blame for the 良好的礼貌因此，要单让社交网络承担 eroding civility among people. However, hardly can anyone 这个罪过便没有道理了。但是，也没有人 assert that social media are not changing anything. The 敢说社交媒体什么都没改变。先进的社 advanced social networks bring unprecedented convenience 交网络给现代生活带来空前的便利，但 to modem life. But as we become increasingly dependent 在我们越来越依赖社交网络的同时，我 on social networks, we also tend to neglect people around 们也容易忽略身边的人-当我们忙着在 us. When we are busy posting the latest news on Face- 主页上发状态时，我们就无视了身边的 book, we don’t care if our families are waiting to know 家人在期待着了解我们的学校生活当 how our life goes at school. When we sit in a coffee 我们坐在咖啡店，盯着手机屏幕和朋友 shop, staring at the screen of our cell phones and chatting 边聊天边笑时，我们很难注意到周围的 with friends while giggling, we hardly notice anyone 人，也不能像从前那样，或是和旁边的人 around us who would otherwise like to say hi or make an 打声招呼，或是相视一笑， exchange of friendly smiles. 总的来说，社交网络不是让人们逐 In conclusion, social networks are not the root, but 漸变得冷漠的根源，但也的确是一个原 one reason that leads to the increasing indifference among 因。所以我们应该学着享受现代科技带 people. We should learn to enjoy the convenience of mod­ 来的便利，同时也尽量抵消它的负面影响 em technology, while trying to offset its disadvantages. _ 好词好句 erode /iVaud/ v. bear the blame for ...... 为 负 责 take a d丨fferent perspective从不同的角度看 be obsessed with ...... 沉 湎 于 assert /9’S3:t/ vt 断言 unprecedented /An’presidentid/ a • 空 前 的 offset /*Dfset/ v.抵消 1. A hotly debated topic centers on"•(引出话题） 人们热烈讨论的话題焦点是…… 2. ... is justifiable to a certain extent.(部分肯定某一现点） ...从某种程度来说是有道理的。 3. It has more to do with... than with...(比较二者关系） 与...相比，它与……更有关系。 4. We should learn to er^oy the convenience of", while trying to offset its disadvantages.(文末作总结） 我们应当学会享受……带来的便利，同时也尽量抵消它的负面影响。 240 • •第二章专八作文100 a 让 縣 姑 染 买 单 ? It has been reported that the government of Kunming is considering levying a 10-yuan pollution fee per day on tourists in the area near the Dianchi Lake. From the excerpts^ you can find that this practice has achieved much applause^ but there have also been doubt and criticism. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words} in which you should: 1. summarize the opinions from both sides, and then 2. express your opinion towards this practice, especially whether it can achieve the due result. Yu Xiangrong from www.voc.com.cn It’s somewhat reasonable to solve the pollution problem through economic means. Natural resources are limited, and you have to pay for your use of the resources. Those who pollute should be held accountable in treating pollution, so ifs all right to charge the tourists. In addition, collecting pollution fees from tourists does not mean not to punish polluting factories. The pollution of the Dianchi Lake has long been a problem. In recent years, the pollution is becoming increasingly worse and is listed among the State Council’s major pollution treatment programs. Although the government has already spent billions of yuan to deal with the problem, together with a series of treatment measures, tliere are still no notable achievements. Since the source of pollution is industrial and daily sewage, the key to controlling pollution is to curb the discharge of wastewater from the two sources. In recent years, pollution treatment is consistently outpaced by pollution, so it*s important to change the old mindset in the real practice of pollution treatment. Prevention is much more effective and important than clean-up. The plan to collect pollution fees might be regarded as part of prevention. However, still we must make it clear that tourists are not the m^yor cause of the pollution of the lake. Though economic means may not be the most effective way to prevent pollution, there must be some rigid rules. To some extent, charging pollution fees is only a supplement to the many ways of pollution prevention, and local authorities have missed a key part of pollution treatment by targeting tourists alone. Fan Zijun from China Business Herald When tourists come to the Dianchi Lake, tliey are already contributing to local hotels, restaurants and scenic spots. They are the source of money for the local tourism, so it’s unreasonable to ask them to pay extra money when they have already paid for every service theyVe got. In the name of protecting local ecological environment, the fee collection plan covers six counties and districts around the lake. Every tourist is supposed to pay 10 yuan for each day^ stay. Such an ambitious fee collection program is astonishing. The local government should not use environmental protection as an excuse to make money. They should allocate some of the tourism incomes to local ecological and environmental improvement, so that they can attract more tourists in the future. Now, however, they want to transfer the environmental cost to tourists when it is the locals themselves who should be responsible for the result. Such a short-sighted plan could drive potential tourists away. 241 • •专八作文 华研 The deterioration of the local ecological environment is caused by illegal commercial development and improper disposal of wastewater by some companies. If the local government targets tourists instead of the real troublemakers, it’s unfair and will do nothing to help the local ecological environment. _ 材料解读 材料针对游客是否应该为旅游景点的污染买单给出了正反两种观点。 材料一肯定了向游客收取污染费的合理性(somewhat reasonable):因为大家必须为使用资源买单(pay for your use of the resources),游客和企业都要为各自的行为负责（should be held accountable in treating pollution)。收取污染费是一种经济手段，是治污的补充措施(a supplement)。 材料二则认为这一做法并不合理（unreasonable):游客已经花钱购买了各项服务（already paid for every service),不应再向他们额外收费；这种做法实际上是打着环保的借U赚钱（as an excuse to make money),把 自身的责任转嫁到游客身上，这种短视行为将赶跑潜在的游客(drive potential tourists away)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中的正反两种观点， 主体：提出自己的观点：政府应将这一举措变成全面计划。分两方面进行阐述并提出建议3 1. 分析这一举措进到人们质疑的原因，从而逮议政府要确保计划和实施过程的透明度 2 . 从污染治理方面人手，表明要在收取污染费和治理污染源两方面取得平衡 结尾：总结全文，表明计划是可取的，但有待改进 _ 精品范文 Well-Planned Pollution Treatment Is Needed The government of Kunming is allegedly considering levy­ 有消息称，昆明政府将对滇池一带 ing a 10-yuan pollution fee per day on each tourist in the 的游客征收每日十元的污染治理费。 area near the Dianchi Lake. The public has concernedly voiced 对此消息十分关切的群众纷纷发表自 their opinions on this news. Some believe that such measure 己的看法。有的人认为，向游客收取污 has a ground to charge the tourists as those who cause pol­ 染治理费是合理之举，因为污染环境 lution should be responsible for addressing consequent prob­ 者应对污染问题负责，而且这也是一 lems and it can serve as a supplementary way to pollution 种污染防治的补充措施3 但有的人反 prevention and treatment. However, some argue that local 驳说，当地政府用这种做法转嫁污染 government, by this means, shifts the blame onto tourists. It is 责任，非法商业开发和污水处理不当 unfair to have visitors pay for pollution caused by illegal com­ 引发的污染问題却让游客买单，是不 mercial development and improper disposal of wastewater. 公平的= My viewpoint is that Kunming government should develop 我的观点是政府应把这一新举措 such an innovative approach into a holistic plan. What people 深化为全面计划。人们强烈反对的或 strongly disagree with may not be pollution fee collection, 许不是征收污染治理费，而是群众对 but they are uncertain that how the fee will be allocated and 于将如何使用这笔费用及污染治理是 whether pollution treatment will be effective. Admittedly, we 否有成效一无所知。诚然，不能说游客 can't say that tourists have nothing to do with the environ­ 与滇池的污染问题毫无关系，但政府 mental pollution of the Dianchi Lake, but a convincing pro 应该拿出一份有说服力的方案并展示 . 242 .第二章专八作文100篇 ▲ 明 posal should be put forth and show people its flexibility. In 其可行性_换句话说，要提高收费过程 other words, the fee collection process and the pollution 和污染治理的透明度，以便群众和游 treatment should be more transparent so that the public in­ 客清楚污染治理费花在了什么地方， cluding tourists are aware of how their money are spent, 污染治理取得了怎样的进展，以及现 what progress the pollution treatment makes as well as what 有计划有何前景。 kind of prospect they can expect based on current plan. In addition, if government collects pollution fees while 此外，如果政府只收取污染治理 turning a blind eye to bigger polluters, such as factories that 费却无视污染源，例如向滇池一带排 release industrial sewage into the Lake, its really unfair and 放工业废水的工厂等，就显得非常不 does harm to tourists and local tourism, let alone good inten­ 公平，也对游客和当地旅游有害无益， tion to local environinent improvement. So in the plan, gov­ 远非改善当地环境的良好初衷。因此 ernment must manage a balance between pollution fee collec­ 在这份计划中，政府必须在征收污染 tion and other practices against pollution around Dianchi 治理费和其他治理淇池污染的做法中 Lake. 取得平衡。 In conclusion, this pollution fee collection initiative is 总之，征收污染治理费的举措值 worth encouraging but also up for further assessment and 得鼓励，但有待进一步评估和改善 improvement. _ 好词好句 alleged丨y /a’led3idli/ ct is also quite common in developed urban societies and even among the middle class. Being a single child in the modem society is quite a burden also when it comes to parents' marriage expectations. Excerpt 2 A booming market has emerged where women or men offer their services of being the perfect partner for a day. Renting a girlfriend or boyfriend for Chinese New Year has become a solution for many who don't want to face another year of annoying questions about their (non-existent) love life. While men looking for a fake girlfriend often have concerns about her trustwortliiness and whether or not their parents will like her, the women offering their services also have their worries. One woman interviewed by People's Daily says that she first talks with potential clients to see what their expectations are. She makes it very clear that she will not share a bed with him, she says, as some customers have “inappropriate wishes”. Renting a girlfriend for the holidays temporarily solves one problem. But since the most dreaded questions for Chinese New Year also include those on whether or not you own a car, have a house, got a raise, passed your exams, and are planning on children or are pregnant yet, we can only • 247 •专八作文 牮研外遇 wonder if these kinds of Chinese New Year services will come to include more “fake it” until you make it possibilities. Rent a baby, anyone? _ 材料解读 材料丨绕时下热议的“租男（女）朋友回家过年”的话题.提供了两个选段，主要从租男（女）朋友回家过年出 现的原因和这一做法的隐患两方面进行分析。 选段-•指出，这一做法的原因主要是找对象不容易（the dating difficulties)，孩子不想面对亲友对其感情生 活的压•力 don’t want to face... love life);而且出于孝心（filial piety),孩子不想比父母担心（making parents （ less worried )。 选段二指出，这一做法对于男女双方都存在隐患，对男性客户而言，他要考虑假女友的可信度 (trustworthiness而假女友也会担心客户提出不恰丐的要求（inappropriate wishes)，自身的安全性缺乏保障 此外，最根本的问题在于这一做法只是一时之计 temporarily),这个谎言将衍生更多的谎言（include more （ “fake it 最后甚至可能得租个“孩子”来圆谎 ”）， _ 谋篇布局 开篇：首先总结材料大意，租男（女）朋友回家过年是因为父母和子女对待婚恋的态度存在隔阂.父母给儿女 的压力太大；租男（女）朋友看似能解燃眉之急，但存在信任和安全隐患，其次表明肖己的态度：这一做法并不是 解决婚姻问题的长久之计。 主体：解释这一做法不能冇效解决问题的原因，并指出解决问题的关键所在。 结尾：得出结论—— 中国父母不要过多干涉孩子的私生活。 _ 精品范文 Fake It Till You Make It? The Spring Festival is a time for family reunions. As 春节是全家团聚的日子。虽然对 excited as they may be about returning home, many Chinese 于回家团圓满心欢喜，但单身男女们 singletons are dreading the inescapable question from their 总少不了被亲朋好友追问：“什么时 parents and relatives: "When are you getting married?M To 候结婚呀？ ”为了不被这些无谓的关 deflect all the unwanted attention, some of them have come up 心所烦扰，有些人想出了 “租男（女 ） with a funny way — renting a date to bring home. This 朋友回家”这一滑稽的办法。这一现 phenomenon actually underscores the mounting pressure on 象实际上反映了单身人士所面临的 most single people, which is caused by the difference in 巨大压力，而这一压力归根结底是因 attitudes and expectations about marriage between parents and 为父母和80后孩子对待婚姻的看法 their post-80s children. Despite the boom in the partners rental 和期待存在差异。尽管男（女 ）朋友出 business, this practice is doubted by many people in terms of 租业务十分火爆，但不少人怀疑这一 trustworthiness and safety. In my opinion, renting a date is far 做法的可信度和安全性在我看来， from being a permanent solution to the marital problem. 租男（女 ）朋友并不是解决婚姻问题 Children hire boyfriends or girlfriends to please their 的长久之计 parents over the holidays and to make their own lives easier, 孩子为了取悦父母，也为了让自 but actually that can achieve the exact opposite to the planned 己假期过得更加轻松而租男（女）朋 . 248 •第二章专八作文100 a 华冊外ifi purpose. The parents will be upset to hear a few months later 友回家。但这种做法却是适得其反。 about the inevitable breakup. Besides, as the agreements 假恋人关系必定以分手告终，父母几 signed by the two parties involved on boyfriend or girlfriend 个月后得知必然会感到伤心。另外， rentals are not protected by law, disputes may occur. There is 恋人租赁协议并不受法律保护，这就 a real case where a man had a dispute with his fake girlfriend 会导致不必要的纷争。达一个真实的 over the red packets she accepted from his family. 例子，某男子因冒牌女友收取男方亲 Unfortunately, his parents found out the whole thing and it 友的红包而产生争执，最后让父母知 caused a lot of family conflicts. Apart from the potential 晓，引发了不少家庭矛盾，除了有可 unpleasantness, renting partners is unlikely to solve the deeper 能产生的不快，租男（女）朋友并不能 issues behind the phenomenon. What we really expect to see is 解决背后的深层次问题我们更期待 that the gender ratio between Chinese men and women will 看到的是中国的男女比例能逐渐平 become more balanced, and the traditional ideas about 衡，对于婚姻的传统观念能有实质性 marriage will undergo serious transformations. 的改变。 Although young people understand very well that fake re­ 虽然年轻男女都明白假装恋人 lationships are at odds with the seriousness of love, they are 违背了爱情的严肃性，但迫于压力， 他们仍愿意冒这个风险。要停止这场 willing to take a risk because they are under so much pres­ 闹剧，中国父母必须学会冷静，不要 sure. The only way to stop all this chaos is if parents learn to 给孩子的婚姻，恋爱，以及其他生活 chill out and stop pressuring their kids about marriage, rela­ 琐事施加过多的压力。 tionship and all the other minutiae of their lives. _ 好词好句 singleton /*sii]glten/ w • 单 身 人 士 come up with 想 出 （主 意 ) underscore Mnderska:/ v marital /*maeritl/ △ 强 调 仏 婚 姻 的 involve on 涉 及 ...... red packets 红 包 at odds with 与 ...... 不 一 致 chill out 冷 静 minutiae /mai’nju:Jiai/ w . 细 节 1. To deflect.", some of them have come up with" • ( 引 出话题） 为了避免……，有些人想出……（办法） 2. Despite the boom in..., this practice is doubted by many people in terms of...(指出某种做法的弊端） 虽然……十分火爆，但有不少人对该做法的……方面持怀疑态度。 3. What we really expect to see is that...(提出建议） 我们真正想看到的是…… 249 • •专八作文 结 願 行 业 -片 繁 荣 While Chinese celebrity weddings are becoming more extravagant year on yeary ordinary couples have now also caught the pre-wedding shoot fever. The following news report illustrates this trend and people’s view on it. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the development of wedding photography industiy in China, and then 2. give your comment. China's Booming Wedding Photography Industry Wedding photos are an important part of wedding ceremonies across the globe, but in China they’re a whole different ballgame; the perfect wedding shoot has become a top priority in the wedding arrangements. The Chinese marriage industry is soaring with an estimated worth of 130 US$ billion in last year. Wedding shoots are one of its key sectors—some photography packages are sold at a staggering $80,000. Profits stem from the expensive backdrops and costume rentals, along with more modem additions of presentation videos and interactive wedding invitations. In today’s social media age, Chinese wedding photographs are routinely shared with a large audience. This has led to various trends in the industry. One style mirrors the original “wedding photographs1 of China's pre-reform era. Before the popularity of pre-wedding shoots, engaged couples would usually pose for one formal photograph when in the process of obtaining a marriage certificate. In more modem interpretations, couples can be seen to wear Mao-era military fatigues and hairstyles, even holding copies of Mao’s Little Red Book in keeping with photographs of the time, the main difference being that today couples are pennitted to adopt whimsical poses and expressions. Another recent trend is to stand out from the crowd by taking pre-wedding photos in another country, such as posing under the Big Ben in faraway London. This generally involves more Western- style photographs in suits and white bridal gowns. Transport and accommodation are often organised as part of one photography package. Other popular pre-wedding photo locations and styles include local parks, botanical gardens, amusement parks and indoor studio backdrops, with couples often wearing traditional Han qipao and havfu dress. As the production level of pre-wedding photography rises, couples in China have been spending increasing amounts on photography packages. In order to get ahead in the market, there are now companies that have begun to offer additional services including electronic online invitations and wedding videos at comparatively affordable prices. Pre-wedding shoots themselves can range from hundreds to (ten) thousands of dollars, depending on the number of locations and the price of the outfits. Online opinion of pre-wedding photography varies, with some Weibo users admiring viral wedding photos while others scorn the practice. Some netizens are critical at the costs involved in extravagant photo shoots. Commenting on the recent story of the couple who wore 56 ethnic minority outfits in their pre-wedding photographs, one Weibo user said: “All I can say is that they have too much 250 • •money.” On the other hand, unusual photo shoots can attract admiration, with one netizen commenting on the same story: 4*What a creative journey! With the growth of China's emerging middle-class, the trend for pre-wedding photographs is likely to further flourish for the years to come; as coupled strive to find new and innovative wedding photos, the industry is only set to become more competitive. _ 材料解读 材料探讨了中国迅速发展的婚纱照行业及其发展趋势。可分为四部分内容。 第一段概括了现代婚纱照行业的发展现状如今拍婚纱照是婚礼安排的首要之事(top priority),且是婚礼 行业盈利的重要来源（key sectors )，因为拍摄涉及各种昂贵(expensive)的道具以及服饰等 第二、三段则对比了改革开放前和现在人们拍结婚照的不同。过去未婚夫妇拍结婚照是因为需要一张照片 去领取结婚证(obtaining a marriage certificate),而现在的年轻一代则追求个性化的婚纱照，会加入搞怪的姿 势和表情（whimsical poses and expressions)、而且，出国拍婚纱照也是一种潮流，交通和住宿的费用也会包含 在婚纱照套餐里。 第四、五段则介绍了婚纱照价格上涨的问题以及网友对此的看法。由于婚纱照制作水平的提高，新婚夫妇在 这方面的开销也不断增加（spending increasing amounts) 根据拍摄地点的数ii和装备的价格，费从几百到 几千甚至上万不等。网友对此褒贬不一，有人认为这样的婚纱照极具创意(a creative journey),也有人认为这是 奢侈浪费(extravagant)。 最后一段对婚纱照行业的发展进行展望。随若中国中产阶级的增加，未来的婚纱照行业将更加繁荣 (further flourish )，其竞争也将越发激烈（more competitive)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结我_ 婚纱照行业的发展状况及网友对此的意见；提出个人观点—— 在承受范丨$丨内的婚 纱照都是可以接受的。 主体：从用途和意义两方面论述拍婚纱照的合理性 结尾：重申观点，指出婚纱照虽然取要，但大家应该理性消费 _ 精品范文 Are High-Priced Wedding Shoots Acceptable? Wedding shoots have become the major sector of the 随着中国婚庆行业的快速发展， surging marriage industry in China. The advent of social 婚纱照已经成为重要的组成部分社 media makes it easier for the general population to share their 交媒体的出现让大众能够更便捷地在 wedding photos online and leads to various trends in the 线分享婚纱照，这也引发了各种婚纱 shooting of wedding photographs. Some would set the 照潮流。一些人会把婚纱照的背景设 backdrop in China’s pre-reform era, and others would go to 在改革开放前的中国，另一些人甚至 great lengths to shoot their wedding photos in a country a 不惜跑到几千英里外的国家去拍婚纱 few thousand miles away. Responsive companies have offered 照，摄影公司为此提供了各种服务来 various services to satisfy the need of young couples and the 满足年轻夫妇的需求，但这些服务的 price of such services are as high as staggering. Opinion 价格却高得惊人关于拍婚纱照所耗 varies with respect to the cost and effort involved in shooting 251 • •专八作文 华研外« wedding photos. As far as I am concerned, any type of 费的人力物力，人们对此褒眨不一。我 wedding photos is acceptable as long as it is not beyond the 认为，只要在可承受的范围之内，任何 affordability of the couples involved. 形式的婚纱照都是可以接受的。 Since marriage is one of the most memorable moments in 因为结婚是人一辈子最值得回忆 one’s life, it is not surprising that young brides and grooms in 的时刻之一，中国年轻一代的新郎和 China, with more disposable income available, spend a 新娘有更高的可支配收入，花一大笔 handsome sum on wedding pictures. The various use of 钱拍婚纱照也就不足为奇。婚纱照的 wedding pictures also justifies the huge amount spent. 广泛用途也让我们有理由支付这一大 Wedding photos, for instance, can be presented as special 笔开销例如，婚纱照可以作为送给亲 gifts to friends and relatives, especially to parents and 朋好友的特别礼物，尤其是送给父母 grandparents. They can also be used to make an album or to 和祖父母，婚纱照也可以用来制作相 decorate the venue of wedding ceremony. Moreover, wedding 册或装饰婚礼现场，同时也是当下较 pictures are the main stuff to produce electronic invitation 为流行的电子请帖的主要素材。因为 which at present is a very popular form. As people are 人们多多少少会怀旧，他们可以在两 somewhat nostalgic, they may take out their wedding photos 奘斑白时拿出婚纱照，回忆他们人生 and recollect the exciting moment of their life when they are 中这个激动人心的时刻由此看来，婚 old and grey. In this sense, wedding photos, though taken 纱照虽然只用短短几天拍成，却影响 within a few days, have a long-lasting impact. 深远。 In a word, I am in favor of the idea of taking wedding 总而言之，我支持拍婚纱照。然 而，虽然拍婚纱照是很值得做的事请， photos. However, while taking wedding photos is worthwhile, 但我建议年轻夫妇在这件事上应该量 I suggest that young couples should not spend more than 力而为。 what they can afford on the wedding pictures. _ 好词好句 go to great lengths 不遗余力 staggering /staegarir]/ a. 惊人的 with respect to 关于 affordability /e.fodd’bileti/ /i• 支付能力；负担能力 venue /venju:/ n. 会场 nosta丨gic /nD’staeld3il get into Beying^ top-ranked nursing home, as some 10,000 applicants were waiting for 1,100 available beds. The nation currently has about 4 million nursing home spots. There are roughly 30 million Chinese age 80 or older. “There are a lot of smart people in the government/’ said Beardson. 44But are they going to be able to respond effectively to the challenges China is facing? I am not sure." A graying population is just one of the bumps China's encountered as it speeds through the 21st century. As Beardson notes in “Stumbling Giant，” the percentage of young people in China is shrinking, and with it, the work force that has powered the Chinese economy in recent decades. And while the government has recently loosened its one-child policy, surveys suggest that young urban • 274 •families_ facing liigh rents and concerns about college costs一have little interest in rearing more than one or two children. All that poses questions for China’s leaders: Can they keep the nation’s economic engine running without a large pool of low-paid workers? And how will it pay for health care and living costs of hundreds of millions of people who will enter their golden years in the decades ahead? _ 材料解读 材料开篇指出文章讨论的主题—— 谁来照顾老人？第二段描述了中国老龄化现象加剧：十五年后，年过花甲 的老年人口约占中国人口的四分之一(nearly one in four〉。第=段分析老人老无所依的原因—— 独生政策和年 轻人到城市就业。第四段说明老年人的生活闲境(gloomy picture).第五段介绍了政府的举措，颁布保障老年人 权益的法律（Protection of the Rights and Interests of Elderly People)。第六段则分析了现存的一系列问题： 老年人的医疗保险(insurance safety net like Medicare)尚未健全；养老院床位(nursing home beds)紧缺；老 龄化的人口结构（A graying population)阻碍经济发展；面对高昂的住房和教育费用（high rents and college costs)，人们的生育欲望低。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料—— 中国社会老龄化引发人们思考谁来照顾老人。随后提出观点：解决问题的关键在于健全 养老体系。 主体：回答谁来为养老买单这一问题，并提出一些解决措施 结尾：总结全文—— 结合政府、社区、家庭和个人的力M解决养老问题 _ 精品范文 Who Will Care for the Elderly? China’s economic miracle has been fuelled by its 中国的人口红利创造了它的经济 demographic dividend, but that population bulge is becoming 奇迹。然而，随着婴儿潮一代步入晚 a problem as it ages. The paramount challenge, according to 年，问题也就出现了。由报道可知，最 the report, is how to support and care for this vulnerable 大的挑战在于如何支持和照顾这一弱 group. Due to the nation’s one-child policy and the migration 势群体中国的独生子女政策和农村 of rural labors, the shrinking young adults are less able to 劳动力的转移致使青壮年人口缩减， financially and practically support their elders. On the other 同时对他们而言，照顾年迈的父母亲 side, China’s healthcare infrastructure and social security 在经济上和行动上也越来越困难另 system remain unprepared for a swelling aging population. 一方面，中国的医疗基础设施以及社 Although the government has made some efforts, such as 会保险体系尚未能应付膨胀的老龄化 passing a law to stipulate the obligations of young offspring 人口 虽然政府做了相应的努力，如制 and relaxing its one-child policy, those are not quick-fixes. 定法律规定子女的义务以及开放二胎 The crux of the matter lies in the development of a working 政策，但这些都不能立竿见影。问题的 system of senior care services that are accessible and 关键还在于推行人人可及，价格实惠 affordable to the elderly. 的养老服务体系 Then who is going to pay for tliis care? Based on the 可是谁该为这笔账买单呢？就发 • 275 •专八作文 牮研n ts experience of developed countries, the basic security umbrella 达国家的经验来看，是社会保障体系 for the elderly should still be a social insurance network. 撑起了老年人的保护伞因此，政府需 Therefore, tlie government should invest vigorously to improve 要加大投入改善老年人的社会福利条 its poor social provisions for the elderly, build affordable 件，建立廉宜的养老院，扩大农村养老 nursing homes, expand the rural pension program and offer 的范围，为老年人提供医疗补贴矛盾 subsidized medical care for the elders. Paradoxically, China is 的是，中国正在经历未富先老的过程 going grey faster than it is growing rich. To finance the 要保障老年人的福利，经济发展绝不 welfare of its aging population, it has to maintain economic 能 停 滯 此 外 ，养老不能一味依靠政 growth. Besides, it is not sustainable to solely rely on the 府„至于养老医疗基础设施落后这一 government for elderly care. As to the problem of 问题，中国政府可以放宽市场准入，让 underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure, China can relax 私营企业参与到养老院的建设，吸引 restrictions on market entry, for example, inviting the private 海外资本投资中国的医疗产业，包括 sector to build nursing homes and attracting overseas capital 养老服务 to China’s health care industry， including elderly care. 解决养老问题是一场持久战。它 It is a long-lasting combat with the grave task of caring 需要政府，社会，家庭，个人共同的努 for the grey population. Without a joint effort by the 力 不 然 ，教百万老年人将面临一个被 government, society, family and individuals, millions of old 贫困和疾病所扰的凄凉的晚年 people will face a bleak future of poverty and illness. _ 好词好句 demographic dividend 人 口红利 bulge /bAld3/ n.(人口）嘭胀 paramount /"paeramaunt/fl.最―®要的 shrink /Jr丨r]k/ vf.收缩 a swe丨丨ing aging population激增的老龄人U crux /krAks/ 7i. 关键问题 vigorously /Vigarasli/ fli/.有力地 provision /pra’vi3an/ n. 条款 paradoxically /.paera’d n k s ik li/相矛质地 relax restrictions on market entry 放宽巾•场准人规则 Weak /bli:k/ filial piety per se. In order to clarify this issue, we need to trace the ritual back to its origin. In the feudal era, people inferior in terms of social status were supposed to kowtow to those who were superior, a ritual that highlighted differences in the social hierarchy. Often considered as a symbol of inequality, it is a rite we would perhaps be better off cutting ties with. Nowadays, the ritual of kowtowing is seldom seen except on very limited occasions such as funerals. Therefore, ifs vital for schools to first make clear what message this or that traditional ritual sends before they begin to organize activities designed to promote traditional culture. • 283 •专八作文 Liu Xuesong from Beijing Times Plucking ancient rituals from history and applying them unchanged to the present-day educational setting seem a strange practice. After all, modem society is no longer familiar with these old rituals, many of which have been abandoned for more than a century. Chinese traditional culture stresses that filial piety trumps all other virtues. However, schools need to learn that the core of filial piety lies not in kneeling down in front of the parents or in showing absolute obedience, but in respect for one’s parents arising from the bottom of one’s heart. Moreover, in modem times, people are encouraged and expected to think independently and develop independent personalities. This obviously clashes with the traditional concept of filial piety. _ 材料解读 材料选取了三个人对“是否应该向父母磕头”的看法。第一个人表示支持这种做法，而后两个人则表示反对。 支持者认为，磕头仪式给孩子提供了少有的机会(granted them a rare opportunity)以表孝心，中小学生正 处于叛逆期(critical stages),只是简单地给他们灌输价值观(Solely imparting knowledge)并不见效.还需要给 他们提供体现这拽价值的实践机会(apply these values in practice),而磕头仪式就是其中一种实践方式 反对者则认为，確头仪式传递的是强调社会等级（highlighted differences in the social hierarchy)的信 息，是不平等的象征（a symbol of inequality),应予以剔除；孝顺不是在父母跟前屈膝磕头表示绝对服从 (absolute obedience)，而是饵道父母(in respect for one’s parents)。同时，输头的做法与现代社会所弘扬的独 立思考能力（think independently > 和独立人格（independent personalities)相恃 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：由小学生给父母磕头的事件引出本文的话题。 主体：总结材料，概括支持者和反对者的看法；表明自己的观点一 在反对磕头的同时，可用其他方式培养 孝心。 结尾：总结全文，E中用其他方式取代磕头的做法。 _ 精品范文 To K ow tow o r N ot to K ow tow Kowtow, an ancient practice showing respect in China, has 磕头这种表示尊重的中国古代 been recently put in midst of a heated debate for a ritual held 礼仪最近被推向风口浪尖，原因是 by a primary school where young students kowtowed in front 一个小学让学生给他们的父母磕头， of their parents. To kowtow or not has sparked a hot debate 引发了公众的热议， among the public. 支持者认为磕头给学生们提供 Those who support the practice believe that it offers a 了为数不多的机会来向家长表示孝 rare opportunity in modem times for students to show filial 心，并在学生中推广了中国传统文 piety to their parents and promotes traditional culture among 化。然而，这一做法遭到猛烈的抨击。 students. However, this conduct suffered from serious attacks. 而反对者认为磕头大过时，是等级制 Opponents believe that kowtow is an old-fashioned way 度森严的封建社会用来表示绝对服 showing absolute obedience in feudal society where exists a 从的一种方式，而儿童发展心理学 284 • •第二章专八作文100 绝研外通 strict system of hierarchy. Psychological studies of children^ 建议培养儿童的独立人格，因此让 development, however, favor nurturing independent personality 孩子磕头传达出错误的观念且不利 in children. Therefore, asking students to kowtow sends the 于营造健康的亲子关系、， wrong message and is not conducive for healthy parent-child 本人认为弘扬孝道的初衷无可 relationship. 厚非，但让孩子磕头的方式并非上 I believe that the aim of promoting filial piety is well- 策。第一，磕头只是表面上的尊重和 intended but asking students to kowtow is probably not the 服从，并没有给父母带来任何实际 most effective means to reach this aim. Firstly, kowtow, which only sends nominal message of respect or obedience, does not 的好处：有其他的方式既可表孝心， bring any actual good to the parents. There are numerous other 又可带来实际的好处例如，学校可 ways that both develops filial piety and brings actual good. For 以鼓励学生每周都干些家务活，或 example, the school can encourage students to do some 端热水给父母泡泡脚。第二，在当今 housework for the family each week, or give their parents a 社会通过磕头来培养孝心也不可 foot massage in a hot tub. Secondly, it is not feasible to 行。学生并没有太多机会给父母磕 promote filial piety through kowtow nowadays. Students do not 头，因此很难通过几次磕头就培养 have many opportunities to kowtow so it is impossible to 出孝心。最后，磕头不利于营造健康 promote filial piety through the limited number of kowtows. 的亲子关系越来越多人意识到独 Last but not least, kowtow does not promote a healthy parent- 立人格和平等的亲子关系的重要 child relationship. An increasing number of people have realized 性，而磕头却与此背道而驰. the importance of independent personality and equal parent-cliild 总之，本人认为磕头的目的是 relationship. Kowtow, however, runs contrary to that. 好的，但效果却有限，可以尝试其他 In conclusion, kowtow is well-intended but has limited 的方式来弘杨孝道t effects in promoting filial piety, others means can be adopted. _ 好词好句 ritual /ntjuel/ /!•( filial piety 孝道 宗 教 等 的 )仪 式 obedience /abiidiens/ tu 服 从 hierarchy /haira:ki/ w • 等 级 制 度 be conducive for 有 利 于 ...... well-intended a . 善 意 的 1. ••• has been recently put in midst of a heated debate...(引出话题） …… （话题）近期被推向风口浪尖。 2. However, this conduct suffered from serious attacks.(指出某种做法遭到反对意见） 然而，这一做法遭到猛烈的抨击。 3. An increasing number of people have realized the importance of...(指出某种意识的转变） 越来越多人意识到…… 的重要性。 • 285 •专八作文 华研n ia 觀 1 | 薦 歡 母 照 顾 孙 辈 When parents have to work at daytime or out of town, kids are usually looked after by their grandparents. There are certainly advantages and disadvantages of this practice. The following are two excerpts about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the advantages and disadvantages revealed in both excerpts, and then 2. express your own opinion on this practice. Excerpt 1 In a Grandparents.com survey of 10,000 grandparents across the country, 61 percent of those polled said they take care of their grandkids on a regular basis. For some grandparents such as Jacqueline Rafla, a grandmother of 12, caring for grandchildren keeps them going. “It’s life, it’s youth," she said. "You*re reliving your own children through these little children/' This trend toward grandparent care is in part because of the recession. According to National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies, 40 percent of grandparents now living within an hour’s drive of their grandchildren provide regular child care—and just eight percent of grandparents receive any pay. Dr. Georgia Witkin, senior editor and grandparenting expert for Grandparents.com, said 92 percent of grandparents don’t want to be paid for watching their grandchildren, they just want to be appreciated for what they do for the family. lot of us are busy working and so forth, but this is part of what weVe done before, we'd do it again, and weYe doing it for the family in hard economic times,M Witkin said. "The family comes together. If you’re helping your son or daughter work, it’s good for you. It’s good for your grandchildren. Instead of leaving them the money... help out now and get appreciation.M Witkin added the benefits are also present for the children with grandparent care, including a low adult-child ratio, which she said, is much better than at daycare. In addition, she said the food is better and the children are getting unconditional love. Another benefit or grandparent care, she added, is that several studies have suggested children who have a great grandparent presence have less delinquency and less drug abuse. Excerpt 2 Anyone with children can tell you that raising them is a challenge. Grandparents have already met that challenge once with their own children. But now many grandparents are called upon to meet it again with the next generation. According to the U.S. Census, 4.5 million children are living in grandparent-headed homes. Most grandparents raising grandchildren are between 55 and 64. Almost 25 percent are over 65. Also, a growing number are far more likely to be persons of color who are living in poverty. For these and • 286 •第二章专八作文100篇 other reasons, parenting a second time can be even harder. The grandparents are older than the first time they parented and may have less energy. Also, the reasons for having to parent a grandchild often involve traumatic events. Grandmothers caring for or raising grandchildren suffer more stress and depression than grandmothers who aren't caregivers. These are older women who may have health needs of their own. So caring for a grandchild who may have health problems, developmental challenges, or an increased need for care creates more stress for these grandmothers. The age of the grandchildren can be a factor, too. Younger children are more physically demanding. But, older children are often more emotionally and mentally demanding. You may be willing, and even eager, to raise your grandcliildren. But no matter how much you love them, your life will change. _ 材料解读 两段材料分别罗列了对“祖父母照顾孙辈”这一做法的正反观点。 选段一表示支持。当前有过半数的祖父母帮忙照看他们的孙子，原因冇二，首先照顾孙辈让老人的生活荇动 力（keeps them going)。其次.他丨只想在经济不设气(recession)时尽可能帮到儿女(help out now).希帘他们 为家里所做的能得到认可(get appreciation)。而且，与日托中心相比，专家指出了祖父母照肴小孩大冇裨益。 选段二持反对意见。材料指出.照看孩子本身就有挑战性（challenge), ffl父母因为年纪大，精力不足（less energy),照看孩子会让他们受更多苦、压力!ii大(suffer more stress and depression).而小孩子处于不丨的年 龄段，需要的照顾也不同。不管怎样，照#孩子都会改变祖父母的生活 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料内容，总结祖父母照看小孩的原因和对双方的影响；提出个人观点：祖父母照看小孩，很容易 溺爱孩子并引起家庭冲突。 主体：分两方面阐祖父母照看小孩的弊端。 1. 祖父母很可能会溺爱孩子。从做饭到洗衣.大大小小的事情他们都亲自操办，这样不利于小孩的成长。 2 . 让祖父母照看孩子还可能引起家庭冲突：两代人对于孩子的教养方式的不同会影响家庭和睦。 结尾：重申观点，让祖父母照看小孩会溺爱小孩，并影响家庭和谐。 _ 精品范文 Grandparents Won't Make Good Parents With the increasing pace of modern society, many young 随着现代社会节奏的加快，许多 parents find it difficult to take care of their children when 年轻的父母既要养家糊口又要打拼 they have families to support and career goals to pursue. 事业，难以照看自己的孩子。于是，有 Therefore, grandparents are sometimes asked to look after 时他们就会请祖父母来照看孙辈有 their grandchildren. People strongly support it in that raising 人对此强烈支持，认为照顾孙辈能让 grandchildren can give grandparents the feeling of youth and 祖父母感受到年轻的活力，同时获得 appreciation. Besides, children may also benefit from their 肯 定 此 外 ，对孩子的身心健康也有 grandparents' care mentally as well as physically. While others 益处但也有人担心，照顾孙辈会给 祖父母带来巨大的压力，因为照顾孩 worry that this may bring great pressure to those 子需要大量的精力。专家从祖父母的 grandparents since looking after children requires large 287 • •八作文 amounts of energy. While the excerpts consider the issue from 角度来看待这一问题，而我看重的则 grandparents’ point of view, I put emphasis on the impact 是对孩子的影响。我认为，祖父母照 exerted to the grandchildren, believing that this may make the 看孙辈可能会惯坏孩子，并引起家庭 children spoiled and cause domestic conflicts. 冲突。 To start with, grandparents are very likely to spoil their 首先，祖父母很可能会溺爱孙 grandchildren. Unlike parents who are more aware of the 辈。祖父母不像父母那样关注对孩子 discipline of their children, grandparents usually present very 的管教，他们通常对孙辈表现出非常 intense love for their grandchildren. They tend to do 强烈的爱从穿衣到做饭、洗衣，大大 everything for their grandchildren from dressing to cooking 小小的事情他们都包办，从不让孩子 and cleaning, instead of letting those kids do it on their own. 自己动手。当孩子们习惯于得到服务 When grandchildren get used to being served and loved, they 和宠爱，他们就会失去自己花力气做 would lose the initiatives of doing things with their own 事的主动性，而且会不假思索地索取 strength, and they tend to ask for anything they like without 任何自己喜欢的东西。这对孩子的教 thinking. This is apparently harmful to the education of the 育而言显然是有害的. kids. 其次，两代人对于孩子的教养方 Secondly, different parenting skills and different attitudes 式及态度的分歧很容易影响家庭和 towards a child between the two generations will easily cause 睦„ 当孩子习惯了祖父母的纵容时， discords in a family. Once a child gets used to the overindul­ 他就有可能养成娇纵的行为习惯，这 gence of his grandparents, he may develop spoiled behaviors, 对他的父母而言是不可接受的。当父 which will be unacceptable to his parents. The child will nat­ 母责骂孩子时，孩子会很自然地求 助于祖父母，而家庭纷争可能就在 urally seek help from his grandparents when being scolded by 所难免。如果祖父母凭借自己辈份 their parents and a family clash may be unavoidable. This kind 而争执，试图保护孙辈，这种纷争就会 of clash will intensify if the grandparents, with their seniority, 升级。 argue and try to protect their grandchildren. 总之，叫祖父母帮忙照看孩子乍 To sum up, asking grandparents to take care of their 看是很方便的选择，但如果祖父母和 grandchildren may seem a convenient option at the first sight, 父母不能良好沟通的话，就会产生许 but it may cause problems if both the grandparents and the 多问题。 parents fail to communicate well. _ 亮点词汇 pace /peis/ /i. 节奏 pursue /pe’sju:/ v • 追 求 intense /in'tens/ a . 强 烈 的 initiative /I’nijativ/ n . 主 动 性 discord AJiskid/ /i. 不 和 overindulgence /•euv3rindAld3ans/ n • 过 度 纵 容 dash /klaejV n . intensify /in’tensifai/ v• ( 冲突 使 ）加剧 1. With the increasing pace of modem society, ••• find it difficult to".(首段或正文描述社会现象） 随着现代社会节奏的加快，……发现……相当困难。 2. To sum up,…may seem a convenient option at the first sight, but it may cause problems if.••(结 尾总结，批驳某事物） 总之，……乍看是很方便的选择，但如果……，就会产生许多问題。 • 288 •第二章专八作文100, 绝研外通 « ! ■ 鮮 老 敝 母 去 养 老 院 It is the duty of sons and daughters to take care of their parents. However^ due to the pressure from work or their own family, some of them are not able to look after their parents, so they send their parents to seniors9 home instead. Some people take it as an act against filial piety. Is it appropriate for younger generations to send their parents to seniors9 home? The following excerpts provide two diverse opinions about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly both opinions; 2. give your comment. Richard Shaw, Director of United States Department of Social Welfare A nursing home is sometimes referred to as an "old folks home" and is a place where elderly people who need medical or physical assistance live. Residents live in a large building with other similarly aged people. Some nursing homes offer private bedrooms for elderly residents who can still perform many daily tasks, while other nursing homes encourage residents to share a bedroom with a roommate. Many children are unsure whether putting an elderly parent into a nursing home is a good idea, but nursing homes offer several distinct advantages for residents. Most nursing homes offer round-the-clock care for residents. Nursing homes employ a number of nurses or nurse practitioners, and many nursing homes also have a resident doctor or a doctor on call at all times. Nursing homes also offer security to ensure that only family members and approved guests are admitted into the home. Nursing homes offer regularly scheduled activities to build a sense of community among residents. Nursing home seniors ei\joy field trips and sightseeing at local landmai'ks with other residents at the nursing home. While at the nursing home, residents may eryoy chatting, watching movies or playing games together. Residents of a nursing home receive assistance performing basic tasks, such as eating, drinking and getting dressed. The staff at a nursing home works closely with residents to encourage as much independence as is physically possible, while maintaining a safe and nurturing environment. Staff also takes care of basic chores, such as washing laundry and cooking meals. Trent Hamm, Author of The Simple Dollar One of the biggest downfalls of a nursing home is the high cost of living. It can cost families thousands of dollars a year to put a senior family member into a nursing home, and it's often not an expense that the family is ready to handle just yet. If parents have set aside part of their retirement savings to cover the costs of living in a nursing home, then it shouldn't be too much of an issue. But if that money isnTt available, nursing homes might not be a feasible option for many families. Moreover, after living full, independent lives, it*s often difficult to convince a senior citizen to move into a nursing home where they may lose much of that sense of freedom that theyVe grown so .289 •专八作文 牮研外遇 accustomed to their entire lives. Above all, perhaps the reason so many people have negative views on nursing homes is that there are so many horror stories out there that weVe all heard. These are the stories of nursing home neglect, abuse or other mistreatment of the people that we love so dearly. While there are some nursing homes out there that have bad reputations, use referrals from friends and community members when youVe searching for a nursing home for your family member. Do your research before sending your parent or grandparent to the facility, and stay active in the care of your family member to ensure they are being cared for properly. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“送父母到养老院”这一话题，列举了一名政府官员理査德•肖和一名作家特伦特•哈姆对此的看 法，他们正好持相反观点 材料一中理丧德•肖支持这一做法，认为送父母到养老院有几个明显的好处（distinct advantages)。在养老 院，老人享W全天候的护理(round-theclock care)和安全保障；可参与定期活动(regularly scheduled activities); 养老院还有专人帮助老人尽可能地独立完成吃饭穿衣等基本任务，以及帮忙做基本的家务活(basic chores)。 材料二中特伦特•哈姆则持反对意见，指出送父母去养老院的潜在问题。首先是费用高昂(the high cost of living);其次是老人可能会觉得养老院不够自由（lose much of that sense of freedom);而且还有一些养老院 甚至会存在忽视、祥骂甚至是虐待老人（nursing home neglect, abuse or other mistreatment)的现象 p 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，分别总结政府官员和作家对送父母到养老院的肴法，提出个人观点：年轻人把父母送进养 老院是有益之举 主体：分两方面阐述原因3 1 . 对年轻人的好处。年轻人要工作，又要照料小孩，忙得不可开交。而父母不能弃之不顾，因此把他们送到养 老院能减轻年轻人的压力，又能确保父母得到合适的照料。 2 . 对父母的好处。一些老人由于身体不适或行动不便，需要专业的护理。子女未必有这方面的专业知识，把 父母送到养老院能保证他们得到最佳的护理，此外老人能与其他同龄人交流，容易消磨时间。 结尾：歡申观点，指出此举对年轻人和他们的父母都有好处。 _ 精品范文 Seniors1 Home: a Sensible Choice As the society gets more and more competitive, many 社会竞争日益激烈，许多年轻人承 young people live under so much pressure and get so busy 受着巨大压力，分身乏术，于是选择把 that they choose to send their elderly parents to seniors’ 年老的父母送到养老院。理查德•肖指 home. According to Richard Shaw, residents of seniors’ 出，在养老院，老人可以获得全方位的 homes can eryoy full care service and a variety of activities 护理以及参与各种活动，还有人帮助他 as well as the help with daily tasks. On the other hand, 们完成一些日常任务。但是，特伦特•哈 Trent Hamm points out several concerns, like the high cost 姆也指出，如果家人选择把父母送到养 of nursing home and the restriction imposed on the elderly, 老院，他们不仅要承担高额的护理费， even putting them under the risk of being mistreated. As far • 290 •第二章专八作文100 班W外明 TQP 1_ I as I am concerned, sending elderly people to seniors* home 父母的自由也会受限制，甚至还有被虐 is an act beneficial to both the young and the old. 待的风险。在我看来，把老人送进养老 First of all, sending the elderly to seniors* home bene­ 院对年轻人和老人都有裨益。 fits the young people. In modem society, young people are 首先，将老人送进养老院对年轻人 still preoccupied with their career when parents get old. Ad­ 是有利的。现代社会，当父母逐渐年长 ditionally, young people have to look after their children 的时候，子女们依然忙于事业此外，年 with a lot of attention and time. It is therefore understand­ 轻人还要照顾孩子，这也会消耗大量的 able that young people cannot really spare the time needed 精力和时间因此，年轻人实在无法抽 to take good care of their parents. Nevertheless, the aged 出足够的时间照顾好父母，这是可以理 are still an impoitant concern for them. Hence sending their 解的但老人家对他们而言依旧是很大 aged parents to seniors, home that offer qualified care ser­ 的 牵 挂 所 以 ，将年迈的父母送到有人 vices seems the most sensible choice. 照料的养老院似乎是最合理的选择. Secondly, being in seniors’ home is also good for the 其次，住在养老院对老人也有好 old. Tending old people not only requires affection; it is also 处。照顾老人需要的不仅仅是感情，它 a highly demanding work that needs professional knowledge, 实际上是一项要求很高的工作，需要专 intensive care as well as extra attention. Old people would 业的知识、细心的1r5J■护和额外的关注. feel more comfortable in the hands of skilled care workers 比起让几乎没有这方面专业知识的儿 than with their children who have little professional knowl­ 女照顾，有经验的护工的照料会让老人 edge in this regard. Moreover, instead of being left at home 觉得更舒适此外，相比于让老人在子 all by themselves when their children go to work, old peo­ 女上班时独自在家，养老院里有很多同 ple who live in seniors5 home can find many companions at 龄老人可以相互交流： the same age to communicate with. 总之，将老人送到养老院对年轻人 As a conclusion, sending the elderly to seniors’ home 和老人都有益。对于那些没有太多时间 benefits both the old and the young. It is a reasonable 照顾父母的年轻人来说，这是一个合理 choice for young people who don’t have much time to take 的选择... good care of their parents. _ 好词好句 preoccupied /pri:'Dkjupaid/ a .被抢先占用的 understandable Mnda_stsendabl/ a•可以理解的 spare /spea/ v• 挤出（时间） affection /a’fekjan/ h•爱 demanding /di’ma:ndii]/ 仏要求髙的 intensive /in’tensiv/ a .加强的 companion /kam'paenjan/ n .同伴 1. As far as I am concerned, ... is an act beneficial to both", and...(首段提出观点，支持某事物） 在我看来，…… 对于……和…… 来说都是有益之举。 2. It is therefore understandable that..•(正文论证后小结，支持某事物） 因此...是可以理解的。 3. It is a reasonable choice for... to...(表达支持的观点） 对于……来说，……是一个合理的选择。 . 291 .专八作文 华研外遇 rniym 虎妈狼爸 ^ The following two excerpts are about the so-called Tiger Mom parenting style: being fiercely strict mother or father who pushes their children to work hard at their studies and even restricts their free time so they can continually achieve high grades. From the excerpts, you can find that this practice indeed helps children achieve academic success, but there have also been doubt and criticism. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the main idea of both excerpts, and then 2. express your opinion towards this parenting style. Excerpt 1 Xiao Baiyou is the latest media sensation in China—a father who not only beat his son and three daughters, but boasts about how he did it. Wolf Dad, as he*s been nicknamed, wrote a book that was originally titled Beat Them into Peking University. It was later changed to the not-quite-as-catchy So, Brothers and Sisters of Peking UniversUy. The name Wolf Dad reminds people back to Amy Chua, the Chinese-American Tiger Mom whose book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mothei% set off an insane firestorm of controversy when it came out in 2011. The Yale professor based the book on her experiences of raising two daughters with her non­ Asian husband. Chua^s methods included banning TV and frivolous serial activities such as sleepovers, exacting harsh punishments for weak grades and even shaming her daughters when they failed to live up her high expectations. Many parenting experts expressed horror at her seemingly ruthless methodology, but it*s tough to argue with results. Besides attaining near-perfect grades, her eldest daughter Sophia played the classical piano at Carnegie Hall at age 14 and was later accepted into both Harvard and Yale. Sophia^s younger sister Louisa is a violin talent who has never received any grade below an A. And for the Wolf Dad, three out of four of Baiyou’s kids got into China’s most-prestigious Peking University. Excerpt 2 Yale professor Amy Chua wrote “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother” in 2011, introducing the phrase "Tiger Mom,f into popular culture and celebrating her strict parenting style. But in China, the birthplace of tiger parenting, kids whose parents control their lives with cheerless demands for perfection are becoming a problem. Researchers from UC Riverside published a new study recently, based on data from nearly 60() middle- and high-school students in Hangzhou, China, debunking the idea that punitive tiger parenting is superior. It finds that less supportive parenting techniques used by some Chinese parents damages self-esteem and complicates school acUustment, while also putting kids at greater risk of depression and problem behaviors. 44 Our research shows that Tiger Mother type of parenting, specifically • 292 •controlling，punitive, and less supportive type of parenting is really not working in this sample of Chinese adolescents,” said Cixin Wang, an assistant professor at UC Riverside^ Graduate School of Education. "It also shows that it is important for Chinese parents, who tend to be less emotionally expressive and use less praise in parenting, to show their approval, love and support for their children.” _ 材料解读 材料围绕当前备受热议的“虎妈狼爸”的教育方式,从不同的侧面分析这种严厉的育儿方式。 材料一简单介绍了“狼爸”及“虎妈”严厉的育儿方式及其成果。两者都以打、骂等极端的教育方式来教育儿 女。而他们的儿女在学术上均取得了不错的成绩：狼爸四个孩子里有5 个进了北大。“虎妈”的两个女儿也是品学 兼优。 材料二引用加州大学河滨分校的一项研究，揭穿（debunkingr惩罚性的育儿方式更好”这一观点的弊端指 出“虎妈式”的育儿方法伴随狞控制、惩罚和较少的支持，会伤害孩子的自饵（self-esteem),不利于孩子适应学校 (school ac^justnient )，孩子陷人抑郁或出现问题行为的风险也更大（depression and problem behaviors)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料内容，指出严格或暴力的教育方式是缺乏远见的，会使小孩丧失童年乐趣并影响其潜能的 发展。 主体：分两方面阐述原因。 . 1. 严格或暴力的教育方式使孩子没法过上一个快乐的童年。指出孩子的天性是纯真、自由和无忧无虑的。引 用弗洛伊德的观点，指出严格或暴力的教育方式会对孩子造成负面的心理影响。 2 . 严格或暴力的教肓方式影响孩子发展其潜能。孩子长大进人社会后X要的更多是创造力和思维能力，但 严格或暴力的教育方式限制了这两方面的发展。 结尾：重申观点，严格或暴力的教育方式不可取。 精品范文 Strict Parents: Dancing with Wolves? The recent emergence and promotion of strict and even 最近，有一种严厉甚至暴力的教育 violent parenting methods, represented typically by Tiger 方式兴起并受到推崇，典型的代表有 Mom and Wolf Dad, may seem workable to raise a child to “虎妈”以及“狼爸” 乍眼一看，这种做 be a well-rounded person at the first sight. However, 法似乎能把孩子培养成多才多艺之人。 information of a new study published by UC Riverside 但是，加州大学河滨分校的一项研究显 suggested that strict parenting is harmful to children. With 示，严厉的育儿方式对孩子不利。“虎妈 more control, less support as well as harsh punishment, the 式”的育儿模式通常伴随着较多的控 Tiger Mother style parenting methods can lead to some 制，较少的支持以及严厉的处罚，从而 children's mental and behavior problems. As far as I can 导致孩子一些心理上和行为上的问题 see, such methods are shortsighted and should be avoided 在我看来，这样的教育方式缺乏远见， since they would only result in loss of childhood happiness 并且会使孩子失去童年乐趣和未来发 and future potentials. 展的潜力，因此不应该提倡。 To start with, the adaptation of inappropriately strict • 293 •专八作文 法研外遇 T， i_li parenting methods deprives children of their childhood 首先，过于严格的教育方式剥夺了 happiness. Enacting strict timetables and course plans and 孩子的童年乐趣。给孩子规划出严格的 enforcing it with violence are simply not the right way to 时间表和课程表并用暴力强迫执行，并 treat children, whose nature is active, carefree and 不是教育孩子的正确方式。孩子的天性 unrestrained. More significantly, as Sigmund Freud has 应该是活泼、无忧无虑且不受约束的。 remarked, unhappy and dissatisfying childhood may lead to 更重要的是，弗洛伊德曾指出：不开心 serious psychological problems. 的童年会引起严重的心理问题。 Moreover, such parenting methods may result in the 此外，这种教育方式还会使孩子失 loss of future potentials. Tiger Moms and Wolf Dads may 去发挥潜能的机会。虎妈狼爸也许会因 pride themselves on securing their children into top universi­ 为将孩子送进一流大学而洋洋自得。他 ties, but they have ignored the fact that entering into a 们并没有意识到进入一流大学不一定 good university doesn’t necessarily secure success. Their 就能保证成功。他们的方法之所以有 methods work at the moment because they have successful­ 效，是因为他们把孩子训练成了只会倾 ly trained their children into soldiers, if not machines, who 听和服从命令的士兵，或者是机器。令 are good at listening to and obeying orders. What may be a 人担忧的是，这些孩子在将来面对一个 point of concern is how well can these children cope with 没有方向、没有明确规则、没有父母下 different matters when they face a world with no directions, 命令的世界时，是否能应对自如他们 no clear regulations and definitely no orders from their par­ 的创造力和思维能力早已被父母限制 ents. Their innovation and intuition have been limited or 甚至扼杀，不幸的是，这正是竞争激烈 even murdered by their parents. Sadly, these are. the two 的世界中最重要的两个品质。 most important qualities in a competitive world. 综上所述，用极端严厉甚至暴力的 In conclusion, it9s without doubt an unwise way applied 方式培养孩子无疑是一种不理智的教 at the expense of children's childhood happiness as well as 育方式，这是以牺牲孩子的童年幸福和 future potentials to nurture children with extremely strict 未来潜质为代价。 and even violent methods. _ 好词好句 vvel 丨 -rounded a . 多 才 多 艺 的 shortsighted /.Jo:t’saitid/ a • 目 光 短 浅 的 deprive of 剥 夺 enact /I’naekt/ v • 制 定 unrestrained /.Anri'streind/ a • 无 限 制 的 pride oneself on doing sth • 因 为 做 到 了 某 事 而 自 豪 innovation /.ine veij an/ n . 仓 1J 新 intuition /,intju:’ijan/ n • 直 觉 1. ••• are shortsighted and should be avoided, since...(正文提出观点，指出某事的后果） ……缺乏远见且应该被避免，因为…… 2. What may be a point of concern is."(正文指出需要担忧的问题） 可能令人担忧的是…… 3. It’s without doubt an unwise way applied at the expense of...(结尾批驳某做法或观点） 毫无疑问，以……为代价而采取这一做法是不明智的。 • 294 •第二章专八作文100 华研外通 TOPWA»SKU*M 不放假就违法了 m ijim Japan is known for its culture of workaholic for long. Now the Japanese government is considering stepping into stop the madness, with plans to submit legislation that would make five days of paid vacation mandatory every year. The following article gives more details of this policy. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly, and then 2. express your opinion towards the regulation, especially whether we need similar regulations in China. In Japan, It Soon M a y Be Illegal Not to Take Vacation Wake up at 7:30, commute to work, spend 13 hours in the office, run for the last train home, eat, and crash into to bed. The next day, rinse and repeat. Welcome to the insane working hours of a Japanese ^salarymanM during crunch times at work. It*s a schedule that sometimes leads to what the Japanese call karoshi—death by overwork. Now, in an attempt to help, the Japanese government is considering a plan to force workers to take five vacation days a year. "People are literally working themselves to death/* says Jeffrey Johnson, a researcher at the University of Maryland who studied the phenomenon of karoshi. "There's an accumulation of case studies of people who worked extremely intense hours, and then died when they were relatively young.” A Japanese nonprofit set up by the families left behind lists one typical example: Mr. Kanameda, who worked as many as 110 hours every week at a snack food company, and died at 34. Like the U.S., where only half of workers took a single vacation day last year, Japan has a culture that makes people reluctant to take time off. 4< People truly believe the harder they work, the better they are,” says Johnson. “And there^ this kind of samurai commitment to their employers, this devotion to duty that enables people to lose that almost instinctual self-protection.M The problem isn’t just long hours, but the intensity of work. Some jobs also incorporate the philosophy of kaizen 一continuous improvement一which asks employees to ruthlessly eliminate any second of downtime on the job. If the government ends up forcing people to take vacations, that may help. “It’s putting limits on the degree to which people can have this kind of socialized 4 work is more important than anything else’ kind of philosophy take over their entire lives,” says Johnson. “During that rest period, their body gets to recalibrate. It takes quite a while if youVe had a very intense period of stress. Maybe longer than a typical vacation. But any vacation does help.M If Japan needs to force workers to take vacations, then the U.S. might want to do the same (a few forward-thinking companies already are). In a year, U.S. workers work 1,800 hours—more than any other country in the world, including Japan. The less money an American worker makes, the less likely they are to take any vacation days. "When we do go on vacation, we bring all these electronic devices to wire us in,M Johnson says. • 295 •a 专八作文 牮研外ifi “We can’t help it. But all of this is one of the reasons there’s so much growth in things like mindfulness meditation—ways of trying to calm the body and quiet the mind. It*s happening because there’s such a great need for it in our society.” _ 材料解读 材料闱绕“日本政府计划强制休假”的话题展开讨论。文章可分为三个部分。 第一、二段引出话题。开篇通过日本工薪阶层日常提到的“过劳死"(karoshi)这一话题，指出日本政府正在考 虑强制员丁.休五天年假的计划。第二段解释了“过劳死”这一概念，即离强度的T.作(worked extreme丨y intense hours)导致英年早逝(died... re丨atively young)。 其次，第三、四段说明了人们拼命工作的原因。 •-是受到日本文化的影响，武士精神(samurai commitment) 让人们失去f:丨我保护的本能(instinctual self-protection) 二是受到日本的商业竹学（kaizen)的影响，不断追求 进步，导致雇员的休息时间一再缩减。 最后三段则是对这一政策的评价及影响。第虽然把人们从强压下释放出来盅要很长的时间（takes quite a while),但政府强制人们休假还是有所帮助的（may help),第二，美国人的年均工作时长高于其他国家，它也 打算效仿这一做法(want to do. the same)。第三，现代人休假会带上电子设备(electronic devices)以便努力T. 作，所以正念禅修（mindfulness meditation >随之出现_ _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中出现的“过劳死”的现象，并提出自己的观点—— 强制休假是必要的。 主体：论述“过劳死"的原因以及强制性休假的好处。 结尾：®申观点，指出T-作虽然®要，但不能以损害健康为代价，因为健康是T-作的保证。 _ 精品范文 On Mandatory Vacations The greed of employers and increasingly fierce competi­ 由于雇主的贪婪和日趋激烈的竞 tion make it all the stressful to work in the present society. 争，在当今社会工作充满压力。过劳 Karoshi, or death resulting from excessive work, is an e­ 死，也就是由过度工作而引起的死亡， merging phenomenon among salarymen who are becoming 已经在那些超负荷工作的工薪阶层中 overloaded with work. Japan and the USA are two industrial­ 出现，在日本和美国这两个工业化国 ized countries where employees suffer from the intensity of 家，雇M承受着高强度的工作。这一影 work. The impact is so alarming that the two governments 响十分惊人，以至于两国政府计划强 plan to force people to take vacations. I think such a com­ 制其公民休假我认为强制休假是有 pulsory approach is essential for the health of all employees 必要的，既是为了所有雇员的健康着 and in turn for the benefits of employers and the countries 想，又是因为反过来采取强制休假政 who adopt the policy of mandatory holidays. 策的雇主和国家也能从中获益 Endless work makes employees suffer, physically and 无休止的工作使雇员身心俱疲， psychologically, so much so that some even die young in 以至于一些人才三十来岁就一命呜 their thirties. In response to this situation, a mandatory policy 呼。为了应对这种情况，规定雇资每年 is necessary which regulates that employees should take at • 296 •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外语 least five days off their work. Nowadays it is not uncommon 至少休假五天的强制性政策是很有必 that employees sacrifice their paid leaves either willingly or 要的现在雇员自愿或被迫牺牲带薪 reluctantly. However, if taking vacations becomes legally 年假的情况并不少见，然而，如果休假 binding, then few people would risk violating the law and as 成为法律规定，那么就很少有人会冒 a consequence employees will relax and rehabilitate 着违法的风险而不休假，雇员因此可 themselves for better physical conditions. 以放松并恢复身体机能 My view is that such a policy should be adopted by the Chinese government as well. China, with its booming econo­ 我的看法是中国政府也应该采取 my, is developing at an alarming speed on the way to an in­ 这样的措施。随着经济腾飞，中国不断 dustrialized country, and like the situation in most developed 以惊人的速度向工业化国家发展跟 countries, phenomenon occurs that many salarymen in China 多数发达国家情况类似，中国的工薪 are plagued by sub-health conditions. Since a declining level 阶层也受到亚健康状况的困扰由于 of health not only adversely affects the well-being of individu­ 健康水平的下降不仅影响个人的幸 als but also aggravates the government^ financial burden of 福，而且加重政府在医疗方面的财政 medical care, the authority should interfere in this issue by 负担，当局应该通过实行强制性休假的 introducing a policy of mandatory vacations. 政策来对此进行干预:， In summary, although work is of great significance 总之，虽然工作很重要，因为它在 because it is the basic guarantee to a decent life in this 竞争激烈的社会是体面生活的基本保 competitive world, health should be given priority, for health 障，但仍应该把健康放在首位，因为健 is the guarantee to work. In order to improve health among 康是工作的保障。为了实现提升大众 the general population, legislation of mandatory vacations is 健康的目的，立法强制休假是必要的。 necessary. , 好 贿 句 mandatory /maendatari/ <1. 强制的 paid丨eaves带薪假期 binding /’baindir]/ w•约束 rehabilitate /,ri:a’biliteit/ v• 使（某人）恢复正常生活 plague /pleig/ W.使痛苦（或难受） adversely /aedV3:sli/ 不利地 aggravate /aegreveit/ vt. 力nffi 1• …is an emerging phenomenon among…（总结材料中的现象） …… 现象逐渐在...（群体）中出现。 2. In response to this situation, a mandatory policy is necessary which regulates that"•(提出对策） 为了应对这种情况，规定……的强制性政策是很有必要的二 3. In summary, although... is of great significance because it is the basic guarantee to..., ... should be given priority...(结尾总结某事物的重要性） 总之，尽管……很重要，因为它是……的基本保障，但仍应把……放在首位。 • 297 •专八作文 軸 辟 ± 触 是 否 明 智 ？ m i z m Nowadays， with advancements in technology， especially the Internet, it really doesn’t take much to start your own company. The percentage of college students choosing to start their own businesses right after graduation has risen globally for three consecutive yearsy a survey shows. The following two excerpts are about this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words， in which you should: 1. summarize the main opinions of both excerpts, and then 2. express your opinion towards the trend, especially whether it is wise for graduates to start a business right out of college. Excerpt 1 With a gloomy job market for recent graduates, it*s becoming more common for students to start their own businesses when they leave school. For example, Ohio is not known for its entrepreneurship, ranking 33 in the U.S., but more students are attempting to be their own bosses. “We’re seeing is a lot of kids are coming out and starting businesses. They’re young and creative and have great ideas/* said Aaron Delidou, managing partner at Provest Properties in Dayton, which helps entrepreneurs interested in starting a business. Many of these recent graduates are taking advantage of unexplored niches in the tech market. Murphy created a book business called Murfbooks, but it’s not a traditional indie bookstore. Murphy buys books by the truckload, sorts them at his warehouse, and sells them online to Amazon and wholesalers. If the book is too beat up to be sold, he sells them to recycling companies. But it*s not just tech companies being created for the young entrepreneurs. Emily Meyer, who graduated from the University of Dayton in May, started College Base Camp in December with her partner Justin D'Arcy, hoping to give high school kids a better idea of what they want to do with their lives before they go into college. Delidou said it's better for young people to start early, rather than waiting. “If you’re 40 years old with a family, you have responsibilities,” Delidou said. “When you’re young and single you have more resources at your disposal and fewer responsibilities.M Excerpt 2 Recent graduates also have some fears related to the risks involved in business startup. Only 21 percent believe that starting their own businesses offers more security than getting a job. t4The Mark Zuckerbergs of the world make startups look easy, but the cold hard facts are that 9 out of 10 new businesses fail in the first five years,” notes Carol Roth, a Chicago-based business strategist who has helped her startup clients raise over $1 billion in capital. Before you make up your mind about which way to go, Roth says, take a hard, honest look at your motivation for starting a company. Too many entrepreneurial wannabes of all ages (not just new grads) are 4* looking to get rich, escape the corporate grind, and work shorter hours with more free • 298 •第二章专八作文100 雄研外ffl time,” she observes. With that in mind, are you sure you want to leap in head first? If not, Carol Roth has a suggestion: Get a job in the industry where you eventually want to establish your business as a way to learn "how to manage vendor relationships, market your product, deal with customers, and keep detailed books." Clearly, having a great idea for starting a business isn’t enough. There’s a skills gap and a confidence gap that could keep the next generation of entrepreneurs from biliiging their dreams of business ownership to life. _ 材料解读 材料围绕“大学生毕业后马上创业”这一话题给出正反两种观点。 选段一支持毕业生创业，主要有以下三点理由。第一，目前的就业形势严峻(gloomy job market);第二，年 轻人有活力有创造力（young and creative),他们有更多的资源（more resources)且背负的责任更少（fewer responsibilities);第三，大多数毕业生能抢占技术市场的新兴领域（unexplored niches)，同时，也有一些毕业生 在其他领域作出成就。 选段二则提出反对意见，由于现实很残酷(cold hard facts),存在很大的风险，九成的创业者不到五年就夭 折了（9 out of 10 new businesses fail in the first five years),Carol 建议毕业生在创业前先到企业工作.积 攒经验，毕竞毕业生在技术（skills)和信心（confidence)方面仍存在不足。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料中正反双方的理由.同时表明自己的立场一 支持毕业后创业 主体：阐述理由—— 毕业后创业既是现实的需要，同时也是件值得尝试的事 结尾：总结全文，重申创业要趁早 精品范文 Is Entrepreneurship a Good Option for Fresh Graduates? Starting a business straight out of college comes with pros 毕业后直接创业有利也有弊： and cons. Proponents say that it is better to start eai'ly because 支持者认为创业要趁早，因为年轻 when you are young, you ai'e less likely to have responsibilities 的时候背负的责任以及财务支出 and heavy financial outgoings to be concerned about, and more 比较少，精力充沛，雄心勃勃，更容 likely to have the amount of energy and ambition needed for 易成功然而反对者认为创业有风 success. However, opponents counter that starting a business 险，创业公司十有八九不到五年就 involves risks considering the statistic that nine out of ten 夭折了就个人而言，我非常支持 businesses fail in the first five years. Personally, I am an 创业创业的过程虽然很艰辛，压 outspoken supporter of entrepreneurship. It is true that being a 力也很大，但却是让你梦想成真的 business owner is sometimes stressful and intense, but it is also 好机会。 a chance to build an enterprise from your own ideas and 相对于传统的就业道路，创业 aspirations. 未尝不是一个办法，它既行得通， Starting a business is both a feasible and a worthy 又值得做近年来，全球范围内的 alternative to the traditional corporate career path. In recent • 299 •专八作文 牮研外« years, not only have the opportunities of employment shrunk 就业机会大大缩减，毕业生的工资 globally, but the average graduate salaries have not fared too 待遇也不见提升。在就业形势如此 well either. Facing such a tough job market, why not consider 严峻的情况下，为什么不考虑一下 starting up your own business? If you are worrying about how 创业呢？如果你担心资金问题，其 to secure financing, there are actually a number of means of 实有很多可以寻求帮助的途径，比 support available to help get entrepreneurial ideas off the ground, 如政府贷款、天使基金等，它们能 be it government loans or angel investors who provide capitals 提供创业基金。其次，创业也是很 for business start-ups. Moreover, staring a business of your own 棒的人生经历，会为你的简历增光 is an amazing experience that will bolster your resume. You 增彩。只有你真正开了公司你才知 cannot understand the blood, sweat and tears that go into 道其中的艰辛，只有你真正体验了 building a company until you actually built one, and you cannot 赢取客户有多难你才知道客户的 understand the value of a customer until you see how difficult it 价值。创业真是一个学习的大好 can be to acquire one. That is indeed a great opportunity to 机会。 learn. 很多毕业生做着平庸的工作， So many people out of college succumb to a life of banality 因为大家告诉他们工作是必须的 because they are told that is what they have to do. But is that 可这是否又是他们真正想要做的 what they really want? Instead of working for someone who 呢？与其为不把你的利益放在心上 的人打工，为何不为自己打工呢？ does not have your best interest at heart, why not work for 记住，人生短暂，千万不要蹉跎了 yourself? Remember, life is short and don't wait until later in life 岁月才决定要创业。 to start a business. _ 好词好句 pros and cons正反观点 proponent /pra'paunant/ n.支持者 alternative /o:l't3:netiv/ it.供选择的东西 shrink /j>ir]k/ vf.缩减 secure financing 游集资金 off the ground 开始 bolster /baulsta/ v/•支持 succumb /sa’kAm/ W•屈服 banality /ba’naeliti/ w .平讲 1. ••• conies with pros and cons•(评论某一做法） ……有利也有弊。 2. Personally, I am an outspoken supporter of".(提出个人意见） 个人而言，我非常支持…… . 300 •95 无薪实习 Getting employed is no longer an easy task for undergraduate students. That is why some have taken the initiative to work for free internship, to beat against the odds of find­ ing a job. Some experts say this only does more harm than good to undergraduate stu­ dents, because they are actually selling themselves short. The following article provides de­ tailed information about this issue. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. W h e n Does Internship Become Labor Exploitation? As the “intern economy” grows, young adults, unions, and other workers are starting to ask: When does an intemsliip stop being a mutually beneficial experience and start being free or cheap labor? So why are younger workers increasingly willing to work for free? Unemployment among workers 16 to 24 is over 20 percent. That^ the official unemployment rate which means it’s only accounting for young adults actively looking for work. It doesn’t include folks who have given up. It gets worse. Youth unemployment has been exceptionally high since 2008. By your early 20s, most employers already expect you to have had some meaningful work experience. But what if the employment opportunities simply didn^ exist for most of your adult life? It*s important to realize that 21- to 25-year-olds out there have spent most of their adult lives in a crippling recession with very limited job opportunities. It shouldn't be too surprising that we^d see a growing number of twenty-somethings, and even older, willing to work for free just to gain work experience that may lead to employability. And that is what we're seeing. Internships can be exactly that: a means to gain real world, professional work experience and make contacts in a chosen industry. However, employers can also easily take advantage of this source of free work. Mikael Naramore, owner of Terrestrial Media, a media company in Muskegon, Michigan, has worked on both sides of the internship experience, as an intern and as an employer with an intern. “When I interned, I could dig in and explore my chosen career, learn on-the-job skills, and be exposed to top people in the field, which for me was way better than sitting in a classroom. I truly feel Fm the better for it.M When talking about exploitation of interns, Naramore said, “The point of interning is exposure to a professional environment. Including the professionals! Without that experience, it’s just good old fashioned exploitation. It goes too far in my opinion when there’s no oversight and the internment period is open-ended.M Some unions would agree with the comment about exploitation as they are turning their attention to the overuse of free labor, often from young workers eager to get into the workforce with their skills. Most notably, Huffing ton Post has been criticized for its widespread use of 44intemsM or unpaid 301 • •专八作文 writing and design staff. The U.S. Department of Labor has created a handy, informational page with updated rules and regulations regarding internships, particularly unpaid internships. This is useful for employers who want to make sure they are acting both ethically and legally. And, it’s helpful for workers who want to protect their own interests. _ 材料解读 材料m绕“无薪实习”展开讨论。大致分为三部分。 第二至四段分析了年轻人愿意接受无薪实习的原因。当前美国超过两成的二十来岁的年轻人失业（unem- ployment),因为多数雇主想要有经验的员工。而严重的经济衰退（crippling recession)的环境下工作机会很有 限。因此，很多人愿意接受无薪实习以获得工作经验。 第五至七段介绍了无薪实习被视作免费或廉价劳动力来源的情况。实习确实能让年轻人接触到专业的工作 环境（exposure to a professional environment)、认识某些专家以及获取专业工作经验等，但有些雇主趁机利 用无薪实习获取免费或廉价劳动力（take advantage... free work)。 最后一段是政府采取的相关措施，美国劳工部更新了最新的相关法规（updated rules and regulations),帮 助职工保护自己的权益。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结无薪实习被视作免费或廉价劳动力来源的情况；然后提出个人观点—— 如能符合个人 的理想职业，无薪实习也是值得的: 主体：分两方而阐述原因3 1 . 无薪实习可能是通往理想职业的垫脚石。由于经济不景气，学生找工作闲难。尤其是某些职业需要工作经 验，因此无薪实习是积累工作经验的一个途径。 2 . 无薪实习是学生积累经验和人脉的机会，能加强竞争优势。尽管实习的工作琐碎，但是只要细心观察、积 极沟通，就会认识新朋友、获得相关行业的知识。这两方面都是无形的收获。 结尾：重申观点，毕业生应相信相信合理的无薪实习终能苦尽甘来。 精品范文 A n Unpaid Internship Pays Off As economy downturn eliminates jobs, it’s not easy to 由于经济衰退导致工作机会减少， land a satisfactory job under fierce competition, especially 在激烈的竞争下人们很难找到满意的 for young graduates without working experience. As a re­ 工作，特别是那些没有工作经验的年轻 sult, some unscrupulous employers take advantage of inno­ 卓业生。结果，一 些寡廉鲜耻的雇主把 cent students who are willing to take unpaid internships to 那些想通过无薪实习获得工作经验的 gain working experience. This practice has caused a few 单纯的学生当成免费劳力。这在社会上 raised eyebrows in the society. Comments regard internships 引起了人们的侧目。评论认为，实习是 a good way for young graduates to get employment, but the 帮助学生就业的好方法，但是无薪实习 的滥用实质上是剥削.政府的监管人员 overused free internships are nothing but exploitation. Gov­ 也注意到这件事，并颁布了相关的法律 ernmental supervisors also pay attention to this issue and 302 • •:章专八作文100 华研外谓 publish a page to inform people of relevant regulations. In 法 规 我 认 为 ，假如能与个人的理想工 my opinion, a free internship would be worthwhile if it re­ 作挂钩，那么无薪实习是值得的 lated to one9s life ambition. 首先，可以将无薪实习视为通往自 To start with, an unpaid internship can be viewed as a 己理想职业的垫脚石在现今如此惨 stepping stone to a career field one aspires after. It’s not 淡的就业市场，要找到一份称心如意的 easy to get a desirable job in this bleak job market. The 工作实属不易而对于有志在新闻、出 situation is even gloomier if one’s ambition lies in such 版、广告等高调行业闯出一片天的人来 high-profile industries as journalism, publishing, advertising 说，形势就更加黯淡了 要想进入这些 and so on. In order to enter these professions, working ex­ 行业，工作经验往往是必不可少的，。因 perience is more than often a must. Thus, it is advisable for 此，对于毕业生来说，把无薪实习作为 undergraduates to regard a free internship as a foot in the 自己理想职业的敲门砖，是明智之举< door of their ideal career. 其次，年轻毕业生应当把无薪实习 Moreover, young graduates should consider free intern­ 作为积累工作经验和人脉的机会，为自 ships as an opportunity to accumulate working experience 己增加竞争优势。实习生做的也许都 and social connections, which might give them a competitive 是打字、复印这类鸡毛蒜皮的工作，因 edge. Interns may be doing something as trivial as typing 此他们会质疑这种实习的价值何在，在 and photocopying that makes them question the value of the 没有工资收入的情况下更是如此:但是 internship, especially when no income is earned. However, 通过敏锐的观察和积极的沟通，认识 through keen observation and active communication, they 新 朋 友 ，获得对理想职业的广泛认 can make new friends and obtain a wide range of knowl­ 识 ，而这些对于实习生来说均是无形 edge of the desired profession, which is intangible benefit to 的好处 interns. 总的来说，假如大学生找到了进入 To conclude, for undergraduates, if they find a way into 正规企业的机会，他们应当相信合理的 a well-established company, they should hold the faith that 无薪实习最终亦有回报。 • the legitimately unpaid internship will eventually pay off. _ 好词好句 economy downturn 经济衰退 unscrupu丨ous /An'skru:pjul9s/ a•寡廉鲜耻的 stepping stone 塑脚石 bleak /bli:k/ cr.惨淡的 gloomy /*glu:mi/ a•令人沮丧的 social connections 社会关系 a competitive edge 竞争优势 trivial /trivial/ a, keen observation敏锐的观察 intangible /in’taend39bl/ a .无形的 legitimate丨y /Ii’d3itimitli/ a•合理地 1. ... has caused a few raised eyebrows in the society•(描述某现象引起 了侧目） ……在社会上引起了侧目。 2. In my opinion, ••• would be worthwhile if it related to one’s life ambition.(指出选择的合理性） 我认为，如果能与个人理想挂钩，...是值得的。 3. ••• can be viewed as a stepping stone to ...(指出某事物的好处或作用） ...可以看作是....的垫脚石。 • 303 •«n f r ia 在大城市还是小城市? To flee or not to flee from the first-tier cities， which has been a question confronting most graduates in recent years. From the following two excerpts, you can find that both kinds of cities have adherents. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words} in which you should: 1. summarize both articles, and then 2. provide your own choice and reasons. Excerpt 1 China's Big Fish Graduates Seek Smaller Ponds The top cities, like Bering and Shanghai, seem to be losing their glamour and fast-rising second- tier cities like Chengdu, Dalian and Wuhan are offering graduates more employment possibilities and perhaps a better quality of life. Skyrocketing living costs, high pressure, pollution and traffic problems have dissuaded many from staying in the traditional powerhouses of graduate employment, according to sociologist Zhou Keda. More importantly, he says, graduates are not just being pushed away by the negatives, but are being pulled in by the positives. Second-tier cities have been working hard to provide top-notch facilities in fields like education and medical care. A lot of help and support is available to new businesses and environmental concerns are often considerably less. While preferential policies and salary breaks attract the intelligent and the ambitious, top cities are struggling to curb excessive population growth. The expansion of high-speed rail has greatly reduced journey times throughout the country, also contributing to the loss of admirers of first-tier cities. “Previously we talked about ’fleeing’ Bering, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Now, it is more like a natural flow based on more uniform urban develop­ ment/' said Xiong Hanzhong, founder of the Beying youth stress management center. He describes the trend as a 14normal and rational" development. Excerpt 2 Graduates Find First-Tier Cities Still Appealing First-tier cities like Bering, Guangzhou and Shanghai are still more popular among university graduates, according to a recent employment survey. It showed 63 percent of respondents hope to stay in first-tier cities for at least one year after graduation this year. Last year, the figure was 38 percent. Liu Xingyang, a senior consultant at the agency, said graduates now feel this way mainly because of the increasing return of people to big cities after hoping to settle in lower-cost small cities. In the past two years, some people left first-tier cities where they worked and went back to their hometowns or sought jobs in second-tier cities or even small places because in first-tier cities, housing prices have become too high, he said. • 304 •第二章专八作文100 华研外通 But many people could not get used to smaller cities because in such places, social connections, rather than abilities, usually determine one's promotions or social status. Some graduates even found they could not easily communicate with people from the area because of “cultural differences”， so maiiy started to return to big cities, Liu said. 4tSuch phenomena have been largely reported by the media, sparking many university graduates' desire to work in first-tier cities,” he said. Liu said first-tier cities are attractive to university graduates because they have more opportuni­ ties, greater development platforms, a fairer competitive environment, and a more diversified cultural environment _ 材料解读 材料就“毕业生应选择大城市还是小城市”展开讨论。两个选段分別介绍了两种不同的趋势。 选段一介绍了大学生倾向于选择小城市的趋势，指出传统上大学毕业生就业中枢是一线城市，但由于生活 成本飞涨（Skyrocketing living costs )、岛压力（high pressure)以及污染和交通问题（pollution and traffic problems),很多人选择离开。与此相比，迅速发展的二线城市提供的一流垛施(top-notch facilities)、优惠政策和 理想的薪水（preferential policies and salary)吸引了许多人才、同时，全国性高铁线路网的扩大也让一线城市 的吸引力减少。 选段二则引用调查结果，讲述大城市还是更多毕业生的首选。越来越多在小城市的大学生又冋到大城市 (increasing return people to big cities)，过半数的大学毕业生认为一线城市更具吸引力。根据选段的分析，二 线城市通常是由社会关系(social connections)来决定一个人的发展空间和社会地位。而一线城市则有更多的机 会（more opportunities)、更好的发展平台（greater development platforms)、更公平的竞争环境（a fairer competitive environment)以及更多元的文化环境（a more diversified cultural environment)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料，概括在大城市和小城市的利弊；提出个人观点—— 小城市更能给年轻人提供追梦和圆梦的 良机。 主体：分两方面阐述原因= 1. 大城市对年轻人并不友善。竞争激烈、生活开支大、房价高昂等因素均不利于年轻人在大城市施展拳脚。 2 . 对年轻人而言,小城市有更大的优势。生活开销低、住宿便宜、市场尚待开发、有展现自己的舞台，相对容 易实现梦想^ 结尾：重申观点，小城市是更好的选择。 精品范文 Big Dream or Dream Big? It is understandable that young employees and college 年轻雇员和大学毕业生认为小城 graduates consider smaller cities, where job competition is 市更适合他们施展拳脚，这不难理解 less fierce, living costs lower, and air fresher, right places 因为小城市就业竞争小，生活成衣更 for them to display their capability. The improvement of 低，空气也更加清新.，公共设施的完善 public facilities and the construction of the high-speed rail­ 和高铁的建设也让小城市更具吸引力。 ways add attraction to smaller cities. Nevertheless, disap­ 但是，在小城市里社会关系高于个人能 pointed with the fact that personal development is limited in . 305 •<6 专八作文 牮研外i8 small cities as social connections predominate over abilities, 力，发展有限，这是令人失望的现实不 many people decided to return to big cities after careful 少人在仔细考虑后仍决定回到大城市 consideration. With more opportunities, colorful cultures and 在大城市，机会更多，文化更多元，也更 less unfairness, big cities are still young graduates* first 公平因此大城市仍是很多年轻毕业生 choice. As I see it, bigger cities may provide young people 的首选在我看来，大城市给年轻人的， with a big dream that hard to realize, while smaller cities 可能是一场难以实现的春秋大梦，而小 offer them a chance to make their dreams come true. 城市则给了他们一个圆梦的良机， On the one hand, although many conditions in bigger 一方面，虽然大城市的很多条件看 cities may seem appealing, bigger cities themselves are not 似很诱人，但大城市本身对年轻人其实 very friendly to young people. As many young people swarm 并不十分友善。由于很多年轻人涌入大 into bigger cities, one has to stand out among thousands of 城市，想要在大城市找到工作，就必须 competitors to secure a job there. Furthermore, even though 先从成千上万竞争者中脱颖而出此 the salary in bigger cities seems higher, the living cost is 外，虽然大城市的薪水看上去较高，但 jaw-dropping. A record-high housing cost also upsets young 生活开支也同样高得吓人，已经创下历 people who want to settle down in bigger cities permanent­ 史新高的房价让想在大城市永远扎恨 ly. In a word, living in bigger cities is more like a dream 的年轻人感到沮丧。总的来说，在大城 which looks fancy at first glance, but may turn out to be a 市居住对年轻人来说就像一个梦，咋看 painful nightmare. 上去华丽动人，但最终可能变成痛苦的 On the other hand, the advantages of smaller cities are 垂梦。 evident. With lower living cost, smaller cities are apparently 另一方面，小城市的优点就很明 more livable for young people. Besides, while many markets 显由于生活开销低，小城市对年轻人 in bigger cities tend to saturate and therefore opportunities 而言显然更宜居住：而且，大城市的诸 begin to decrease, smaller cities are full of possibilities with 多市场都趋向饱和，机会随之减少；而 unexploited markets. College graduates would have an edge 小城市的市场却尚待开发，充满机会 in smaller cities in particular, because they have a better 大学毕业生在小城市尤其具有优势，因 outlook and can seize opportunities in time. Smaller cities 为他们更有远见，能及时抓住时机：小 give young people a much bigger stage to show their talents 城市提供给年轻人的是更大的舞台来 and realize their dreams. 展示自己的才华，实现自己的梦想， In brief, it is apparent that smaller cities, which provide 简言之，很明显，小城市能给年轻 much larger space for both living and development, are a 人提供更大的生存和发展空间，对年轻 more sensible choice for young people to realize their big 人来说是更能让美梦成真的明智之选。 dreams. _ 好词好句 swarm /swa:m/ v . jaw-dropping a 大 群 地 （朝 某 方 向 ）移 动 . 令 人 惊 讶 的 permanently /p3:m an9ntli/ saturate /"saetjareit/ v 永 久 地 . 饱 和 unexploited /.Amk'spbitid/ fl. have an edge (over) - 未 开 发 的 略 胜 过 1. On the other hand, the advantages of... are evident.(指出某事物的好处） 另一方面，……的优点很明显 2. In brief, it is apparent that... is a more sensible choice to...(结尾总结某事的好处） 总之，很明显，对……来说，……是一个更佳的选择。 • 306 .:章专八作文100 场研外暹 EE I 4 1 天工作制 Recently， a four-day/10-hour-per-day has been promoted by employers as a way to cut costs, conserve energy and build a more productive and creative workforce. Making every weekend longer certainly sounds like a good idea, but people also have certain concern. The following are opinions from different people. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Jill Fraser, author of “White Collar Sweatshop” Many have argued for the four-day workweek, or flexible hours in general, as a way to retain talented female workers who might otherwise quit altogetlier in order to have children. But a four-day workweek isn’t beneficial to mothers alone—and it is beneficial. When Utah introduced four-day workweeks for many of its state employees a few years ago, it boosted productivity and worker satisfaction. Better work gets done in four days than in five. It makes sense: When there^ less time to work, there's less time to waste. And when you have a compressed workweek, you tend to focus on what*s important, like sleep, quality work happens best when uninterrupted. Cali Yost, founder of Flex ^Strategy Group Giving staffers one weekday off would be especially appealing to the biggest chunk of the labor force—boomers. Many of them could use the free day to take their parents to doctors appointments or handle other eldercare duties, spend time with their grandkids, learn new skills and transition into retirement. Four-day workweeks can also let them cut their commutes. Besides, a four-day workweek allows you to continue to contribute on the job while gaining the time to pursue a long-neglected avocation. Larry Page, boss of Google The idea that everyone needs to work frantically to meet peopled needs is just not true. People need to feel busy and productive, but they don’t need to work so much to get there. Most people like working, but they'd also like to have more time with their family or to pursue their own interests. So that would be one way to deal with the problem, is if you had a coordinated way to just reduce the workweek Jason Fried, technician of Treehouse9 an online education company A four-day workweek may increase tlie free time available from Friday to Sunday, but it also requires employees to work longer and harder the other four days. This is especially true for occupations that involve a fixed amount of work that must be accomplished on a weekly basis- inspectors, lab technicians, newsmagazine journalists, to name just a few. And regardless of workload, a 10-hour day is substantially longer than the current standard. This can be a significant burden, particularly for older workers. 307 • •专八作文 Carlos Slim, CEO of Telmex When thinking about creating a four-day workweek, people tend to think about how great it will be to have more time away from the office rather than how increasing their workday by two hours may affect them and their families. Less time in the day outside of work means less time for running errands on your workdays. Another drawback is the fact that just because you only work four days a week, it doesn't mean your customers don't need you on your MofT day. Some companies canft shut their doors for one day a week because of the nature of their business. If there are enough employees to stagger the 5th day off, this may work for you—some employees get Monday off and some Friday. _ 材料解读 材料给出了五段关于“四天工作制”的评价。前三段以支持意见为主，后两段持反对态度〇 支持者的理由有：对企业而言，这不仅能ffl住女性人才(retain talented female workers)，还能刺激生产效 率(boosted productivity),提高员丁.的满意度（worker satisfaction);对员11而言，他们能利用多出的f|由时间 去照顾家中的老少（handle other eldercare duties, spend time with their grandkids)，学习新技能等（learn new skills)。同时也能减少员工的上下班时间（cut their commutes),而且一个长假期（pursue a long- neglected avocation)能刺激员丁•持续不断的T-作 反对者则认为，特别是对于定M(a fixed amount)工作者，四天工作日将增加员T.的丁.作强度（work longer and harder),年纪大的员T (older workers)将感到有负担(a significant burden);这意味符在T 作日人们更没 时间处理私事（less time for running errands);对于每天都必须有人值班的企业并不可行，除非要有足够数tt 的员丁•( enough employees)确保轮班 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：槪括材料中各方对四天工作制的褒贬矜法，并提出个人见解—— 四天工作制利大于弊， 主体：结合例子和材料中的观点详细阐述四天T.作制的益处： 1 . 显著提高X作质tt和效率。 2 . 每日背业的部门和行业可以灵活安排员工上班时间。改善办公室氛闱与同和关系。 结尾：总结全文，说明四天工作制不但可以让人们T作得更好更快，也能让他们工作起来更开心更灵活c 精品范文 A Worthy Revolution Recently, some employers have promoted a revolution 最近，一些雇主掀起了一场雇员工 in working hours for their employees, who have been asked 作时间的改革，他们让员工们一周工作 to work four days a week and 10 hours per day. People 四天，每天工作十小时人们对此有不 hold different opinions on this practice. Executives like Cali 同 的 看 法 像 Cali Yost和Larry Page Yost and Larry Page embrace the change, claiming that with 这样的高管支持这种变革，他们认为多 one more day off, employees could better fulfill family 了一天休息，员工们可以更好地承担家 duties, learn new skills, cultivate hobbies, and even be better 庭责任，学习新技术，培养爱好，甚至可 prepared for retirement. Jill Fraser, author of White Collar 以更好地为退休做准备。Jill Fraser, Sweatshop, adds that a four-day system would make • 308 •第二章专八作文100 & employees more productive and satisfied with work. 《白领血汗工厂》的作者补充道，四天工 However, the other two people point out that a compressed 牮研外语 作制能让员工们更高产并对工作更满 workweek might increase daily workload, leaving less time 意：然而，其他两个人指出，工作日的压 for employees’ personal errands after work. Moreover, an 缩可能使每日工作量增加，从而缩短了 extra day off might not bring as many benefits to employees 留给员工们下班后处理私事的时间。而 from businesses that must be open every day. Weighing all 且，额卟的一天休假并不会给那些在每 factors, I believe that the foui*-day working system will have 天都必须营业的企业工作的员工带来 more benefits than harm. 同样多的好处。权衡各种因素，我相信 The four-day system can considerably increase work 四天工作制将利大于弊 quality and efficiency. As colleagues spend more hours 四天工作制能显著地提高工作的 working together every day, businesses that require 质量和效率由于同事们每天花更多时 teamwork and brainstorming can generate better ideas, 间在一起工作，那些需要团队合作和头 initiate smoother cooperation and therefore yield higher 脑风暴的公司可以想出更好的主意，促 profits. Moreover, motivated by a long weekend, employees 成更顺畅的合作，从而产出更高的利 will strive to accomplish as much as they can and might 润,.，而且，被一个长周末激励着的员工 waste less time on casual activities like taking breaks or 们会努力完成尽可能多的工作，这样他 chatting with colleagues. For some service departments and 们浪费在休息或和同事闲聊等杂事上 businesses that must be open on daily basis, the four 的时间可能会少一些：对于一些服务部 workdays for each employee could be arranged flexibly to 门和必须每日营业的行业，每位雇员的 maintain businesses' ordinary operations. An extra day off 四天工作日可以灵活安排以维持行业 also allows people to rest and relax fully. As employees 的日常运作额外的一天休假也能让人 return to work energetic and refreshed, the office 们彻底地休息和放松r 当雇员们都充满 atmosphere will be more enjoyable and in turn, help 活力神清气爽地回到工作岗位，办公室 strengthen relationships among colleagues and promote 的气氛也会更愉快，而这反过来又能增 productivity. 进同事间的关系，提高生产率。 总的来说，四天工作制不但能激励 In conclusion, the four-day system can not only motivate 雇员做得更好更快，还能让他们工作时 employees to work better and faster, but also allow them to 更开心更灵活 work more happily and flexibly. _ 好 贿 句 embrace the change 支持变革 fulfil丨family duties承担家庭责任 be prepared for为......做好准备 errand /erand/ w•差事 initiate /i'nij"ieit/ v•发动 yield /ji:Id/ v•生产 1. People hold different opinions on this practice•(总结材料的观点） 人们对这一做法持不同意见。 2. Weighing all factors, I believe that...(提出作者的看法） 权衡各种因素，我认为…… 3. In conclusion, ... can not only..., but also...(总结优点） 总的来说，……不但能…… ，而且能…… • 309 •场研外iB i }： 稍 作与生活 m i m The following two excerpts are about overtime stresses of Chinese white-collar workers. From the excerpts, you can find that white-collar workers in China have to work overtime， willingly or unwillingly, due to acceleration of life pace and the ever-increasing working pressure. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 wordsy in which you should: 1. summarize work status of white-collar workers in China, and then, 2. express your opinion on how to keep a balance between a workaholic and a life pleasure pursuer. Excerpt 1 Overtime Is N o r m for White-Collar Workers Working overtime has become routine for white-collar workers, with more than 60 percent of employees in a recent survey saying they have to work extra time on weekdays and 40 percent having to do so on the weekends. Nearly 14 percent said they only eryoyed half the weekends off in a month, while 3.4 percent said they had no day off in a month. Guangdong province, Beijing and Zhejiang province have the most employees working extra time from Monday to Friday, while Hong Kong, Shanghai and Jiangsu province have the highest average number of monthly overtime days. Huang Ruoshan, Zhaopin's senior career consultant, said working overtime is only prevalent in certain industries such as real estate, the Internet and finance. "Those industries are developing very rapidly, which demands employees work hard under pressure and work extra time,** said Huang. “Take the e-commerce industry as an example: It actually demands that employees be available 24 hours a day seven days a week.” In the Internet field, there is a term called “996”， which means employees start at 9 am, finish around 9 pm and have to work on Saturday. Shen, 27, an employee of mobile phone company in Shenzhen, said it is normal to work extra time and he is willing to do that. **I barely have weekends. However, I am satisfied with my job, my colleagues and working environment. This industry is changing so fast, I am proud to say I am creating value in my position. ‘However, I know working overtime hurts my health. I even look older than my peers,M added Shen. **So I am considering an early retirement when I have enough savings.M Excerpt 2 Constant Overtime Stresses Chinese White-Collar Workers to Breaking Point China is facing an epidemic of overwork, to hear the state-controlled press and Chinese social media tell it. About 600,000 Chinese die each year from working too hard, according to the China Youth Daily. China Radio International in April reported a toll of 1,600 every day. “What’s the point of working overtime so you can work to death?” asked one commentator on Weibo, lamenting that his boss told employees to spend more time on the job. 310 • •第二章专八作文100篇 华研外通 T〇»W*ve#*Ll»« The rising death rate comes as China’s workforce appears to be getting the upper hand, with a shrinking labor pool able to demand higher wages and factory workers regularly going on strike. But the message hasn't gotten through to China's white-collar warriors. In exchange for starting salaries typically double blue-collar pay, they put in hours of overtime on top of eight-hour workdays, often in violation of Chinese labor law, according to Geoffrey Crothall, spokesman for Hong Kong- based labor-advocacy group the China Labour Bulletin. 44 China is still a rising economy, and people are still buying into that hardworking ethos,said Jeff Kingston, director of Asian Studies at the Tokyo branch campus of Temple University of Philadel­ phia. _ 材料解读 两段材料对中国白领普遍超时工作的情况进行了分析报道。 选段一指出，近期调査数据显示过半数的职员需要加班(work extra time)。但专家认为，加班只是在一些行 业盛行(prevalent in certain industries)。一位手机行业职员表示他乐意加班，因为在这个迅速发展的行业中， 他能感觉到自己在创造价值(creating value)。 选段二则指出，当下白领加班的情况很普遍(an epidemic of overwork)。我国每年因过劳工作致死的死亡 率不断攀升，有能力获得更髙薪水的劳动力储备下降（shrinking labor pool able to demand higher wages), 同时工厂的工人经常罢工。劳工权益组织发言人表示，白领工人常要工作超过八小时，这是违反劳动法的。也有 学者指出，加班盛行的原因之一是在经济快速发展的中国，人们仍然奉行勤奋的信条(hardworking ethos)。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：概括材料，总结当下白领普遍超时工作的情况，提出个人的观点一 -在工作和生活之间取得平衡是至 关重要的。 主体：分两方面阐述平衡工作与压力的方法。 1 . 纠正“工作第一”这种病态价值观。划清工作和生活的界限，有利于营造愉悦、高效、平衡的生活。 2 . 年轻人也应当重新安排自己的生活作息，要保持健康均衡的饮食习惯，忙里偷闲。 结尾：重申观点，健康和青春是无价的资本，趁我们还拥有时，要好好珍惜 精品范文 Enjoy Working, Enjoy Life Pleasure Nowadays, it’s common for bosses to require their 如今，老板无视劳动法要求职员加 staffs to work overtime, despite defying the labor law. 班的现象很普遍同时，由于不断增长 Meanwhile, given the growing working pressure, young 的工作压力，不少年轻人往往成了工作 workers, especially those in rapid-developed industries, now 狂，尤其是在快速发展的行业。秉承着 tend to be workaholics who constantly work overtime, be­ 天道酬勤的信条，持续性加班成了他们 lieving that hardworking makes a bright future. Some white- 的生活常态。一些像选段一中沈先生那 collar workers, like Shen in the first excerpt, work extra 样的白领乐意加班，因为他们能在工作 time willingly, because of the fulfillment they find in work. 中获得成就感。但是，这种工作态度会 However, this kind of attitude can do great harm. It is re­ 造成极大的危害。根据选段二的报道， ported in the second excerpt that the alarmingly overwork 我国每年过劳死的人数高达六十万，这 311 • •专八作文 toll in China is high up to 600,000 each year. In my opinion, 是很惊人的我认为，攀升的死亡率正 this increasing death rate should be a wake-up call for young 是对年轻人尤其是工作狂敲响的警 people, especially workaholics, that it’s crucial to strike a 钟，意识到在工作和生活之间取得平 balance between life and work. 衡至关重要。 The first and most important step is to rectify a prob­ 取得平衡的当务之急是糾正“工 lematic cultural value that Mwork comes first". This is a tra­ 作第一”这种病态文化价值观这在中 ditional belief prevalent in the Chinese society. Praises are 国社会是普遍存在的传统观念，我们 sung to selfless heroes who dedicate their life to endless la­ 赞美不畏艰辛、为工作无私奉献生命 bor despite toil and hardship. That is why we cannot identi­ 的英雄而我们对西方世界“到点就收 fy with the western idea of "call it a day once the shift is 工”的观念不敢苟同从健康和幸福的 done”. From the perspective of happiness and health, the 角度来看，我认为划清工作和生活的 clear-cut division between work and play is more conducive 界限，更有利于营造愉悦、高效和平衡 to a pleasant, efficient and well-balanced life. 的生活。 In the mean time, young people should also rearrange 同时，年轻人也应当重新安排自 their schedules. Apart from keeping a healthy and regular 己的生活作息除了保持健康均衡的 diet, they should remember to take their mind off work 饮食习惯，下班后就应让自己从工作 once leaving the office. "All work and no play make Jack a 中解放出来。要坚持“只用功不玩耍， dull boy” is the golden rule to stick to. It is important to 聪明的孩子也变傻”的黄金准则重要 develop hobbies and friendships to relieve occasional stress 的是丰富业余生活、结交好友，帮助自 and loneliness. The criterion of a successful life is being 己抒发心中郁结的压力和孤独感成 about to eryoy the fun of work as well as delights outside 功的人生不仅要懂得享受工作的乐 of work. 趣，更要懂得享受工作以外的乐趣。 In a word, health and youth are invaluable assets, not 总而言之，健康和青春是无价的 for us to exploit, but to cherish while they are still in our 财富，不应用来恣意挥霍，而应当趁还 possession. We can work for many jobs after all but we all 拥有时好好珍惜毕竟，工作可以有很 多份，而生命只有一次。 live for once. _ 好词好句 a wake-up call 符钟 rectify /Vektifai/ v • 纠 正 prevalent /prevalant/ a identify with ) • 普 遍 的 认 同 （某 事 物 be conducive to 有 益 于 criterion /krai’tirian/ n •准 则 asset /"aeset/ n . 财 产 possession /pa'zejan/ n. 拥 有 1. Given..., ••• now tend to be...(首段描述社会现象） 由于……，现在……往往…… 2. ••• should be a wake-up call for young people, especially.", that it’s crucial to...(正文例证之后小结） ……为年轻人，尤其是……，敲响了警钟，让他们意识到……至关重要。 3. Praises are sung to selfless heroes who...(歌颂某品质） 我们赞美那些……的无私英雄。 4. ••• is the golden rule to stick to .(引用名言） 要坚持...的黄金准則c* 312 • •第二章专八作文100篇 班研外语 m inm 跳槽 Young people now are no strangers to job-hopping. According to China Youth Daily, more than 20% of last year's college graduates quit their jobs within six months. From the following news report, you can find more details about this trend. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment, especially on what push newly graduates to frequent job-hopping. More Recent Graduates Job-Hopping Many recent graduates have already quit or are planning to switch from what are mostly their first jobs, a sign of shifting attitudes about employment among young people during the slowly recovering recruitment maiket. 4iWe haven^ come up with a figure yet, but preliminary surveys have shown that a higher per­ centage of this year^ graduates have already quit their first jobs,M said Luo Huiwen, a spokesman for Mycos HR Digital Information Co, which provides employment research for Chinese universities. The jobs that Luo is referring to are the first jobs that graduates take after college, not the first jobs they have ever taken. Last year, 10 percent of graduates left their jobs witliin six months, up from 9 percent the previous year. Luo said the figure this year could be at least 13 percent and said the job market’s slow recovery is mostly to blame for tlie high turnover rate. However, a possible shift in attitudes could also be contributing to the trend. Human resources experts say tliat young people are less loyal to employers amid the rapid economic growth and the surge in private businesses. Wang Yan, 26, who graduated with a degree in English from the University of International Business and Economics, left her first job as an assistant designer in a private Internet company based in Beijing to become a trademark agent m a national law firm. **My first job could not provide me with enough opportunities to practice my abilities and the salary was very low." Employment consultants said it's understandable for new graduates who are not satisfied with their first jobs to act this way. "There are a lot of differences between idealism and reality. College students tend to have fantasies about the job they will do, however, they discover that real work is somewhat dull and boring in most cases,” said Hao Jian, a senior consultant with the job website 之 Some sociologists said frequent job-hopping is not good for young employees. "The students who choose to job-hop after graduation are apt to be caught between jobs since employers emphasize loyalty a lot/* said Zhou Xiaozheng, a sociology professor at Renmin University of China. **A down-to-earth attitude is important for graduates to achieve success in their careers. I would advise graduates to work in non-desirable jobs for at least two years to accumulate essential experience, and then if necessary, they can choose the jobs they want instead of job-hopping.M 313 • •a 专八作文 法研外« Xia Xueluan, a professor of sociology at Peking University, said the problem is young people want to quickly gain success after graduating. "People emphasize achieving success quickly too much. Students are told to be successful as soon as possible, which leads them to easily drop jobs when facing difficulties at work," Xia said. "Every profession has its own pros and cons. As for recent graduates, they should adopt attitudes of learning and cooperation when they deal with the work, instead of complaining about it.M ， 材料解读 材料围绕“大学毕业生跳槽频繁”的现象展开讨论，大致可分为三部分内容。总体而言，不支持刚毕业的年轻 人频繁跳槽。 材料前五段阐述了大学毕业生跳樓频繁的现象，指出高离职率(high turnover rate)是导致就业市场恢复缓 慢的主要原因。这也反映出如今大学毕业生的态度转变(shifting attitudes)—— 对企业的忠诚度降低。 第六至九段以及倒数第二、三段指出，大学毕业生频繁跳槽的原因主要是理想与现实的差距(differences between idealism and reality)以及一激而就的想法（quickly gain success)。 第十至十二段以及最后一段是专家的建议，指出频繁跳榷不利于年轻人求职，因为雇主大多强调忠诚 (emphasize loyalty)毕业生想要在职业上获得成功，脚踏实地的态度(down-to»earth attitude)很重要：每份工 作都有利有弊(has its own pros and cons),毕业生们应以学习和合作的态度对待工作。 _ 谋篇布局 开篇：总结材料.概括大学毕业生频繁跳楢的现象、原因及相关建议。提出个人的观点：张扬的个性和充沛的 工作机会导致年轻人跳楢频繁 主体：分两方面阐述。 1. 员工比以往任何时候都更关注自己的个性，对工作有更高的期待值。因此，当他丨n的现实工作环境与理想 不符时，跳槽就在所难免。 2. 现在比以往任何时候都有更多的就业机会。现在的员工知道外面的世界充满着机遇。只要有更具吸引力 的薪酬待遇，他们就可能会跳楢。 结尾：重申上述两点原因。 _ 精品范文 The Causes of Job-Hopping Nowadays, with higher request for material, greater 如今，年轻的毕业生的物质需求更 ambition to succeed and less corporate loyalty, young 高，渴望成功的野心更大，对他们的老 graduates tend to easily drop their jobs when encountering 板的忠诚度却更低。因此，他们在工作 difficulties. The article, however, points out that such high 中一旦遇到困难，就会轻易选择跳槽 turnover rate, to a great extent^ is an enormous drag on the 文章指出，这样高的离职率对于就业市 recovery of job market. According to experts, young 场的恢复来说是巨大的拖累。专家指 graduates had better work studiously and cooperatively with 出，年轻的毕业生若想在就业市场上 their feet on the ground so that they can succeed in the 获得成功，并最终达到他们的目标， job market and finally achieve their goals. In my opinion, 最好以好学与合作的态度脚踏实地地 314 • •第二章专八作文100 法和外暹 the upsurge of job-hoppers is resulted from two-fold factors- 工 作 在 我 看 来 ，跳槽的热潮是由两方 the assertive individuality and the availability of jobs. 面因素所造成的—— 张扬的个性和大 First and foremost, employees are more concerned 量的工作机会。 about their individuality than ever before. Turnover is par­ 首先，员工比以往任何时候都更关 ticularly rampant among young workers, many of whom en­ 注自己的个性跳槽现象在年轻员工中 joy more prosperity and have higher expectations of their 相当普遍，他们有更丰富的物质享受， careers. The mismatch between bitter reality and high expec­ 而且对职业生涯有更高的期待。当残酷 tations then leads to the fact that young employees con­ 的现实与高期待不相符时，年轻员工时 stantly feel hurt and underestimated. Given this disharmony, 常会感到受伤害和被低估。鉴于这种不 协调，他们不断跳槽，为自己的更高理 it is only natural that they keep switching jobs and seeking 想和敏感自尊而寻求更具前景的工作 a promising working climate for their expectations and sen­ 环境也就不足为奇了。 sitive esteems. 此外，现在比以往任何时候都有更 Furthermore, more jobs are available than ever before 多的就业机会，这使得员工无需使自己 and employees need not limit their career choice to one and 局限在同一个职业岗位上。多年以前， only posting. Years ago, due to a lack of job opportunities, 由于工作岗位匮乏，人们有一份工作就 employees were content with one job and chances were 觉得很满足，这份工作他们很可能会干 that they were stuck with the job for their lifetime. Howev­ 一辈子.然而，工作岗位稀缺的曰子已 er, gone are the days when we had to bear with the scarcity 一去不复返。如果你对现在的工作不满 of jobs. If you are unhappy with your present job, you may 意，你尽可以抬头挺胸跳槽到另一份工 hop to another with your head held up high. With the in­ 作。工作机会越来越多，也许在你辞职 creased job opportunities, you might land a better job offer 的同一天，你就能找到一份更好的工 on the same day you resign. Therefore, people now do not 作。因此，现在的人对工作单位不会太 easily get attached to their organization. Once a more at­ 留恋。一旦获得了更具吸引力的薪酬待 tractive remuneration package is offered, they might switch 遇的工作，他们就可能会跳槽，到更适 to another job, a bigger pond for a big fish. 合英雄用武的大天地3 总之，个性化的思维和中国的招聘 In short, the individuality-mindset and the abundance of 职位教量充沛造成了中国年轻人频繁 job postings in China attribute to the job-hopping phe­ 跳槽。 nomenon amongst the Chinese youths. _ 好词好句 upsurge /.Aps9: d 3 / w. 热 潮 rampant /'raempant/ a. 泛 滥 的 mismatch /Vnis’maetJ/ /i • 失 调 disharmony /dis'haimani/ n .不 fefr 调 scarcity /skeasiti/ n . 缺 乏 hold one’s head up high 趾 高 气 扬 get attached to 留恋 remuneration /ri.mjuina'reijan/ n .报酬 1. 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"They have a greater confidence in things like time planning, working with adults; they have a greater confidence in their ability to make decisions.M One added benefit: Working helps teens become aware of the benefits of staying in school. 4yfc»